tnom = Espesor nominal de la pared (in o mm) 0.

215
tmín = Espesor mínimo de la pared (in o mm) 0.198
t = Espesor básico de la pared (in o mm) 0.118
p = Presión de diseño (psig o Pag) 434 psig
D = Diámetro Nominal (in o mm) 6 in
D = Diámetro exterior de la tubería (in o mm) 6.625 in
S = Esfuerzo permisible de tensión (psi o Mpa) 12000 psig
E = Factor de calidad junta longitudinal 1.00
Y = Factor de corrección con base en el tipo de material y temperatura 0.40

El valor de E depende de como esté hecha la tubería:

E = 1.00 para tuberías de acero sin costuras y aleaciones de níquel
E = 0.85 para tuberías de acero soldadas con resistencia eléctrica
E = 0.80 tuberías soldadas de aleación de níquel
Y = 0.40 para acero, aleaciones de níquel y metales no ferrosos a T ≤ 900 °F
Y = 0.50 para acero, aleaciones de níquel y metales no ferrosos a T = 950 °F
Y = 0.70 para acero, aleaciones de níquel y metales no ferrosos a T ≥ 1000 °F

A es una tolerancia a la corrosión que se basa en las propiedades químicas de la

tubería con el fluido y la vida de diseño de la tubería. El valor de A usado
comúnmente es de 2 mm 0 0.08 in.

A = 0.05 acero de extremo liso igual a menor a 1 in

A = 0.05 acero de extremo liso mayores de 1 in
A = 0.000 acero de extremo liso no ferrosos acero roscado
 Acero al Carbono; ASME A53, A106, Grado A

acero roscado acero de extremo liso

tnom = Espesor nominal de la pared (in o mm) 0.242 ID = 8,

tmín = Espesor mínimo de la pared (in o mm) 0.222

t = Espesor básico de la pared (in o mm) 0.142
p = Presión de diseño (psig o Pag) 400 psig
D = Diámetro Nominal (in o mm) 8 in
D = Diámetro exterior de la tubería (in o mm) 8.625 in
S = Esfuerzo permisible de tensión (psi o Mpa) 12,000 psig
E = Factor de calidad junta longitudinal 1.00
Y = Factor de corrección con base en el tipo de material y temperatura 0.40

El valor de E depende de como esté hecha la tubería:

E = 1.00 para tuberías de acero sin costuras y aleaciones de níquel
E = 0.85 para tuberías de acero soldadas con resistencia eléctrica
E = 0.80 tuberías soldadas de aleación de níquel
Y = 0.40 para acero, aleaciones de níquel y metales no ferrosos a T ≤ 900 °F
Y = 0.50 para acero, aleaciones de níquel y metales no ferrosos a T = 950 °F
Y = 0.70 para acero, aleaciones de níquel y metales no ferrosos a T ≥ 1000 °F

A es una tolerancia a la corrosión que se basa en las propiedades químicas de la

tubería con el fluido y la vida de diseño de la tubería. El valor de A usado
comúnmente es de 2 mm 0 0.08 in.

A = 0.05 acero de extremo liso igual a menor a 1 in

A = 0.05 acero de extremo liso mayores de 1 in
A = 0.000 acero de extremo liso no ferrosos acero roscado
 Cédula 20 ID = 8, tnom = 0.250

Cédula o Diámetro de Identidad

Tabla
Acero al Carbono; ASME A53, A106, Grado A

acero roscado acero de extremo liso

Propiedades Fisicas de Tuberias
Esfuerzos Permisibles para
Materiales Sin Costuras
 COSTO DE O&M

Capicity 752 MW
Costo de Insatalacion 1,000.00 US$/kW
Net Heat Rate 10,285.00 kJ/kWh
Net Heat Rate 9,748.30 Btu/kWh
Net Efficiency 35.00%
O&M Cost Variable 3.0 US$/MWh
O&M Cost Fixed 1.43 US$/MWh
O&M Cost Fixed 11.15 US$/kW-Yr
Availability 89%
Reliability 97%
Force Outage 3.0%
Planned outage 8.00%
Dispatch Factor 100%
MM Btu Cost 3.00 US$/MM Btu
Unit Fuel Cost 0.0292 US$/kWh
Unit Fuel Cost 29.2449 US$/MWh
Unit Fuel Cost 2.9245 US C/kWh
Capicity Factor 89.00%
Period Time 8760 Hrs
Operation Time 7796.4 Hrs
Generation 5,862,893 MWh
Generation 5,862,893 MWh

Annual O&M Cost Fixed 8,383,937 US$/Yr

Annual O&M Cost Variable 17,588,678.4 US$/Yr

Fuel Cost 171,459,697 US$/Yr

Annual O&M Cost 25,972,615 US$/Yr
Capital Cost

Capital Cost 752,000,000 Initil Cost

 Punta Catalina Sultana Quisqueya
Heat Rate RTN = 9,100 Btu/kWh 7,800 Btu/kWh 7,350 Btu/kWh
Efieciencia EFTN = 37.5% 43.7% 46.4%
EFTB = 40.8% 47.5% 50.5%

14
26
30
33
35
38
42
Quisqueya NG
7,100 Btu/kWh
48.1%
52.2%
 Motor o Impulsor de la Bomba
PE Potencia Eléctrica del Motor o Impulsor

eE (97 a 99%)

Potencia Entrada a la Bomba PI PA Potencia Añadida al Fluida

𝑃_𝐴= ℎ_𝐴 𝑊= ℎ_𝐴 𝛾𝑄

eM (50 a 90%)

Bomba 𝑒_𝑀= 𝑃_𝐴/𝑃_𝐼 → 𝑃_𝐼= 𝑃_𝐴/𝑒_𝑀

=(ℎ_𝐴 𝑊)/𝑒_𝑀 = (ℎ_𝐴 𝛾𝑄)/𝑒_𝑀
𝑒_𝐸= 𝑃_𝐼/𝑃_𝐸 → 𝑃_𝐸= 𝑃_𝐼/𝑒_𝐸 =
𝑃_𝐴/(𝑒_𝑀∙𝑒_𝐸 )=(ℎ_𝐴 𝑊)/(𝑒_𝑀∙𝑒_𝐸 )= (ℎ_𝐴
𝛾𝑄)/(𝑒_𝑀∙𝑒_𝐸 )
Generador Eléctrico
PE Potencia Electrica del Motor o Impulsor

eE (97 a 99%)

Potencia de Salida del Motor PO PR Potencia Retirada del Fluido

𝑃_𝑅= ℎ_𝑅 𝑊= ℎ_𝑅 𝛾𝑄

eM (56 a 90%)

Motor de Fluidos

𝑒_𝑀= 𝑃_𝑂/𝑃_𝑅 → 𝑃_𝑂= 𝑒_𝑀 𝑃_𝑅=𝑒_𝑀 𝑃_𝑅=𝑒_𝑀 ℎ_𝑅

𝑊= 〖𝑒 _𝑀 ℎ 〗 _𝑅 𝛾𝑄

𝑒_𝐸= 𝑃_𝐸/𝑃_𝑂 → 𝑃_𝐸= 𝑒_𝐸 𝑃_𝑂= 〖𝑒 _𝐸 𝑒 〗 _𝑀 𝑃_𝑅= 〖𝑒 _𝐸 𝑒 〗

_𝑀 ℎ_𝑅 𝑊= 〖〖𝑒 _𝐸 𝑒 〗 _𝑀 ℎ 〗 _𝑅 𝛾𝑄
 𝑓=𝐹 (𝑁_𝑅 ", " 𝐷/𝐿)=𝐹 (𝜐𝐷𝜌
𝑄1=𝑄2=𝑄
2
1

𝑄=𝑄_1
L1 L2

L = L 1 + L2

𝒉_𝑳=𝒉_𝑳𝟏+𝒉 _𝑳
𝟏
𝜗_1=𝑄_1/𝐴_1 𝜗_2=𝑄_1/𝐴_2
=(4𝑄_1)/(𝜋 〖𝐷 _1 〗 ^2 ) =(4𝑄_2)/(𝜋 〖𝐷 _2 〗 ^2 )

𝑁_𝑅1=(𝜗_1 𝐷_1 𝑁_𝑅2=(𝜗_2 𝐷_2

𝜌)/𝜇_1 = (𝜗_1 𝜌)/𝜇_2 = (𝜗_2
𝐷_1)/𝜈_1 𝐷_2)/𝜈_2
𝜈_1=𝜇_1/𝜌 𝜈_2=𝜇_2/𝜌

𝑅𝑢𝑔𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎= 𝐷_1/𝜀 𝑅𝑢𝑔𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎= 𝐷_2/𝜀

