Leuemah`o

Mhso
Vrèmtamo
Lnlrmamao 8
\eo `l tus mcaletls
lstè pleshe`o le
co qul ác
moesa`lrh
–`akathcazhr‗ su
elkomao.
Pl bh pl`a`o
moeslno `l
quá bhmlr y
tþ cl bhs
lxpcamh`o
qul co a`lhc
ls
trhesiorghr
su
orkheazhma
ýe phrh
moevlrtarsl
le ueh @@M
(@hth
@ravle
Mogphey).
Ác
`lsmoeoml
jale
lstl
moemlpto y
to`o co
rlchmaoeh`o
moe lcco,
por lso tl bh
socamath`o
ueh
prlslethmaýe
rlsuga`h
`ýe`l sl
ae`amhe
vhraos
puetos `l
mhrh h
prlslethrco
hc mogatá `l
`arlmmaýe
phrh
qul `le su
vasto juleo h
moglezhr
moe `ambh
trhesiorghm
aýe.
Ae`amh
jrlvlgletl ch
aeiorghmaýe
qul
aemcuarçhs
le ch
prlslethmaýe
le jhsl h cos
sakualetls
puetos>
Mulstaoels>
@liaeamaýe
`l ueh @@M
(@hth
@ravle
Mogphey).

@aiamucth`l
sh
moesa`lrhr
le ch
trhesiorghm
aýe bhmah
ueh @@M.
@lsmrajar
cos
praemaphcls
jleliamaos
qul po`rçhe
ojtlelr `l
`ambh
trhesiorghm
aýe.
 Mathr cos
ihmtorls
mrçtamos `l
áxato le ueh
@@M.
Mathr
hckueos `l
cos puetos
`l vhcor
høh`a`o qul
ueh @@M
pul`l otorkhr
hc
mcaletl `l
eulstro
elkomao
​ Destacar
​ Agregar nota
​ Compartir cita

]ocumaýe
Mhso
Vrèmtamo
Lnlrmamao 8
8.
@liaeamaýe
`l ueh @@M
(@hth
@ravle
Mogphey).
Ls ueh
lgprlsh qul
utacazh `hth
smaleml
mogo
lstrhtlkah
mletrhc `l su
elkomao, ls
`lmar qul

soe hqulcchs
le chs qul
cos `htos
iorghe phrtl
`l ch
mucturh
lgprlshrahc y
cos promlsos
sl lemuletrhe
lsthe`hrazh`
os y sl jhshe
le ch
moeslmuma
ýe
`l
aeiorghmaýe
y ch
gl`amaýe `l
rlsucth`os4
chs
`lmasaoels
qul sl toghe
lstèe
hvhch`hs
por `htos `l
mhca`h` qul
soe
vlraiamhjcls
4 eo sl
`lma`l
toghe`o
mogo jhsl ch
aetuamaýe o
lgomaýe.
Ch lgprlsh
utacazh cos
`htos mogo
ue hmtavo
praemaphc
phrh
lsthjclmlr ch
pcheaiamhm
aýe
lstrhtákamh,
`liaear
ojnltavos y
lvhcuhr
ralskos
iuturos.
Le talgpos
gès
rlmaletls, sl
lstè
poeale`o lc
áeihsas le lc
blmbo `l qul
eulstrh
lmoeogçh
kcojhc
hmtuhc ls
mh`h vlz
gès
`lple`aletl `l
cos `htos
rlsucthetls `l
chs
bulcchs
`akathcls
qul `lnhe
to`hs
eulstrhs
hmtava`h`ls
le Aetlrelt y
chs
pchthiorghs
qul
utacazhe lstl
slrvamao
(Jarmb,
:681).
:.
@aiamucth`l
sh
moesa`lrhr
le ch
trhesiorghm
aýe bhmah
ueh @@M.
Lc letoreo
tlmeocýkamo
A`letaiamhr
chs
elmlsa`h`ls
`l ch lgprlsh
y pchetlhr
muèc ls ch
hrquatlmtur
h
tlmeocýkam
h y ch
aevlrsaýe
qul rlqualrl
phrh
`lshrrocchr
ueh
mogphøçh
jhsh`h le
`hth
`ravle.
Mboqul
mucturhc y
euglroshs
jhrrlrhs
aetlrehs

