LESSON 1

ARTICLE A/AN

A/AN = 1
a pencil = 1 pencil
an eraser = 1 eraser

“a”: Use it when the next word begins with consonant sound

Span: usa “a” cuando la palabra siguiente comience con sonido consonante b,c,d,f,g,….etc.

E.g.: a pencil (comienza con sonido “p”)

a chair (comienza con sonido “ch”)
a university (comienza con “u” pero el sonido de pronunciación es “yu” pues esta
palabra se pronuncia /yuniversity/ en Inglés)

“an”: Use it when the next word begins with vowel sound

Span: usa “an” cuando la palabra siguiente comience con sonido vocal a, e, i, o.

E.g.: an eraser (comienza con sonido “i”).

an apple (comienza con sonido “a”).
an hour (comienza con “h” pero el sonido de pronunciación es “a” pues esta
palabra se pronuncia /auer/ en Inglés).
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 THIS/THAT

Use this/that to identify the object you are talking about.

Span: Usa “this/that” para identificar el objeto del que estas hablando.

This = short distance. You touch the object (tocas el objeto). Pronunciation: /dis/ E.g.: This is a computer

That = long distance. You point to the object (señalas el objeto). Pronunciation: /dat/ E.g.: That’s a computer

FORMULAS:

AFFIRMATIVE: this/that + is + a/an + object. E.g.: This is a book. That’s an eraser

NEGATIVE: this/that +is not/ isn’t + a/an + object. E.g.: This isn’t an eraser. That isn’t a photocopier.
INTERROGATIVE
(direct questions): is + this/that + a/an + object? E.g.: Is this a pencil? Is that a pen?
INT. + QUESTION WORDS
(information questions). What + is + this/that? E.g.: What is this/that?

NOTE:
When in a question you use “this/that”, in the answer you substitute them for “it”.

Span: Cuando en una pregunta usas “this/that”, en la respuesta sustitúyelos por “it”.

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 PLURALS

RULES:

1. FOR MOST PLURALS: Add “s”. E.g.: cup cups

Span: A la mayoría de las palabras, sólo añade “s”. book books
2. WORDS ENDING IN S, SS, X, CH, SH, O: Add “es”. E.g.: glass glasses
Span: A las palabras terminadas en s, ss, x, ch, sh, agrega “es”. watch watches
dish dishes
box boxes
potato potatoes
3. WORDS ENDING IN “Y” PRECED BY A VOWEL: Add “s”.
Span: A las palabras terminadas en “y”, precedidas por una vocal, agrega “s”. E.g.: holiday - holidays
4. WORDS THAT END IN “Y”, PRECEDED BY A CONSONANT: Change “y” for “i” and add “es”. E.g.: dictionary - dictionaries
Span: A las palabras que terminan en “y”, precedidas de una consonante, cambia la “y” por “i” y
agrega “es”.
5. WORDS THAT END IN “F”/”FE”: Change them to “v” and add “es”. E.g.: knife - knives scarf - scarves
Span: A las palabras que terminen en “f”/ “fe”, cámbialas por “v” y agrega “es”. EXCEPT: chief - chiefs ( Jefe/director)
hoof - hoofs ( Pesuña)
handkerchief - handkerchiefs (Pañuelo)
7. IRREGULARS:
child children fish fish person people
woman women sheep sheep
man men foot feet
tooth teeth mouse mice
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 LESSON 2

THESE/THOSE

Use “these/those” to identify plural objects (Usamos “these/those” para identificar objetos plurales).

These = Short distance. Touch the objects (tocas los objetos). Pronunciation: /diiis/ E.g.: These are computers

Those = Long distance. Point to the objects (señalas los objetos). Pronunciation: /dous/

E.g.: Those are computers

FORMULAS:
AFFIRMATIVE: these/those + are + object in plural form. E.g.: These are books. Those are erasers.
NEGATIVE: these/those + are not/ aren’t + object in plural form. E.g.: These aren’t erasers. Those aren’t pens.
INTERROGATIVE
(direct questions): are + these/those + object in plural form? E.g.: Are these/those calendars?
INT. + QUESTION WORDS
(information questions). What + are + these/those?