ℎ_𝐿1= 𝑓_1 ℎ_𝐿1= 𝑓_2

𝐿_1/𝐷_1 𝐿_2/𝐷_2
〖𝜐 _1 〗 ^2/2𝑔 〖𝜐 _2 〗 ^2/2𝑔

𝒉_𝑳=𝑓_1 𝐿_1/𝐷_1
〖𝜐 _1 〗 ^2/2𝑔+𝑓_2 𝐿_2/𝐷_2 〖𝜐
_2 〗 ^2/2𝑔
 " 𝐷/𝐿)=𝐹 (𝜐𝐷𝜌/𝜇 ", " 𝐷/𝐿)

𝑄=𝑄_2

2)

𝐷_2
2 𝑅𝑢𝑔𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎= 𝜀/𝐷
𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎= 𝐷_2/𝜀
/𝐷
 Local Fuel
Fuel HHV Density HHV Fuel Price Energy Price
Type Btu/Lb Lb/gal Btu/gal US$/CU US$/MMBtu
HFO 18,600 8.21 152,706 1.81 US$/Gal 11.83
LFO 19,500 7.21 140,595 2.68 US$/Gal 19.03
Kerosene 19,900 6.87 136,713 2.42 US$/Gal 17.68
Gasoline 20,000 5.67 113,400 3.32 US$/Gal 29.24
LPG 22,000 4.51 99,258 1.99 US$/Gal 20.03
NG 23,708 3.60 85,444 0.50 US$/M3 Gas 13.37

Generation Fuel
Fuel HHV Density HHV Fuel Price Energy Price
Type Btu/Lb Lb/gal Btu/gal US$/CU US$/MMBtu
Coal 12,000 N/A N/A 75.00 US$/TM 2.83
HFO 18,600 8.21 152,706 50.00 US$/BBL 7.80
LFO 19,500 7.21 140,595 60.00 US$/BBL 10.16
NG 23,708 3.60 85,444 0.25 US$/M3 Gas 6.78
 75.88
112.38
101.53
139.26
83.50
 Combustible Local
Fuel HHV Densidad HHV Precio Unitario Precio Energía
Type Btu/Lb Lb/gal Btu/gal US$/CU US$/MMBtu
HFO 18,600 8.21 152,706 1.81 US$/Gal
LFO 19,500 7.21 140,595 19.03
Kerosene 19,900 6.87 2.42 US$/Gal 17.68
Gasoline 20,000 113,400 3.32 US$/Gal 29.24
LPG 4.51 99,258 1.99 US$/Gal 20.03
NG 23,708 3.60 0.50 US$/M3 Gas 13.37

Combustible Local para Generación Eléctica

Fuel HHV Densidad HHV Fuel Price Precio Energía
Type Btu/Lb Lb/gal Btu/gal US$/CU US$/MMBtu
Coal 12,000 N/A N/A 2.83
HFO 18,600 152,706 50.00 US$/BBL 7.80
LFO 19,500 7.19 60.00 US$/BBL 10.16
NG 3.62 85,444 0.25 US$/M3 Gas 6.78
 75.88
112.38
101.53
139.26
83.50
 𝑊_𝐺𝑇 1,000 kWe 𝑊_𝐺𝑇 1,000 kWe
= =
𝑊_𝑆𝑇= 300 kWe 𝑊_𝑆𝑇= 300.0 kWe

𝑄_𝑟 𝐹_𝐺𝑇= 3,570 kWt 𝑄_𝑟 𝐹_𝐺𝑇= 3,570 kWt

𝑄_𝑟 𝐹_𝑆𝑇= 2,321 kWt 𝑄_𝑟 𝐹_𝑆𝑇= 2,570 kWt

𝑛_𝐺𝑇=𝑊_𝐺𝑇/(𝑄_𝑟 𝑛_𝐺𝑇=𝑊_𝐺𝑇/(𝑄_𝑟
28.01% 28.01%
𝐹_𝐺𝑇 )= 𝐹_𝐺𝑇 )=

𝑛_𝑆𝑇=𝑊_𝑆𝑇/(𝑄_𝑟 𝑛_𝑆𝑇=𝑊_𝑆𝑇/(𝑄_𝑟
12.9% 11.7%
𝐹_𝑆𝑇 )= 𝐹_𝑆𝑇 )=

𝑛_𝐶𝐶=(𝑊_𝐺𝑇+𝑊_𝑆𝑇) 𝑛_𝐶𝐶=(𝑊_𝐺𝑇+𝑊_𝑆𝑇)
36.4% 36.4%
/(𝑄_𝑟 𝐹_𝐺𝑇 )= /(𝑄_𝑟 𝐹_𝐺𝑇 )=

𝑛_𝐶𝐶=𝑛_𝐺𝑇+𝑛_𝑆𝑇−𝑛_𝐺𝑇 37.3% 𝑛_𝐶𝐶=𝑛_𝐺𝑇+𝑛_𝑆𝑇−𝑛_𝐺𝑇 36.4%

𝑛_𝑆𝑇= 𝑛_𝑆𝑇=
𝑛_𝐶𝐶=(𝑊_𝐺𝑇+𝑊_𝑆𝑇)/(𝑄_𝑟 𝐹_𝐺𝑇 )=𝑊_𝐺𝑇/(𝑄_𝑟 𝐹_𝐺𝑇 )+𝑊_𝑆𝑇/(𝑄_𝑟 𝐹_𝐺𝑇 )
= 〖 𝑛〗 _𝐺𝑇+𝑊_𝑆𝑇/(𝑄_𝑟 𝐹_𝐺𝑇 ) (𝑄_𝑟 𝐹_𝑆𝑇)/(𝑄_𝑟 𝐹_𝑆𝑇 )=𝑛_𝐺𝑇+𝑊_𝑆𝑇/(𝑄_𝑟 𝐹_𝑆𝑇 ) (𝑄_𝑟
𝐹_𝑆𝑇𝑛)/(
𝑛_𝐶𝐶= 𝑄_+𝑟𝑛𝐹__𝑆𝑇
_𝐺𝑇 𝐺𝑇(𝑄
)=_𝑛𝑟_𝐹𝐺𝑇+𝑛_𝑆𝑇
_𝐺𝑇− (𝑄_)/(
𝑊_𝐺𝑇 𝑟𝐹𝑄__𝑆𝑇
𝑟 𝐹)/(𝑄_𝑟)=𝐹𝑛__𝐺𝑇
_𝐺𝑇 𝐺𝑇+) 𝑛_𝑆𝑇
(1−𝑛_𝐺𝑇 )=𝑛_𝐺𝑇+𝑛_𝑆𝑇−𝑛_𝐺𝑇 𝑛_𝑆𝑇
 𝑊_𝐺𝑇 1,000 kWe
=
𝑊_𝑆𝑇= 500.0 kWe

𝑄_𝑟 𝐹_𝐺𝑇= 3,570 kWt

𝑄_𝑟 𝐹_𝑆𝑇= 2,570 kWt

𝑛_𝐺𝑇=𝑊_𝐺𝑇/(𝑄_𝑟
𝐹_𝐺𝑇 )= 28.01%

𝑛_𝑆𝑇=𝑊_𝑆𝑇/(𝑄_𝑟
𝐹_𝑆𝑇 )= 19.5%

𝑛_𝐶𝐶=(𝑊_𝐺𝑇+𝑊_𝑆𝑇)
42.02%
/(𝑄_𝑟 𝐹_𝐺𝑇 )=

𝑛_𝐶𝐶=𝑛_𝐺𝑇+𝑛_𝑆𝑇−𝑛_𝐺𝑇 42.0%
𝑛_𝑆𝑇=
Boiler Auxiliaries
Steam Generators
Flujo Volumétrico Q
El flujo volumétrico es el volumen de fluido que circula través de una
sección transversal de un ducto por unidad de tiempo.

