Fonologia Generativa Contemporanea de La Lengua Española

Fonología generativa contemporánea de la lengua española
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Fonología
generativa
contemporánea
de la lengua española
Segunda Edición
Rafael A. Núñez Cedeño,

Sonia Colina y
Travis G. Bradley, editores
Georgetown University Press | Washington, DC

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Esta segunda edición la dedicamos a
Jorge M. Guitart y John M. Lipski.
Hoy me sonríen Yulissa, Yakaira, Ysatris y Seihla

—Rafael Núñez Cedeño
A mis padres y hermanos

—Sonia Colina
Para Adam
—Travis G. Bradley
Índice
Prólogo a la segunda edición xiii

Agradecimientos xvii
Cuadro de los rasgos distintivos y los alófonos del español xviii
Introducción La fonología . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1 De la fonética descriptiva a los rasgos distintivos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alfonso Morales-Front
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[ viii Índice
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2 Fonología autosegmental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rafael A. Núñez Cedeño
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3 Modelo autosegmental jerárquico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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4 Teoría de la subespecificación . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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5 La silabificación en español . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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6 La fonología léxica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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7 El acento . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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9 La teoría de la optimidad en la fonología del español . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sonia Colina
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[ xii Índice
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10 Fonología de laboratorio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Travis G. Bradley
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Bibliografía 369
Colaboradores 387
Glosario 389
Índice de temas y lenguas 401
Prólogo a la segunda edición
(VWDVHJXQGDHGLFLyQGH¬Fonología generativa contemporánea de la lengua españolaHV

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[ xv Prólogo a la segunda edición
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Agradecimientos
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+ Silábica – Anterior
+ Resonante – Retraída (+ redondeada,
+ Continua + retraída)
+ Alta [i] [u]

[e] [o]
+ Baja [a]
Deslizadas:
– silábicas
+ Anterior – Anterior ∗ = + ESTRIDENTE

Labial (+ o,u,w) Coronal Corono-dorsal Dorsal = + ALTA
= + DISTRIBUIDA
+ Sonora Velar
Bilabial Labio- Inter- Dental ◦ Alveolar Alveo- Palatal +Retraído Uvular Glotal ◦ = − DISTRIBUIDA
+ Sorda +redon dental ◦ dental ◦ palatal o, u
[p] [ ”t ] [k]
Oclusivas
[b] [ d” ] [é] [g]
[F] ∗ [f] [T] ∗[ „s ] [ s ] ∗ [S] [x] [X] [h]

Fricativas
∗ [z] ∗ [Z] [J] [H]
+ Obstruyente
∗ [Ù]
Africadas
∗ [Ã]
+ Continua
Aproximantes
[B] [j] [G][w]
(vocales y deslizadas)
[ ðfl ]
fl fl
[l] [ ”l ] [l] [í] [L]
Líquidas ¯
[R][r] [ö]
+ Resonante
(vocales y deslizadas)
Nasales [m] [M] [n] [ n” ] [n] [ ń ] [ñ] [N]

