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0KO
Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A MKRYAP EAX
Compartir este documento
AOH_HFK
CAMO%HK
=
HKOA\
^MP_R FJ R^AABL
=@
m) < `) =? b) 9 o) => a) =0 j) 0 i) 2 l) == h) = g) 8
k
QKH_ = = e) : c) 1 d) =2 k) ?
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a
ZAP@ ^M__APKR
QKH_ 0 : 0M
w
= H bmk‘t stmko wfrehki whtl dushb fk.
0 H camrkt tf orhva cmst yamr.
2 H wmkt tla tamblar tf bfrrabt avarytlhki H smy.
QKH_ 2 =>
? H‘o rmtlar tf amt fut tlmk mt lfda.
t
1 H‘o chea tf trmvac m`rfmo tlhs yamr.
l
: H akgfy `ahki mcfka.
9 H chea ht wlak tla tamblar taccs da / us tf rapamt wfros.
QKH_ ? =? < H‘o `attar tf spako dfra thda stuoyhki fr H‘cc kavar dmea
h
prfirass hk Akichsl.
Correo
QKH_ 1
electrónico =< @
= var` + iaruko = mko :
k
i
0 var` + hkkhthva ? mko <
2 var` + hkkhthva whtl tf 0 mko 1
s
? var` + f`gabt + hkkhthva whtl tf 2 mko 9
QKH_ : 00
^PFKQKBHM_HFK
¿Le pareció útil este documento?2@
QKH_ 9 01 = dhkutas, systad 0 axtradacy, rambl 2 bfdpcatacy, utura
? iumrmktaa, m`sfcutacy 1 pu`chb, tlfrfuil : pusl, tffe
B
QKH_ < 08 Ruiiastao mkswar7 H Rs ekfw plfkadhb syd`fcs mko usa m
ohbthfkmry, tlay‘cc ekfw lfw tf prfkfukba m wfro whtlfut lmvhki
tf lamr ht.
QKH_ 8 22 BFCCFBM_HFKR
?M
of m prf`cad5 dmea tla lfusawfre5 tmea m kfhsa5 lmva bmra5
QKH_ => 2: ihva uk
¿Este contenido es inapropiado? Denunciar este documento
=.= _HDA JFP M BLM_
R^AMEHKI
=@
= _la bfkvarsmthfks mra m`fut ukusumc tfphbs, yfu spame tf m
kud`ar f oharakt pmrtkars mko yfu bmk amt dhxao dazè mt
tla smda thda.
CHR_AKHKI
0M
Bfkvarsmthfk =7
Ylmt tlraa quasthfks wfuco yfu mse m pftakthmc ffmtdmta6
Bfkvarsmthfk 07
Ylhbl tlraa mogabthvas dhilt pafpca usa tf oasbrh`a yfu6
@
= J Rla wfuco chea sfdafka wlf‘s quhta sfbhm`ca (kft mkthsfbhmc)
`ut kft tff sfbhm`ca (ihvas yfu prhvmby). M `mcmkba.
0 J Rla‘s kft m dfrkhki parsfk.
2 _
? J Rla wfucok‘t mse m ffmtdmta m`fut tlahr smcmry.
1 _
: J La cheas ofhki ukpcmkkao tlhkis.
9 J La wfres fr m wa` oashik bfdpmky.
< _ La miraas whtl tla mogabthvas mctlfuil la praars
“kfk-guoiadaktmc‘ tf “bramthva‘.
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0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A MKRYAP EAX =
B
Bfkvarsmthfk =7 CMKIQMIA@MKE =.= p=0<‒=08
mkthsfbhmc7 Rla ihvas tla axmdpca f sfdafka wlf ifas strmhilt up M = Ylara lmva yfu `aak6
tf tlahr rffd wlak tlay bfda lfda mko stmys tlara. 0 Ylf wara yfu whtl6
thoy7 Rla ihvas tla axmdpca f sfdafka wlf hsk‘t thoy7 tlay kavar of 2 Ylmt wms tla daathki chea6
tla wmslhki-up, camva tlahr stu cyhki mrfuko mko ofk‘t of tlahr mhr ? Of yfu ekfw wlmt thda ht hs kfw6
slmra f tla lfusawfre. 1 Bmk H mse wly yfu ohok‘t plfka6
rachm`ca whtl dfkay7 Rla ihvas tla axmdpca f sfdafka wlf kavar : Of yfu lmva mky hoam lfw wfrrhao H wms/H‘va `aak6
pmys tla acabtrhbhty `hcc fk thda ‒ eaaps prfdhshki tf pmy ht `ut @ = Of yfu ekfw h tlay mbbapt braoht bmros lara6
kavar ofas. 0 Of yfu dhko da msehki lfw yfu `abmda m dfoac6
2 Of yfu lmva mky hoam wlara H bmk iat m bfaa mt tlhs thda6
Bfkvarsmthfk 0
? Yfuco yfu dhko tacchki da wlak tla bfdputar `abfdas
bramthva7 ^afpca smy la‘s iffo mt bfdhki up whtl kaw hoams. mvmhcm`ca6
movakturfus7 La ihvas tla axmdpca f ifhki fr m dhokhilt swhd whtl 1 Bmk H mse h yfu‘ra pcmkkhki tf iat dmrrhao6
rhakos whtlfut pcmkkhki ht hk movmkba. : H wms wfkoarhki wlara yfu `fuilt tlmt `rhabmsa.
kfk-guoiadaktmc7 La smys la trhas kft tf dmea up lhs dhko m`fut B = bfda 0 tf 2 whtl ? dubl 1 thda : kft
pafpca ukthc la iats tf ekfw tlad.
YPH_HKI MK MOZHBA JFPQD DARRMIA5
ZFBM@QCMPX ^APRFKMCH_X CAMPK _F AOH_ JFP MBBQPMBX
2M 8B
= eaap yfursac tf yfursac = H ekfw axmbtcy lfw yfu aac …
0 m pafpca parsfk 0 H ekfw m ramccy iramt hoam wlhbl lms ramccy lacpao da … mko tla
2 m dfrkhki parsfk wlfca f tla sabfko pmrmirmpl
? whtty 2 Kf axmdpcas hk tla dassmias
1 spfktmkafus ? Lfpa tlmt lacps. Iffo cube!
: m iffo cmuil =>M
9 ofwk-tf-amrtl 0, ?
< m bfdputar iaae
@
= of sfda rasamrbl
ZFBM@QCMPX @MKE p=?< ^arsfkmchty mogabthvas 0 fk tla hktarkat
M = sydpmtlathb 0 bmuthfus 2 kmhva ? iakuhka 2 yfu bmk ko
1 futifhki : damk 9 ffaxh`ca < abbaktrhb ? mrak‘t
8 trustwfrtly => dffoy 1 prmbthba (@r A spacchki)
@ M abbaktrhb/futifhki @ sydpmtlathb B dffoy : daathki kaw pafpca vary dubl
9 iffo cube (fr tla utura)
0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A MKRYAP EAX =
0M <M
= M rustrmthki @ ad`mrrmssao ∐ mogabthvas akohki - ao raar tf lfw = ‘va mcwmys `aak
m parsfk aacs5 mogabthvas akohki - hki raar tf tla tlhki/parsfk 0 camrkt
tlmt bmusas tla aachki. 2 ‘va gust ift
0 M tftmccy @ vary ∐ hktarastao hs m irmom`ca mogabthva mko bmk ? imva
`a usao whtl tla dfohar vary `ut bmkkft `a usao whtl tftmccy 5 1 ‘va pcmyao
msbhkmthki hs mk ukirmom`ca/axtrada mogabthva mko bmkkft `a usao : lmvak‘t trhao
whtl vary . Ht kaaos m strfkiar dfohar subl ms tftmccy fr m`sfcutacy . 9 ‘va kavar `fuilt
Pamccy bmk `a usao whtl `ftl irmom`ca mko ukirmom`ca mogabthvas. < ‘va chvao
2 M m`sfcutacy @ vary ∐ rachavao hs irmom`ca mko fvar tla dffk 8 lms `aak/ifka
hs ukirmom`ca/axtrada, sf tla smda rucas mppcy lara ms hk tla => sthcc lmvak‘t ofka
pravhfus htad.
@
ZFBM@QCMPX ^CQR YFPO @QHCOHKI7 KFQKR
bfdpcatacy, uttarcy =>@
= -hfk7 rustrmthfk, msbhkmthfk
PAMOHKI 0 -dakt7 ad`mrrmssdakt, ohsmppfhktdakt, mdusadakt
2 -hty/-aty7 bramthvhty, mkxhaty, spfktmkahty
1@ ? -kass7 mwewmrokass, karvfuskass
= futshoa yfur bfdfrt zfka 1 ftlar7 mkiar, wfrry
0 lfw yfu iat fk
2 lmo dfra thda fk (dy) lmkos B
? ohiihki hktf = rustrmthfk, msbhkmthfk
1 dmoa dubl dfra f mk afrt tf 0 ad`mrrmssdakt, ohsmppfhktdakt, mdusadakt
: bmrry fk 2 bramthvhty, mkxhaty, spfktmkahty
? mwewmrokass, karvfuskass
IPMDDMP ^PARAK_ ^APJAB_ 1 mkiar, wfrry
:M O
= ‘va kavar ofka = -hfk, -hty / -aty ‒ tla strass hs fk tla syccm`ca `afra tla suflx.
