Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
CUBA
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HISTORIA MÍNIMA DE
CUBA
el colegio de méxico
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972.91
Z28h
Zanetti lecuona, Oscar, 1946-
Historia mínima de Cuba / Oscar Zanetti lecuona —
1a. ed. — México, D.F. : El Colegio de México, 2013.
340 p. : mapa ; 21 cm
ISBN 978-607-462-442-7
Incluye bibliografía
ISBN 978-607-462-442-7
Impreso en México
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A Camila, Desirée,
Alejandra y Cecilia, mis nietas,
esta historia que también es suya
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ÍNDICE
Presentación, 11
2. Conquista y colonización, 28
La más hermosa… isla, 28. Implantación colonial, 31.
Poblamiento y despoblación, 35. Un lugar en el imperio, 38.
Bases económicas de la colonia, 43.
La sociedad: composición y desenvolvimiento, 52
3. La sociedad criolla, 64
El mercantilismo borbónico, 64.
La vida social: adelantos y conflictos, 71.
Ataque y ocupación inglesa de La Habana, 77.
Reformas ilustradas, 80. Muestras de progreso, 85
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6. El camino de la independencia, 157
Se fragua la insurrección, 157. La Guerra de los Diez Años, 160.
Intermedio modernizador, 169. Las alternativas políticas, 176.
La revolución de 1895, 182. Intervención norteamericana, 189
9. La Revolución, 264
El gobierno provisional: acciones y definiciones, 264.
Los desafíos de la sobrevivencia, 269.
Modelando un orden nuevo, 278.
La construcción económica, 284.
Transformaciones en la sociedad, 289
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10 All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
PRESENTACIÓN
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12 historia mínima de CUBA
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1
NATURALEZA Y POBLACIÓN ORIGINARIA
Preámbulo geográfico
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14 historia mínima de CUBA
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naturaleza y población originaria 15
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16 historia mínima de CUBA
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naturaleza y población originaria 17
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18 historia mínima de CUBA
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naturaleza y población originaria 19
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20 historia mínima de CUBA
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naturaleza y población originaria 21
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22 historia mínima de CUBA
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naturaleza y población originaria 23
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24 historia mínima de CUBA
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naturaleza y población originaria 25
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26 historia mínima de CUBA
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naturaleza y población originaria 27
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2
CONQUISTA Y COLONIZACIÓN
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conquista y colonización 29
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30 historia mínima de CUBA
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conquista y colonización 31
Implantación colonial
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32 historia mínima de CUBA
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conquista y colonización 33
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34 historia mínima de CUBA
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conquista y colonización 35
Poblamiento y despoblación
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36 historia mínima de CUBA
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conquista y colonización 37
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38 historia mínima de CUBA
Un lugar en el imperio
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conquista y colonización 39
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40 historia mínima de CUBA
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conquista y colonización 41
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42 historia mínima de CUBA
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conquista y colonización 43
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44 historia mínima de CUBA
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conquista y colonización 45
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46 historia mínima de CUBA
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conquista y colonización 47
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48 historia mínima de CUBA
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conquista y colonización 49
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50 historia mínima de CUBA
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conquista y colonización 51
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52 historia mínima de CUBA
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conquista y colonización 53
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54 historia mínima de CUBA
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conquista y colonización 55
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56 historia mínima de CUBA
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conquista y colonización 57
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58 historia mínima de CUBA
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conquista y colonización 59
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60 historia mínima de CUBA
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conquista y colonización 61
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62 historia mínima de CUBA
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conquista y colonización 63
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3
LA SOCIEDAD CRIOLLA
El mercantilismo borbónico
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la sociedad criolla 65
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66 historia mínima de CUBA
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la sociedad criolla 67
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68 historia mínima de CUBA
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la sociedad criolla 69
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70 historia mínima de CUBA
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la sociedad criolla 71
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72 historia mínima de CUBA
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la sociedad criolla 73
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74 historia mínima de CUBA
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la sociedad criolla 75
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76 historia mínima de CUBA
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la sociedad criolla 77
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78 historia mínima de CUBA
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la sociedad criolla 79
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80 historia mínima de CUBA
Reformas ilustradas
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la sociedad criolla 81
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82 historia mínima de CUBA
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la sociedad criolla 83
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84 historia mínima de CUBA
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la sociedad criolla 85
Muestras de progreso
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86 historia mínima de CUBA
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la sociedad criolla 87
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88 historia mínima de CUBA
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la sociedad criolla 89
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90 historia mínima de CUBA
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la sociedad criolla 91
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92 historia mínima de CUBA
ciones de las riquezas y adelantos del país, así como una certera
exposición de sus requerimientos. Los criollos habían adquirido
un sentido de identidad, una comprensión de lo específico de sus
intereses e incluso cierta capacidad organizativa para promover-
los. Tal maduración intelectual entrañaba una noción cada vez
más clara de que sus necesidades no siempre coincidían con las
de la metrópoli y de que, por tanto, tendrían que hacer valer sus
razones para satisfacerlas. En el lapso de un siglo la élite criolla
había cuajado en un bloque coherente y activo, capaz de impul-
sar su propio proyecto de desarrollo.