𝐴 𝑣

𝑃 𝑄

𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑉=𝐴∙𝑑𝑋 → 𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑡=𝐴∙𝑑𝑋/𝑑𝑡

𝑉 ̇=𝑄=𝐴∙𝑣 lim┬(∆𝑡→0)⁡〖∆𝑉 /∆𝑡 〗 =𝐴∙

𝑄=𝐴∙𝑣 (𝑚^3/𝑠, 〖𝑓𝑡〗 ^3/𝑠)

Flujo Másico M
El flujo másico es la masa de fluido que circula través de una
sección transversal de un ducto por unidad de tiempo.
𝑑𝑚=𝜌∙𝑑𝑉=𝜌∙𝐴∙𝑑𝑋 → 𝑑𝑚/𝑑𝑡=𝜌𝐴∙𝑑𝑋/𝑑𝑡

𝑚 ̇=𝑀 ̇=𝜌𝐴∙𝑣=𝜌𝑄

𝑀=𝜌𝐴∙𝑣= 𝜌𝑄 (𝑘𝑔/𝑠, 𝑆𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑔/𝑠)

 𝑀=𝜌𝐴∙𝑣= 𝜌𝑄 (𝑘𝑔/𝑠, 𝑆𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑔/𝑠)

Flujo por Peso W

El flujo por peso es el peso de fluido que circula través de una
sección transversal de un ducto por unidad de tiempo.
𝑑𝑤=𝑑𝑚∙𝑔=𝜌𝑔∙𝑑𝑉=𝛾𝐴∙𝑑𝑋 → 𝑑𝑤/𝑑𝑡=𝛾𝐴∙𝑑𝑋/𝑑𝑡

𝑤 ̇=𝑊=𝛾𝐴∙𝑣=𝛾𝑄

𝑊=𝛾𝐴∙𝑣= 𝛾𝑄 (𝑁/𝑠, 𝐿𝑏/𝑠)

Trabajo de Flujo W

𝑑𝑇=𝐹∙𝑑𝑋=𝑃𝐴∙𝑑𝑋=𝑃∙𝑑𝑉

𝑑𝑇/𝑑𝑊=𝑇/𝑊=P∙𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑊=𝑃/𝛾" "

𝑑𝑇/𝑑𝑡=𝑇 ̇=P∙𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑡=𝑃∙𝑄
Deducción de la ecuación de Bernoulli

∑▒ 〖𝐹 _𝑠=𝑚∙𝑎_𝑠 〗 𝐹_𝑅≈0

𝑃∙𝑑𝐴−(𝑃+𝑑𝑃)∙𝑑𝐴−𝑊 sin⁡〖𝜃 =𝑚∙ 〗 𝑎 _𝑠

𝑎_𝑠=𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑡=𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠/𝑑𝑠=𝑑𝑠/𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑠=𝑉 𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑠

𝑊=𝑚𝑔, 𝑚=𝜌𝑉=𝜌dA∙ds , sin⁡〖𝜃 =𝑑𝑧/𝑑𝑠 〗

𝑊=𝜌𝑔"dA"∙"ds", 𝑊
sin⁡𝜃=𝜌𝑔"dA"∙"ds"∙𝑑𝑧/𝑑𝑠=ρ𝑔𝑑𝑧∙𝑑𝐴

𝑃∙𝑑𝐴−(𝑃+𝑑𝑃)∙𝑑𝐴−ρ𝑔𝑑𝑧∙𝑑𝐴=𝜌"dA"∙"ds"∙𝑉 𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑠
−𝑑𝑃∙𝑑𝐴−ρ𝑔𝑑𝑧∙𝑑𝐴=𝜌𝑉𝑑𝑉∙𝑑𝐴
−𝑑𝑃/𝜌−𝑔𝑑𝑧=𝑉𝑑𝑉

𝑑𝑃/𝜌+𝑉𝑑𝑉+𝑔𝑑𝑧=0
𝑑𝑃/𝜌+1/2 𝑑(𝑉^2)+𝑔𝑑𝑧=0

Flujo estacionario:

∫1▒𝑑𝑃/𝜌+1/2 𝑉^2+𝑔𝑧=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒

Flujo estacionario e incompresible:

𝑃/𝜌+1/2 𝑉^2+𝑔𝑧=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒

𝑃_1/𝛾+(𝑣_1^2)/2𝑔+𝑧_1=𝑃_2/𝛾+(𝑣_2^2)/2𝑔+𝑧_2=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒

𝑃/𝛾 Carga de Presión o Cabezal de presión, m o ft

𝑉^2/2𝑔
Carga de Velocidad o Cabezal de Velocidad. m o ft

𝑧 Carga de Elevación o Cabezal Estático, m o ft

Ley de conservación de masa
(𝑚_𝑒 ) ̇−
(𝑚_𝑠 ) ̇=(ⅆ𝑀_𝑉𝐶)/
ⅆ𝑡

Flujo estacionario:
(ⅆ𝑀_𝑉𝐶)/
ⅆ𝑡=0,
(𝑚_𝑒 ) ̇−(𝑚_𝑠 ) ̇=0
(𝑚_𝑒 ) ̇=(𝑚_𝑠 ) ̇ → (𝑚_1
) ̇=(𝑚_2 ) ̇
𝜌_1 𝑉 ̇_1=𝜌_2 𝑉 ̇_2 → 𝜌_1 𝑄_1=𝜌_2 𝑄_2

𝜌_1 𝐴_1 𝑣_1=𝜌_2 𝐴_2 𝑣_2

Flujo estacionario e incompresible: 𝜌_1=𝜌_2

𝐴_1 𝑣_1=𝐴_2 𝑣_2 Ecuación de continuidad

𝑃_1/𝛾+(𝑣_1^2)/2𝑔+𝑧_1=𝑃_2/𝛾+(𝑣_2^2)/2𝑔+𝑧_2
Ecuación de Bernoulli
 A =1
𝑃_1/𝛾+(𝑣_1^2)/2𝑔+𝑧_1=𝑃_2/𝛾+

(𝑃_1−𝑃_2)/𝛾+ 〖 (𝑧 〗 _(1−) 𝑧_2)

𝐴_1 𝑣_1=𝐴_2 𝑣_2 → 𝑣_2=𝐴_1/𝐴_2

(𝑃_1−𝑃_2)/𝛾+ 〖 (𝑧 〗 _(1−) 𝑧_2)=

𝑣_1=𝐴_2 √((2𝑔∙[(𝑃_1−𝑃_2 )+𝛾( 〖 (𝑧 〗 _

𝑣_1=𝑑_2^2 √((2𝑔∙[(𝑃_1−𝑃_2 )+𝛾(𝑧_(1−) 𝑧_2 )

 B =2
2𝑔+𝑧_1=𝑃_2/𝛾+(𝑣_2^2)/2𝑔+𝑧_2
𝑔= 9.81 m/s2
𝑠𝑔= 1.25
𝛾_𝑔 12,263 N/m3
=
𝛾= 9,650 N/m3

𝑑_1=
〖 (𝑧 〗 _(1−) 𝑧_2)=(𝑣_2^2−𝑣_1^2)/2𝑔
300 mm = 0.300 m

𝑑_2= 200.0 mm = 0.200 m

→ 𝑣_2=𝐴_1/𝐴_2 𝑣_1 𝐴_1= 7.07E-02 m2 𝐴_2= 3.14E-02

(𝑧_(1−) 𝑧_2 )= -0.46 m

(𝑧 〗 _(1−) 𝑧_2)=(((𝐴_1^2−𝐴_2^2)/(𝐴_2^2
(𝑃_1−𝑃_2 )= 7,522 N/m )) 𝑣_1^2)/2𝑔
= 0.779
2
m

𝒗_𝟏 1.242 m/s 𝒗_𝟏 1.242

= =
−𝑃_2 )+𝛾( 〖 (𝑧 〗 _(1−) 𝑧_2 )])/(𝛾∙(𝐴_1^2−𝐴_2^2)))
𝒗_𝟐 2.795 m/s
=
𝑸_𝟏= 8.78E-02 m3/s 𝑸_𝟐= 8.78E-02

)+𝛾(𝑧_(1−) 𝑧_2 )])/(𝛾∙(𝑑_1^4−𝑑_2^4)))

m2

m/s

m3/s
Medidores de carga variable
Tubo de venturi, la boquilla de flujo, el orificio y el tubo de flujo

Tubo de venturi

𝑔=
 (𝑧_(1−) 𝑧_2 )=
(𝑃_1−𝑃_2 )=

𝒗_𝟐
=
𝑸_𝟏=
𝑸_𝟏=
Boquilla de flujo
𝑔=
 (𝑧_(1−) 𝑧_2 )=
(𝑃_1−𝑃_2 )=

𝒗_𝟐
=
𝑸_𝟏=
𝑸_𝟏=

Placa de Orificio
𝑔=
(𝑧_(1−) 𝑧_2 )=
(𝑃_1−𝑃_2 )=

𝒗_𝟐
=
𝑸_𝟏=
𝑸_𝟏=
Tubos de flujo

MEDIDORES DE ÁREA
VARIABLE
MEDIDOR DE FLUJO DE TURBINA

MEDIDOR DE FLUJO
DE VÓRTICE
MEDIDOR DE FLUJO
MAGNÉTICO

MEDIDORES DE FLUJO ULTRASÓNICOS

DESPLAZAMIENTO
POSITIVO

MEDIDOR DE FLUJO MÁSICO

MEDIDOR DE FLUJO MÁSICO DE CORIOLIS
SONDAS DE VELOCIDAD

Tubo de pitot
 𝑔= 9.81 m/s2
𝑠𝑔= 13.54
𝛾_𝑔 132,827 N/m3
=
𝛾= 9,650 N/m3

ℎ= 264.00 MM =

𝒗_𝟏 8.131 M/S

=
Anemómetro de tasas
𝑔= 32.2 ft/s2 𝑇= 140 ℉
𝑠𝑔=
 𝑠𝑔= 13.54 Cédula = 40
𝛾_𝑚= 844.90 Lb/ft 3
ID = 5 in
𝛾_𝑓= 61.4 Lb/ft3 𝑑_1= 5.047 in
𝜌_𝑓= 1.91 Slugg/ft 3