@lshrrocchr
ueh
moesuctorçh
qul
a`letaiaqul
to`os cos
puetos h
trhthr y
lva`lemahr
cos
jleliamaos,
thc mogo ch
moeslmuma
ýe `l eulvos
mcaletls y
ch rltlemaýe
`l cos
gasgos,
glnorhr ch
lxplralemah
`lc mcaletl y
moe lsto ch
posajaca`h`
`l slr gès
rlethjcls.
Hckueos
lnlgpcos `l
mogphøçhs
lxatoshs
jhsh`hs le
`hth `ravl
soe Elticax,
Hghzoe
Kookcl y
Hppcl.
Orkheazhma
oels
irhkgleth`hs
le sacos
\e saco ls ue
sastlgh qul
slphrh cos
mochjorh`or
ls slkþe lc
`lphrthgleto
le lc
qul trhjhnhe.
Lsto cclvh h
chs jhrrlrhs
qul sl
aetlrpoele le
lc mhgaeo `l
ch
mochjorhma
ýe
le lquapo
y ch
mogueamh
maýe, y
rl`uml ch
liamalemah
y
ojsthmucazh
lc icuno `l
aeiorghmaýe
.
]akeaiamh
qul lstèe
oraleth`os h
ojnltavos `l
`lphrthgleto,
eo h cos
ojnltavos
klelrhcls `l
ch
mogphøçh y
lsto pro`uml
rlpromlsos y
lsthemhgalet
o4 lc trhjhno
`ljl
oralethrsl `l
ghelrh
mochjorhtav
h y moe lc
hpoyo `l
`ailrletls
lsplmahca`h
`ls phrh qul
rlsuctl gès
aetlkrhc.
Zlkuchmaýe y
eorghtavh `l
protlmmaýe y
slkura`h` `l
`htos
]l `liael
mogo
slkura`h` `l
`htos, ch
prèmtamh `l
protlklr ch
aeiorghmaýe
`akathc
`l hmmlso
eo
hutorazh`o,
morrupmaýe
o rojo le
to`o su
mamco `l
va`h.
Le Mocogjah
phrtl `l lsth
rlkuchmaýe
sl lemuletrh
le ch Cly
8<28 `l
:68:, ch Cly
8:99 `l :662
y lc @lmrlto
8=;; `l
:68=,
lsthjclmle
ueh slral `l
ojcakhmaoel
s le mhjlzh
`l hqulccos
qul
rlmopache
`htos
plrsoehcls,
mogo pl`ar
hutorazhma
ýe h chs
plrsoehs
phrh
rlmopachr y
trhthr cos
`htos
plrsoehcls.
Lsh
hutorazhma
ýe talel qul
vlr moe>
phrh quá
letrlko gas
`htos y
mýgo cos vh
h
utacazhr ch
lgprlsh4 h
phrtar `l
hccç surkle
chs
ojcakhmaoel
s
rlchmaoeh`h
s moe
promlsos
phrh
qul lc
tatuchr `lc
`hto pul`h
rlmtaiamhrc
o,
morrlkarco o
hmtuhcazhrc
o y lso h
trhvás `l ue
proml`agale
to.
Cagathmaoel
s támeamhs
Hckueos
promlsos
ojsocltos y
`aiamucth`l
s
tlmeocýkam
hs, por eo
moethr moe
chs
blrrhgaleths
y
`asposatavo
s elmlshraos
phrh
`lshrrocchr
chs thrlhs
hilmthe lc
`lshrrocco `l
ueh
mogphøçh
`hth `ravle.
=.
@lsmrajar
cos
praemaphcls
jleliamaos
qul po`rçhe
ojtlelr `l
`ambh
trhesiorghm
aýe.
A`letaiamhm
aýe `l
oportuea`h`l
s y hglehzhs
Oirlml ch
posajaca`h`
`l `ltlmthr
chs
tle`lemahs
`lc glrmh`o,
chs
oportuea`h`
ls
qul sl
prlslethe y
hqulcchs
hglehzhs qul
pul`le
hilmthr lc
rle`agaleto
`l ch
orkheazhma
ýe. Ch
rlmoclmmaý
e y heècasas
`l `htos ls
agprlsmae`a
jcl sa sl
qualrl
mogprle`lr
ch
moe`umth
`l cos
mcaletls, hsç
mogo ch
satuhmaýe
`lc
glrmh`o4
lstos
lclgletos,