NOTE:
When in a question you use “these/those”, in the answer you substitute them for “they”.
Span: Cuando en una pregunta usas “these/those”, en la respuesta sustitúyelos por “they”.

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 PRESENT TENSE WITH VERB “TO BE”

TO BE = Ser/Estar

CONCEPTS: PRESENT CONJUGATION

IDENTIFICATION: I am Rose I - am
AGE: She is 24 years old He
NATIONALITY: He is Mexican She is
ORIGIN: My mom is from Celaya, Gto. It
PROFESSION: We are doctors We
DESCRIPTION: Sue is rich and pretty You are
LOCATION: The book is on the table They
EXISTENCE: (Haber) There is a teacher in the classroom (singular)
There are 20 students in the classroom (plural)
FORMULAS:
AFFIRMATIVE: SUB + BE + CONCEPT
I am Rose.
NEGATIVE: SUB + BE + NOT + CONCEPT
We are not secretaries
INTERROGATIVE: BE + SUB + CONCEPT?
Is she from Oaxaca?
INT. + QW QW + BE + SUB + (CONCEPT)?
How old is he?
Where are they from?
EXCEPTION: Who is 24 years old? (With “who” you don't need subject, and de verb form is always “is”)
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 CONJUGATION VERB TO BE

AFFIRMATIVE WITHOUT AFFIRMATIVE WITH NEGATIVE WITHOUT NEGATIVE WITH

CONTRACTIONS CONTRACTIONS CONTRACTIONS CONTRACTIONS
I am I’m I am not I’m not
You are You’re You are not You aren’t
He is He’s He is not He isn’t
She is She’s She is not She isn’t
It is It’s It is not It isn’t
We are We’re We are not We aren’t
You are You’re You are not You aren’t
They are They’re They are not They aren’t

GRAMMAR POINT: Short and complete answers for direct questions.

Direct questions are the questions you answer yes/no.

Span: Preguntas directas son las preguntas a las que contestas si/no.

E.g.: Is this a pencil? Yes, it’s a pencil.

Are you a dentist? No, I’m not a dentist.

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You can give short or complete answers to direct questions.
Span: Puedes dar una respuesta corta o completa a preguntas directas.

E.g.: Is that a book? Yes, it is. (short)

Yes, it’s a book. (complete)

Are you Mexican? No, I’m not. (short)

No, I’m not Mexcan. (complete)

NOTE: In AFFIRMATIVE short answer: DON’T use contractions (NO uses contracciones).
In NEGATIVE short answers: ALWAYS use contractions (SIEMPRE usa contracciones).

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 LESSON 7
PRESENT TENSE WITH ALL OTHER VERBS (EXCEPT “TO BE”)

FORMULAS: CONCEPT:
AFFIRMATIVE: SUB + VSF/ V+S + __________________ 1. The simple present tense is used to talk
I speak English very well. about general information.
He speaks English very well. E.g.: I drive a Nissan.
NEGATIVE: SUB + DON'T/DOESN'T + VSF + _____________ 2. The simple present tense is used to talk
We don't like to eat chile. about habits or routines.
She doesn't like to eat chile. E.g.: We go to the movies on weekends.
INTERROGATIVE: DO/DOES + SUB + VSF + ___________? 3. The simple present tense is used to talk
Do you play soccer? about facts (things that are always true).
Does he play soccer? E.g.: Ocean water has salt.
INT. + QW QW + DO/DOES + SUB + VSF + ( _________)?
What do they want to do?
Where does she want to go?

EXCEPTION: Who dances rock? (When you use who you don't need auxiliary or subject, and the verb is always + s)

AFFIRM NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE AFFIRM NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I He DOESN’T DOES
We DON’T DO She V+S + +
You VSF + + It VSF VSF
They VSF VSF

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GRAMMAR POINT: Short and complete answers for direct questions.

Direct questions are the questions you answer yes/no.

E.g.: Do you have a car? Yes, I have a car.

Does she like to dance? No, she doesn’t like to dance.

You can give short or complete answers to direct questions.