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4
LA PLANTACIÓN:
ECONOMÍA Y SOCIEDAD
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94 historia mínima de CUBA
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la plantación: economía y sociedad 95
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96 historia mínima de CUBA
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la plantación: economía y sociedad 97
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98 historia mínima de CUBA
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la plantación: economía y sociedad 99
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100 historia mínima de CUBA
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la plantación: economía y sociedad 101
Plantaciones y economía
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102 historia mínima de CUBA
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la plantación: economía y sociedad 103
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104 historia mínima de CUBA
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la plantación: economía y sociedad 105
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106 historia mínima de CUBA
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la plantación: economía y sociedad 107
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108 historia mínima de CUBA
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la plantación: economía y sociedad 109
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110 historia mínima de CUBA
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la plantación: economía y sociedad 111
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112 historia mínima de CUBA
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la plantación: economía y sociedad 113
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114 historia mínima de CUBA
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la plantación: economía y sociedad 115
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116 historia mínima de CUBA
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la plantación: economía y sociedad 117
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118 historia mínima de CUBA
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la plantación: economía y sociedad 119
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120 historia mínima de CUBA
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la plantación: economía y sociedad 121
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122 historia mínima de CUBA
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la plantación: economía y sociedad 123
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124 historia mínima de CUBA
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5
AVATARES DE LA GESTACIÓN NACIONAL
Desde la última década del siglo xviii hasta mediados del xix,
Cuba experimenta el crecimiento más acelerado de su historia,
tanto en lo económico como en lo demográfico. El resultado fue
una sociedad de visible madurez pero minada por hondas con-
tradicciones. Su prosperidad material se asentaba en la escla-
vitud, una relación social de manifiesta obsolescencia en otras
latitudes, que al desconocer la condición humana de una parte
de los habitantes de la isla erigía formidables barreras en el seno
de su población. Por otra parte la sujeción colonial, estrecha-
mente vinculada con la institución esclavista, condenaba a los
nacidos en Cuba a una posición subordinada frente a quienes
procedían de la metrópoli, privándoles de los más elementales
derechos a regir la vida y diseñar el futuro de su comunidad.
Vistas las circunstancias, no ha de sorprender que en el des-
envolvimiento de la sociedad cubana se expresasen tendencias
divergentes. Por un lado el progreso material e intelectual y la
convivencia de personas de distinto origen propiciaban el con-
tacto de culturas y un creciente sincretismo de ideas, costumbres
y creencias, propendiendo a constituir ese diverso conglomera-
do humano en una comunidad de identidad cada vez mejor
definida. Sin embargo, los antagonismos apuntados actuaban
al mismo tiempo como factores de disgregación y enrarecían el
funcionamiento social, dando lugar a disímiles corrientes ideo-
lógicas y un complicado curso político. A esto último contribuía
el espíritu de una época en la cual coexistían en el ámbito inter-
nacional las más variadas influencias, desde las ambiguas ex-
125
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126 historia mínima de CUBA
La independencia relegada
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avatares de la gestación nacional 127
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128 historia mínima de CUBA
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avatares de la gestación nacional 129
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130 historia mínima de CUBA
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avatares de la gestación nacional 131
Variantes reformistas
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132 historia mínima de CUBA
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avatares de la gestación nacional 133
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avatares de la gestación nacional 135
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avatares de la gestación nacional 137
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avatares de la gestación nacional 139
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avatares de la gestación nacional 141
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avatares de la gestación nacional 143
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avatares de la gestación nacional 145
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gue crear tipos populares que con cantos y bailes se movían por
lo regular entre situaciones humorísticas. Para los negros y mu-
latos en las ciudades quedaban los bailes y festejos en el marco
de los cabildos, así como la gran fiesta del Día de Reyes, única
oportunidad en que podían salir a los espacios públicos. En tales
circunstancias y, por supuesto, en las ocasionales festividades
que tenían lugar en los barracones de los ingenios, mediante dan-
zas, cantos y narraciones se recreaban ritos y expresiones artís-
ticas ancestrales que mantenían vivos valores de matriz africana
a la vez que propiciaban un decisivo proceso de sincretización.