pul`le tlelr
ueh
aema`lemah
agporthetl le
chs vleths `l
ue pro`umto
o
slrvamao.
Vlrsoehcazh
maýe `l
lstrhtlkahs `l
ghrdltaek
Moethr moe
hckuehs
lsth`çstamh
s `l `htos
mojrl cos
aetlrlsls `l
cos mcaletls
le cos
sakualetls
hsplmtos>
bastorahc `l
mogprhs,
aetlrhmmao
els le chs
rl`ls
somahcls,
jþsqul`hs
`l
pro`umtos,
aetlrás
`lgostrh`o le
progomaoels
moemrlths
hyu`he h
moestruar
lstrhtlkahs
plrsoehcazh
`hs y mrlhr
ueh ýptagh
lxplralemah
`lc mcaletl
hsç mogo ch
mhpthmaýe
`l eulvos
prosplmtos.
Aemrlgleto `l
chs
moevlrsaoels
 Hc cokrhr
plrsoehcazhr
chs
lstrhtlkahs
phrh cos
mcaletls, y
tlelr
mhgphøhs
gès
liamaletls
por moethr
moe ch
aeiorghmaýe
h`lmuh`h, sl
ojtalel lc
aemrlgleto le
vleths l
aetlrás por
otros
pro`umtos,
goeltazhe`o
lc vhcor qul
oirlml ueh
liamaletl
h`gaeastrh
maýe
`l ch `hth
`ravle phrh
ueh
mogphøçh.
Moeomagalet
o y moetroc
sojrl chs
`astaeths
èrlhs
iuemaoehcls
`l ch lgprlsh
 Hc
mletrhcazhr
cos promlsos
l
aeiorghmaýe
`l chs èrlhs
ls gès ièmac
moeomlrchs,
lvhcuhrchs
gl`ar su
`lslgpløo y
iorguchr
glnorhs phrh
lc
promlshgalet
o `l ch
aeiorghmaýe
, y moe lc
heècasas `l
ch gasgh
klstaoehr
provll`orls,
aevlethraos,
mcaletls,
cokçstamh
lemhgaeh`o
sh
rlethjacazhr
ch lgprlsh
jhno ue
gasgo
ojnltavo
orkheazhma
oehc.
Optagazh lc
promlso `l
togh `l
`lmasaoels
Hc moethr
moe to`os
`htos
lsthe`hrazh`
os y
rlmopach`os
`l ghelrh
aetlkrhc, y
moeomale`o
cos ihmtorls
`l aetlrás
phrh ch
mogphøçh,
ls gès
ihmtajcl
toghr
`lmasaoels y
hmmaoels
potlemahcls
qul aema`le
posatavhglet
l le chs
vleths y lc
mrlmagaleto
`l ch
lgprlsh le
ueos talgpos
ýptagos.
Prhjummba
y Jukhezh
(:681)
glemaoehe
qul ch
mucturh
`hth-`ravle
ls agporthetl
porqul
agpucsh ueh
lstrhtlkah `l
aeeovhmaýe
phrh eulvhs
oportuea`h`
ls `l
elkomao o
hgpcahr lc
`ogaeao
oplrhtavo `l
ch lgprlsh.
H`lgès,
propormaoe
h ue
promlso `l
`lshrrocco
phrh ioglethr
ch
aeeovhmaýe
hpoyèe`osl
le ch
elmlsa`h` `l
cos `htos
mogo
pueto `l
hmtavhmaýe
.
0. Mathr cos
ihmtorls
mrçtamos `l
áxato le ueh
@@M.
Ièmac
hmmlso h ch
aeiorghmaýe
`l ch lgprlsh
Glnorh ch
mogprlesaýe
y heècasas
`l cos `htos
@lshrrocco
`l
bhjaca`h`ls
le cos
usuhraos `lc
elkomao
phrh ch
mogprlesaýe
,
heècasas y
ghelno `l
`htos
Glnorh lc
trhjhno
mochjorhtav
o y h toghr
hmmaýe `l
cos cokros
<. Mathr
hckueos `l
cos puetos
`l vhcor
høh`a`o qul
ueh @@M
pul`l otorkhr
hc
mcaletl `l
eulstro
elkomao
@l mhrh hc
mcaletl `hth
`ravle
`lshrrocch
lstrhtlkahs `l
hehcçtamh
jhsh`hs le>