E.g.: Do you live in Alameda? Yes, I do. (short)

Yes, I live in Alameda. (complete)

Does he work on Saturday? No, he doesn’t. (short)

No, he doesn’t work on Saturday. (complete)

NOTE: In AFFIRMATIVE short answer: DON’T use contractions (NO uses contracciones).
In NEGATIVE short answers: ALWAYS use contractions (SIEMPRE usa contracciones).

PAY ATTENTION TO THIS: In affirmative short answers don’t use the verb. Instead you use the auxiliary.

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 LESSON 9
PREPOSITION IN, ON, AT
IN AT
 Inside (dentro)  Public and general places
In the box ON At the bank
 Months  On top of (sobre) At the supermarket
In March On the table At school
In July On the desk  Open places
 Country, State, City, Town  Days of the week At the stadium
In Mexico On Monday At the park
In Guanajuato On Weekends NOTE:
In Celaya  Month + day
th
 Transportation you can’t On October 5 At school (general place)
th
stand and walk when in On July 4 In the classrrom (specific place)
movement  Transportation you can stand
In a taxi and walk when in movement At home (general place)
In a car On the bus In the bedroom (specific place)
 Weather seasons On a plane
In spring  Avenue, streets AT/ON the corner
In winter On El Sauz Ave.
 Specific Places On Minerva Street home
In the classroom AT work No “the”
In the bathroom school

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 LESSON 10
FAMILY CONNECTIONS

Mary (Jones) Smith’s Family:

1. grandmother 5. father 9. brother 13. nephew
2. grandfather 6. aunt 10. sister 14. niece
3. uncle 7. cousin 11. brother-in-law 15. daughter
4. mother 8. sister-in-law 12. husband 16. son
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 LESSON 12
POSSESSION

1. POSSESSIVE FORM OF NOUNS (’S):

 The possessive form of noun (’s) is always located before the noun.
E.g.: That is Rodrigo’s room. “’s” is the possessive form and “room” is the noun. The room belongs to Rodrigo

The possessive “’s” can be used in the subject (before the verb) or object (after the verb) position in a sentence.
E.g.: My sister’s baby is a beautiful girl. (subject position)
He is my boyfriend’s brother. (object position)

RULES FOR USING (‘S):

1. In most cases we only add (’s) to the name or noun: E.g.: That is Ana’s house. She is my sister’s friend.
2. When the name or noun is singular, ending in “s” E.g.: I like Carlos’s car. /Carloses/
we add (’s) and we pronounce it as /es/.
3. When the name or noun is plural, ending in “s” we E.g.: That is your students’ classroom. /students/
only add an (’) and we don’t change pronunciation.
4. When the name or noun is plural but it doesn’t end E.g.: This is my children’s room. /childrens/
in “s”, we add (’s) and it is pronounced /s/
5. When an item belongs to two people, we only add E.g.: That is Maria and Pedro’s house. (one house for both)
(’s) to the second name or noun.
6. When we are talking about two items that belong to Ex: Those are Raul’s and Mario’s cars. (each one has his own
two different people, we add (’s) to each name or car)
noun.
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2. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES:
SUBJECT PRONOUN POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

I my NOTE:
you (singular) your Possessive Adjectives can go before or after
he his They are always followed by a noun the verb, but they and the noun are always
she her (that is the name of your possession) together.
it its E.g.: My car E.g.: My car is new (before the verb)
we our His house That is your book (after the verb)
you (plural) your Their kids
they their

3. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS:
SUBJECT PRONOUN POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

I mine NOTE:
you (singular) yours Possessive Pronouns can go before or after
he his After possessive pronouns we don’t the verb.
she hers write anything. E.g.: That book is mine. (after the verb)
it its E.g.: That car is hers. Yours is on the table. (before the verb)
we ours
you (plural) yours In the second example we’re referring to
they theirs another book (your book).
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4. POSSESSION USING VERB “BELONG TO”:

SUBJECT PRONOUN OBJECT PRONOUNS

(Don’t indicate possession)

I me 1. Subject pronouns substitute nouns before the verb.

you (singular) you E.g.: Carol is a nice girl. She is a nice girl.
he him (She is substituting Carol)
she VERB(S) her
it it 2. Object pronouns substitute nouns after the verb.
we us E.g.: I like Carol I like her
you (plural) you (her is substituting Carol)
they them

 Using “belong to” to express possession.