¯

c 2013 Joseph Vincent Casillas y Ryan Matthew Bessett
Introducción ]
La fonología
Pilar Prieto
Fonética y fonología
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GHODHYROXFLyQKLVWyULFDGHORVVRQLGRV(OQDFLPLHQWRGHODIRQRORJtDFRPRGLVFLSOLQD
GLIHUHQFLDGDGHODIRQpWLFDHVUHODWLYDPHQWHPRGHUQR\VHGHELyDODLQWURGXFFLyQ
GHODVLQϩX\HQWHVLGHDVOLQJtVWLFDVGH¬)HUGLQDQGGH¬6DXVVXUHDSULQFLSLRVGHOVLJOR
SDVDGR/DFODUDGLVWLQFLyQFRQFHSWXDOHVWDEOHFLGDSRU6DXVVXUHHQWUHORVHMHVVLQFUy
QLFR\GLDFUyQLFRGHOHVWXGLROLQJtVWLFRSXVRϧQDOSUHGRPLQLRGHODQiOLVLVKLVWyULFR
FDUDFWHUtVWLFRGHOVLJOR;,;¬$GHPiVODGLFRWRPtDTXHHVWDEOHFLyHQWUHlangue\parole
¶OHQJXD·\¶KDEOD·HQHVSDxRODFWXDOPDUFyIXHUWHPHQWHODVSULRULGDGHV\REMHWLYRV
GHODOLQJtVWLFDPRGHUQD6DXVVXUHFRQFLEHODlenguaFRPRHOPRGHORJHQHUDO\DEV
WUDFWRGHWRGDVODVUHDOL]DFLRQHVOLQJtVWLFDVSDUWLFXODUHVGHXQDOHQJXD\HOhabla
FRPRHOIHQyPHQRFRQFUHWRHLQGLYLGXDOHVGHFLUHODFWRGHKDEODUHVDOHQJXD(QVX
Cours de linguistique générale,6DXVVXUHLOXVWUDHVWDGLYLVLyQFRQFHSWXDOFRQHOHMHPSOR
GHODMHGUH]ORVHOHPHQWRVSDUWLFXODUHVGHOMXHJRODIRUPDGHODVSLH]DVHOWDEOHUR
HWF(habla)QRFDPELDQORHVHQFLDOHLPSRUWDQWHORTXHHVFRP~QDWRGDVODVPDQL
IHVWDFLRQHVSRVLEOHVGHODMHGUH]TXHVRQODVUHJODVGHOMXHJR(lengua).$Vt6DXVVXUH
SURSRQHTXHHOHVWXGLRGHXQDOHQJXDGHWHUPLQDGDGHEHFRQVLVWLUHQODGHVFULSFLyQGH
VXlengua,RGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRDEVWUDFWRTXHFRPSDUWHQWRGRVVXVKDEODQWHVDWUDYpV
GHODVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHVDFFHVLEOHVDOREVHUYDGRU(habla).$VLPLVPRFRPRYHUHPRVPiV
DGHODQWH6DXVVXUHFRQFLEHODWDUHDGHOOLQJLVWDFRPRXQDWDUHDGHGHVFULSFLyQ\GH
[2 Pilar Prieto
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H[LVWHQWHVHQHOVLVWHPDDEVWUDFWRGHUHJODVTXHFDGDKDEODQWHSRVHHGHVXOHQJXD
/DDSOLFDFLyQGHODGLYLVLyQFRQFHSWXDOHQWUHOHQJXD\KDEODHQHOWHUUHQRGHOR
IyQLFRVHWUDGXMRHQODGLIHUHQFLDFLyQHQWUHfonética y fonología,HVWDEOHFLGDSRU6DXV
VXUH\ORVSULPHURVHVWUXFWXUDOLVWDVGHOD(VFXHODGH¬3UDJD5RPiQ-DNREVRQ\1LNRODL
