Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Didn’t + infinitivo
Did + sujeto + infinitivo
Acciones ya completadas en un momento concreto del pasado.
Suelen incluir expresiones temporales que especifican ese
momento.
Ej: I went to London three years ago.
1
Ever también se utiliza en frases afirmativas, generalmente
detrás de only o de un superlativo.
Ej: He’s the most optimistic person I’ve ever met.
Utilizamos never + la forma afirmativa del present perfect
para referirnos a experiencias que nunca hemos tenido.
Ej: I’ve never seen an elephant in the wild.
2
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: have/has + been + ed/3ª
colum
Haven’t/hasn’t + been + ed/3ª
Have/has+sujeto+ been +
ed/3ª
Enfatizar la duración de una acción en progreso en el pasado que
dura hasta el presente. (no se ha completado)
Ej: It has been raining for hours.
El present perfect simple se diferencia en que en este caso nos
centramos en el resultado de la acción ya completada.
Ej: He has broken his arm.
PASIVE
La voz pasiva se suele utilizar cuando no está claro, o no es
importante, quién realiza la acción.
PRESENTE: am / is / are + ed/3ª columna
Ej: Energy is (isn’t) saved.
PASADO: was / were + ed/3ª columna
Ej: Energy was (wasn’t) saved.
FUTURO: will be + ed/3ª columna
Ej: Energy will (won’t) be saved.
3
am / is / are going to be + ed/3ª columna
Ej: Energy is (isn’t) going to be saved.
IT IS SAID THAT…
Utilizamos It is + algunos verbos en la voz pasiva (accept, believe, know
(well), say, think) para decir lo que la gente piensa, sabe o cree. Esta
estructura permite expresar las ideas de forma neutra, sin decir quién
piensa, sabe o cree esas cosas, o si estamos de acuerdo.
Ej: It is said that the Earth’s climate is changing rapidly.
It is well known that solar panels are very expensive.
CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL: if/unless/when + present simple, present simple
Rutinas diarias o hechos científicos.
Ej: If you mix yellow and green, you get blue
Most plants die unless you water them regularly
FIRST CONDITIONAL: if/unless + present simple, will (won’t) + infinitivo
Posibles situaciones en el futuro
Ej: If we lose our next match, we won’t win the cup. (It’s possible that we’ll
lose the match.)
Unless you work out, you won’t have any energy. = If you don’t work out, you
won’t have any energy.
4
SECOND CONDITIONAL: if/unless + past simple, would+ infinitivo
Ej: If you were an Olympic swimmer, what would you eat? (You aren’t an
Olympic swimmer so this is an imaginary situation.)
Ej: If I’d trained harder, I would have won the race. (It was possible for me to
train harder, but I didn’t, so I didn’t win the race.)
I would have bought that phone unless you’d recommended this one. (It was
possible for me to buy the phone, but I bought this one because you
recommended it.)
Ej: If only / I wish I was good at football. (= I’m not happy because I’m not a
good footballer.)
If only / I wish we’d started training earlier. (= I’m not happy because we started
training too late.)