0 ‘va gust khslao 0 -dakt, -kass ‒ tla strass hs fk tla smda syccm`ca ms hk tla mogabthva.
2 ‘va camrkt
==M
? ‘va ofka
= spfktmkahty 0 rustrmthfks 2 mwewmro ? mdusadakt
@ 1 ohsmppfhktao : mkiar 9 karvfuskass < mkxhaty
Puca = 4 saktakbas =, 2
Puca 0 4 saktakba 0
Puca 2 4 saktakba ? ZFBM@QCMPX @MKE p=?< Yfro `uhcohki
M hoakthy, mpprabhmta5 mriua, oavacfp5 axhst, oaako5 shik, pcamsa
9M
@ -thfk/-mthfk7 bfktrh`uthfk, prapmrmthfk, ofkmthfk, rambthfk,
up tf kfw ^^
pravakthfk
sf mr ^^
-dakt7 hkvfcvadakt, tramtdakt
tlhs thda cmst waae ^R
-akba7 hktararakba, praarakba, raarakba
rabaktcy ^^
-ura7 mhcura, dhxtura
tlhs dfrkhki @ (^^ h ht hs sthcc tla dfrkhki wlak yfu mra spamehki fr
^R h ht hs kfw tla mjarkffk mko yfu mra cffehki `mbe mt m khslao B = shikmtura 0 mpprabhmthfk 2 oaakba ? pcamsura
parhfo, h.a. tla dfrkhki) 1 bfktrh`uthfks : praarakba 9 hoakthbmthfk
fvar tla cmst frtkhilt ^^ < mriudakts 8 raarakba => oavacfpdakt
kft + yat ^^
sthcc + kft ^^
fr savarmc yamrs @
=.2 H‘O CHEA _F AK]QHPA
@
Raa Ax 9B. ZFBM@QCMPX MOZAP_R
B =B
= Lmva yfu trhao ht `afra6 = twf-fr-fka oamc
0 H‘va tlfuilt m`fut ht m cft. 0 raa trhmc
2 kfk-raukom`ca oapfsht
2 Lms la saak dy cmst admhc6
? kaifthm`ca
? Rla‘s blmkiao lar moorass. 1 shik up fr
1 Dy ehos lmva ifka fut. : chdhtao akrfcdakt
: Lms sla plfkao mkyfka yat6 9 cc hk yfur oatmhcs
O
CMKIQMIA@MKE =.0 p=0<‒=08 Ruiiastao mkswars7
M = lmvak‘t wrhttak 0 wms 2 lmvak‘t saak ? lms `aak rastmurmkt7 twf-fr-fka oamc
1 tffe : mrrhvao 9 blabeao < smw 8 ‘va stmyao bffeary bfursa7 twf-fr-fka oamc, raa trhmc, kfk-raukom`ca oapfsht,
=> wms == oabhoao =0 frift =2 ift =? bmccao shik up fr, chdhtao akrfcdakt, cc hk yfur oatmhcs
=1 ‘va `aak/ifka =: lms lmkoao `uyhki m usao bmr7 kaifthm`ca, kfk-raukom`ca oapfsht
@ = `afra 0 tlhs dfrkhki 2 Qkthc H tffe tlhs bfursa lftac `ffehki7 twf-fr-fka oamc, kfk-raukom`ca oapfsht,
? fr 1 Rf mr : ukthc 9 shkba < tlhs dfktl 8 yat cc hk yfur oatmhcs
=> tlhs thda cmst waae
0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A MKRYAP EAX =
@
= ramccy/m`sfcutacy/tftmccy/bfdpcatacy
0 vary/ramccy
2 kf dfohar (ht‘s m var` plrmsa)
? vary/ramccy
1 kf dfohar (ht‘s m var` plrmsa)
: vary/ramccy
0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A MKRYAP EAX
0.= DMEHKI M OHJJAPAKBA
0
CMKIQMIA@MKE 0.= p=2>‒=2=
ZFBM@QCMPX HRRQAR M = ‘va `aak cffehki, ‘va gust `fuilt
0 ‘va ruk, ‘va `aak rukkhki
=@ 2 ‘va `aak tryhki, ‘va oabhoao
= lukiar 0 ohsamsa 2 straat brhda ? pfvarty ? ‘s lurt, ‘s `aak ilthki
h
1 ukadpcfydakt : pfccuthfk 1 ‘va amtak, ‘va `aak amthki
s
@ = lmva yfu `aak tamblhki
0M 0 m) lmva yfu `aak bfccabthki
s
= b) 0 l) 2 `) ? ) 1 m) : a) 9 o) < i) `) lmva yfu bfccabtao
2 lmva yfu `aak stuoyhki
u
@
? m) lmva yfu `aak smvhki
= rurmc, ur`mk, icf`mc 0 atlhbmc 2 ofdasthb
`) lmva yfu smvao
? pfchthbmc, hkoustrhmc 1 abfkfdhb
a
1 lmva yfu lmo
B : lmva yfu ekfwk
s
hssua, quasthfk, prf`cad
9M
Euuf hs m rhako f tla wrhtar‘s. La‘s m bfbfm irfwar hk Ilmkm mko
ZFBM@QCMPX @MKE p=?8 Hssuas ofas wfre fr Jmhrtrmoa.
M M ffffo @ cmkoschoa B orfuilt O vfcbmkhb arupthfk
@ = f`ashty 0 oa`t 2 lfdacasskass ? orui m`usa @
1 ofdasthb vhfcakba : amrtlqumea = ‘va wfreao/‘va `aak wfrehki ( ‘va `aak wfrehki adplmshsas tla
cakitl f thda)
B KO ∐ ffffo, vfcbmkhb arupthfk, amrtlqumea, orfuilt,
0 ‘va vhshtao
cmkoschoa R ∐ lfdacasskass, orui m`usa, ofdasthb vhfcakba,
2 ‘va chvao/‘va `aak chvhki ( ‘va `aak chvhki lara schiltcy
oa`t, f`ashty L ∐ orui m`usa, f`ashty
adplmshsas tla hoam tlmt ht‘s tadpfrmry)
? ‘va dat
PAMOHKI 1 ‘va ekfwk
: ‘s irfwk/‘s `aak irfwhki ( ‘s `aak irfwhki adplmshsas tla
?M cakitl f thda)
= b) 0 `) 2 b) ? m) 1 `) : m) 9 lms fccfwao/lms `aak fccfwhki ( lms `aak fccfwhki
adplmshsas tla cakitl f thda)
@ < ‘s rabruhtao
= vat 0 m fka-f (oamc) 2 ofkmtas ? aya-fpakhki 1 pcaoia 8 ‘va ofu`cao
: eaap up whtl => lms `abfda
IPMDDMP ^PARAK_ ^APJAB_ RHD^CA MKO ZFBM@QCMPX ^CQR ZAP@R/KFQKR YH_L _LA
BFK_HKQFQR RMDA JFPD
1M =>M
= ‘va `aak ofhki (usao hk tla taxt, mctlfuil ‘va ofka hs mcsf = ^rfgabt, prfgabtao
pfssh`ca) 0 oabramsao, oabramsa
0 lms bcamkao 2 mppamcao, mppamc
2 lms mcwmys cfvao ? rabfroao, rabfro
? lms turkao 1 pardhts, pardhttao
1 ‘va mcramoy rmhsao
: ‘va `aak omkbhki B
= ^rfgabt K, prfgabtao Z
@ 0 oabramsao Z, oabramsa K
Raktakbas =, 0 mko 2 ∐ _la parabt hs usao lara tf oasbrh`a 2 mppamcao Z, mppamc K
mbthvhthas fr stmtas wlhbl stmrtao hk tla pmst mko bfkthkua up tf ? rabfroao Z, rabfro K
kfw. 1 pardhts K, pardhttao Z
Raktakbas ? mko 1 ∐ _la parabt hs usao tf oasbrh`a mk avakt/
mbthfk hk tla pmst wlhbl hs bfdpcatao mctlfuil wa ofk‘t ekfw O
wlak. _la chke hs tlmt wa mra hktarastao kfw hk tla rasuct tlhs lms Jfr wfro strass saa tla ukoarchkhki hk tla mkswars hk Ax =>B
lmo. m`fva.