Optagazhma
ýe `l
rlmursos le
aevlstakhma
ýe `lc
mcaletl
Moetroc `l
aevlethrao
Glnorh le
mhehcls `l
`astrajumaý
e
Yasaýe
klelrhc

`l cos
mcaletls
moe ch
ghrmh phrh
pchetlhr ueh
juleh
lxplralemah
`l mcaletl.
Cokrhr
mhgphøhs `l
ghrdltaek
hmlrth`hs
Hmmaoels
`l ghrdltaek
le to`os cos
mhehcls `l
ghyor
proylmmaýe
phrh lc
elkomao.

]lkglethmaý
ey
`lshrrocco `l
plriacls `l
mcaletls
\shr cos
`htos phrh
proylmthr y
hetamaphr.
Hpcamhmaýe
Vrèmtamh
`lc
Moeomagalet
o
Cos `htos
soe
tle`lemah y
chs lgprlshs
`ljle hposthr
por su uso
phrh
trhjhnhr
jhno jhsls `l
aeiorghmaýe
aetlkrhcls.
Lc go`lco
`hth `ravle
mogphey sl
proylmth
moe
mrlmagaleto
y chs
mogphøçhs
tle`rèe
`ailrletls
gl`aos `l
heècasas `l
malrth
ghelrh
plrsoehcazh
`os h su
tapo `l
elkomao,
ghrmhe`o
lsplmahc
agporthema
h h cos
lstèe`hrls `l
slkura`h` y
ueh
h`lmuh`h
aetlrprlthma
ýe.
Hehcazhr
cos `htos `l
ghelrh
aetlkrhc moe
lc moemurso
`l to`os cos
aevocumrh`
os
plrgatl
`lshrrocchr
ueh
rltrohcagleth
maýe,
rlpchetlhr
cos go`lcos
y moeslkuar
gès
aeiorghmaýe
`l mhca`h`
qul `ljl slr
gl`ajcl y
lvhcuhr su
utaca`h`4 `l
go`o qul
moetrajuyh
h optagazhr
chs
lstrhtlkahs `l
`lshrrocco le
chs èrlhs
iuemaoehcls
.
Lc `hth
`ravle
plrgatl
moestruar
ueh
aevlstakhma
ýe `l mhrh
hc mcaletl,
phrh
moeomlr
sus
elmlsa`h`ls
y
prlilrlemahs,
cokrhr lsth
aeiorghmaýe
ghrmh ch
bonh `l ruth
phrh ue
mrlmagaleto
le vleths y
`liaear chs
lstrhtlkahs
phrh chezhr
eulvos
pro`umtos,
rltlelr
mcaletls,
ojtlelr eulvos
prosplmtos,
hehcazhr
mostos y
rlethjacazhr
ch lgprlsh.
Ch mucturh
`lc `hto
jusmh
cokrhr ueh
vlethnh
mogpltatavh
4 ch lgprlsh
`oe`l chjoro
moglrmahca
zh
vlbçmucos y
phrtls4 y
phrh toghr
`lmasaoels h
eavlc
moglrmahc y
`l ghrdltaek
y shjlr moe
quá
pro`umto y
prlmaos
mogpltar sl
jhsh le cos
`htos
h`quara`os
`l
ghtrçmuchs
hc ruet,
aeiorghmaýe
`l
agporthmao
els por
ghrmh,
go`lco4
lstu`aos `l
prlmaos,
goeatorlo `l
gl`aos
ghsavos y le
klelrhc ch
`hth
ojtlea`h `l
mcaletls por
`ailrletls
gl`aos
lemulsths,
mhehcls
oecael,
cchgh`hs, y
ch
lstrumturh
`lc ghrkle
moethjcl4
hquç
ojslrvhgos
qul ch
aeiorghmaýe
proml`l `l
`ailrletls
iuletls y
lstèe
aevocumrh`
hs vhrahs
èrlhs
iuemaoehcls
le lc
promlshgalet
o y trhjhno
mochjorhtav
o, `oe`l
aetlrvalel AP
moe
`lshrroccos
phrh
promlshr,
go`lchr ch
aeiorghmaýe
y khrhetazhr
su
aetlkra`h`4
y moe jhsl h
lcchs sl
`liaele chs
lstrhtlkahs
moglrmahcls
, `l
ghrdltaek y
iaehemalrhs.

Zlilrlemahs
Jarmb, ]. (< `l
eovalgjrl `l :681).
Vlrsoehc `hth
ase‑t tbl ‒elw
oac,‑ at‑s h why
to
gheapuchtl
mhpathcasg.
Ojtlea`o `l
Pbl
Moevlrshtao
e>
bttps>//tblm
oevlrshtaoe.
mog/plrsoeh
c-`hth-aset-
tbl-elw-oac-
ats-h-why-to
gheapuchtl-
mhpathcasg-
8:9=01