𝜇_𝑓= 9.60E-06 Lb-s/ft2

𝜈_𝑓= 5.03E-06 ft2/s
𝐶= 0.984
ℎ= 7.40 in = 0.6167 ft

𝑑_1= 5.047 in = 0.4206 ft

𝑑_2= 2.200 in = 0.1833 ft

𝐴_1/
𝐴_1= 1.39E-01 ft2 𝐴_2= 2.64E-02 ft2 𝐴_2 = 5.263

𝛽=𝑑_2/𝑑_1 =
0.30≤𝛽≤0.75 0.436

(𝑧_(1−) 𝑧_2 )=0.00 ft

(𝑃_1−𝑃_2 )= 7.9 ft = 483.2 Lb/ft2 = 3.36 Lb/in2

𝒗_𝟏 4.287 ft/s 𝒗_𝟏 4.287 ft/s

= =
𝒗_𝟐 22.562 ft/s 𝑵_𝑹= 3.6E+05 𝑵_𝑹≥𝟐.𝟎𝑬𝟎𝟓
=
𝑸_𝟏= 0.596 ft3/s 𝑸_𝟐= 0.596 ft3/s

𝑸_𝟏= 267 gpm 𝑸_𝟐= 267 gpm 𝑾_𝟏= 36.57 Lb/s

𝑔= 32.2 ft/s2 𝑇= 140 ℉

𝑠𝑔= 13.54 Cédula = 40
𝛾_𝑚= 844.90 Lb/ft3 ID = 5 in
𝛾_𝑓= 61.4 Lb/ft3 𝑑_1= 5.047 in
𝜌_𝑓= 1.91 Slugg/ft3
𝜇_𝑓= 9.60E-06 Lb-s/ft2
𝜈_𝑓= 5.03E-06 ft2/s
𝐶= 0.9898 0.9898
ℎ= 4.10 in = 0.3417 ft
 𝑑_1= 5.047 in = 0.4206 ft

𝑑_2= 2.524 in = 0.2103 ft

𝐴_1/
𝐴_1= 1.39E-01 ft2 𝐴_2= 3.47E-02 ft2 𝐴_2 = 4.000

𝛽=𝑑_2/𝑑_1 =
0.500

(𝑧_(1−) 𝑧_2 )=0.00 ft

(𝑃_1−𝑃_2 )= 4.4 ft = 267.7 Lb/ft2 = 1.86 Lb/in2

𝒗_𝟏 4.283 ft/s 𝒗_𝟏 4.283 ft/s

= =
𝒗_𝟐 17.130 ft/s 𝑵_𝑹= 3.6E+05 𝑵_𝑹≥𝟐.𝟎𝑬𝟎𝟓
=
𝑸_𝟏= 0.595 ft3/s 𝑸_𝟐= 0.595 ft3/s

𝑸_𝟏= 267 gpm 𝑸_𝟐= 267 gpm

𝑔= 32.2 ft/s2 𝑇= 140 ℉

𝑠𝑔= 13.54 Cédula = 40
𝛾_𝑚= 844.90 Lb/ft3 ID = 5 in
𝛾_𝑓= 61.4 Lb/ft 3
𝑑_1= 5.047 in
𝜌_𝑓= 1.91 Slugg/ft 3

𝜇_𝑓= 9.60E-06 Lb-s/ft2

𝜈_𝑓= 5.03E-06 ft2/s
𝐶= 0.6020
ℎ= 11.11 in = 0.9256 ft
 𝑑_1= 5.047 in = 0.4206 ft

𝑑_2= 2.524 in = 0.2103 ft

𝐴_1/
𝐴_1= 1.39E-01 ft2 𝐴_2= 3.47E-02 ft2 𝐴_2 = 4.000

𝛽=𝑑_2/𝑑_1 =
0.500

(𝑧_(1−) 𝑧_2 )=0.00 ft

(𝑃_1−𝑃_2 )= 11.8 ft = 725.2 Lb/ft2 = 5.04 Lb/in2

𝒗_𝟏 4.287 ft/s 𝒗_𝟏 4.287 ft/s

= =
𝒗_𝟐 17.147 ft/s 𝑵_𝑹= 3.6E+05 𝑵_𝑹≥𝟐.𝟎𝑬𝟎𝟓
=
𝑸_𝟏= 0.596 ft3/s 𝑸_𝟐= 0.596 ft3/s

𝑸_𝟏= 267 gpm 𝑸_𝟐= 267 gpm

0.2640 M
Flujo Turbulento
SI US
Caudal 0.00827 m3/s 0.292 ft3/s
Longitud 100 m 328 ft
Diámetro 0.09160 m 0.3005 ft
Área 6.59E-03 m2 7.09E-02 ft2
Velocidad 1.255 m/s 4.119 ft/s 4.118958
Gravedad 9.81 m/s2 32.17 ft/s2
Carga de Velocidad 0.08036 m 0.2637 ft
Densidad 1,000 kg/m3 o N-s/m4 1.940 Slugg/ft3 o Lb-s/ft4
Peso específico 9,807 N/m3 62.43
Gravedad específica - Desnsidad 1.0000 1.0000
Gravedad específica - Peso 1.0000 1.0000
Viscosidad Dinámica 1.15E-03 N-s/m2 o Pa-s o kg/m-s 2.04E-05 Lb-s/ft2 o Slugg/ft-s
Viscosidad Cinemática 1.15E-06 m2/s 1.05E-05 ft2/s

Reynolds VD 1.0E+05 1.2E+05

Reynolds VC 1.0E+05 1.2E+05
Rugosidad absoluta 4.6E-05 m 1.5E-04 ft
Rugosidad relativa 2,000 2,000
Factor de Fricción 0.0204 0.0200
Perdida Fricción 1.79 m 5.76 ft 5.876129

𝑣_2=√(2𝑔ℎ−ℎ_𝐿 ) 𝑁_𝑅=𝑣𝐷/𝜈

NR = 2000
D= 0.030 m2 30
viscosidad cinem. @ 15 C= 1.15E-06 m2/s
v= 0.0767 m/s Menor
hL = 20.00 m
h= 1.0200 m Maxima
 59

1.940323

0.0006

_𝑅=𝑣𝐷/𝜈

mm
15 C

ft in
3.345652 40.14783

e/D
 US SI
𝑄= 0.87 ft3/s 𝑄= 0.0246 m3/s
𝐷= 0.5054 ft 𝐷= 0.1541 m
𝐴= 2.01E-01 ft2 𝐴= 1.86E-02 m2
𝑣= 4.34 ft/s 𝑣= 1.32 m/s
𝐿= 1000 ft 𝐿= 1000 m
𝑅= 0.1264 ft 𝑅= 0.03852 m
𝐶_100 100 𝐶_100 100
= =
𝒉_(𝑳=) 20.00 ft 𝒉_(𝑳=) 20.00 m
s= 0.0200 ft/ft s= 0.0200 m/m

𝐶_ℎ 130 𝐶_ℎ 130

=
𝑣_𝐶= 5.64 ft/s =
𝑣_𝐶= 1.72 m/s
𝑄_𝐶= 1.13 ft3/s 𝑄_𝐶= 0.03 m3/s
𝐷_𝐶= 0.4574 ft 𝐷_𝐶= 0.1395 m
𝑠_𝐶= 0.0123 ft/ft 𝑠_𝐶= 0.0123 m/m

𝑄= 1.20 ft3/s 𝑄= 0.0340 m3/s

𝐷= 0.7947 ft ID = 10 in, ced. 40 𝐷= 0.2423 m
𝐴= 4.96E-01 ft2 D= 0.835 𝐴= 4.61E-02 m2
𝑣= 2.42 ft/s 𝑣= 0.74 m/s
𝐿= 1000 ft 𝐿= 1000 m
𝑅= 0.1987 ft 𝑅= 0.06057 m
𝐶_100 100 𝐶_100 100
= =
𝒉_(𝑳=) 4.00 ft 𝒉_(𝑳=) 4.00 m
s= 0.0040 ft/ft s= 0.0040 m/m