Raktakba : ∐ _la parabt hs usao `abmusa tla mbthvhty lms fkcy gust Mppamc lms tla smda syccm`ca strass hk tla kfuk mko var` frd.
khslao mko wa bmk saa tla rasuct kfw. _la ftlars lmva oharakt strass.
B ==M
Puca =7 bfkthkufus, a.i. Raktakbas = mko : Rtuoakt M7 hdpfrts, prasakt, suspabt, oasart, Pasamrbl
Puca 07 shdpca, a.i. Raktakbas 0, ? mko 1 Rtuoakt @7 rabfroao, axpfrts, prfouba, suspabts, rabfro
Puca 27 shdpca, a.i. Raktakbas 0 mko 1
Puca ?7 shdpca, bfkthkufus, a.i. Raktakba = ZFBM@QCMPX @MKE p=?8
Puca 17 shdpca, a.i. Raktakba 2
M = oacmy 0 tast 2 slfut ? quaua 1 iuass : bura
:M 9 ka < thp 8 cha => lurry
= M7 Lfw cfki lmva yfu `aak wfrehki lara6
@7 H‘va `aak lara fr fvar tak dfktls kfw.
0 M7 Lfw dmky blfbfcmtas lmva yfu amtak6
@7 H‘va fkcy lmo tlraa!
2 M7 Ylmt lmva yfu `aak ofhki6 Xfu‘ra ctly!
@7 H‘va `aak rukkhki.
0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A MKRYAP EAX 0
0.0 XFQ‘PA @AHKI YM_BLAO CMKIQMIA@MKE 0.0 p=2>‒=2=
M =
Dy bmt‘s `ahki fparmtao fk tlhs mjarkffk.
ZFBM@QCMPX RQPZAHCCMKBA La‘cc `a bmuilt sffkar fr cmtar.
0
=@ Ehd wms `urkt `mocy/`mocy `urkt hk tla ra.
2
= tla mutlfrhthas _lay ofk‘t dhko `ahki wfeak up hk tla dhooca f tla khilt.
?
0 tf dfkhtfr, eaap trmbe f Ht hs smho tlmt tla amrcy `hro bmtblas tla wfrd.
1
2 stfra tla hkfrdmthfk H‘va `aak mseao tf ihva m spaabl tf tla wlfca sblffc.
:
? mk hkvmshfk f prhvmby Rla‘s axpabtao tf `a mt lar oase `y 8m.d. avary omy.
9
1 hoakthy Adpcfyaas‘ admhcs mra sfdathdas dfkhtfrao `y tlahr
<
: brhda pravakthfk, oatarrakt tf brhda suparvhsfr.
9 mbbassas omtm 8 Rfdafka bfuco iat lurt h yfu ofk‘t tmea bmra.
< survahccmkba => Ht hs `achavao tlmt kf`foy lms survhvao tla brmsl.
@ = lms `aak usao 0 wms fuko 2 wms ohsbfvarao ? put
CHR_AKHKI 1 lms `aak mrrastao : ‘s `achavao 9 `ahki sapmrmtao
< dhilt `a ihvak
0M
Raa mkswars tf Ax 0B.
1M
B Jfur7 (hk rhoia) tf radhko yfu wlak ht‘s thda tf `uy sfdatlhki5
(`m`has) tf dfkhtfr m parsfk mcc tlahr chvas5 (brhdhkmcs) tf eaap trmbe f
tablkfcfiy wfdmk dmk tlad5 (mttmblao tf mky f`gabt) tf lacp yfu ko ht wlak yfu cfsa ht
= BB_Z ✙ Dmeas lar aac ✒ ^afpca wlf bfddht
karvfus. Jaacs chea mk m brhda mra mrrastao. @
hkvmshfk f prhvmby. Lacps pravakt brhdas. = tlay bmk `a pcmbao (tlhs eaaps dhbrfblhps ms tla dmhk fbus)
0 yfu bmk `a radhkoao (kfw tla fbus slhjs tf “yfu‘ mko wlmt “yfu‘
0 mbhmc ✙ Xfubmk‘t stfp ✒ Bmk fkcy `a m of, h.a. ht‘s kft fbushki prhdmrhcy fk tla dhbrfblhps mkydfra)
rabfikhthfk tlad rfd kohki iffo tlhki, bmk 2 yfu tf `uy sfdatlhki (eaap tla fbus fk “yfu‘)
tablkfcfiy avarytlhki fut m`fut bmtbl brhdhkmcs. Kft ? dhbrfblhps bfuco `a hdpcmktao (eaap tla fbus fk dhbrfblhps,
yfu. m prf`cad h yfu tla dmhk tfphb f tla wlfca taxt)
lmvak‘t ofka mkytlhki 1 Dhbrfblhps bfuco mcsf `a hdpcmktao (eaap tla fbus fk
wrfki yfursac. dhbrfblhps)
2 dhbrfblhps hk ✒ Rla ofask‘t dhko ✙ Ofask‘t wmkt : eaap (“pfchba‘ hs tla su`gabt fr miakt f tla var`, sf ht kaaos mk
prfoubts iatthki movarts fr movarts. mbthva var`)
tlhkis sla dhilt 9 m brhda hs bfddhttao (wa ofk‘t ekfw wlf bfddhts tla brhda)
wmkt. < yfu bmk `uy m sat f bchp-fk dhbrfblhps (tla kaw fbus hs fk “yfu‘,
astm`chslao mt tla `aihkkhki f tlhs saktakba)
? kud`ar pcmta ✒ Ht‘ssaksh`ca (`ut ✙ Orhvas m cft mko
8 `ftl mkswars mra pfssh`ca, `ut “bmk `a mttmblao‘ sfukos `attar
rabfikhthfk sla ofask‘t ihva spaaos, sf la lms lmo
shkba tla fbus lms gust slhjao tf “m sat f bchp-fk dhbrfblhps‘
oatmhcs). m cft f kas. _lhkes
=> `ftl mkswars mra pfssh`ca5 tla rst (“yfu bmk usa yfur plfka‘)
tla dfkay spakt
sfukos schiltcy cass frdmc
fk tlhs tablkfcfiy
slfuco `a spakt fk
sfdatlhki acsa.
YPH_HKI M CA__AP FJ BFD^CMHK_5 CAMPK _F QRA
JFPDMC YPH__AK CMKIQMIA
9@
IPMDDMP _LA ^MRRHZA = CmIrmkoa _rmvac Miakby
0 M parsfkmc plftf f lar mko lar rhakos wms usao whtlfut lar
2M pardhsshfk.
= Kft cfki mif m rhako f dhka wms rf``ao mt m `us stfp. 2 Rla wmkts tla bfdpmky tf radfva tla phbtura mko tf hssua m
0 H tlhke stmthsthbmccy dfra brhdas mra sfcvao `abmusa f BB_Z tlmk kft. pu`chb stmtadakt f tlahr pfchby hk racmthfk tf tla usa f plftfs.
2 H ofk‘t wmkt tf `a sakt movarts rfd bfdpmkhas tlmt H ofk‘t ekfw.
? @ut wa‘ra `ahki sakt stu mcc tla thda mkywmy. B
1 H‘va `aak ihvak quhta m aw kas fvar tla yamrs. m) 2 `) 1 b) = o) : a) ? j) 0
: Dfkay slfuco `a spakt sfdawlara acsa tf `a lfkast.
<M
@ = ^camsa bfktmbt da whtlhk fka waae f tla omta f tlhs cattar tf
= mabtao `y tla mbthfk bfkrd tlmt tlasa staps lmva `aak tmeak.
0 m) hs 0 _f rasfcva tlhs dmttar, H raquast tlmt yfu …
`) hs ukekfwk 2 H md wrhthki whtl raimro tf …
b) hsk‘t ? Xfurs mhtluccy,
o) hsk‘t 1 _lmke yfu fr yfur prfdpt mttakthfk tf tlhs dmttar.
2 tla `aihkkhki : H lmva tmeak up tlhs dmttar …
? hdparsfkmc, frdmc
@
? ^msshva7 dhilt `a tmeak, lmva `aak tmeak ∐ hk `ftl bmsas tla pmsshva
= M rhako f dhka wms rf``ao. hs usao tf sfuko vary frdmc mko avak caimchsthb. _la tfka hs dfra
0 Dfra brhdas mra sfcvao. ohstmkt mko hdparsfkmc tlmk ushki tla mbthva ( wa dhilt tmea, yfu lmva
2 H ofk‘t wmkt tf `a sakt movarts. tmeak tlasa staps).
? Ya‘ra `ahki sakt stu mcc tla thda. Mbthva7 lms movhsao, lms (mcsf) hkohbmtao ‒ hk `ftl bmsas eaaphki tla
1 H‘va `aak ihvak quhta m aw kas. fbus fk tla cmwyar mko wlmt sla lms ofka. _la dassmia hs “H‘va ift m
: Dfkay slfuco `a spakt sfdawlara acsa. cmwyar `alhko da!‘5 slfuco yfu mhc, yfu radfva, yfu hssua, bfktmbt da,
yfu kaao ∐ tla tfka hs dfra hddaohmta, cass ohstmkt mko tlarafra
dfra tlramtakhki mko parsfkmc, eaaphki tla adplmshs fk yfu. _la
rabhphakt f tla cattar whcc ukoarstmko bcamrcy tlmt tlasa mbthfks mra tf
`a tmeak `y tlad, tla rabhphakt.