Prhjummba,
@. y
Jukhezh, P.
(:681).
@hth-`ravle
aeeovhtaoe
>
swatmbaek
tbl
plrsplmtavl
oe Jak `hth.
Luroplhe
Nourehc oi
Aeeovhtaoe
Ghehklglet,
::(8), :=
”
06.
bttps>//lxplr
aleml.`ropjo
x.mog/ls-ch/
rlsourmls/jrl
hdaek-`owe-
sacos-jltwlle
-
tlhgs
bttps>//ww
w.mrlbheh.
mog/mo/jco
k/lgprlshs/m
ucturh-`hth-
`ravle-co-qu
l-elmlsathe-
agpclglethr-t
o`hs-chs-lgp
rlshs/
bttps>//ww
w.hp`.ls/`ht
h-`ravle-mo
gphey-qul-ls
/
bttps>//jysa
`lmhr.mog/l
s/trle`s/qul-l
s-ueh-`hth-
`ravle-mogp
hey
Leuemah`o
Mhso
Vrèmtamo
Lnlrmamao 8
\eo `l tus mcaletls
lstè pleshe`o le
co qul ác
moesa`lrh
–`akathcazhr‗ su
elkomao.
Pl bh pl`a`o
moeslno `l
quá bhmlr y
tþ cl bhs
lxpcamh`o
qul co a`lhc
ls
trhesiorghr
su
orkheazhma
ýe phrh
moevlrtarsl
le ueh @@M
(@hth
@ravle
Mogphey).
Ác
`lsmoeoml
jale
lstl
moemlpto y
to`o co
rlchmaoeh`o
moe lcco,
por lso tl bh
socamath`o
ueh
prlslethmaýe
rlsuga`h
`ýe`l sl
ae`amhe
vhraos
puetos `l
mhrh h
prlslethrco
hc mogatá `l
`arlmmaýe
phrh
qul `le su
vasto juleo h
moglezhr
moe `ambh
trhesiorghm
aýe.
Ae`amh
jrlvlgletl ch
aeiorghmaýe
qul
aemcuarçhs
le ch
prlslethmaýe
le jhsl h cos
sakualetls
puetos>
Mulstaoels>
@liaeamaýe
`l ueh @@M
(@hth
@ravle
Mogphey).

@aiamucth`l
sh
moesa`lrhr
le ch
trhesiorghm
aýe bhmah
ueh @@M.
@lsmrajar
cos
praemaphcls
jleliamaos
qul po`rçhe
ojtlelr `l
`ambh
trhesiorghm
aýe.
Mathr cos
ihmtorls
mrçtamos `l
áxato le ueh
@@M.
 Mathr
hckueos `l
cos puetos
`l vhcor
høh`a`o qul
ueh @@M
pul`l otorkhr
hc
mcaletl `l
eulstro
elkomao
​ Destacar
​ Agregar nota
​ Compartir cita