The glasses belong to my sister * In the second sentence, we are substituting “the glasses”
They belong to her for “they” and “my sister” for “her”.

The pen belongs to Peter * In the second sentence, we are substituting “the pen” for
It belongs to him “it” (and then we put s to the verb) and “Peter” for “him”.

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 LESSON 14
CAN

FORMULAS: CONCEPT:

AFFIRMATIVE: SUB + CAN + VSF + __________________ 1. Can is used to talk about abilities:
I can speak English very well. E.g.: I can play the piano.

NEGATIVE: SUB + CAN’T + VSF + _____________ 2. Can is used to talk about possibilities.
We can’t buy a new car this year. E.g.: We can go to the movies on weekends.

INTERROGATIVE: CAN + SUB + VSF + ___________? 3. Can is used to talk about permission.
Can I use your cell-phone? E.g.: People can’t smoke in closed places.

INT. + QW: QW + CAN + SUB + VSF + ( _________)?

What can you do?
Where can I buy chocolates?

EXCEPTION: Who can dance rock? (When you use who you don't need subject)

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 LESSON 15
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
FORMULAS:
CONCEPT:
AFFIRMATIVE: SUB + AUX "BE" + VERB+ING + ________ 1. The present progressive is used to talk about an
I am studying English. action occuring at the moment.
He is studying English. 2. The present progressive is used to talk about a
We are studying English. near future.

NEGATIVE: SUB + AUX "BE" + NOT + VERB+ING + _______

I am not dancing rock.
She is not dancing rock. AUXILIARIES
They are not dancing rock.
I am
INTERROGATIVE: AUX. "BE" + SUB + VERB+ING + ___________? he
Am I doing homework well? she is
Is she doing homework well? it
Are you doing homework well? we
you are
INT. + QW QW + AUX "BE" + SUB + VERB+ING? they
What are you doing?

EXCEPTION: Who is talking on the phone? (We always use aux. "is" and we don't write subject)
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 LESSON 16
ASKING FOR PRICE

1. You can use verb “To Be” to ask for prices: E.g.: How much is the cheese? How much are the shoes?

Formulas: Singular Plural

Affirmative: The + article name/it + is + $ ______. The + article name in plural/they + are + $ _____.
Negative: The + article name/it + isn’t + $____. The + article name in plural/they + aren’t $_____.
Interrogative: Is + the + article name/it + $______? Are + the + article name in plural/they + $ _____?
Int. + QW: How much + is + the + article name/it ? How much + are + the + article name in plural/they?

2. You can also use the verb “Cost” to ask for prices: E.g.: How much does the book cost? How much do the pens cost?

Formulas: Singular Plural

Affirmative: The + article name/it + costs + $ ______. The + article name in plural/they + cost + $ _____.
Negative: The + article name/it + doesn’t cost + $____. The + article name in plural/they + don’t cost + $_____.
Interrogative: Does + the + article name/it + cost + $______? Do + the + article name in plural/they + cost + $ _____?
Int. + QW: How much + does + the + article name/it + cost? How much + do + the + article name in plural/they + cost?

Note: To be worth = valer

I am worth it = Yo lo valgo
The pen is worth $10.00 = La pluma vale $10.00
This book isn’t worth it = Este libro no vale la pena
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 LESSON 18
HEIGHT AND WEIGHT

1. WEIGH = PESAR (Verb)

I he E.g.: I weigh 140 pounds (1 pound = nearly ½ Kg)
you weigh she weighs She weighs 110 pounds
we it
they

2. WEIGHT = PESO (Noun) E.g.: My weight is 140 pounds

Her weight is 140 pounds
NOTE: Notice that in 1. the verb is “weigh”, and in 2. the verb is “is”.

3. LONG = LARGO (adjective) E.g.: The table is 4 feet long. (“long” goes at the end of the sentence)
LENGTH = LONGITUD (noun) E.g.: The table’s length is 4 feet. (“length” goes before the verb “be”)

4. TALL = ALTO (adjective) E.g.: Peter is six feet tall. (“tall” goes at the end of the sentence)
HEIGHT = ALTURA (noun) E.g.: The door’s height is 6 feet, 5 inches. (“height” goes before the verb “be”)

NOTE: Foot = singular 1 foot = nearly 30 cms. 1 inch = nearly 2 cm.