𝐶_ℎ 130 𝐶_ℎ 130

=
𝑣_𝐶= 3.14 ft/s =
𝑣_𝐶= 0.96 m/s
𝑄_𝐶= 1.56 ft3/s 𝑄_𝐶= 0.04 m3/s
𝐷_𝐶= 0.7193 ft 𝐷_𝐶= 0.2193 m
𝑠_𝐶= 0.0025 ft/ft 𝑠_𝐶= 0.0025 m/m
 Q= 100.0 L/min 0.001667 m3/s 𝛾= 9.810 kN/m3
D1 = 25.3 mm A1 = 0.0005027 m2 v1 = 3.315 m/s
D2 = 73.8 mm A2 = 0.0042776 m2 v2 = 0.3896 m/s
D2/D1 = 2.92 K= 0.779 z1 = 0.00 m
v /2g =
2
1 0.5602 m z2 = 0.00 m
K = 0.711 ∆𝑃= 1.514 kPa
hL = 0.40 m P1 = 10.00 kPa
P2 = 11.51 kPa
 Q= 100.0 L/min 0.001667 m3/s 𝛾= 9.810 kN/m3
D1 = 25.3 mm A1 = 0.0005027 m2 v1 = 3.315 m/s
D2 = 10000 mm A2 = 78.54 m2 v2 = 0.00002 m/s
D2/D1 = 395.26 K= 1.000 z1 = 0.00 m
v /2g =
2
1 0.5602 m z2 = 0.00 m
K = 1.000 ∆𝑃= 0.000 kPa
hL = 0.56 m P1 = 10.00 kPa
P2 = 10.00 kPa

Q= 100.0 L/min 0.001667 m3/s 𝛾= 9.810 kN/m3

D1 = 25.3 mm A1 = 0.0005027 m2 v1 = 3.315 m/s
D2 = 73.8 mm A2 = 0.0042776 m2 v2 = 0.3896 m/s
D2/D1 = 2.92 K= 0.779 z1 = 0.00 m
v21 /2g = 0.5602 m z2 = 0.00 m
K = 0.480 ∆𝑃= 2.782 kPa
hL = 0.27 m P1 = 10.00 kPa
P2 = 12.78 kPa
 Q= 100.0 L/min 0.001667 m3/s 𝛾= 9.810 kN/m3
D1 = 73.8 mm A1 = 0.0042776 m2 v1 = 0.390 m/s
D2 = 25.3 mm A2 = 0.0005027 m 2
v2 = 3.3153 m/s
D1/D2 = 2.92 K= 56.383 z1 = 0.00 m
v22 /2g = 0.5602 m z2 = 0.00 m
K = 0.412 ∆𝑃= -7.686 kPa
hL = 0.23 m P1 = 10.00 kPa
P2 = 2.31 kPa
 Q= 100.0 L/min 0.001667 m3/s 𝛾= 9.810 kN/m3
D1 = 10000 mm A1 = ### m2 v1 = 0.000 m/s
D2 = 25.3 mm A2 = 0.00 m 2
v2 = 3.31526 m/s
D2/D1 = 0.00 K= ### z1 = 0.00 m
v /2g =
2
2 0.5602 m z2 = 0.00 m
K = 1.000 ∆𝑃= -10.991 kPa
hL = 0.56 m P1 = 0.00 kPa
P2 = -10.99 kPa
 3.00 4.50
2.50 0.65 0.63
3.00 0.73 0.70
2.92 0.717 0.688
0.717 0.688
2.50
3.00
2.92
3.315
0.646
0.724
0.711
0.711
30.00 30.00 30.000
0.48 0.48 0.480
0.48 0.48 0.480
0.480 0.480 0.480
0.480 0.480 0.480

3.00 4.50 3.315

2.50 0.40 0.38 0.396
3.00 0.42 0.40 0.416
2.92 0.417 0.397 0.412
0.417 0.397 0.412
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS I Power SI: CLASS I SER
Objective: Pump power Reference points for the energy equation:
Problem EP1 SEM 15-1 Pt. 1: Water Well Level
Fig. EP1 SEM 15-1 Pt. 2: Deairator
System Data: SI Metric Units
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.0150 m3/s Elevation at point 1 =
Pressure at point 1 = 0 kPa Elevation at point 2 =
Pressure at point 2 = 85.285 kPa If Ref. pt. is in pipe: Set v1 "= B20" OR
Velocity at point 1 = 0.00 m/s --> Vel head at point 1 =
Velocity at point 2 = 1.99 m/s --> Vel head at point 2 =
Fluid Properties: May need to compute:
Specific weight = 9.81 kN/m3 Kinematic viscosity =
Pipe 1: 6-in Schedule 40 steel pipe Pipe 2: 4-in Schedule 40 steel pipe
Diameter: D = 20 m Diameter: D =
Wall roughness: e = 1.50E-06 m Wall roughness: e =
Length: L = 0m Length: L =
Area: A = 314.1593 m2 Area: A =
D/e = 13333333 D/e =
L/D = 0 L/D =
Flow Velocity = 0.00 m/s Flow Velocity =
Velocity head = 0.000 m Velocity head =
Reynolds No. = 7.35E+02 Reynolds No. =
Friction factor: f = 0.0754 Friction factor: f =
Energy losses-Pipe 1: K Qty.
Pipe: K1 = 0.00 0 Energy loss hL1 =
Entrada Pérdida: K2 = 1.00 0
Salida Pérdida: Ky = 1.00 0
Expansión Súbita Pérdida: Ky = 0.00 0
Expansión Gradual Pérdida: Ky = 0.00 0
Contracción Súbita Pérdida: Ky = 0.00 0
Contracción Gradual Pérdida: Ky = 0.00 0
Válvula de globo—abierta por completo 340: Ky = 340.00 0 Energy loss hL2 =
Válvula de ángulo—abierta por completo 150: Ky = 150.00 0 Energy loss hL3 =
Válvula de compuerta—abierta por completo 8: Ky = 8.00 0 Energy loss hL4 =
—3⁄4 abierta 35: Ky = 35.00 0 Energy loss hL5 =
—1⁄2 abierta 160: Ky = 160.00 0 Energy loss hL6 =
—1⁄4 abierta 900: Ky = 900.00 0
Válvula de verificación—tipo giratorio 100: Ky = 100.00 0
Válvula de verificación—tipo bola 150: Ky = 150.00 0
Válvula de mariposa—abierta por completo, 2 a 8 pulg 45: Ky = 45.00 0
—10 a 14 pulg 35: Ky = 35.00 0
—16 a 24 pulg 25: Ky = 25.00 0
Válvula de pie—tipo disco de vástago 420: Ky = 420.00 0
Válvula de pie—tipo disco de bisagra 75: Ky = 75.00 0
Codo estándar a 90° 30: Ky = 30.00 0
Codo a 90° de radio largo 20: Ky = 20.00 0
Codo roscado a 90° 50: Ky = 50.00 0
Codo estándar a 45° 16: Ky = 16.00 0
 Codo roscado a 45° 26: Ky = 26.00 0
Vuelta cerrada en retorno 50: Ky = 50.00 0
Te estándar—con flujo directo 20: Ky = 20.00 0
—con flujo en el ramal 60: Ky = 60.00 0 Energy loss hL7 =
Element X: Kx = 0.00 0
Element N: KN = 0.00 0 Energy loss hL8 =
Energy losses-Pipe 2: K Qty.
Pipe: K1 = 13.61 1 Energy loss hL1 =
Entrada Pérdida: K2 = 1.00 1
Salida Pérdida: Ky = 1.00 0
Expansión Súbita Pérdida: Ky = 0.00 0 Energy loss hL2 =
Expansión Gradual Pérdida: Ky = 0.00 0
Contracción Súbita Pérdida: Ky = 0.00 0
Contracción Gradual Pérdida: Ky = 0.00 0
Válvula de globo—abierta por completo 340: Ky = 340.00 0
Válvula de ángulo—abierta por completo 150: Ky = 150.00 0
Válvula de compuerta—abierta por completo 8: Ky = 8.00 0
—3⁄4 abierta 35: Ky = 35.00 0
—1⁄2 abierta 160: Ky = 160.00 0
—1⁄4 abierta 900: Ky = 900.00 0
Válvula de verificación—tipo giratorio 100: Ky = 100.00 0
Válvula de verificación—tipo bola 150: Ky = 150.00 0
Válvula de mariposa—abierta por completo, 2 a 8 pulg 45: Ky = 45.00 0
—10 a 14 pulg 35: Ky = 35.00 0
—16 a 24 pulg 25: Ky = 25.00 0
Válvula de pie—tipo disco de vástago 420: Ky = 420.00 0
Válvula de pie—tipo disco de bisagra 75: Ky = 75.00 0
Codo estándar a 90° 30: Ky = 0.26 3
Codo a 90° de radio largo 20: Ky = 20.00 0
Codo roscado a 90° 50: Ky = 50.00 0
Codo estándar a 45° 16: Ky = 16.00 0
Codo roscado a 45° 26: Ky = 26.00 0
Vuelta cerrada en retorno 50: Ky = 50.00 0
Te estándar—con flujo directo 20: Ky = 20.00 0
—con flujo en el ramal 60: Ky = 60.00 0
Element X: Kx = 0.00 0
Element N: KN = 0.00 0 Energy loss hL8 =
Total energy loss hLtot =
Results: Total head on pump: hA =
Power added to fluid: PA =
Pump efficiency =
Power input to pump: PI =