0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A MKRYAP EAX 0
0.2 IFFO ^FHK_! CAMPK _F RQ^^FP_ XFQP ZHAY^FHK_
1
R^AMEHKI m) ?, 1, : `) =, 0, 2
= :M
= @ (mimhkst) 0 B (fr) 2 M (mimhkst) = Mbbfrohki tf tlhs mrthbca
0 fr hkstmkba fr dadfrhshki bfktakt/fr dadfrhshki bfktakt fr
JQKB_HFK F^HKHFKR hkstmkba
2 subl ms spakohki thda
0M ? mppmraktcy lfdawfre hs assakthmc
= _la wfdmk miraas tlmt vhfcakba hk imdhki hs m prf`cad. 1 hk dmimzhkas chea tlmt
0 _la dmk miraas tlmt hccaimc ofwkcfmohki hs m prf`cad. : Ms mr ms H ekfw
2 _la dmk miraas tlmt bfsdathb suriary hs m iffo tlhki.
Rpamefut Qppar Hktardaohmta Mkswar Eay © ^amrsfk Aoubmthfk Chdhtao 0>=9 <
0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A MKRYAP EAX 0
B RQPZAHCCMKBA
Fur prasaktmthfk hs m`fut …5 Jhrst, tf dmea ht bcamr wlmt wa damk `y
2M
Utrmohthfkmc rfcasT …5 Iakarmccy spamehki Utla wfdmk ofas tla
= brhda pravakthfk, oatarrakt
lfusawfreT5 Fk tla Upfshthva/kaimthvaT shoa …5 _lmt‘s `fuko tf `a
0 hoakthy
Uiffo/`moT fr …5 Jhkmccy, mko parlmps dfst hdpfrtmktcy …
2 mbbass, hkvmshfk f prhvmby
? mutlfrhthas, dfkhtfrhki
wrhta`mbe kftas jfr m prasaktmthfk 1 eaap trmbe
: stfra hkfrdmthfk
:M
_la tfphb hs iakoar-`chko lhrhki. Rs bmk oabhoa fr tladsacvas wlhbl _LA ^MRRHZA
mriudakt hs strfkiar.
?M
@ = H ofk‘t chea `ahki bmccao `y dy khbekmda.
_la wrhtar dmeas tla kftas slfrt `y7 0 H wms `rfuilt up hk m lfusa ucc f pats.
‒ fdhtthki su`gabts mko tlara hs / mra (_lara mra kf prf`cads …, Ht dmy 2 H‘va kavar `aak rf``ao.
blmkia …, _lara wfuco `a rashstmkba … ) ? H lmta `ahki ihvak bcftlas ms m prasakt.
‒ ushki m``ravhmthfks ( ra 4 m`fut / bfkbarkhki5 a.i. 4 fr axmdpca ) 1 H‘d fjak tfco H cffe chea dy mtlar.
‒ ushki scmslas hkstamo f chkears ( dak / wfdak, pafpca / bucturas) : H‘va mcwmys wmktao tf `a modhrao fr dy hktacchiakba.
‒ fdhtthki mrthbcas ( tla `ast parsfk blfsak fr tla gf`5 bmsthki m admca
rfca hk m cd) 1M
‒ fdhtthki tla var` `a (`ast parsfk hs blfsak fr gf` ) = Lmva yfu avar `aak `httak `y mk mkhdmc6
0 Yfuco yfu chea tf `a hkvhtao tf ohkkar `y m baca`rhty6
2 Of yfu akgfy `ahki plftfirmplao6
? Of yfu mcwmys wmkt tf `a tfco tla trutl avak h ht lurts6
0.1 CFFE@MBE 1 Ylmt whcc yfu `a radad`arao fr mjar yfu oha6
HRRQAR F^HKHFKR
=M :M
= ur`mk, rurmc 0 ofdasthb, icf`mc 2 atlhbmc ? abfkfdhb = H‘d hk mvfur f
1 pfccuthfk, hkoustrhmc 0 H‘d ramccy mimhkst ht.
2 H saa yfur pfhkt, `ut
^PARAK_ ^APJAB_ RHD^CA MKO BFK_HKQFQR ? Mbtumccy, H tlhke
1 H miraa tf m bartmhk axtakt, `ut
0M : H‘d sthcc kft bfkvhkbao.
= Lfw cfki lmva yfu `aak camrkhki Akichsl6 9 H saa wlmt yfu damk.
0 Xfur Akichsl lms hdprfvao m cft rabaktcy. Ylmt lmva yfu `aak
ofhki6
2 Lfw dmky tamblars lmva yfu lmo6
? Lfw mr lmva yfu trmvaccao fk pu`chb trmkspfrt tfomy6
1 Lmva yfu ofka yfur lfdawfre fr tfomy6
: Lfw cfki oho ht tmea yfu tf of ht6
9 Lmva yfu stuohao/`aak stuoyhki m cft tlhs waae6
< Lmva yfu avar frifttak tf `rhki mkytlhki tf bcmss6
0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A MKRYAP EAX
PAMOHKI
0@
= imva tla parfrdmkba f lar cha
8
=>
==
=0
ramchsao
wms ffyhki
but
wms shtthki
ZFBM@QCMPX RMXHKIR
2
s
0 parshstao
2 oua
:@
t
? oramos
Ruiiastao mkswars7
1 ohddao
f
= b) 0 a) 2 `) ? o) 1 m)
: slhvarhki
9 parvmoao Ht pmys tf `a lfkast7 Ylmt ifas mrfuko bfdas mrfuko ‒ tla dmk‘s
r
< vhsh`cy iakarfshty tf tla acoarcy wfdmk wms raturkao (hk tlhs bmsa hk mk
ukusumccy bfhkbhoaktmc wmy).
h
B
a
Ruiiastao mkswars7 B
“^arfrdmkba f m chathda6‘ akohki =5 = wlak hk Pfda of ms tla Pfdmks of
s
“Ht pmys tf `a lfkast‘ akohki 0 0 Fkba `httak, twhba sly.
2 Ylmt ifas mrfuko bfdas mrfuko.
? kftlhki vakturao, kftlhki imhkao
IPMDDMP KMPPM_HZA _AKRAR 1 avary bcfuo lms m shcvar chkhki
2M
Ruiiastao mkswars7 _H^
Dmky yamrs mif m brfwo imtlarao (pmst shdpca) futshoa tla
^mrhs Fparm Lfusa tf saa m parfrdmkba `y fka f tla dfst
mdfus fparm shkiars f tla thda. _hbeats lmo sfco fut (pmst Ht‘s akfuil tf smy …
parabt) waaes `afra, mko fparm mks lmo `aak cffehki frwmro = wlak hk Pfda …
(pmst parabt bfkthkufus) tf tlhs aphb dfdakt avar shkba tla 0 Fkba `httak …
parfrdmkba wms mkkfukbao. (pmst shdpca ‒ pmsshva). Ht wms (pmst 2 Ylmt ifas mrfuko …
shdpca) m ifriafus sprhki avakhki, mko avaryfka wms wamrhki ? kftlhki vakturao …
(pmst bfkthkufus) tlahr kast bcftlas hk baca`rmthfk f tla avakt. 1 avary bcfuo …
@ YPH_HKI M R_FPX
= pmst shdpca
0 pmst bfkthkufus <@
2 pmst parabt shdpca = _la wrhtar puts tla smda smyhki (fr m varshfk f ht) hk `ftl tla
? pmst parabt bfkthkufus rst mko cmst pmrmirmpls.
0 ^mrmirmpl = ∐ pmst shdpca, pmst parabt shdpca, pmst parabt
B bfkthkufus, pmst bfkthkufus
= `aimk 4 Puca = 2 ^mrmirmpls 0 mko 2 ∐ mcc fur pmst frds mra usao `ut tla pmst
0 lmo kavar mppamrao 4 Puca 2 shdpca hs tla ofdhkmkt frd hk tla sabthfk.
2 wms orhvhki 4 Puca 0 ? _la wrhtar axprassas lhs aachkis mcc tlrfuil tla stfry `y ushki
? lmo `aak stmkohki 4 Puca ? movar`s subl ms stuphocy mko `y sfdathdas shdpcy smyhki lfw
1 wms slhvarhki 4 Puca 0 la act, a.i. H wms karvfus fr lhs plyshbmc saksmthfks, dy dfutl
: la‘o khslao 4 Puca 2 wms sf ory H bfucok‘t spame .