Feet = plural 2 feet = nearly 60 cms. 2 inches = nearly 4 cms.

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 LESSON 19
TIME AND INDEFINITE QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS

1. TIME:
FORMULAS:
AFFIRMATIVE: It’s + (time)
NEGATIVE: It isn’t + (time)
INTERROGATIVE: Is it + (time)?
INT + QW: What time is it?

DIFFERENT FORMS TO EXPRESS TIME:

10:00 10:15 10:30 10:45

It’s 10 o’clock It’s ten fifteen It’s ten thirty It’s ten forty five
It’s 10 sharp It’s a quarter past ten It’s half past ten It’s a quarter to eleven
It’s fifteen to eleven

2. INDEFINITE QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS:

COUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Chairs Liquids: Water, milk, wine, perfume, oil, etc…
Apples Small grains: Sugar, salt, sand, rice, flour, etc…
People Emotions: Happiness, sadness, excitement, love, etc…
Tables, etc… Cake, cheese, traffic, ice cream, cream, etc…
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NOTE:

COUNTABLE NOUNS: They can be singular (one apple) or plural (five apples)
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS: They are always singular, as they are uncountable, but you can make them countable if you put them in
containers or specific quantities. E.g.: Two pounds of cheese, Three liters of milk, Three bags of rise, etc.

EXPRESSIONS FOR EXPRESSION FOR

COUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

a lot of big quantity a lot of negative

many much interrogative

some medium quantity some

a few small quantity a little

NOTE: The expression “much” can only be used in negative and interrogative sentences.

E.g.: There isn’t much water in this glass.

Is there much rice in the pantry?

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 LESSON 21
THE WEATHER

ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE

VERBS NOUN
THE WEATHER TEMPERATURE

sunny sun hot (high temperature)

cloudy cloud warm (moderately hot)

rainy rain rain cool (fresh)

windy wind cold (low temperature)

snowy snow snow

foggy fog

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 PAST TENSE WITH VERB “TO BE”

CONCEPTS: PAST CONJUGATION

IDENTIFICATION: She was Rose I
AGE: She was 94 years old when she died He
NATIONALITY: She was Mexican She was
ORIGIN: My mom was from Celaya, Gto. It
PROFESSION: Mom and Dad were doctors We
DESCRIPTION: Sue was rich and pretty You were
LOCATION: The book was on the table They
EXISTENCE: (Haber) There was a teacher in the classroom (singular)
There were 20 students in the classroom (plural)
FORMULAS:
AFFIRMATIVE: SUB + BE + CONCEPT
She was Rose.
NEGATIVE: SUB + BE + NOT + CONCEPT
They were not secretaries.
INTERROGATIVE: BE + SUB + CONCEPT?
Was she from Oaxaca?
INT. + QW: QW + BE + SUB + (CONCEPT)?
How old was he?
Where were they from?
EXCEPTION: Who was 24 years old last year?
(With “who” you don't need subject, and de verb form is always “was”)

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 SIMPLE PAST TENSE WITH OTHER VERBS (EXCEPT “TO BE”)

STRUCTURE: CONCEPT:

AFFIRMATIVE: SUB + VERB IN PAST + ___________ 1. The simple past tense is used to talk about
Kyle planned a trip to Aspen. completed actions in the past.
NEGATIVE: SUB + DIDN'T + VSF + __________
Paula didn't go camping with us. NOTE: For regular verbs, the past form is
INTERROGATIVE: DID + SUB + VSF + ________? made by adding "ed" to the simple form of
Did your Mom like the gift you gave her? For irregular verbs, the past forms must be
INTERROGATIVE + QW: QW + DID + SUB + VSF + _______? learned
What did you do last weekend?

EXCEPTION: Who went to the party last Saturday? TIME EXP:

(In this case you are asking for the subject of Yesterday, the day before yesterday,
the sentence, that's why you don't use auxiliary ______ago, last_______.
or subject in the sentence).

Who did you go with?