]ocumaýe
Mhso
Vrèmtamo
Lnlrmamao 8
8.
@liaeamaýe
`l ueh @@M
(@hth
@ravle
Mogphey).
Ls ueh
lgprlsh qul
utacazh `hth
smaleml
mogo
lstrhtlkah
mletrhc `l su
elkomao, ls
`lmar qul
soe hqulcchs
le chs qul
cos `htos
iorghe phrtl
`l ch
mucturh
lgprlshrahc y
cos promlsos
sl lemuletrhe
lsthe`hrazh`
os y sl jhshe
le ch
moeslmuma
ýe
`l
aeiorghmaýe
y ch
gl`amaýe `l
rlsucth`os4
chs
`lmasaoels
qul sl toghe
lstèe
hvhch`hs
por `htos `l
mhca`h` qul
soe
vlraiamhjcls
4 eo sl
`lma`l
toghe`o
mogo jhsl ch
aetuamaýe o
lgomaýe.
Ch lgprlsh
utacazh cos
`htos mogo
ue hmtavo
praemaphc
phrh
lsthjclmlr ch
pcheaiamhm
aýe
lstrhtákamh,
`liaear
ojnltavos y
lvhcuhr
ralskos
iuturos.
Le talgpos
gès
rlmaletls, sl
lstè
poeale`o lc
áeihsas le lc
blmbo `l qul
eulstrh
lmoeogçh
kcojhc
hmtuhc ls
mh`h vlz
gès
`lple`aletl `l
cos `htos
rlsucthetls `l
chs
bulcchs
`akathcls
qul `lnhe
to`hs
eulstrhs
hmtava`h`ls
le Aetlrelt y
chs
pchthiorghs
qul
utacazhe lstl
slrvamao
(Jarmb,
:681).
:.
@aiamucth`l
sh
moesa`lrhr
le ch
trhesiorghm
aýe bhmah
ueh @@M.
Lc letoreo
tlmeocýkamo
A`letaiamhr
chs
elmlsa`h`ls
`l ch lgprlsh
y pchetlhr
muèc ls ch
hrquatlmtur
h
tlmeocýkam
h y ch
aevlrsaýe
qul rlqualrl
phrh
`lshrrocchr
ueh
mogphøçh
jhsh`h le
`hth
`ravle.
Mboqul
mucturhc y
euglroshs
jhrrlrhs
aetlrehs
@lshrrocchr
ueh
moesuctorçh
qul
a`letaiaqul
to`os cos
puetos h
trhthr y
lva`lemahr
cos
jleliamaos,
thc mogo ch
moeslmuma
ýe `l eulvos
mcaletls y
ch rltlemaýe
`l cos
gasgos,
glnorhr ch
lxplralemah
`lc mcaletl y
moe lsto ch
posajaca`h`
`l slr gès
rlethjcls.
Hckueos
lnlgpcos `l
mogphøçhs
lxatoshs
jhsh`hs le
`hth `ravl
soe Elticax,
Hghzoe
Kookcl y
Hppcl.
Orkheazhma
oels
irhkgleth`hs
le sacos
\e saco ls ue
sastlgh qul
slphrh cos
mochjorh`or
ls slkþe lc
`lphrthgleto
le lc
qul trhjhnhe.
Lsto cclvh h
chs jhrrlrhs
qul sl
aetlrpoele le
lc mhgaeo `l
ch
mochjorhma
ýe
le lquapo
y ch
mogueamh
maýe, y
rl`uml ch
liamalemah
y
ojsthmucazh
lc icuno `l
aeiorghmaýe
.
]akeaiamh
qul lstèe
oraleth`os h
ojnltavos `l
`lphrthgleto,
eo h cos
ojnltavos
klelrhcls `l
ch
mogphøçh y
lsto pro`uml
rlpromlsos y
lsthemhgalet
o4 lc trhjhno
`ljl
oralethrsl `l
ghelrh
mochjorhtav
h y moe lc
hpoyo `l
`ailrletls
lsplmahca`h
`ls phrh qul
rlsuctl gès
aetlkrhc.
Zlkuchmaýe y
eorghtavh `l
protlmmaýe y
slkura`h` `l
`htos
]l `liael
mogo
slkura`h` `l
`htos, ch
prèmtamh `l
protlklr ch
aeiorghmaýe
`akathc
`l hmmlso
eo
hutorazh`o,
morrupmaýe
o rojo le
to`o su
mamco `l
va`h.
Le Mocogjah
phrtl `l lsth
rlkuchmaýe
sl lemuletrh
le ch Cly
8<28 `l
:68:, ch Cly
8:99 `l :662
y lc @lmrlto
8=;; `l
:68=,
lsthjclmle
ueh slral `l
ojcakhmaoel
s le mhjlzh
`l hqulccos
qul
rlmopache
`htos
plrsoehcls,
mogo pl`ar
hutorazhma
ýe h chs
plrsoehs
phrh
rlmopachr y
trhthr cos
`htos
plrsoehcls.
Lsh
hutorazhma
ýe talel qul
vlr moe>
phrh quá
letrlko gas
`htos y
mýgo cos vh
h
utacazhr ch
lgprlsh4 h
phrtar `l
hccç surkle
chs
ojcakhmaoel
s
rlchmaoeh`h
s moe
promlsos
phrh
qul lc
tatuchr `lc
`hto pul`h
rlmtaiamhrc
o,
morrlkarco o
hmtuhcazhrc
o y lso h
trhvás `l ue
proml`agale
to.
Cagathmaoel
s támeamhs
Hckueos
promlsos
ojsocltos y