Motor efficiency =
Power input to Motor: PE =
COEFICIENTES DE FLUJO PARA VÁLVULAS, POR MEDIO

PU = 100 psia o psig

PD = 97.8 psia o psig
DP = 2.2 psi
sg = 0.8700
Cv = 550
gpm = 875
r SI: CLASS I SERIES SYSTEMS
or the energy equation:

Lb/h ft3/s gpm

12 m 6.7 530 0.0150 6.7
0m
s in pipe: Set v1 "= B20" OR Set v2 "= E20" -0.211491662332018
0.0000 m
0.2018 m
to compute: n = h/r
1.30E-06 ft2/s
in Schedule 40 steel pipe
0.09797 m
1.50E-06 m [See Table 8.2]
80.5 m
0.00754 m2 [A = pD2/4]
65313 Relative roughness
822
1.99 m/s [v = Q/A]
0.202 m [v2/2g]
1.50E+05 [NR = vD/n]
0.0166 Using Eq. 8-7

0.00 m
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 m
0.00 m (fT = 0.017, Tabla 10.15)
0.00 m (fT = 0.017, Tabla 10.15)
0.00 m (fT = 0.017, Tabla 10.15)
0.00 m
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 m

0.00 m 0.00

2.75 m
0.20
0.00
0.00 m (fT = 0.014, Tabla 10.15)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.16 0.0086
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 m 3.10
3.10 m
0.00 m 0 200 hp
0.00 kW 450 ft
80.00 %
0.00 kW

98.00 %
0.00 kW 1379.8345
POR MEDIO DEL CV
6.56E-06
Válvula de globo—abierta por completo 340
Válvula de ángulo—abierta por completo 150
Válvula de compuerta—abierta por completo 8
—3⁄4 abierta 35
—1⁄2 abierta 160
—1⁄4 abierta 900
Válvula de verificación—tipo giratorio 100
Válvula de verificación—tipo bola 150
Válvula de mariposa—abierta por completo, 2 a 8 pulg 45
—10 a 14 pulg 35
—16 a 24 pulg 25
Válvula de pie—tipo disco de vástago 420
Válvula de pie—tipo disco de bisagra 75
Codo estándar a 90° 30
Codo a 90° de radio largo 20
Codo roscado a 90° 50
Codo estándar a 45° 16
Codo roscado a 45° 26
Vuelta cerrada en retorno 50
Te estándar—con flujo directo 20
—con flujo en el ramal 60
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS II-A & II-B SI: CLASS II SERIES SYSTEMS
Objective: Volume flow rate Method II-A: No minor losses
Example Problem 11.3 Uses Equation 11-3 to estimate the allowable volume flow rate
Figure 11.7 to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: SI Metric Units
Pressure at point 1 = 120 kPa Elevation at point 1 = 0m
Pressure at point 2 = 60 kPa Elevation at point 2 = 0m
Energy loss: hL = 6.95 m
Fluid Properties: May need to compute: n = h/r
Specific weight = 8.63 kN/m 3
Kinematic viscosity = 1.08E-05 m2/s
Pipe data: 6-in Schedule 40 steel pipe
Diameter: D = 0.1541 m
Wall roughness: e = 4.60E-05 m
Length: L = 100 m Results: Maximum values
Area: A = 0.018651 m 2 Volume flow rate: Q = 0.0569 m3/s Using Eq. 11-3
D/e = 3350 Velocity: v = 3.05 m/s

CLASS II SERIES SYSTEMS Volume flow rate: Q = 0.05389 m3/s

Method II-B: Use results of Method IIA; Given: Pressure p1 = 120 kPa
Include minor losses; Pressure p2 = 60.00 kPa
then pressure at Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 60 kPa
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estimate for Q until p2
L/D = 649 is greater than desired pressure.
Flow Velocity = 2.89 m/s Velocity at point 1 = 2.89 m/s |--> If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 0.426 m Velocity at point 2 = 2.89 m/s |--> Enter "=B24"
Reynolds No. = 4.12E+04 Vel. head at point 1 = 0.426 m
Friction factor: f = 0.0227 Vel. head at point 2 = 0.426 m
Energy losses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe: K1 = f(L/D) = 14.76 1 Energy loss hL1 = 6.28 m Friction
2 std. elbows: K2 = 0.45 2 Energy loss hL2 = 0.38 m
Butterfly valve: K3 = 0.68 1 Energy loss hL3 = 0.29 m
Element 4: K4 = 0.00 1 Energy loss hL4 = 0.00 m
Element 5: K5 = 0.00 1 Energy loss hL5 = 0.00 m
Element 6: K6 = 0.00 1 Energy loss hL6 = 0.00 m
Element 7: K7 = 0.00 1 Energy loss hL7 = 0.00 m
Element 8: K8 = 0.00 1 Energy loss hL8 = 0.00 m
Total energy loss hLtot = 6.95 m
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS II-A & II-B US: CLASS II SERIES SYSTEMS
Objective: Volume flow rate Method II-A: No minor losses
Problem 11.10 Uses Equation 11-3 to find maximum allowable volume flow rate
to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: US Customary Units
Pressure at point 1 = 250 psig Elevation at point 1 = 55 ft
Pressure at point 2 = 180 psig Elevation at point 2 = 0 ft
Energy loss: hL = 20.00 ft
Fluid Properties: May need to compute: n = h/r
Specific weight = 68.47 lb/ft 3
Kinematic viscosity = 9.15E-06 ft2/s
Pipe data: 4-in Sch 40 steel pipe
Diameter: D = 0.325 ft
Wall roughness: e = 1.50E-04 ft
Length: L = 200 ft Results: Maximum values
Area: A = 0.082958 ft 2
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.9019 ft3/s Using Eq. 11-3
D/e = 2166.667 Velocity: v = 10.87 ft/s