(In this case you are asking for the object of the
sentence, that's why you use auxiliary, subject
and a preposition at the end of the sentence).

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 FUTURE TENSE WITH “WILL”
STRUCTURE:
USE:
AFFIRMATIVE: SUB + AUX. WILL + VSF. 1. The simple future is used to talk about a
I will eat Hamburgers. future action or plan.
Ex. I won't see her this week.
NEGATIVE: SUB + AUX. WON'T + VSF.
She won't go to the party. 2. The simple future is used to talk about a
fact or prediction.
INTERROGATIVE: AUX. WILL + SUB + VSF? Ex. We'll be home all day tomorrow.
Will they have time to study?
3. The simple future is used to talk about a
INTERROGATIVE + QW: QW + AUX. WILL + SUB + VSF? sudden decision.
Where will you go tomorrow? Ex. (the phone is ringing) I'll answer it.

EXCEPTION: Who will go to my house?
(we don't write subject)
4. The simple future is used to make an offer
or a request.
Ex. I'll help you with your homework.
Will you talk to James for me?
TIME EXP:
Tomorrow, next________, in________

5. The simple future is used to make a threat

or a promise.
Ex. I'll kill you! I won't be late.
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 LESSON 22
MONTHS, DAYS AND ORDINAL NUMBERS

MONTHS DAYS ORDINAL NUMBERS

st th st
January Monday 1 first 11 eleventh 21 twenty first
nd th nd
February Tuesday 2 second 12 twelfth 22 twenty second
rd th rd
March Wednesday 3 third 13 thirteenth 23 twenty third
th th th
April Thursday 4 fourth 14 fourteenth 24 twenty fourth
th th th
May Friday 5 fifth 15 fifteenth 25 twenty fifth
th th th
June Saturday 6 sixth 16 sixteenth 26 twenty six
th th th
July Sunday 7 seventh 17 seventeenth 27 twenty seventh
th th th
August 8 eighth 18 eighteenth 28 twenty eighth
th th th
September 9 ninth 19 nineteenth 29 twenty ninth
th th th
October 10 tenth 20 twentieth 30 thirtieth
st
November 31 thirty first
December

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 LESSON 25
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
EVERY WORDS SOME WORDS NO WORDS ANY WORDS
(todo) (algun) (nada/ningun)
REFER TO PEOPLE everybody somebody nobody anybody
everyone someone no one anyone
REFER TO PLACES everywhere somewhere nowhere anywhere
REFER TO THINGS everything something nothing anything
EVERY WORDS: Affirmative E.g.: Everybody went to my party.
Negative E.g.: I don’t like everything in this store.
Interrogative E.g.: Would you like to travel everywhere in the world?
SOME WORDS: Affirmative E.g.: Someone is calling you.
X Negative
Interrogative E.g.: Did you eat something for breakfast?
NO WORDS: Affirmative E.g.: I have nothing to do this weekend.
X Negative
X Interrogative
ANY WORDS: Affirmative (cualquier/no restriction) E.g.: Anybody can learn English.
Negative (same meaning as “no words) E.g.: I don’t have anything to do this weekend.
Interrogative (similar meaning as “some words) E.g.: Did you eat anything for breakfast?

NOTE: If you change the “body, one, where, thing” words for a noun, you make this pronouns definite. E.g. every chair = all the
chairs, no money = zero money, etc.
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 FUTURE WITH “GOING TO”

STRUCTURE: USE:

AFFIRMATIVE: SUB+AUX. BE+GOING TO+VSF. 1. The idiomatic futures is used to talk about a
I am going to travel on Mon. future action or plan.
Ex. She's going to buy a new car next month.
NEGATIVE: SUB+AUX. BE+NOT+GOING TO+VSF
She isn't going to help me. 2. The idiomatic future is used to talk about an
intention in the future.
INTERROGATIVE: AUX. BE+SUB+GOING TO+VSF? Ex. I'm going to call him later.
Are we going to play soccer?
3. The idiomatic future is used to talk about a prediction.
INT. + QW: QW+AUX. BE+SUB+GOING TO+VSF? Ex. He's going to win the game.
What are you going to do tomorrow?

