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[ ′ − \ ′ ½ 2SHUDQGR\UHGXFLHQGRUHVXOWD
5HVROXFLyQ [ = [ ′ FRV α − \ ′VHQα = WDPELpQOODPDGDFyQLFDGHJHQHUDGD
 °°  [ ′  = −  \ ′ 
 ¾ LL 
[ ′ + \ ′ ° 
\ = [ ′VHQα + \ ′ FRV α = 
'HODHFXDFLyQ  ¿°

[  + [\ + \  + \ +  =  5HHPSOD]DPRV LL HQ L  'HODHFXDFLyQJHQHUDOGHVHJXQGRJUDGR
[  + [\ + \  =  
2EWHQHPRVHOiQJXORJLUDGRFRQOD
$[  + %[\ + &\  + '[ + (\ + ) =  L  
HFXDFLyQ [ ′ − \ ′  [ ′ − \ ′ [ ′ + \ ′
  +   
$ −&    0HGLDQWHXQDUHODFLyQHQWUHORVFRHILFLHQWHV
FRW α  =
% [ ′ + \ ′  $%&' SRGHPRVLQGLFDUHOWLSRGHFyQLFD
+   =
 −  −  VHJ~Q
FRW α  = =
  2SHUDQGR\UHGXFLHQGRUHVXOWD 
%  −  $& <  → &LUFXQI (OLSVH5HFWDV
α =  −  → α = D
D D
 [ ′  +  \ ′  =  <> $ [ ′  + % \ ′  = $
1RVSUHJXQWDQ (QWRQFHV$ + % =  %  −  $& =  → 3DUiEROD5HFWDV 
 %  −  $& >  → +LSpUEROD5HFWDV
WDQ α = WDQ D = 
 
/XHJRHQHOSUREOHPD
'HODHFXDFLyQ

[  + [\ + \  − [ + \ = L  [  − [\ − \  −  =  L 
*LUDPRVXQiQJXORGHα SDUDHOLPLQDUHO

WHUPLQR[\XWLOL]DPRVODHFXDFLyQ  %  −  $& =  −  −    − 
$ − & −  → %  −  $& =  > 
FRW α  = =
% 
FRW α  =  → α = D 6HWUDWDGHXQD+LSpUERODR5HFWDV3HURGDGR
TXHQRODHFXDFLyQ  L  QRHVSRVLEOHH[SUHVDUHQ
IDFWRUHVOLQHDOHVHQWRQFHVVHWUDWDGHXQD
+LSpUEROD



[  + [\ + \  − [ − \ −  = L