Definida e identificada por el color de la piel, la población de
procedencia africana iría así superando la diversidad de sus orí-
genes étnicos.
En toda la sociedad insular, la interacción y mezcla de com-
ponentes culturales que imponía la convivencia, tendía también
necesariamente a una síntesis de lo español, lo africano y lo crio-
llo que iba dando lugar a la nueva calidad de lo cubano. Sin
embargo, la rígida estructura estamental derivada de la esclavi-
tud representaba un obstáculo formidable en dicho proceso,
pues la élite criolla que impulsaba la construcción nacional no
sólo excluía de esa comunidad a algo más de la mitad de la po-
blación, sino que resultaba incapaz de interpretar los valores
culturales de que esta era portadora.
El anexionismo
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avatares de la gestación nacional 147
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avatares de la gestación nacional 149
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avatares de la gestación nacional 151
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avatares de la gestación nacional 153
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avatares de la gestación nacional 155
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6
EL CAMINO DE LA INDEPENDENCIA
Se fragua la insurrección
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el camino de la independencia 159
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el camino de la independencia 161
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el camino de la independencia 163
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el camino de la independencia 165
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el camino de la independencia 167
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el camino de la independencia 169
Intermedio modernizador
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170 historia mínima de CUBA
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el camino de la independencia 171
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el camino de la independencia 173
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el camino de la independencia 175
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el camino de la independencia 177
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el camino de la independencia 179
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el camino de la independencia 181
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La revolución de 1895
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el camino de la independencia 183
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el camino de la independencia 185
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el camino de la independencia 187
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el camino de la independencia 189
Intervención norteamericana
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el camino de la independencia 191
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7
UNA REPÚBLICA TUTELADA
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una república tutelada 195
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una república tutelada 197
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una república tutelada 199
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Despertar nacionalista
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una república tutelada 217
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una república tutelada 219
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220 historia mínima de CUBA
bril como por parte de los ferroviarios, sector este último que en
Camagüey articuló importantes acciones con los trabajadores
azucareros. Una decidida dirigencia anarcosindicalista y la radi-
calización que entre los grupos socialistas generó la Revolución
rusa de 1917, propiciaron la creciente vertebración de organiza-
ciones sindicales, primero en una federación habanera y más
adelante, tras la celebración de amplios congresos, en la Confe-
deración Nacional Obrera de Cuba, central sindical fundada en
1925 que contaba con sindicatos afiliados a todo lo largo del
país. Casi simultáneamente, la radicalizada tendencia socialista
dejaría constituido el primer Partido Comunista. Entre las capas
medias, el movimiento lo encarnaba, sobre todo, la joven gene-
ración. En la Universidad de La Habana —entonces único cen-
tro de educación superior del país—, a finales de 1922 el estu-
diantado se levantó en demanda de la autonomía universitaria y
la depuración de profesores corruptos. Visiblemente inspirado
en la reforma que alentara la universidad argentina de Córdoba,
el movimiento se extendió muy pronto a la enseñanza media,
hasta cuajar al año siguiente en un combativo congreso nacio-
nal, que bajo el magnético liderazgo de Julio Antonio Mella tras-
cendería las demandas estrictamente estudiantiles para denun-
ciar la injerencia norteamericana, las corruptelas y otros males
mayores de la nación. Las mujeres, que desde la década ante-
rior reclamaban su derecho al sufragio, protagonizan ahora un
movimiento más amplio, no solo en su composición sino en sus
aspiraciones, el cual cristaliza en la realización de un primer Con-
greso Nacional de Mujeres, celebrado en abril del propio annus
mirabilis de 1923.
