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ipynb - Colaboratory
Proyecciones ortogonales
Contexto: un espacio euclídeo (V, ⟨⋅, ⋅⟩). Dado un subespacio S de dimensión 1 y un vector x,
hallar la proyección ortogonal de x sobre el subespacio S⊥ .
Técnica: Como S tiene dimensión 1 , existe un vector v tal que S = gen{v} . Por un lado se sabe
que
⟨x, v⟩
P S (x) = v.
2
∥v∥
Se considera el subespacio
′
S = {p ∈ R2 [x] : p(0) = p (0) = 0} .
2
x .
2
Nos dan q = 8x
2
+ 3x + 5 y nos piden P S ⊥ (q) . Para eso usamos que
2
⟨q, x ⟩
2
P ⊥ (q) = q − P S (q) = q − x .
S 2 2
∥x ∥
45
= .
7
1
3 3 2 3
2 2 2 2 6
∥x ∥ = ⟨x , x ⟩ = ∫ x dx = ⋅ = .
2 −1
2 7 7
Por lo tanto,
2 2 2
P ⊥ (q) = q − P S (q) = 8x + 3x + 5 − 15x = −7x + 3x + 5.
S
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5/24/22, 1:17 AM Agustin2.ipynb - Colaboratory
Calculamos distancias
−−−−−−−−−−−−−
d(q, S) = ∥P ⊥ (q)∥ = √ ⟨P ⊥ (q), P ⊥ (q)⟩ .
S S S
1
3 2 2 2 2
2 4 2 3 2
∫ x (49x + 9x + 25 − 42x − 70x + 30x) dx = (49 + 9 + 25 − 70 ) =
−1
2 7 5 3 5
⋅ 94 = 141.
La conclusión es que
−−−
d(q, S) = √141 .
Resolución de ecuaciones
. Dada una base de R3 , B , y 3 vectores w1 , w2 , w3 de R3 . Me dicen
3 3
T : R → R = {v1 , v2 , v3 }
que
T (v1 ) = w1 , T (v2 ) = w2 , T (v3 ) = w3 .
Entonces
−1 −1
E E B E E
[T ] = [T ] M = [T ] (M ) = [ w1 w2 w3 ] [ v1 v2 v3 ] .
E B E B B
v_1,v_2,v_3=Matrix([2,2,1]),Matrix([-2,1,2]),Matrix([1,-2,2])
w_1,w_2,w_3=Matrix([2,-3,6]),Matrix([3,6,2]),Matrix([4,15,-2])
V=Matrix.hstack(v_1, v_2, v_3)
W=Matrix.hstack(w_1, w_2, w_3)
V,W
⎛⎡ 2 −2 1 ⎤ ⎡ 2 3 4 ⎤⎞
2 1 −2 , −3 6 15
⎝⎣ 1 2 ⎦ ⎣ 6 −2⎦ ⎠
2 2
MTEE=W*(V.inv())
MTEE
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5/24/22, 1:17 AM Agustin2.ipynb - Colaboratory
⎡ 9 ⎤
2
− 19 16
9
− 3 − 10
1 13
⎣ 2 2 ⎦
3 3
3
2
w=-Rational('1/9')*Matrix([13,12,18])
3
⎡ − 94 ⎤
13
−3
⎣ −2 ⎦
MTEE.gauss_jordan_solve(w)
⎛⎡ −7τ0 − 6⎤ ⎞
2τ0 + 1 , [τ0 ]
⎝⎣ ⎦ ⎠
τ0
Resolver la ecuación Ax = b .
Si me dan U = {u1 , u2 , … , un } una base ortonormal de un espacio euclídeo (V, ⟨⋅, ⋅⟩). Vale
que
GU = I
simétricas).
⊥
d(A, S ) =?
Se sabe que
⊥
d(A, S ) = ∥P S (A)∥.
2 3
Como A = [ ] ∈ S , vale que P S (A) = A y entonces
3 8
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5/24/22, 1:17 AM Agustin2.ipynb - Colaboratory
⊥
d(A, S ) = ∥A∥.
1 0 0 0 0 1
S = gen {[ ],[ ],[ ]} .
0 0 0 1 1 0
La base de S ,
–
1 0 0 0 √2 0 1
{[ ],[ ], [ ]}
0 0 0 1 2 1 0
Ojo que
0 1 0 1 1 0
[ ][ ] = [ ]
1 0 1 0 0 1
j=1
Doña Petrona
Me dan un R-espacio euclídeo (V, ⟨⋅, ⋅⟩) tal que dim(V) = n , y me dan dos subespacios
distintos S1 y S2 de dimensión n − 1. Me piden hallar
{x ∈ V : d(x, S1 ) = d(x, S2 )} .
En este caso S⊥
1
= gen{u1 } y S⊥
2
= gen{u2 } , donde u1 ≠ u2 y ∥u1 ∥ = ∥u2 ∥ = 1 .