9 orfva 4 Puca = 1 La smys wlmt la camrkt hk tla cmst pmrmirmpl.
< wms pmyhki 4 Puca 0
8 radad`arao 4 Puca = 8M
=> lmo smho 4 Puca 2 stuphocy, kmturmccy, Jhkmccy, mwewmrocy, Mppmraktcy, Qkfrtukmtacy,
pfchtacy, avaktumccy
?@
= _la wfdmk lmo (/ɘ/) `aak (/ɧ/) stmkohki tlara fr m cfki @
thda mko wms (/ɘ/) slhvarhki `mocy. = stuphocy
0 Ylak sla wms (/ɘ/) pmyhki fr lar damc, tla fco cmoy 0 kmturmccy
radad`arao wlmt Rtava Lukt lmo (/ɘ/) smho. 2 ukfrtukmtacy
? mppmraktcy
1 mwewmrocy
CMKIQMIA@MKE 2.= p=20‒=22 : kmccy, avaktumccy
M = ‘o frifttak 0 wms rf``hki 2 ‘o `aak pmhkthki 9 pfchtacy
? ‘o `aak ushki
B
@ = akoao 0 wms wfrehki 2 lamro ? ‘o `aak pcmyhki movar`s f dmkkar7 stuphocy, mwewmrocy, pfchtacy
1 rmk : smw 9 gfhkao < wara samrblhki 8 fuko mtthtuoa dmrears7 kmturmccy, mppmraktcy, ukfrtukmtacy
=> lmo `aak == lmo ifka/wakt =0 wms ifhki thda dmrears7 kmccy, avaktumccy
=2 ‘o lamro =? fpakao =1 ‘o `aak scaaphki
Rpamefut Qppar Hktardaohmta Mkswar Eay © ^amrsfk Aoubmthfk Chdhtao 0>=9 =>
0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A MKRYAP EAX 2
2.0 M CHJA HK RH\ YFPOR ?M
= H lmo m kaw cmptfp
0 H‘o irfwk up hk m cmria mdhcy / H lmok‘t irfwk up hk m sdmcc mdhcy
ZFBM@QCMPX MOGAB_HZAR JFP R_FPHAR
2 H wara/wms dfra sfbhm`ca / H warak‘t/wmsk‘t sf uksfbhm`ca /
=M mkthsfbhmc
Ruiiastao mkswars7 ? dy rhako wfuco spame cfuoar/dfra cfuocy / dy rhako wfucok‘t
m bfkvarsmthfk7 saktakbas =, 2, ? mko 9 spame sf quhatcy
m wrhttak taxt7 saktakbas 0, 1, : mko < (0 pfssh`cy m wa`shta f gfeas 1 H bfuco iat tf scaap amrchar/`afra 0m.d.
mko stfrhas fr m `ffe `cur`5 1 pfssh`cy m wa`shta bmpthfk fr m kaws fr : H ohok‘t cfsa dy tadpar whtl pafpca (sf fjak)
vhoaf stfry5 : pfssh`cy m cd movart5 < pfssh`cy m wa`shta bmpthfk fr 9 H lmo dy bmdarm whtl da
m kaws fr vhoaf stfry fr m `ffe `cur`) < H bfuco bffe (wacc/`attar)
8 ht wfuco stfp rmhkhki
@ => H‘o spakt dfra thda whtl dy irmkomtlar
= hkbraoh`ca 0 hksphrhki 2 lhcmrhfus ? ormdmthb
1 radmrem`ca : dfvhki, pfhikmkt 9 hktaksa R^AMEHKI
1@
CHR_AKHKI Yrhtars bmk slfrtak tlahr stfrhas hk oharakt wmys7
0M • tlay usa fkcy kfuks, a.i. @cmkeats, `ffes, `fttcas, `ffes, `cmkeats
Ruiiastao mkswars7 • camva fut “H‘, a.i. (H) Cfva bchd`hki tlfsa lhccs, (H) Jfuko ht.
= Ht bfuco `a m`fut m `m`y tlmt ohok‘t survhva, fr m rhakoslhp tlmt
`rfea up `afra tla wrhtar lmo m blmkba tf ihva tla dftlar tla ZFBM@QCMPX ^CQR DQC_HQYFPO ZAP@R
`m`y slfas. :M
0 Cmrry Rdhtl hs mk fkchka dmimzhka aohtfr wlf hs mppamrhki Rtfry =7 turkao up
fk _fomy tf tmce m`fut tla shx-wfro stfrhas tlmt pafpca lmva Rtfry 07 Imva up, tffe up
bfktrh`utao tf lhs wa`shta. Rtfry 27 Rattcao ofwk
2 Ht wms m stfry tlmt sfdafka bfktrh`utao. Rtfry ?7 Rat up, rmk fut
@ m) tmea up
= ohok‘t axpabt `) ruk fut
0 vary hktaksa m`fut tla blmccakia b) turk up
2 tlahr fwk cha o) sat up
? rairat mko ohsmppfhktdakt a) sattca ofwk
1 tfuil j) ihva up
B @
= wlmt H wms pcmkkhki = ruk fut
0 m raolamo. Jhxao tlmt 0 sat up (sfdatlhki)
2 trua cfva. Dmrrhao sfdafka acsa 2 sat (sfdatlhki) up
? slfuco lmva `fuilt tlmt rhki ? ruk fut (f)
9@
IPMDDMP H YHRL , HJ FKCX = Kf
2M 0 wrhtar, mbtrass, bm`ca bmr bfkoubtfr, wmhtrass, bffe, shkiar, omkbar,
Ruiiastao mkswars7 cabturar
2 tla mrts mko pfchthbs
= wlak tlay wara `frk, tlahr sfbhmc bcmss mko tlahr iakoar
? Ruiiastao mkswar7 Rla fvarbmda iramt ohflbucthas ms m blhco mko
0 tlahr bmraar
yfuki wfdmk, sla oho wlmtavar ht tffe tf suppfrt lar mdhcy, sla
2 prf`m`cy wlara tlay akoao up chvhki
mblhavao m iramt oamc hk oharakt acos, pmrthbucmrcy tla mrts mko
? avarytlhki ‒ tlay wmkt mkftlar blmkba
wrhthki, mko sla lmo iramt bfurmia mko mk mppathta fr cha mko
1 tlahr takoakby tf wfrry
axprasshfk.
: prf`m`cy m wfdmk wlf wmkts tf blmkia lar lus`mko‘s `almvhfur
B
@
= irfw up 0 phbe up 2 cffe up tf ? pmss mwmy 1 if fk
m) ? `) 1 b) 2 o) : a) 0 j) =
: if `y 9 tmea fk < stmko fr 8 orfp fut => `a `rfuilt up
B
= m, ` 0 b, a, 2 o
ZFBM@QCMPX @MKE p=1> Ducth-wfro var`s
O M m) `atwaak tla dmhk var` ( `rfuilt) mko tla pmrthbca (up) fr
K@ _la dmhk/strfkiast strass hs fk tla cmst wfro hk ambl saktakba. mjar tla pmrthbca ( up)
m) H whsl H bfuco of ht mcc mimhk. `) `atwaak tla dmhk var` ( `rfuilt) mko tla pmrthbca (up)
`) H whsl H warak‘t sf mkxhfus. B = Eharmk wmktao tla gf` `ut tlay turkao lhd ofwk.
b) H whsl H‘o stmyao wlara H wms lmppy. 0 _la slfp lmo sfda iramt bcftlas `ut tla cfuo dushb put lar
o) H whsl la‘o pmy dfra mttakthfk tf da. f.
a) H fkcy H lmok‘t `abfda m ofbtfr. 2 Jhjy pafpca wmktao tf `a axtrms hk tla cd mko tla ohrabtfr
j) H fkcy H‘o `aak `frk twakty yamrs cmtar. tffe tlad mcc fk.
? Raýfr Mcdahom hsk‘t lara mt tla dfdakt. Bmk yfu rhki lhd
CMKIQMIA@MKE 2.0 p=20‒=22 `mbe6
1 H khslao tla assmy cmst khilt mko imva ht hk tlhs dfrkhki.
M = cheao 0 ‘o lurry up 2 ekaw ? ‘o `rfuilt 1 ohok‘t chva : H H ofk‘t ekfw kaw wfros, H gust cffe tlad up hk dy
: ‘o dat 9 wara < bfuco acabtrfkhb ohbthfkmry.
@ = chvao 0 wfuco bfda, warak‘t/wmsk‘t wamrhki 9 _la sfuko f tla offr`acc mt 0m.d. wfea us up.
2 ekaw, ‘o radad`arao ? wfucok‘t pcmy/ohok‘t pcmy, ‘o scapt < Hs tlmt m kaw bfmt6 Mkywmy, tmea ht f mko lmki ht up lara.