CLASS II SERIES SYSTEMS Volume flow rate: Q = 1.45 ft3/s

Method II-B: Use results of Method IIA; Given: Pressure p1 = 250 psig
Include minor losses; Pressure p2 = 252.07 psig
then pressure at Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 180 psig
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estimate for Q until p2
L/D = 615 is equal or greater than desired.
Flow Velocity = 17.48 ft/s Velocity at point 1 = 17.48 ft/s |--> If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 4.744 ft Velocity at point 2 = 17.48 ft/s |--> Enter "=B24"
Reynolds No. = 6.21E+05 Vel. head at point 1 = 4.74 ft
Friction factor: f = 0.0173 Vel. head at point 2 = 4.74 ft
Energy losses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe: K1 = f(L/D) = 10.67 1 Energy loss hL1 = 50.64 ft Friction
Element 2: K2 = 0.00 1 Energy loss hL2 = 0.00 ft
Element 3: K3 = 0.00 1 Energy loss hL3 = 0.00 ft
Element 4: K4 = 0.00 1 Energy loss hL4 = 0.00 ft
Element 5: K5 = 0.00 1 Energy loss hL5 = 0.00 ft
Element 6: K6 = 0.00 1 Energy loss hL6 = 0.00 ft
Element 7: K7 = 0.00 1 Energy loss hL7 = 0.00 ft
Element 8: K8 = 0.00 1 Energy loss hL8 = 0.00 ft
Total energy loss hLtot = 50.64 ft
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS I Power SI: CLASS I SER
Objective: Pump power Reference points for the energy equation:
Problem EP1 SEM 15-1 Pt. 1: Water Well Level
Fig. EP1 SEM 15-1 Pt. 2: Deairator
System Data: SI Metric Units
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.0073 m3/s Elevation at point 1 =
Pressure at point 1 = 144.2794 kPa Elevation at point 2 =
Pressure at point 2 = 0.000 kPa If Ref. pt. is in pipe: Set v1 "= B20" OR
Velocity at point 1 = 0.00 m/s --> Vel head at point 1 =
Velocity at point 2 = 0.00 m/s --> Vel head at point 2 =
Fluid Properties: May need to compute:
Specific weight = 8.04 kN/m3 Kinematic viscosity =
Pipe 1: 6-in Schedule 40 steel pipe Pipe 2: 4-in Schedule 40 steel pipe
Diameter: D = 0.0525 m Diameter: D =
Wall roughness: e = 4.60E-05 m Wall roughness: e =
Length: L = 38 m Length: L =
Area: A = 0.002165 m2 Area: A =
D/e = 1141 D/e =
L/D = 724 L/D =
Flow Velocity = 3.349 m/s Flow Velocity =
Velocity head = 0.572 m Velocity head =
Reynolds No. = 8.24E+04 Reynolds No. =
Friction factor: f = 0.0224 Friction factor: f =
Energy losses-Pipe 1: K Qty.
Pipe: K1 = 16.18 1 Energy loss hL1 =
Entrada Pérdida: K2 = 1.00 1
Salida Pérdida: Ky = 1.00 1
Expansión Súbita Pérdida: Ky = 0.00 0
Expansión Gradual Pérdida: Ky = 0.00 0
Contracción Súbita Pérdida: Ky = 0.00 0
Contracción Gradual Pérdida: Ky = 0.00 0
Válvula de globo—abierta por completo 340: Ky = 340.00 0 Energy loss hL2 =
Válvula de ángulo—abierta por completo 150: Ky = 2.85 1 Energy loss hL3 =
Válvula de compuerta—abierta por completo 8: Ky = 8.00 0 Energy loss hL4 =
—3⁄4 abierta 35: Ky = 35.00 0 Energy loss hL5 =
—1⁄2 abierta 160: Ky = 160.00 0 Energy loss hL6 =
—1⁄4 abierta 900: Ky = 900.00 0
Válvula de verificación—tipo giratorio 100: Ky = 1.90 1
Válvula de verificación—tipo bola 150: Ky = 150.00 0
Válvula de mariposa—abierta por completo, 2 a 8 pulg 45: Ky = 45.00 0
—10 a 14 pulg 35: Ky = 35.00 0
—16 a 24 pulg 25: Ky = 25.00 0
Válvula de pie—tipo disco de vástago 420: Ky = 420.00 0
Válvula de pie—tipo disco de bisagra 75: Ky = 75.00 0
Codo estándar a 90° 30: Ky = 0.57 1
Codo a 90° de radio largo 20: Ky = 20.00 0
Codo roscado a 90° 50: Ky = 50.00 0
Codo estándar a 45° 16: Ky = 16.00 0
 Codo roscado a 45° 26: Ky = 26.00 0
Vuelta cerrada en retorno 50: Ky = 50.00 0
Te estándar—con flujo directo 20: Ky = 20.00 0
—con flujo en el ramal 60: Ky = 60.00 0 Energy loss hL7 =
Element X: Kx = 0.00 0
Element N: KN = 0.00 0 Energy loss hL8 =
Energy losses-Pipe 2: K Qty.
Pipe: K1 = 0.00 0 Energy loss hL1 =
Entrada Pérdida: K2 = 1.00 0
Salida Pérdida: Ky = 1.00 0
Expansión Súbita Pérdida: Ky = 0.00 0 Energy loss hL2 =
Expansión Gradual Pérdida: Ky = 0.00 0
Contracción Súbita Pérdida: Ky = 0.00 0
Contracción Gradual Pérdida: Ky = 0.00 0
Válvula de globo—abierta por completo 340: Ky = 340.00 0
Válvula de ángulo—abierta por completo 150: Ky = 150.00 0
Válvula de compuerta—abierta por completo 8: Ky = 8.00 0
—3⁄4 abierta 35: Ky = 35.00 0
—1⁄2 abierta 160: Ky = 160.00 0
—1⁄4 abierta 900: Ky = 900.00 0
Válvula de verificación—tipo giratorio 100: Ky = 100.00 0
Válvula de verificación—tipo bola 150: Ky = 150.00 0
Válvula de mariposa—abierta por completo, 2 a 8 pulg 45: Ky = 45.00 0
—10 a 14 pulg 35: Ky = 35.00 0
—16 a 24 pulg 25: Ky = 25.00 0
Válvula de pie—tipo disco de vástago 420: Ky = 420.00 0
Válvula de pie—tipo disco de bisagra 75: Ky = 75.00 0
Codo estándar a 90° 30: Ky = 0.26 0
Codo a 90° de radio largo 20: Ky = 20.00 0
Codo roscado a 90° 50: Ky = 50.00 0
Codo estándar a 45° 16: Ky = 16.00 0
Codo roscado a 45° 26: Ky = 26.00 0
Vuelta cerrada en retorno 50: Ky = 50.00 0
Te estándar—con flujo directo 20: Ky = 20.00 0
—con flujo en el ramal 60: Ky = 60.00 0
Element X: Kx = 0.00 0
Element N: KN = 0.00 0 Energy loss hL8 =
Total energy loss hLtot =
Results: Total head on pump: hA =
Power added to fluid: PA =
Pump efficiency =
Power input to pump: PI =

Motor efficiency =
Power input to Motor: PE =
r SI: CLASS I SERIES SYSTEMS
or the energy equation:

Lb/h ft3/s gpm

0m 3.3 210 0.0073 3.3
4.5 m
s in pipe: Set v1 "= B20" OR Set v2 "= E20" 143.528866909711
0.0000 m
0.0000 m
to compute: n = h/r
2.13E-06 m2/s
in Schedule 40 steel pipe
0.0525 m
4.60E-05 m [See Table 8.2]
0m
0.002165 m2 [A = pD2/4]
1141 Relative roughness
0
3.349 m/s [v = Q/A]
0.572 m [v2/2g]
8.24E+04 [NR = vD/n]
0.0224 Using Eq. 8-7

9.25 m
0.57
0.57
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 m
1.63 m (fT = 0.019, Tabla 10.15)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.09 m (fT = 0.019, Tabla 10.15)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.33 m (fT = 0.019, Tabla 10.15)
0.00
0.00
0.00
 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 m

0.00 m 13.44

0.00 m
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.0190
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 m 0.00
13.44 m
0.00 m 0 200 hp
0.00 kW 450 ft
80.00 %
0.00 kW

98.00 %
0.00 kW 1379.8345
6.56E-06
Metodo de Hardy Cross
a b c Q
Q 3.399E-03 3.791E-03 2.812E-03 0.0100 0.00000 m3/s

L 12.0 6.0 12.0 6.0 m

D 0.02660 0.02660 0.02660 0.05250 m
2 Q 0.0034 0.0038 0.0028 0.01 m3/s
A 5.557E-04 5.557E-04 5.557E-04 2.165E-03 m2
V 6.12E+00 6.82E+00 5.06E+00 4.62E+00 m/s
Gravedad 9.80665 9.80665 9.80665 9.80665 9.80665
Densidad 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
V. Dinamica 1.15E-03 1.15E-03 1.15E-03 1.15E-03 m
V. Cinematica 1.15E-06 1.15E-06 1.15E-06 1.15E-06
Reynolds 1.41E+05 1.58E+05 1.17E+05 2.11E+05
Rugosidad 4.58E-05 4.58E-05 4.58E-05 4.58E-05
Rugosidad relativa 581 581 581 1,146
f= 0.0241 0.0239 0.0243 0.0206
fT = 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.019
codos 2 0 2
K 4 8 12

4 h 30.97 31.79 31.80 2.56 v

h 30.97 31.79 31.80 2.56 Q

Circ. 1 Circ. 2
5 SUM(h) -0.82 -0.01

1 k 2.68E+06 2.21E+06 4.02E+06

6 2kQ 1.82E+04 1.68E+04 2.26E+04

7 SUM(2kQ) 3.50E+04 3.94E+04

8 DQ = SUM(h)/ -2.34E-05 -2.94E-07

9 Q' = Q - DQ 0.00342 -0.00377 -0.00281 -0.0032 m3/s

0.00342 0.00379 -0.00281 0.0044 m3/s
0.00342 0.00381 -0.00281 0.0044 m3/s
10

0.003422314 0.003767451 0.002811804 0.0100

0.003422314 0.003791158 0.002811804 0.0100
0.003422314 0.003814571 0.002811804 0.0100

0.7% 0.6% 0.0% 0.5%

Iteracion Circuito Tubo Q L D A V D/e

1 a 3.300E-03 12 0.02660 5.574E-04 5.920 581

b -3.600E-03 6 0.02660 5.574E-04 -6.459 581
1
2 b 3.600E-03 6 0.02660 5.574E-04 6.459 581
c -3.100E-03 12 0.02660 5.574E-04 -5.562 581