7UXEHW]NR\HQWUHRWURV/DGLYLVLyQHQWUHODVGRVGLVFLSOLQDVSDUWHGHODREVHUYDFLyQ
GH TXH QR WRGD OD YDULDFLyQ IRQpWLFD GH ORV VRQLGRV GHO KDEOD HV OLQJtVWLFDPHQWH
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PHQROLQJtVWLFR(VGHFLUVHRFXSDGHFyPRVHXVDQORVVRQLGRVHQHVDOHQJXDSDUD
GLVWLQJXLUVLJQLϧFDGRVDVtFRPRGHORVSULQFLSLRVTXHJRELHUQDQVXGLVWULEXFLyQ\GH
ODVUHODFLRQHVH[LVWHQWHVHQWUHHOORV(QVXPDODIRQpWLFDVHRFXSDUtDGHODGHVFULSFLyQ
ItVLFD\GHOIRFRGHYDULDFLyQHQFDGDUHDOL]DFLyQVRQRUD(el habla)\ODIRQRORJtDDQD
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DF~VWLFR\DUWLFXODWRULRGHORVVRQLGRVGHXQDOHQJXDGHEHUtDFRQVWLWXLUVHHQXQSDVR
SUHYLRDODQiOLVLVIRQROyJLFRHLQFOXVRDODFRQϧUPDFLyQGHKLSyWHVLVOLQJtVWLFDV
Fonología: fonemas y alófonos
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OyJLFDXQDHQWLGDGDEVWUDFWDFRQuna función distintivaDODTXHQRFRUUHVSRQGHXQD
UHDOLGDGIyQLFDSDUWLFXODU&RPRÍXQFLyQGLVWLQWLYDµVHHQWLHQGHODFDSDFLGDGGHXQ
VRQLGRSDUDSURGXFLUXQDGLIHUHQFLDIXQFLRQDO³RGHGLVWLQFLyQGHVLJQLϧFDGR³HQ¬XQD
OHQJXDGDGD/DIRQRORJtDSDUWHJHQHUDOPHQWHGHOH[DPHQGHORVVRQLGRVH[LVWHQWHVHQ
XQDOHQJXDSDUWLFXODUSDUDGHWHUPLQDUTXpXQLGDGHVIRQHPiWLFDVWLHQHQXQDIXQFLyQ
OLQJtVWLFD/Dprueba de la conmutación,SURSXHVWDSRUORVIRQyORJRVGHOD(VFXHOD
GH¬3UDJDFRQVLVWHHQSUREDUODGLIHUHQFLDIXQFLRQDOHQWUHIRQHPDVDSDUWLUGHVXFDSD
FLGDGGHJHQHUDUGLVWLQFLRQHVGHVLJQLϧFDGR3RUHMHPSORODH[LVWHQFLDGHWULSOHWHV
PtQLPRVFRPRcarro>ਥNDUR@sarro>ਥVDUR@\tarro>ਥW ૧DUR@HQHVSDxROGHPXHVWUDTXH
ORVVRQLGRV>NVW ૧@VRQIRQHPDVGLVWLQWRVNVW ૧\FDSDFHVGHJHQHUDUXQDRSRVLFLyQ
GLVWLQWLYD2WUDHVWUDWHJLDSDUDGHWHUPLQDUODIRQHPLFLGDGSRWHQFLDOGHXQVRQLGR
ODOODPDGDdistribución complementariaSURSXHVWDSRUORVGLVWULEXFLRQDOLVWDVDPHULFD
QRVHVSHFLDOPHQWH/HRQDUG%ORRPϧHOGFRQVLVWHHQXVDUXQPHFDQLVPRSXUDPHQWH
La fonología 3]
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DSDUHFHQVLHPSUHHQFRQWH[WRVGLVWLQWRVVHSXHGHGHGXFLUTXHHOUHQGLPLHQWRIXQFLR