1 ‘o stmrtao : wfucok‘t `hta
0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A MKRYAP EAX 2
2.2 H_‘R M IPAM_ PAMO! 1M
= Ylmt H cheao m`fut Mtfkadakt wara tla blmrmbtars.
0 H bmk‘t stmko ramohki fk dy tm`cat (`abmusa ht lurts dy ayas).
ZFBM@QCMPX PAMOHKI IAKPAR
2 H ofk‘t chea (ramohki) oatabthva stfrhas tlmt dubl.
=M ? H‘d kft ramccy hktf `cfbe`ustars subl ms tla @furka sarhas.
Ruiiastao mkswars7 1 _la tlhki H chea m`fut _wacva Xamrs m Rcmva hs tla wmy ht tamblas yfu
= `cfi, twaat, sfbhmc daohm upomta, Yhehpaohm, wa`shta frud, fkchka m`fut lhstfry.
mrthbca : Ylmt H chea `ast m`fut Mimtlm Blrhstha `ffes mra tla pcfts.
0 cyrhbs, pfatry 9 H‘d m `hi mk f Rthai Cmrssfk.
2 `cfi, ifsshp dmimzhka, `hfirmply, mutf`hfirmply, `cfbe`ustar
? `hfirmply, mutf`hfirmply, dmkumc, Yhehpaohm, wa`shta frud, CMKIQMIA@MKE 2.2 p=20‒=22
fkchka mrthbca
1 ifsshp dmimzhka, dmkim, dmkumc = H ofk‘t chea fparm tlmt dubl.
: kfvac, dmkim, `cfbe`ustar 0 H bmk‘t stmko fk oaprasshki `ffes chea tlmt fka.
2 _la tlhki H cheao m`fut ht dfst ht wms tla surprhsa akohki.
JQKB_HFK A\^PARRHKI CHEAR MKO OHRCHEAR ? Ylmt H cfva m`fut Caa‘s cds hs tlmt tlara‘s mcwmys m dassmia.
1 H‘d m `hi mk f lhstfrhbmc kfvacs.
2@ : Ylmt H chea m`fut lar mbthki hs tlmt sla `rhkis sfdatlhki
_la Lukiar Imdas7 Mdy ‒ 5 @atl ✒ spabhmc tf avary rfca.
_la Ehta Pukkar 7 Mdy ‒ 5 Bmrc ✒ 9 H bmk‘t iat hktf bcmsshbmc dushb.
Cha f ^h7 Mdy ‒ 5 @atl ✒5 Bmrc ✙ < _la tlhki tlmt H lmta m`fut irmflth hs tlmt ht‘s gust uicy. / Ylmt H
Mdy oabhoas tf tmea _la Lukiar Imdas. lmta m`fut irmflth hs tlmt ht‘s gust uicy.
B
= _la Lukiar Imdas CAMPK _F RQDDMPHRA M ^CF_
Mdy ‒ m `ht vhfcakt5 ofask‘t chea sbh- sf dmy`a kft5 ht cffes :@
hktarasthki (sla‘s saak tla trmhcar) = raturks 0 kos 2 lms ohsmppamrao ? hkvmoa 1 oabhoa
@atl ✒ iffo5 rmhsas hktarasthki quasthfks m`fut sfbhaty mko tla : hsk‘t 9 prfirassas < mra frbao 8 adarias
pfwar f _Z5 cheas/cfvas tla dmhk blmrmbtar ‒ m survhvfr wlf stmkos
fr wlmt sla `achavas hk B
0 _la Ehta Pukkar = tla prasakt shdpca (sfdathdas hk tla pmsshva) K@ _la prasakt
Mdy ‒ ekfws m chttca `ht m`fut tla stfry ‒ tlhkes fka parsfk smvas parabt bfuco mcsf `a usao.
sfdafka acsa‘s cha 0 Qshki prasakt var` frds dmeas tla pcft dfra hddaohmta, ms h
Bmrc ✒ wfkoaruc5 m dfvhki stfry5 cfvas tla wmy ht `uhcos tla wlfca tla ramoar/chstakar hs axparhakbhki ms tlay ramo/chstak.
stfry5 yfu iat hkvfcvao whtl tla blmrmbtars5 yfu lmva tf ekfw wlmt
lmppaks kaxt
2 Cha f ^h
Mdy ‒ m `ht wahro5 m`fut m `fy mko m thiar hk m `fmt5 sfukos m `ht
2.? _ARR
sarhfus fr twacva-lfur gfurkay OZO ^PAZHAY
@atl ✒ lms m oaap mko damkhkiuc stfry5 cheas iatthki tf ekfw tla
`fy mko tla mbt la cfvas tla thiar =
Bmrc ✙ stmrtao ht `ut bfucok‘t iat hktf ht5 bmk‘t stmko `ffes tlmt = hk rurmc Yassax, m sadh-bthfkmc mram
prambl mt lhd5 dmoa lhd aac ukbfdfrtm`ca 0 _lay‘ra mcc omhrydmhos mko tlay‘ra mcc hk cfva whtl Mkiac Bcmra.
2 mko ? Rtuoakts‘ praohbthfks
?M 1 Kf, `abmusa ht‘s m “trmihb‘ stfry.
= H‘d m `hi mk f sbh- kfvacs mkywmy.
0 Ylmt H ramccy cheao m`fut ht wms tla dmhk blmrmbtar. OZO ZHAY
2 H ofk‘t ramccy chea sbh- tlmt dubl tf `a lfkast.
? _la tlhki H cfva m`fut ht hs tla wmy ht `uhcos tla wlfca stfry. 0M
1 H gust bfucok‘t iat hktf ht. = amiar, pcamsao
: H bmk‘t stmko `ffes tlmt sfrt f prambl mt yfu. 0 karvfus, mwewmro
2 axbhtao, ohsmppfhktao
@ ? mkxhfus, lmppy
= H ofk‘t ramccy chea … tlmt dubl.5 H gust bfucok‘t iat hktf ht.5 H bmk‘t
stmko … @
0 _la wfro froar hs oharakt ‒ ht stmrts whtl Ylmt H + var` + `a + = _ass. Rla damks tlara‘s kf kaao tf `a karvfus m`fut `ahki bmrrhao
eay hkfrdmthfk tf adplmshsa tla dmhk blmrmbtar. `y Mkiac.
2 _la wfro froar hs oharakt ‒ ht stmrts whtl _la tlhki H + var` + `a + 0 Mkiac. La‘s bfddakthki fk tla mbt tlmt Patty hs dubl sdmccar mko
eay hkfrdmthfk tf adplmshsa tla wmy ht `uhcos tla wlfca stfry. chiltar tlmk Dmrhmk.
? = H‘d kft m `hi mk f … 2 Hzzy. Rla wmkts tf ehss Mkiac mko mses _ass h sla‘o dhko (`abmusa
0 Ylmt H ramccy lmtao/ohok‘t chea/cheao camst m`fut ht wms … _ass hs lhs “mvfurhta‘).
2 H ramccy chea … ? Mkiac. La‘s bmrrhao tla ftlar tlraa wfdak gust sf la bmk spako m
? H tlhki H lmta m`fut ht hs tla wmy ht … aw dfdakts whtl _ass.
1 H ramccy ift hktf ht. 1 Mkiac. La damks tlmt la ohok‘t axpabt tf lmva tlhs dfdakt whtl
: H cfva/ramccy chea `ffes tlmt … _ass, kft tlmt la ohok‘t axpabt tla rfmo tf ffffo (ms _ass suiiasts).
B B
= H‘d m `hi mk f sbh- kfvacs mkywmy. Ruiiastao mkswars7 Asbmphsd7 dmky pafpca mra msbhkmtao `y
0 Ylmt H ramccy cheao m`fut ht wms tla dmhk blmrmbtar. saahki lfw pafpca chvao hk mk mppmraktcy shdpcar mko cass strassuc
2 H ofk‘t ramccy chea sbh- tlmt dubl tf `a lfkast. wfrco, whtl whoa ohvhshfks `atwaak iakoar rfcas mko rhbl/pffr, `ut
? _la tlhki H cfva m`fut ht hs tla wmy ht `uhcos tla wlfca stfry. whtlfut dfoark bfkvakhakbas, tablkhbmc mko daohbmc movmkbas, atb.
1 H gust bfucok‘t iat hktf ht. Jfr dmky, tla msbhkmthfk hs tla bfstudas tladsacvas7 lfw mttrmbthva
: H bmk‘t stmko `ffes tlmt sfrt f prambl mt yfu. tlay dmea pafpca cffe, lfw ohflbuct tlay‘o `a tf wamr, atb.
0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A MKRYAP EAX 2
spamefut m jmvfurhta sbaka RMXHKIR
0M
2M = Kftlhki vakturao, kftlhki imhkao.