EXCEPTION: Who is going to bring the sodas? (When you use who, the auxiliary is always "is" and you don't write a subject).

SUB AUX SUB AUX SUB AUX TIME EXP:

He We Tomorrow, next______ , in________,
I am She is You are
It They

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 LESSON 26
FREQUENCY ADVERBS
THE MOST COMMON FREQUENCY ADVERBS IN ENGLISH ARE:

Always 100% of the time

Frequently about 90% of the time
Usually about 80% of the time
Often about 70% of the time
Sometimes about 50% of the time
Occasionally about 40% of the time
Seldom about 20% of the time
Rarely about 10% of the time
Never about 0% of the time

NOTE: The percentages here are rough estimates only.

ALL THE VERBS (play, do, study, work, etc.):

Frequency Adverbs come BEFORE all the verbs, except verb “TO BE”.
VERB TO BE (am, is, are, was, were, etc.):
Frequency Adverbs come AFTER verb “TO BE”.
E.g.: I always help the other students.
My brother usually comes late to school.
Jenny and Susan often study in the library.
E.g.: I am always a good student.
My brother is usually late to school.
Jenny and Susan are often in the library.
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 LESSON 28
COMPARATIVES, SUPERLATIVES AND EQUALITY

1. COMPARATIVES: You use adjectives in comparative form to compare two people, places, animals or things.

RULES TO FORM COMPARATIVES:

1.1 ONE SILLABLE ADJECTIVES:

RULE : adj + er + than E.g.: Tom is taller than Danny.

1.2 ONE SILLABLE ADJECTIVES ENDING IN CONSONANT – VOWEL – CONSONANT:

RULE: double last consonant and follow rule 1.1 E.g.: New York is bigger than San Francisco.

1.3 ADJECTIVES THAT END IN "Y":

RULE: change the "y" to "i" and follow rule 1.1. E.g.: This house is prettier than that one.

1.4 TWO OR MORE SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES:

RULE: more + adj + than E.g.: My dog is more intelligent than yours.

1.5 IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES: The irregular forms must be memorized.

Good-better The food here is better than at Burger Bob's.

Bad-worse The movie was worse than the book.
Far-farther Ricardo traveled farther than anyone else.

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2. SUPERLATIVES: You use adjectives in superlative form to compare three o more people, places, animals or things and say who
or which has the greatest condition.

RULES TO FORM SUPERLATIVES:

2.1 ONE SILLABLE ADJECTIVES:

RULE : the + adj + est E.g.: Tom is the tallest in the family.

2.2 ONE SILLABLE ADJECTIVES ENDING IN CONSONANT – VOWEL – CONSONANT:

RULE: double last consonant and follow rule 2.1 E.g.: Your house is the biggest in Celaya.

2.3 ADJECTIVES THAT END IN "Y":

RULE: change the "y" to "i" and follow rule 2.1. E.g.: Claire is the prettiest girl in the school.

2.4 TWO OR MORE SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES:

RULE: the + most + adj E.g.: My dog is the most intelligent of all.

2.5 IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES: The irregular forms must be memorized.

Good-best The food here is the best I’ve eaten.

Bad-worst This movie was the worst I’ve seen from that actor.
Far-farthest My house is the farthest from the school in the group.

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2. EXPRESSING EQUALITY WITH “AS + ADJECTIVE + AS”:

RULE: as + adjective in simple form + as E.g.: My car is as new as yours.

Celaya isn’t as hot as Mérida.
This street is as dirty as the whole city.
He's not as handsome as his brother.

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 GLOSSARY

SUBJECT (SUB) = Person, animal or thing that does an action

VERB = Action
DIRECT QUESTION = A question than can be answered with a “yes” or a “no”.
INFORMATION QUESTION = A question that doesn’t begin with “yes”, but it’s always affirmative.
QUESTION WORD (QW) = A word that asks for something
 What = qué?
 Where = dónde?
 When = cuándo?
 Who = quien?
 How = cómo?
 How old = se traduce como cuántos años?
 How much = cuanto? (generalmente hablando de precios o sustantivos incontables)
 How many = cuanto? (hablando de sustantivos contables)
 What time? = a qué hora?
 Which? = cual

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