QDOGHOFRQWUDVWHHQWUHORVGRVHVQXOR(QFDPELRVLXQVRQLGRDSDUHFHHQODPLVPD
SRVLFLyQTXHRWURHQXQDOHQJXDGHWHUPLQDGDHTXLYDOHQFLDGLVWULEXFLRQDOHOORLQGLFD
TXHH[LVWHXQFRQWUDVWHIXQFLRQDOHQWUHDPERV\TXHVRQIRQHPDVGLVWLQWRV
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SUHGHFLEOHV\GHEHQYHQLUGDGRVSRUXQOp[LFRTXHFRQWHQJDODFRPSRVLFLyQIRQHPi
WLFDGHODVSDODEUDV/RTXHHVSUHGHFLEOHVHJ~QHOFRQWH[WRVRQODVYDULDQWHVIRQpWLFDV
GHORVIRQHPDVRalófonos.8QDSUXHEDXVDGDDPHQXGRFRQHOϧQGHLGHQWLϧFDUODV
SRVLEOHVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHVIRQpWLFDVGHXQIRQHPDHVHODQiOLVLVGHODYDULDFLyQGHPRU
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HOFRQWH[WRSRUHMHPSORHQSRGHPRVREVHUYDUYDULDVUHDOL]DFLRQHVGHOPRUIHPD
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODUWtFXORLQGHWHUPLQDGRunHQHVSDxROSHQLQVXODUODQDVDOϧQDO
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FRQVRQDQWHVLJXLHQWH$¬EDVHGHHVWRVGDWRVSRGHPRVGHGXFLUTXHQHVXQIRQHPDGHO
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Ejemplo 0-1
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9HODU u>‫@غ‬cuento
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IRQRHQRWUD3RUHMHPSORODIULFDWLYDVRQRUD>]@TXHIRUPDSDUWHGHOLQYHQWDULRGH
VRQLGRVGHOFDWDOiQ\GHOFDVWHOODQRVHFRPSRUWDGHIRUPDVGLVWLQWDVHQORVVLVWHPDV
IRQROyJLFRVGHDPEDV0LHQWUDVTXHHQFDWDOiQODSUXHEDGHODFRQPXWDFLyQGHPXHVWUD
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[4 Pilar Prieto
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SURSXHVWDVGHOJHQHUDWLYLVPR
Breve historia de la fonología
(VWUXFWXUDOLVPR
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QRPtDGHODVOHQJXDVKXPDQDV3DUWLHQGRGHODGLVWLQFLyQEiVLFDHQWUHlengua\habla,
HVDFRUULHQWHFRQVLGHUDTXHHOREMHWRGHHVWXGLRGHODOLQJtVWLFDGHEHVHUHOVLVWHPD
GHUHJODVFRP~QDWRGRVORVKDEODQWHVGHXQDOHQJXD'HDFXHUGRFRQVXRULHQWDFLyQ
PHWRGROyJLFDODIRQRORJtDHVWUXFWXUDOLVWDKDFHQWUDGRHODQiOLVLVGHORVIRQHPDVHQXQ