2 2
d(x, S1 ) = d(x, S2 ) ⟺ d(x, S1 ) = d(x, S2 )
2 ⊥ 2
⟺ ∥P ⊥ (x)∥ = ∥P S (x)∥
S1 2
2 ⊥ 2
⟺ ∥P ⊥ (x)∥ − ∥P S (x)∥ = 0
S1 2
2 2
⟺ ∥⟨x, u1 ⟩u1 ∥ = ∥⟨x, u2 ⟩u2 ∥
2 2
⟺ |⟨x, u1 ⟩| − |⟨x, u2 ⟩| = 0
⟺ ⟨x, u1 − u2 ⟩⟨x, u1 + u2 ⟩ = 0
⟺ ó
⟨x, u1 − u2 ⟩ = 0 ⟨x, u1 + u2 ⟩ = 0
⊥ ⊥
{x ∈ V : d(x, S1 ) = d(x, S2 )} = (u1 − u2 ) ∪ (u1 + u2 ) .
Ejemplo
T T
S1 = gen {[ 1 0] } , S2 = gen {[ 0 1] }
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1uk8oWrqjmH8LRe4NIMtxrc0D05WnKlAq#scrollTo=-BwpGGW0XMBe&printMode=true 4/7
5/24/22, 1:17 AM Agustin2.ipynb - Colaboratory
T T 25 −5 1
⟨[ 1 0] ,[x x2 ] ⟩ = [x x2 ] [ ][ ]
1 1
−5 4 0
= 25x1 − 5x2 .
⊥ T
S = gen {[ 1 5] }
1
T
25 −5 1
2
∥[ 1 5] ∥ = [1 5][ ][ ] = 75
−5 4 5
⊥ 1 T
S = gen { [1 5] }.
1
√75
⊥
1 T
1 T
1 T
{x ∈ V : d(x, S1 ) = d(x, S2 )} = ( [1 5] − [4 5] ) ∪ ( [1 5] +
−− −− −−
√75 2√75 √75
⊥ ⊥
T
1 T T
1 T
= ([ 1 5] − [4 5] ) ∪ ([ 1 5] + [4 5] )
2 2
⊥ ⊥
T T
= ([ −2 5] ) ∪ ([ 6 15 ] ) .
Cuentas:
⊥
T 2 T
([ −2 5] ) = {x ∈ R : 5x1 − 2x2 = 0} = gen {[ 2 5] }.
Porque
T T
25 −5 −2
⟨[ −2 5] , [ x1 x2 ] ⟩ = [ x1 x2 ] [ ][ ]
−5 4 5
−75
= [ x1 x2 ] [ ]
30
Etcétera.
1 0 0 1 0 0
S1 = gen {[ ],[ ],[ ]}
0 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
S2 = gen {[ ],[ ],[ ]}
0 1 0 0 1 0
hallar
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5/24/22, 1:17 AM Agustin2.ipynb - Colaboratory
2×2
{X ∈ R : d(X, S1 ) = d(X, S2 )} .
Observación:
T T T
⟨X, Y ⟩ = traza(Y X) = x11 y 11 + x12 y 21 + x21 y 12 + x22 y 22 = X Y1 + X Y∗2 .
1∗ 2
0 0
⟺ X ∈ gen {[ ]}
0 1
– ⊥ –
0 0 √2 1 0 0 0 √2
2×2
{X ∈ R : d(X, S1 ) = d(X, S2 )} = ([ ] − [ ]) ∪ ([ ] +
0 1 2 0 −1 0 1 2
Cuentas
⊥
√2
⎛⎡ − 0 ⎤⎞
2
.
⎝⎣ √2 ⎦⎠
0 1 +
2
⊥
√2 – –
⎛⎡ − 0 ⎤⎞ √2 √2
2
X ∈ ⟺ − x11 + (1 + ) x22 = 0.
⎝⎣ √2 ⎦⎠ 2 2
0 1 +
2
Etcétera.
,
B = {v1 , v2 , v3 } S = gen{v2 , v3 } v = 2v1 + 5v2 + 3v3 ,
3 0 5
⎡ ⎤
1
GB = ⎢0 5 0 ⎥
15
⎣ ⎦
5 0 15
⟨v, v2 ⟩ ⟨v, v3 ⟩
P S (v) = v2 + v3 .
2 2
∥v2 ∥ ∥v3 ∥
Hago cuentas:
3 0 5 0
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
1 25 5
⟨v, v2 ⟩ = [2 5 3] ⎢ 0 5 0 ⎥⎢1⎥ = = .
15 15 3
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
5 0 15 0
2 1
∥v2 ∥ = .
3
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5/24/22, 1:17 AM Agustin2.ipynb - Colaboratory
3 0 5 0
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
1 55 11
⟨v, v3 ⟩ = [2 5 3] ⎢ 0 5 0 ⎥⎢0⎥ = = .
15 15 3
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
5 0 15 1
2
∥v3 ∥ = 1.
1
P S (v) = 5v2 + v3 .
3
1
v − P S (v) = 2v1 + 5v2 + 3v3 − 5v2 − v3 = ⋯
3
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