Pocos días antes un grupo de 13 jóvenes intelectuales había
protagonizado una sonada protesta en un acto público presidido
por el ministro de Justicia, personaje de notoria corrupción. En
ese sector de la intelectualidad el compromiso social coincidía
con una reformulación del lenguaje y las concepciones estéticas,
bajo el evidente influjo de las vanguardias europeas. La reivindi-
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Vientos de revolución
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8
FACETAS DE LA CRISIS REPUBLICANA
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facetas de la crisis republicana 231
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facetas de la crisis republicana 237
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facetas de la crisis republicana 239
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facetas de la crisis republicana 241
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facetas de la crisis republicana 247
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facetas de la crisis republicana 249
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facetas de la crisis republicana 251
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facetas de la crisis republicana 253
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Dictadura e insurrección
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facetas de la crisis republicana 257
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facetas de la crisis republicana 259
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9
LA REVOLUCIÓN
El gobierno provisional:
acciones y definiciones
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la revolución 265
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266 historia mínima de CUBA
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la revolución 267
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268 historia mínima de CUBA
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la revolución 269
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270 historia mínima de CUBA
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la revolución 271
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272 historia mínima de CUBA
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la revolución 273
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274 historia mínima de CUBA
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la revolución 275
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276 historia mínima de CUBA
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la revolución 277
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278 historia mínima de CUBA
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la revolución 279
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280 historia mínima de CUBA
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la revolución 281
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282 historia mínima de CUBA
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la revolución 283
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284 historia mínima de CUBA
La construcción económica
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la revolución 285
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286 historia mínima de CUBA
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la revolución 287
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288 historia mínima de CUBA
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la revolución 289
Transformaciones en la sociedad
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290 historia mínima de CUBA
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la revolución 291
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292 historia mínima de CUBA
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la revolución 293
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294 historia mínima de CUBA
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la revolución 295
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296 historia mínima de CUBA
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10
LA EXPERIENCIA SOCIALISTA
La institucionalización
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298 historia mínima de CUBA
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la experiencia socialista 299
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300 historia mínima de CUBA
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la experiencia socialista 301
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302 historia mínima de CUBA
Desarrollo planificado
y procesos socioculturales
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la experiencia socialista 303
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304 historia mínima de CUBA
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la experiencia socialista 305
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306 historia mínima de CUBA
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la experiencia socialista 307
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308 historia mínima de CUBA
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la experiencia socialista 309
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310 historia mínima de CUBA
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la experiencia socialista 311
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312 historia mínima de CUBA
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la experiencia socialista 313
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314 historia mínima de CUBA
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la experiencia socialista 315
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316 historia mínima de CUBA
Rectificación
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la experiencia socialista 317
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318 historia mínima de CUBA
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la experiencia socialista 319
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320 historia mínima de CUBA
El periodo especial
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la experiencia socialista 321
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322 historia mínima de CUBA
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la experiencia socialista 323
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324 historia mínima de CUBA
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la experiencia socialista 325
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326 historia mínima de CUBA
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la experiencia socialista 327
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328 historia mínima de CUBA
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la experiencia socialista 329
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330 historia mínima de CUBA
Tiempo de cambios
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la experiencia socialista 331
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332 historia mínima de CUBA
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Nota bibliográfica
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334 historia mínima de CUBA
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nota bibliográfica 335
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336 historia mínima de CUBA
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nota bibliográfica 337
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338 historia mínima de CUBA
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nota bibliográfica 339
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340 historia mínima de CUBA
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Los contenidos de este libro pueden ser
reproducidos en todo o en parte, siempre
y cuando se cite la fuente y se haga con
fines académicos y no comerciales
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Historia mínima de Cuba
se terminó de imprimir en enero de 2013
en los talleres de Offset Rebosán, S.A. de C.V.,
Av. Acueducto 115, Col. Huipulco, 14370 México, D.F.
Portada de Pablo Reyna.
Tipografía y formación: Socorro Gutiérrez,
en Redacta, S.A. de C.V.
Cuidó la edición Eugenia Huerta.
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