HVWXGLRPLQXFLRVRGHODVRSRVLFLRQHVIRQROyJLFDV\VXVSURSLHGDGHV$VtOD¬GHWHUPL
QDFLyQGHODHVWUXFWXUDIRQROyJLFDGHXQDOHQJXDFRQVLVWHHQVLVWHPDWL]DU\GHVFULELU
WDQWRUHODFLRQHVRSRVLWLYDVHQWUHIRQHPDV(relaciones paradigmáticas)FRPRUHODFLR
QHVVHFXHQFLDOHVGHIRQHPDVHQHOGLVFXUVR(relaciones sintagmáticas).(PLOLR$ODUFRV
DSXQWDTXHODIRQRORJtDVHRFXSDGH´LQYHVWLJDUODVGLIHUHQFLDVIyQLFDVDVRFLDGDVFRQ
ODVGLIHUHQFLDVGHVLJQLϧFDFLyQHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRPXWXRGHORVHOHPHQWRVGLIHUHQFLD
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$ODUFRV>@
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ORVGHPiVFRPSRQHQWHVJUDPDWLFDOHVGLYLGLGDHQWDQWDVUDPDVFRPRWXYLHUDODJUD
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IRQRORJtDHVWXGLDtodasODVIXQFLRQHVOLQJtVWLFDVGHODVRSRVLFLRQHVIyQLFDVGHEHUi
VHUVXEGLYLGLGDHQWDQWDVUDPDVFRPRWLHQHODJUDPiWLFDHQHOVHQWLGRTXH6DXVVXUH
GDDHVWHWpUPLQR$GHPiVGHODfonología léxica,KD\SXHVuna fonología morfológica
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ODSRVLELOLGDGGHWHQHUDOJXQRVUDVJRVP~OWLSOHVHQHOFDVRGHUDVJRVTXHVHUHVLVWHQ
DODHVSHFLϧFDFLyQELQDULDFRPRODHVSHFLϧFDFLyQGHDOWXUDYRFiOLFDRGHSXQWRGH
DUWLFXODFLyQFRQVRQiQWLFD
(QORTXHVLJXHVHSUHVHQWDODSURSXHVWDGHFDUDFWHUL]DFLyQGHUDVJRVGH¬63(PDQ
WHQLGDHQJUDQSDUWHSRUHOPRGHORJHQHUDWLYRGHORVDxRVVHWHQWD1RFRPHQWDUHPRV
ODOLVWDH[KDXVWLYDGHORVUDVJRVSURSXHVWRVHQ63(VLQRORVPiVUHOHYDQWHVSDUDOD
GHVFULSFLyQGHORVVRQLGRVGHOHVSDxROSDUDPiVGHWDOOHFRQV~OWHVH&KRPVN\\+DOOH
²(QSULPHUOXJDUORVOODPDGRVrasgos mayoresVLOiELFRFRQVRQiQ
WLFR\UHVRQDQWHSXHGHQGLVWLQJXLUODVFODVHVEiVLFDVGHVRQLGRVYRFDOHVGHVOL]DGDV
OtTXLGDVQDVDOHV\REVWUX\HQWHVFRPRVHYHHQOD7DEOD
7UHV UDVJRV FDUDFWHUL]DQ OD SRVLFLyQ GHO GRUVR GH OD OHQJXD DOWR EDMR
UHWUDtGR\VRQVXϧFLHQWHVSDUDGLVWLQJXLUORVIRQHPDVYRFiOLFRVHQPXFKDVOHQJXDV
/DVLJXLHQWHWDEOD7DEPXHVWUDODmatriz clasi catoriaGHODVFLQFRYRFDOHVGHO
HVSDxRO
[ 10 Pilar Prieto
Tabla 0-1 Los rasgos mayores
Silábico Consonántico Resonante