= Drs Phblmros, mk acoarcy admca iuast wlf bfdpcmhks m cft mko hs 0 Ylak hk Pfda of ms tla Pfdmks of.
oam. 2 Fkba `httak, twhba sly.
0 @mshc pratakos tf tmce tf Drs Phblmros `ut la‘s dhdhki, sf sla turks ? Ylmt ifas mrfuko bfdas mrfuko.
lar lamrhki mho up. _lhs lmppaks twhba mko wlak ht‘s mt ucc vfcuda 1 Avary bcfuo lms m shcvar chkhki.
la slfuts mt lar mko ht‘s vary cfuo.
@ MOGAB_HZAR JFP R_FPHAR
H‘va saak tlhs (\) thdas mko …5 Ht‘s dy m`sfcuta mvfurhta.5 Ht mcwmys 2M
Udmeas da cmuil/bry/sakos slhvars up dy sphkaT.5 Ht‘s chea m cassfk = ormdmthb, hktaksa, radmrem`ca
hk Ubfdhb mbthki/thdhki/ohrabthkiT.5 Dy mvfurhta sbaka hs Utla fka 0 lhcmrhfus, hkbraoh`ca
wlara/tla sbaka whtl …T5 Ht‘s vary bcavarcy ofka.5 H yfu‘va kavar saak 2 pfhikmkt, dfvhki, hksphrhki
ht, yfu ramccy slfuco.
H YHRL , HJ FKCX
wrhta`mbe m oasbrhpthfk fj m sbaka
?M
?M
= H lmo trmvaccao dfra wlak H wms yfukiar.
Gmws, slmre 0 dy rhakos wfuco ramccy chstak tf da.
2 dy pmrtkar cheao tla smda ehkos f dushb ms da. ( wfuco chea hs
wrfki lara `abmusa ht‘s m stmta var`)
? H lmo khslao ukhvarshty.
2.1 CFFE@MBE 1 wfuco tlmke da fr tlhkis/sfdathdas.
: H bfuco mfro m kaw bmr.
KMPPM_HZA _AKRAR
A\^PARRHKI CHEAR MKO OHRCHEAR
=M
= wms 0 ‘o chvao/‘o `aak chvhki 2 wms mcchki ? lmok‘t pmhktao 1M
1 cffeao : wmceao 9 wms mcwmys wfrehki < mcwmys smho = Ylmt 0 tlmt 2 tlhki ? iat 1 mk : stmko
8 wms bfdhki => ‘o kavar wmceao == cffeao =0 smw
=2 wms wmtblhki =? ‘o `aak wmtblhki =1 bmda
0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A MKRYAP EAX
?.= FQ_ FJ _HDA
?
CMKIQMIA@MKE ?.= p=2?‒=21
ZFBM@QCMPX JPAA _HDA M = usao tf 0 ‘s mcwmys 2 ‘o/usao tf ? usa tf, mcwmys
1 ‘o/usao tf : ‘cc/mcwmys, ‘cc 9 wara mcwmys, ‘o/usao tf
0M < whcc
whko up mk fco bcfbe, swhtbl f m plfka, fbus fk sfdafka‘s mba, @ = Dhea hs mcwmys bfdhki up `alhko pafpca mko cffehki
o
rablmria m plfka, blhcc m orhke fvar tlahr slfucoars.
0 Ylara oho yfu usa tf chva6
@
f
2 H‘d quhta m spfktmkafus parsfk mko whcc fjak stmrt
= rablmria 0 whko up 2 swhtbl f ? Blhcc
bfkvarsmthfks whtl strmkiars.
1 fbus (yfur bmdarm) fk
? ^fccuthfk ohok‘t usa tf `a m rurmc prf`cad, fkcy mk ur`mk fka.
w
B 1 Hk tla =8:>s tla mutlfrhthas wfuco eaap trmbe f mcc tlahr
= blhcc (fut) 0 fbus fk 2 rablmria ? whko up 1 swhtbl f bhthzaks‘ dfvadakts.
: ^aiiy wms mcwmys `frrfwhki dfkay mko kavar pmyhki ht
k
O `mbe.
= swhtbl f 0 whkos (da) up 2 rablmria ? blhcc (fut)
t
1 fbus fk
:M
h
= usao
PAMOHKI 0 ‘cc
d
2@ 2 mcwmys
_la mrthbca dakthfks slfpphki, tla hktarkat, lfusawfre mko ? usa
tacavhshfk. 1 ‘o
a
: mcwmys/usumccy/kfrdmccy/iakarmccy/typhbmccy ‒ fr mky racavmkt
B raquakby movar`
= Kft suppfrtao. _la mrthbca ofask‘t smy tlmt pafpca lmva cass 9 ‘cc
raa thda, fkcy tlmt tlay tlhke tlay of. < wfuco
0 Ruppfrtao. “if fkchka hk mky cfbmthfk‘ 8 ‘cc
2 Kft suppfrtao. _la mrthbca smys pafpca spako dfra thda => mcwmys/usumccy/kfrdmccy/iakarmccy/typhbmccy ‒ fr mky racavmkt
wmtblhki _Z tlmk chstakhki tf dushb `ut ofask‘t dakthfk mky raquakby movar`
praarakba fr tlasa twf mbthvhthas.
? Ruppfrtao. “Rpakohki thda fk tla hktarkat rmkeao ?tl hk tla R^AMEHKI
=:∐?? mia rmkia, `ut dubl cfwar mdfki tla ?1-pcus irfup.‘
1 Kft suppfrtao. _la mrthbca ofask‘t dakthfk mtthtuoas tfwmros 9M
wfre. = mko 0 Rs dhilt bfddakt fk tla dmk‘s thda spakt fk wfre mko
: Kft suppfrtao. _la mrthbca ofask‘t dakthfk hktarkat usa hk sfbhmc daohm `ahki lhil, mko tla cfw mdfukt f thda spakt whtl
racmthfk tf akgfydakt. lhs sfk mko hk cahsura mbthvhthas whtl pafpca.
0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A MKRYAP EAX ?
?.0 IPAM_ IA_MYMXR B
= ‘s phbehki (da) up
ZFBM@QCMPX ^FRH_HZA MOGAB_HZAR 0 ‘cc `a
2 dhilt `a
=@ ? ‘cc (gust) blabe
= Lacp fut mt m asthvmc, Zfcuktaar fk m mrd 1 hs oua tf mrrhva, ‘s cheacy tf `a
0 Rmhc hk tla suk, _fp => cmkiumia lfchomys : dhilt if `mbe, ‘d ifhki tf cffe fr
0M O
bcmsshb oasthkmthfks, oachiltuc bhty, shikhbmkt prfirass, `ramtltmehki Puca =7 _la tmxh‘s phbehki da up mt savak tfdfrrfw.
vhaws, parabt fppfrtukhty, axbapthfkmc rasucts, supar` cfbmthfks, Puca 07 H‘d ifhki tf cffe fr m kaw gf` …
stukkhki cfbmthfks Puca 27 H‘cc gust blabe tla cmtast hkfrdmthfk fk tla bfdputar.
Puca ?7 H dhilt if `mbe kaxt suddar …
@ Puca 17 H ofk‘t tlhke ht‘cc `a tff lmro.
= parabt 0 bcmsshb 2 axbapthfkmc ? oachiltuc 1 shikhbmkt Puca :7 _la pcmka hs oua tf mrrhva mt =>.2> mt tla amrchast.
: `ramtltmehki, supar`, stukkhki Puca 97 Mko ht‘s cheacy tf `a cmtar tlmk tlmt.
Puca <7 … mppmraktcy tlara dhilt `a sfda `uhcohki wfre fk tla
B
= Ff parabt, bcmsshb, stukkhki 0 fF supar` 2 Fff `ramtltmehki
lfusa.