0.0100

1 a 3.284E-03 12 0.02660 5.574E-04 5.892 581

b -3.857E-03 6 0.02660 5.574E-04 -6.920 581
2
2 b 3.857E-03 6 0.02660 5.574E-04 6.920 581
c -2.859E-03 12 0.02660 5.574E-04 -5.129 581

1.000E-02

1 a 3.398E-03 12 0.02660 5.574E-04 6.096 581

b -3.742E-03 6 0.02660 5.574E-04 -6.714 581
3
2 b 3.742E-03 6 0.02660 5.574E-04 6.714 581
c -2.860E-03 12 0.02660 5.574E-04 -5.131 581

1.000E-02

1 a 3.399E-03 12 0.02660 5.574E-04 6.098 581

b -3.789E-03 6 0.02660 5.574E-04 -6.798 581
4
2 b 3.789E-03 6 0.02660 5.574E-04 6.798 581
c -2.812E-03 12 0.02660 5.574E-04 -5.045 581

1.000E-02
 v NR f fT k ± h=kQ2 abs(2kQ) DQ % de Cambio

1.2.E-06 1.37E+05 0.02411 0.023 2.67E+06 29.040 17,600 0.48

1.2.E-06 1.49E+05 0.02400 0.023 2.20E+06 -28.516 15,842 -0.44
Suma de h y 2kQ 0.524 33,442 1.568E-05
1.2.E-06 1.49E+05 0.02400 0.023 2.20E+06 28.516 15,842 -6.70
1.2.E-06 1.29E+05 0.02419 0.023 3.99E+06 -38.299 24,709 7.78
Suma de h y 2kQ -9.783 40,551 -2.413E-04

1.2.E-06 1.36E+05 0.02411 0.023 2.67E+06 28.770 17,519 -3.46

1.2.E-06 1.60E+05 0.02391 0.023 2.20E+06 -32.685 16,949 2.95
Suma de h y 2kQ -3.916 34,468 -1.136E-04
1.2.E-06 1.60E+05 0.02391 0.023 2.20E+06 32.685 16,949 0.03
1.2.E-06 1.19E+05 0.02431 0.023 3.99E+06 -32.640 22,835 -0.04
Suma de h y 2kQ 0.045 39,784 1.136E-06

1.2.E-06 1.41E+05 0.02407 0.023 2.66E+06 30.756 18,103 -0.03

1.2.E-06 1.55E+05 0.02395 0.023 2.20E+06 -30.788 16,455 0.02
Suma de h y 2kQ -0.032 34,557 -9.302E-07
1.2.E-06 1.55E+05 0.02395 0.023 2.20E+06 30.788 16,455 -1.28
1.2.E-06 1.19E+05 0.02431 0.023 3.99E+06 -32.666 22,844 1.67
Suma de h y 2kQ -1.878 39,299 -4.778E-05

1.2.E-06 1.41E+05 0.02407 0.023 2.66E+06 30.773 18,108 -0.66

1.2.E-06 1.57E+05 0.02393 0.023 2.20E+06 -31.556 16,656 0.59
Suma de h y 2kQ -0.783 34,764 -2.253E-05
1.2.E-06 1.57E+05 0.02393 0.023 2.20E+06 31.556 16,656 -0.03
1.2.E-06 1.17E+05 0.02433 0.023 4.00E+06 -31.598 22,473 0.04
Suma de h y 2kQ -0.042 39,129 -1.080E-06
% de Cambio

0.08741667
0.00600176
Metodo de la Proporcionalidad
1
a b c Q 9.80665
3 Q' 3.428E-03 3.773E-03 2.798E-03 0.0100 0.000E+00 m3/s 0.000%
4 Qi 3.428E-03 3.773E-03 2.798E-03 0.0100
L 12.0 6.0 12.0 6.0 m
D 0.02660 0.02660 0.02660 0.05250 m
1 Q 3.428E-03 3.773E-03 2.798E-03 0.0100 0.000E+00 m3/s
A 5.557E-04 5.557E-04 5.557E-04 2.165E-03 m2
V 6.17E+00 6.79E+00 5.04E+00 4.62E+00 m/s
Gravedad 9.80665 9.80665 9.80665 9.80665
Densidad 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
V. Dinamica 1.15E-03 1.15E-03 1.15E-03 1.15E-03 m
V. Cinematica 1.15E-06 1.15E-06 1.15E-06 1.15E-06
Reynolds 1.43E+05 1.57E+05 1.16E+05 2.11E+05
Rugosidad 4.58E-05 4.58E-05 4.58E-05 4.58E-05
Rugosidad relativa 581 581 581 1,146
f= 0.0241 0.0239 0.0243 0.0206
fT = 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.019
codos 2 0 2
K 4 8 12

2y5 h 31.495 31.495 31.495 0.0000 0.00E+00 v

3y5 h 31.495 31.495 31.495 0.0000 0.00E+00 Q
0.0000
Sistemas Ramificados
1 0.0002 0.0020 0.0010
1 2 3 Q 9.80665
3 Q' 1.1952 0.3284 0.8668 0.0000 m3/s 0.004%
4 Qi -2.312E-05 -6.353E-06 -1.677E-05 0.0000
L 3000.0 600.0 1000.0 6.0 m
D 1.00000 0.45000 0.60000 0.05250 m
1 Q 1.195E+00 3.284E-01 8.668E-01 0.0000 -2.390E+00 m3/s
A 7.854E-01 1.590E-01 2.827E-01 2.165E-03 m2
V 1.52E+00 2.06E+00 3.07E+00 -2.24E-02 m/s
Gravedad 9.80665 9.80665 9.80665 9.80665
Densidad 998 998 998 998
V. Dinamica 1.02E-03 1.02E-03 1.02E-03 1.02E-03 m
V. Cinematica 1.02E-06 1.02E-06 1.02E-06 1.02E-06
Reynolds 1.49E+06 9.09E+05 1.80E+06 -1.15E+03
Rugosidad 2.00E-04 9.00E-04 6.00E-04 2.00E-04
Rugosidad relativa 5,000 500 1,000 263
Zi = 30 18 9
𝑃_𝐽/𝛾+𝑧_𝐽=
24.87 24.87 24.87
f= 0.0145 0.0237 0.0199 #NUM!
fT = 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.019
codos 0 0 0
K 0 0 0

2y5 h 5.130 6.870 15.870 m

3y5 h 5.130 6.870 15.870 m
 #NAME? 200

72.45939027

Sistemas Ramificados con Bomba 20.342895

1 0.0000133 0.0000133 0.0000250 0.0000320 0.0000391
1 P 2 3 4 Q
3 Q' 20.34 20.34 14.47 14.77 8.90 0.0000 0.000%
4 Qi -3.936E-04 -3.936E-04 -2.800E-04 -2.857E-04 -0.0014
L 0 10,000 2,000 2,500 2,000 6.0
D 4.500 4.500 2.000 2.500 2.300 0.05250
1 Q 2.377E+01 2.034E+01 1.447E+01 1.477E+01 8.896E+00 -5.4678 -7.882E+01
A 1.590E+01 1.590E+01 3.142E+00 4.909E+00 4.155E+00 2.165E-03
V 1.49E+00 1.28E+00 4.61E+00 3.01E+00 2.14E+00 -2.53E+03
Gravedad 9.80665 9.80665 9.80665 9.80665 9.80665 9.80665
Densidad 998 998 998 998 998 998
V. Dinamica 9.980E-04 9.980E-04 9.980E-04 9.980E-04 9.980E-04 1.02E-03
V. Cinematica 1.00E-06 1.000E-06 1.00E-06 1.00E-06 1.00E-06 1.02E-06
Reynolds 6.73E+06 5.76E+06 9.21E+06 7.52E+06 4.92E+06 -1.30E+08
Rugosidad 6.00E-05 6.00E-05 5.00E-05 8.00E-05 9.00E-05 2.00E-04
Rugosidad relativa 75,000 75,000 40,000 31,250 25,556 263
Zi = 0.00 0 12 18 25
𝑷_𝑱/𝜸+𝒛_𝑱=
22.8 22.79 22.8 22.8 22.8
f= 0.0096 0.0097 0.0100 0.0104 0.0109 0.0000
fT = 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.019
codos 0 0 0 0 0
K 0 0 0 0 0

2y5 h 0.000 1.796 10.790 4.790 2.210 Darcy

3y5 h 22.790 22.790 10.790 4.790 2.210
m3/s

m
m
m3/s
m2
m/s

m
m
A a N n
B b O o
C c P p
D d Q q
E e R r
F f S s
G g T t
H h U u
I i V v
J j W w
K k X x
L l Y y
M m Z z