9RFDOHV ਮ
'HVOL]DGDV ਮ ਮ
/tTXLGDV ਮ
1DVDOHV ਮ
2EVWUX\HQWHV ਮ ਮ
Tabla 0-2 Los rasgos de punto de articulación vocálico
i e a o u
$OWR ਮ ਮ ਮ
%DMR ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ
5HWUDtGR ਮ ਮ
/RVSULQFLSDOHVSXQWRVGHDUWLFXODFLyQGHODVFRQVRQDQWHVVHSXHGHQGLVWLQJXLUDWUDYpV
GHORVVLJXLHQWHVUDVJRV>FRURQDODQWHULRUDOWRUHWUDtGR@\>GLVWULEXLGR@
+DUULV8QDFRQVRQDQWHHV>DQWHULRU@VLVHSURGXFHXQDREVWUXFFLyQdelante
GHODUHJLyQSDODWRDOYHRODUGHODFDYLGDGEXFDOODELDOGHQWDODOYHRODU>FRURQDO@
VLVHDUWLFXODFRQHOSUHGRUVRGHODOHQJXDHOHYDGRGHVGHVXSRVLFLyQQHXWUD\>GLV
WULEXLGD@VLVHSURGXFHXQDFRQVWULFFLyQFRQVLGHUDEOHHQODGLUHFFLyQGHODVDOLGDGHO
DLUHODPLQDO/DVLJXLHQWHPDWUL]FODVLϧFDWRULD7DEGLVWLQJXHDOJXQDVGHODV
FRQVRQDQWHVGHOHVSDxROVHJ~QVXSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQODOLVWDGHFRQVRQDQWHVQR
HVH[KDXVWLYD
/RV UDVJRV >FRQWLQXR HVWULGHQWH VRQRUR@ FDUDFWHUL]DQ HO PRGR GH DUWL
FXODFLyQ GH ODV FRQVRQDQWHV IULFDWLYR DIULFDGR RFOXVLYR \ VRUGR \R VRQRUR 8Q
VRQLGRHVFRQWLQXRFXDQGRHOSDVRGHODLUHQRTXHGDREVWUXLGRHQHODSDUDWRIRQDGRU
HVWULGHQWHFXDQGRDF~VWLFDPHQWHHVPiVUXLGRVRTXHVXVFRQWUDSDUWLGDVQRHVWULGHQ
WHV\VRQRURFXDQGRODVFXHUGDVYRFDOHVYLEUDQGXUDQWHODSURGXFFLyQGHOVRQLGRHQ
FXHVWLyQ/D¬VLJXLHQWHPDWUL]FODVLϧFDWRULD7DEGHVFULEHDOJXQRVGHORVVRQLGRV
GHOHVSDxROVHJ~QVXPRGRGHDUWLFXODFLyQ
)LQDOPHQWHORVUDVJRV>QDVDOODWHUDO@SHUPLWHQGLIHUHQFLDUHQWUHQDVDOHV\
OtTXLGDV(QWUHODVOtTXLGDVHOUDVJR>ODWHUDO@GLVWLQJXHDODVODWHUDOHVGHODVUyWLFDV
<¬HQWUHODVUyWLFDVHOUDVJR>WHQVR@VLUYHSDUDGLVWLQJXLUDODYLEUDQWHVLPSOHGHOD
P~OWLSOH+DUULV
(Q HO VLVWHPD OLQHDO ORV IRQHPDV TXH IRUPDQ HO PRUIHPD XQ GHO HVSDxRO VH
UHSUHVHQWDUtDQDWUDYpVGHORVVLJXLHQWHVUDVJRVGLVWLQWLYRV5DVJRVFRPR>VRQRUR@
R >FRQVRQDQWH@ QR VH LQFOX\HQ HQ OD PDWUL] SRUTXH VH FRQVLGHUDQ UHGXQGDQWHV
Tabla 0-3 Los rasgos de punto de articulación consonántico
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Alveopalatal Palatal Velar