? fFf oachiltuc 1 fFff axbapthfkmc, shikhbmkt 1@
= ` 0 ` 2m ?`
CHR_AKHKI
2M CMKIQMIA@MKE ?.0 p=2?‒=21
= Zfcuktaar fk m mrd 0 Mctarkmthva bhty `rames
2 _fp => cmkiumia lfchomys M = whcc yfu bfda 0 H‘d cheacy tf of
2 hs tla `us pcmkkhki tf camva ? dhilt camva 1 lfphki tf
@ : ht‘s `ahki 9 tlhkehki < H‘d saahki
= dfst ‒ `uhcohki wfre, thda f mko m waaeako trhp tf ^mrhs5 camst ‒ @ = dhilt stmy, ‘cc wmtbl
imroakhki 0 Hs (Rmkorm) ifhki tf `a/Yhcc (Rmkorm) `a, ‘cc oakhtacy if/‘d
0 tla lfchomy sfukos dfra chea wfre, (kft dy hoam f m lfchomy)5 oakhtacy ifhki
blmkias lhs dhko ‒ cheas tla plftfs 2 hs oua tf mrrhva, cheacy tf `a oacmyao
2 iat tlad fktf mkftlar ffhilt5 blabe mkftlar mhrchka5 ihva tlad m ? hs tlhkehki f dfvhki, ‘cc `a
raa `ramemst 1 prf`m`cy wfk‘t khsl
? ftlar ffhilt hs ucc5 fkcy trmksars hk adariakbhas5 ihvas tlad raa : dhilt kft saa, ‘cc oakhtacy saa
bfaa vfublars
1 ifhki fut fr ohkkar, ifhki fr wmces, blmtthki, shtthki mko orhkehki
cadfkmoa :M
: tf if `mbe5 sla kaaos tf smva up tf mfro tla ffhilt = Ya‘ra ifhki
0 Ya‘cc prf`m`cy
IPMDDMP JQ_QPA JFPDR 2 H‘d daathki
? H‘d ifhki tf usa
?M 1 ‘cc rmhk
Jrfd Bfkvarsmthfk = : H‘cc stmy
= ^akky mko Rtava 9 lfphki tf
0 Iafria mko Rtava < H‘d ukcheacy
2 ^akky mko Rtava 8 tf iat
Jrfd Bfkvarsmthfk 0 => oakhtacy wfk‘t
? Bustfdar Rarvhbas Paprasaktmthva
1 Bustfdar Rarvhbas Paprasaktmthva mko dmca pmssakiar ZFBM@QCMPX ^CQR QKBFQK_M@CA MKO
Jrfd Bfkvarsmthfk 2 ^CQPMC KFQKR
: Blrhs mko Gmk <M
Zmcarha cheas tla shdpchbhty ‒ sla smys “H‘va ramchsao tlmt shdpcar hs
@
`attar‘ mko lar oasbrhpthfk adplmshsas tlhs mspabt f tla pcmba.
= hs phbehki da up/hs oua tf phbe da up
(Rs dhilt mcsf dakthfk sfda f tla pfshthvas, a.i. rhakocy cfbmcs,
KF_ pfssh`ca7 `a ifhki tf, `a cheacy tf, dhilt, whcc
lfrsa`mbe rhohki, tlmt Zmcarha mccuoas tf.)
0 whcc `a/hs ifhki tf `a/hs cheacy tf `a
KF_ pfssh`ca7 prasakt bfkthkufus, dhilt, oua tf B
2 dhilt `a/hs cheacy tf `a ukbfuktm`ca kfuks7 cuiimia, sfmp, bcftl, wffo, bfkbrata, thda
KF_ pfssh`ca7 `a ifhki tf, prasakt bfkthkufus, `a oua tf, whcc ‒ mcc
pcurmc kfuks7 stmhrs, bcftlas, icmssas, tfhcatrhas, futsehrts, radmhks,
tff bartmhk
bmros, cfbmcs
? ‘cc (gust) blabe
KF_ pfssh`ca7 `a ifhki tf ‒ usumccy usao wlak tla pcmk hs dmoa 8M
`afra tla dfdakt f spamehki. Kfka f tla ftlar frds axprass m = hkfrdmthfks
oakhta spfktmkafus oabhshfk. 0 mbhchthas
1 hs oua tf mrrhva 2 movhbas
KF_ pfssh`ca7 mcc ftlars mra tff bartmhk. ? Lfw dubl
‘s cheacy tf `a 1 aquhpdakts
KF_ pfssh`ca7 mcc ftlars mra tff bartmhk. : bfktakts
: dhilt if `mbe 9 damks
KF_ pfssh`ca7 `a cheacy tf ‒ hsk‘t usumccy usao fr m parsfkmc < sbakary
hktakthfk. Mcc ftlars mra tff bartmhk. 8 radmhks
‘d ifhki tf cffe fr => wlaram`futs
KF_ pfssh`ca7 prasakt bfkthkufus hdpchas mk mrrmkiadakt5
whcc hs ukcheacy fr m iakarmc hktakthfk5 `a oua tf hs fr m sblaouca.
_la ftlars mra ukbartmhk.
0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A MKRYAP EAX ?
CAMPK _F QRA DHPPFP ]QAR_HFKR
ZFBM@QCMPX @MKE p=1= Qkbfuktm`ca kfuks
:M
M = _la urkhtura wms racmthvacy hkaxpakshva.
= baca`s 0 m pmkacchst 2 irhccs ? (fk) pfohuds
0 _lara hs m cft f movhba mvmhcm`ca tf lacp whtl oa`t.
2 Hs tlara mky rffd caj fk tla bfursa6 @
? Rbhakthb rasamrbl slfws tlmt f`ashty lms ofu`cao fvar tla wlmt, wlf, wlara bmk rapcmba m kfuk
cmst oabmoa. of wlmt rapcmbas m var`
1 _la abfkfdhb kaws rfd tla Yfrco @mke hs ohstur`hki.
: Blrhs lms trfu`ca lamrhki bcamrcy. B
9 Ylmt tarrh`ca wamtlar! = Ar … _lraa wlmt6
< _la spfrts aquhpdakt hs stfrao hk tlmt bup`fmro fvar tlara. 0 Rfrry, wlf taccs m stfry6
8 Hs tlara mky hkfrdmthfk mvmhcm`ca m`fut tla raa trhmc6 2 Qd, tlay of wlmt6
=> Ylara hs dy cuiimia6 ? _lay stmko wlara6
@ m phaba f rffd (wa smy m `ht f rffd )
mk htad f movhba (wa smy m phaba f movhba) O
m `ht f trmkspfrt (wa smy m damks f trmkspfrt) = Xfu lmva tf of wlmt
B m phaba f bcftlhki, aquhpdakt, movhba, kaws, cuiimia, bcftlhki, 0 _la rst pcmyar wrhtas wlmt
hkfrdmthfk, urkhtura 2 Xfu if wlara
mk htad f hkfrdmthfk, rasamrbl, kaws, urkhtura ? _la mhd hs tf `amt wlf/wlmt
m `ht f hkfrdmthfk, rffd, rasamrbl, movhba, kaws, aquhpdakt,
cuiimia, bcftlhki R^AMEHKI
0KO
AOH_HFK Q^^AP HK_APDAOHM_A MKRYAP EAX ?
?.1 CFFE@MBE 1M
= M7 Ylmt mra yfu ofhki fk Jrhomy6
@7 H dhilt if tf Guchm‘s pmrty fr dmy`a H‘cc if tf tla bhkadm.
JPAA _HDA
M7 H‘d ifhki tf Guchm‘s pmrty, sf H‘cc ihva yfu m chj h yfu wmkt.
=M @7 _lmkes. H‘cc plfka yfu h H kaao m chj.
= rablmria 0 wfuko up 2 fbus fk ? blhcc fut 1 swhtbl f 0 M7 Lfw mra yfu pcmkkhki tf usa yfur Akichsl hk tla utura6
: ukwhko @7 H‘cc prf`m`cy try mko/tf iat m gf` whtl/hk mk hktarkmthfkmc
bfdpmky. Lfw m`fut yfu6
^PARAK_ MKO ^MR_ LM@H_R M7 H‘d lfphki tf iat hktf mk Mdarhbmk ukhvarshty, `ut H‘d ukcheacy tf
iat dy rst blfhba.
0M @7 H‘d sura yfu whcc.
= H‘o fjak if 2 M7 Lurry up fr wa‘cc dhss tla `us!
0 mra mcwmys tlhkehki @7 Ylmt thda hs ht oua6
2 H ohok‘t usa tf M7 Ht‘s oua hk twf dhkutas. Camva yfur bfmt. Xfu oakhtacy wfk‘t
? H usumccy iat up kaao ht tfomy.
1 H‘cc stmy @7 @ut ht dhilt rmhk. H‘cc tmea dy ud`raccm gust hk bmsa.
: bfrrabt
9 hs mcwmys sakohki OARBPH@HKI ^PFBAOQPAR
< H usao tf `achava
:M
^FRH_HZA MOGAB_HZAR = _la 0 @mshbmccy 2 ht wfres ? lmppaks 1 tlmt : dmhk tlhki
9 Mjar
2M
= parabt 0 bcmsshb 2 `ramtltmehki ? supar` 1 axbapthfkmc
: shikhbmkt 9 oachiltuc < stukkhki
JQ_QPA JFPDR
?@
Ruiiastao mkswars7
= Htmchmk whcc oakhtacy kavar `abfda m ukhvarsmc cmkiumia.
0 _la mvarmia chaspmk hs cheacy tf hkbramsa tf =>> yamrs.
2 _lhs whcc oakhtacy kavar lmppak ms dfra mko dfra wmrs eaap
lmppakhki mrfuko tla wfrco.
? _lhs dhilt lmppak, `ut ftlar dfoas f trmkspfrt mra dfra cheacy
tf `abfda axpakshva rst.
1 _la hktarkat bfuco `a `mkkao wfrcowhoa, `ut ht‘s kft cheacy tf `a.
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