`aiamucth`l
s
tlmeocýkam
hs, por eo
moethr moe
chs
blrrhgaleths
y
`asposatavo
s elmlshraos
phrh
`lshrrocchr
chs thrlhs
hilmthe lc
`lshrrocco `l
ueh
mogphøçh
`hth `ravle.
=.
@lsmrajar
cos
praemaphcls
jleliamaos
qul po`rçhe
ojtlelr `l
`ambh
trhesiorghm
aýe.
A`letaiamhm
aýe `l
oportuea`h`l
s y hglehzhs
Oirlml ch
posajaca`h`
`l `ltlmthr
chs
tle`lemahs
`lc glrmh`o,
chs
oportuea`h`
ls
qul sl
prlslethe y
hqulcchs
hglehzhs qul
pul`le
hilmthr lc
rle`agaleto
`l ch
orkheazhma
ýe. Ch
rlmoclmmaý
e y heècasas
`l `htos ls
agprlsmae`a
jcl sa sl
qualrl
mogprle`lr
ch
moe`umth
`l cos
mcaletls, hsç
mogo ch
satuhmaýe
`lc
glrmh`o4
lstos
lclgletos,
pul`le tlelr
ueh
aema`lemah
agporthetl le
chs vleths `l
ue pro`umto
o
slrvamao.
Vlrsoehcazh
maýe `l
lstrhtlkahs `l
ghrdltaek
Moethr moe
hckuehs
lsth`çstamh
s `l `htos
mojrl cos
aetlrlsls `l
cos mcaletls
le cos
sakualetls
hsplmtos>
bastorahc `l
mogprhs,
aetlrhmmao
els le chs
rl`ls
somahcls,
jþsqul`hs
`l
pro`umtos,
aetlrás
`lgostrh`o le
progomaoels
moemrlths
hyu`he h
moestruar
lstrhtlkahs
plrsoehcazh
`hs y mrlhr
ueh ýptagh
lxplralemah
`lc mcaletl
hsç mogo ch
mhpthmaýe
`l eulvos
prosplmtos.
Aemrlgleto `l
chs
moevlrsaoels
 Hc cokrhr
plrsoehcazhr
chs
lstrhtlkahs
phrh cos
mcaletls, y
tlelr
mhgphøhs
gès
liamaletls
por moethr
moe ch
aeiorghmaýe
h`lmuh`h, sl
ojtalel lc
aemrlgleto le
vleths l
aetlrás por
otros
pro`umtos,
goeltazhe`o
lc vhcor qul
oirlml ueh
liamaletl
h`gaeastrh
maýe
`l ch `hth
`ravle phrh
ueh
mogphøçh.
Moeomagalet
o y moetroc
sojrl chs
`astaeths
èrlhs
iuemaoehcls
`l ch lgprlsh
 Hc
mletrhcazhr
cos promlsos
l
aeiorghmaýe
`l chs èrlhs
ls gès ièmac
moeomlrchs,
lvhcuhrchs
gl`ar su
`lslgpløo y
iorguchr
glnorhs phrh
lc
promlshgalet
o `l ch
aeiorghmaýe
, y moe lc
heècasas `l
ch gasgh
klstaoehr
provll`orls,
aevlethraos,
mcaletls,
cokçstamh
lemhgaeh`o
sh
rlethjacazhr
ch lgprlsh
jhno ue
gasgo
ojnltavo
orkheazhma
oehc.
Optagazh lc
promlso `l
togh `l
`lmasaoels
Hc moethr
moe to`os
`htos
lsthe`hrazh`
os y
rlmopach`os
`l ghelrh
aetlkrhc, y
moeomale`o
cos ihmtorls
`l aetlrás
phrh ch
mogphøçh,
ls gès
ihmtajcl
toghr
`lmasaoels y
hmmaoels
potlemahcls
qul aema`le
posatavhglet
l le chs
vleths y lc
mrlmagaleto
`l ch
lgprlsh le
ueos talgpos
ýptagos.
Prhjummba
y Jukhezh
(:681)
glemaoehe
qul ch
mucturh
`hth-`ravle
ls agporthetl
porqul
agpucsh ueh
lstrhtlkah `l
aeeovhmaýe
phrh eulvhs
oportuea`h`
ls `l
elkomao o
hgpcahr lc
`ogaeao
oplrhtavo `l
ch lgprlsh.
H`lgès,
propormaoe
h ue
promlso `l
`lshrrocco
phrh ioglethr
ch
aeeovhmaýe
hpoyèe`osl
le ch
elmlsa`h` `l
cos `htos
mogo
pueto `l
hmtavhmaýe
.
0. Mathr cos
ihmtorls
mrçtamos `l
áxato le ueh
@@M.
Ièmac
hmmlso h ch
aeiorghmaýe
`l ch lgprlsh
Glnorh ch
mogprlesaýe
y heècasas
`l cos `htos
@lshrrocco
`l
bhjaca`h`ls
le cos
usuhraos `lc
elkomao
phrh ch
mogprlesaýe
,
heècasas y
ghelno `l
`htos
Glnorh lc
trhjhno
mochjorhtav
o y h toghr
hmmaýe `l
cos cokros
<. Mathr
hckueos `l
cos puetos
`l vhcor
høh`a`o qul
ueh @@M
pul`l otorkhr
hc
mcaletl `l
eulstro
elkomao
@l mhrh hc
mcaletl `hth
`ravle
`lshrrocch
lstrhtlkahs `l
hehcçtamh
jhsh`hs le>