[m,p,b] [ ,] [t,d, ] [ ,n,s, ] [ ] [ ,, ] [k, , ]
&RURQDO ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ
$QWHULRU ਮ ਮ ਮ
$OWR ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ
5HWUDtGR ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ
'LVWULEXLGR ਮ ਮ
Tabla 0-4 Los rasgos de modo de articulación consonántico
Oclusiva Oclusiva A ricada Fricativa Fricativa Apro imante

sorda sonora sorda sorda sonora sonora
[p,t,k] [b,d, ] [ ] [ ] [s] [ ] [ , , ]
&RQWLQXR ਮ ਮ ਮ
6RQRUR ਮ ਮ ਮ
(VWULGHQWH ਮ ਮ ਮ
La fonología
11 ]
[ 12 Pilar Prieto
HV¬GHFLUODVYRFDOHV\ODVFRQVRQDQWHVQDVDOHVWLHQHQVLHPSUHHODWULEXWR>VRQRUR@
\¬HQHVHVHQWLGRODVRQRULGDGHVXQUDVJRUHGXQGDQWH&DEHUHPDUFDUTXHODUHSUHVHQ
WDFLyQLOXVWUDWLYDFRQWLHQHWRGDYtDDOJXQRVUDVJRVUHGXQGDQWHVFRPRHOFDVR
GH>ਮEDMR@SDUDOD>X@(OWHPDGHODUHGXQGDQFLDGHUDVJRVVHWUDWDHQODWHRUtDGH
ODVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQ
Ejemplo 0-3 Representación lineal del morfema /un/ como dos matrices de rasgos.
X Q¬
਑ DOWR ਔ ਑ FRURQDO ਔ
਒ ਮEDMR ਕ ਒ DQWHULRU ਕ
ਓ UHWUDtGR ਖ ਒ ਮDOWR ਕ
਒ ਮUHWUDtGR ਕ
ਓ GLVWULEXLGR ਖ
/DUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHORVIRQHPDVDWUDYpVGHXQDPDWUL]GHUDVJRVGLVWLQWLYRVWLHQH
YDULDVYHQWDMDV(QSULPHUOXJDUSHUPLWHVLVWHPDWL]DUODVSURSLHGDGHVIyQLFDVHPSOHD
GDVSDUDODGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHIRQHPDV\SRUFRQVLJXLHQWHSRVLELOLWDTXHODH[SUHVLyQ
GHODVUHJODVIRQROyJLFDVSXHGDIRUPDOL]DUVHGHIRUPDPiVQDWXUDO(QVHJXQGROXJDU
RIUHFHXQDPRWLYDFLyQGHOSRUTXpORVVRQLGRVWLHQGHQDDJUXSDUVHHQFODVHVQDWXUDOHV
RFRQMXQWRVTXHFRPSDUWHQFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVIRQpWLFDVRUDVJRVGLVWLQWLYRV\DSDUWLFLSDU
HQXQDPLVPDFODVHGHUHJODVIRQROyJLFDV
$OJXQDVGHODVFUtWLFDVDOVLVWHPDUHSUHVHQWDFLRQDOSURSXHVWRSRU63(SURYRFDURQ
ODLQWURGXFFLyQGHQXHYRVVLVWHPDVGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ3RUXQODGRODWHRUtDDXWRVHJ
PHQWDOFULWLFyODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQOLQHDOGHORVIRQHPDVHQKDFHVGHUDVJRVGHVRUGHQDGRV
SURSXHVWDSRU63(HVHWLSRGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQQRGDEDFXHQWDGHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGH
FLHUWRVUDVJRVHQUHJODVIRQROyJLFDVSRUHMHPSORTXHORVUDVJRVGHSXQWRGHDUWLFXOD
FLyQVHFRPSRUWHQFRPRJUXSRVQDWXUDOHV3RURWURODGRODVSURSXHVWDVGHODVWHRUtDV
PpWULFD\SURVyGLFDUHLYLQGLFDURQODSUHVHQFLDGHXQLGDGHVSURVyGLFDVFRPRODVtODED
RHOSLH\DTXHVXLQWURGXFFLyQHQHOVLVWHPDGHUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVVLPSOLϧFDEDVLJQL
ϧFDWLYDPHQWHHOFRPSRQHQWHGHUHJODV2EMHWRGHFUtWLFDVKDVLGRWDPELpQODVXSXHVWD
ELQDULHGDGGHORVUDVJRVJHQHUDOPHQWHXQRGHORVYDORUHVGHOUDVJRHVUHGXQGDQWH\
QRVHXVDHQUHJODVFRPRHQHOFDVRGHOUDVJR>ਮQDVDO@\ODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHODFHQWR
TXHGLϧHUHEDVWDQWHGHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVHJPHQWDO
Reglas y procesos fonológicos
/DVUHJODVVRQRSHUDFLRQHVTXHDIHFWDQDOJ~QUDVJRRJUXSRGHUDVJRVGHXQIRQHPD
REWHQLHQGRRELHQXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQIRQROyJLFDLQWHUPHGLDRXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQIRQp
WLFDϧQDO/DVUHJODVGHOWLSR63(FRQVWDQGHXQDdescripción estructuralR¬GHVFULSFLyQ
La fonología 13 ]
GHOFRQWH[WRHQODUHJOD\XQcambio estructuralRHVSHFLϧFDFLyQGHOWLSRGHFDPELR