Optagazhma
ýe `l
rlmursos le
aevlstakhma
ýe `lc
mcaletl
Moetroc `l
aevlethrao
Glnorh le
mhehcls `l
`astrajumaý
e
Yasaýe
klelrhc

`l cos
mcaletls
moe ch
ghrmh phrh
pchetlhr ueh
juleh
lxplralemah
`l mcaletl.
Cokrhr
mhgphøhs `l
ghrdltaek
hmlrth`hs
Hmmaoels
`l ghrdltaek
le to`os cos
mhehcls `l
ghyor
proylmmaýe
phrh lc
elkomao.

]lkglethmaý
ey
`lshrrocco `l
plriacls `l
mcaletls
\shr cos
`htos phrh
proylmthr y
hetamaphr.
Hpcamhmaýe
Vrèmtamh
`lc
Moeomagalet
o
Cos `htos
soe
tle`lemah y
chs lgprlshs
`ljle hposthr
por su uso
phrh
trhjhnhr
jhno jhsls `l
aeiorghmaýe
aetlkrhcls.
Lc go`lco
`hth `ravle
mogphey sl
proylmth
moe
mrlmagaleto
y chs
mogphøçhs
tle`rèe
`ailrletls
gl`aos `l
heècasas `l
malrth
ghelrh
plrsoehcazh
`os h su
tapo `l
elkomao,
ghrmhe`o
lsplmahc
agporthema
h h cos
lstèe`hrls `l
slkura`h` y
ueh
h`lmuh`h
aetlrprlthma
ýe.
Hehcazhr
cos `htos `l
ghelrh
aetlkrhc moe
lc moemurso
`l to`os cos
aevocumrh`
os
plrgatl
`lshrrocchr
ueh
rltrohcagleth
maýe,
rlpchetlhr
cos go`lcos
y moeslkuar
gès
aeiorghmaýe
`l mhca`h`
qul `ljl slr
gl`ajcl y
lvhcuhr su
utaca`h`4 `l
go`o qul
moetrajuyh
h optagazhr
chs
lstrhtlkahs `l
`lshrrocco le
chs èrlhs
iuemaoehcls
.
Lc `hth
`ravle
plrgatl
moestruar
ueh
aevlstakhma
ýe `l mhrh
hc mcaletl,
phrh
moeomlr
sus
elmlsa`h`ls
y
prlilrlemahs,
cokrhr lsth
aeiorghmaýe
ghrmh ch
bonh `l ruth
phrh ue
mrlmagaleto
le vleths y
`liaear chs
lstrhtlkahs
phrh chezhr
eulvos
pro`umtos,
rltlelr
mcaletls,
ojtlelr eulvos
prosplmtos,
hehcazhr
mostos y
rlethjacazhr
ch lgprlsh.
Ch mucturh
`lc `hto
jusmh
cokrhr ueh
vlethnh
mogpltatavh
4 ch lgprlsh
`oe`l chjoro
moglrmahca
zh
vlbçmucos y
phrtls4 y
phrh toghr
`lmasaoels h
eavlc
moglrmahc y
`l ghrdltaek
y shjlr moe
quá
pro`umto y
prlmaos
mogpltar sl
jhsh le cos
`htos
h`quara`os
`l
ghtrçmuchs
hc ruet,
aeiorghmaýe
`l
agporthmao
els por
ghrmh,
go`lco4
lstu`aos `l
prlmaos,
goeatorlo `l
gl`aos
ghsavos y le
klelrhc ch
`hth
ojtlea`h `l
mcaletls por
`ailrletls
gl`aos
lemulsths,
mhehcls
oecael,
cchgh`hs, y
ch
lstrumturh
`lc ghrkle
moethjcl4
hquç
ojslrvhgos
qul ch
aeiorghmaýe
proml`l `l
`ailrletls
iuletls y
lstèe
aevocumrh`
hs vhrahs
èrlhs
iuemaoehcls
le lc
promlshgalet
o y trhjhno
mochjorhtav
o, `oe`l
aetlrvalel AP
moe
`lshrroccos
phrh
promlshr,
go`lchr ch
aeiorghmaýe
y khrhetazhr
su
aetlkra`h`4
y moe jhsl h
lcchs sl
`liaele chs
lstrhtlkahs
moglrmahcls
, `l
ghrdltaek y
iaehemalrhs.

Zlilrlemahs
Jarmb, ]. (< `l
eovalgjrl `l :681).
Vlrsoehc `hth
ase‑t tbl ‒elw
oac,‑ at‑s h why
to
gheapuchtl
mhpathcasg.
Ojtlea`o `l
Pbl
Moevlrshtao
e>
bttps>//tblm
oevlrshtaoe.
mog/plrsoeh
c-`hth-aset-
tbl-elw-oac-
ats-h-why-to
gheapuchtl-
mhpathcasg-
8:9=01

Prhjummba,
@. y
Jukhezh, P.
(:681).
@hth-`ravle
aeeovhtaoe
>
swatmbaek
tbl
plrsplmtavl
oe Jak `hth.
Luroplhe
Nourehc oi
Aeeovhtaoe
Ghehklglet,
::(8), :=
”
06.
bttps>//lxplr
aleml.`ropjo
x.mog/ls-ch/
rlsourmls/jrl
hdaek-`owe-
sacos-jltwlle
-
tlhgs
bttps>//ww
w.mrlbheh.
mog/mo/jco
k/lgprlshs/m
ucturh-`hth-
`ravle-co-qu
l-elmlsathe-
agpclglethr-t
o`hs-chs-lgp
rlshs/
bttps>//ww
w.hp`.ls/`ht
h-`ravle-mo
gphey-qul-ls
/
bttps>//jysa
`lmhr.mog/l
s/trle`s/qul-l
s-ueh-`hth-
`ravle-mogp
hey