TXHSURGXFHODUHJOD7DQWRORVVHJPHQWRVTXHVHYHQDIHFWDGRVSRUHOSURFHVRFRPR
HOFRQWH[WRTXHORSURGXFHVHVXHOHQUHSUHVHQWDUXWLOL]DQGR~QLFDPHQWHHOUDVJRR
FRQMXQWRGHUDVJRVTXHSHUPLWHQLGHQWLϧFDUHOFRQMXQWRGHVRQLGRVHQFXHVWLyQ8WL
OLFHPRVODVLJXLHQWHUHJODIRQROyJLFDHQFRPRHMHPSOR
Ejemplo 0-4
>YRFDO@ ఩ >ODUJR@ ಣಣ ਑ FRQVRQiQWLFR ਔ

ਓ VRQRUR ਖ
/DUHJODDQWHULRUIRUPDOL]DXQSURFHVRIRQROyJLFRGHDODUJDPLHQWRYRFiOLFRTXHVH
SURGXFHFXDQGRODYRFDOSUHFHGHDXQDFRQVRQDQWHVRQRUDXQHMHPSORSRVLEOHVHUtD
ODVHFXHQFLDVXE\DFHQWHSDQTXHVHFRQYHUWLUtDHQ>SD৸Q@(OFDPELRHVWUXFWXUDO
VLWXDGRHQWUHODϩHFKD\ODEDUUDREOLFXDUHSUHVHQWDHOFDPELRGHUDVJRTXHSUR
GXFHODUHJODODϩHFKDVHSXHGHOHHUFRPR´VHOHDVLJQDµ\ODEDUUDREOLFXDFRPR´HQ¬HO
FRQWH[WRGHµ'HVSXpVGHOVtPERORBBBDSDUHFHODGHVFULSFLyQHVWUXFWXUDOHVGHFLU
OD¬GHVFULSFLyQGHOFRQWH[WROLQJtVWLFRTXHSURGXFHHOFDPELRHVWUXFWXUDO
(QDOJXQRVGLDOHFWRVGHOHVSDxROSURFHVRVFRPRODYHODUL]DFLyQGHQDVDOHV\OD
DVSLUDFLyQGHVLELODQWHVDIHFWDQDQDVDOHV\VLELODQWHVHQSRVLFLyQGHFRGDVLOiELFD
HJLo e>‫@غ‬contró en la estació>‫@غ‬E>K@de¬Avilé>K@/DIRUPDOL]DFLyQGHOSURFHVR
GHYHODUL]DFLyQHQHOPRGHORGH¬63(SRGUtDVHUXQDUHJODFRPRODGH&RPR
63(QRUHFRQRFHH[SOtFLWDPHQWHODXQLGDGVLOiELFDODVUHJODVVHJPHQWDOHVGHHVRVGRV
SURFHVRVGHEHQHVSHFLϧFDUORVGRVSRVLEOHVFRQWH[WRVTXHFRQGXFHQDODDSOLFDFLyQGH
ODUHJODDQWHFRQVRQDQWH\RDQWHIURQWHUDGHSDODEUD´&µ\´µUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
YpDVHWDPELpQODSURSXHVWDGH¬*XLWDUW
Ejemplo 0-5
>QDVDO@ ఩ ਑ ਮFRURQDO ਔ ಣಣ  & 

਒ ਮDQWHULRU ਕ
ਓ DOWR ਖ
3DUD H[SUHVDU GH IRUPD PiV VLPSOH DOJXQRV SURFHVRV GH DVLPLODFLyQ VH HPSH]y D
H[WHQGHUHOXVRGHYDULDEOHVHQODIRUPDOL]DFLyQGHUHJODVGHOWLSR63(¬(QVH
PXHVWUDODUHJODGHDVLPLODFLyQGHSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQGHQDVDOHVHQHVSDxROSUR
SXHVWDSRU+DUULVYpDQVHORVHMHPSORVSHUWLQHQWHVHQ>@&XDOTXLHU
QDVDODQWHFRQVRQDQWH>ਮUHVRQDQWH@FDPELDORVVLJXLHQWHVUDVJRVFRURQDODQWHULRU
UHWUDtGR\GLVWULEXLGR/DVYDULDEOHVDOIDEHWDGHOWDJDPPDDQWHORVUDVJRVGHSXQWR
GHDUWLFXODFLyQQRVLQGLFDQTXHORVYDORUHV´µR´ਮµTXHDGTXLULUiQHVRVUDVJRV
FRLQFLGLUiQFRQORVYDORUHVGHHVRVUDVJRVHQODFRQVRQDQWHREVWUX\HQWHTXHOHVLJXH
[ 14 Pilar Prieto
Ejemplo 0-6 Regla de asimilación de nasales en español peninsular (Harris 1969:12)
>QDVDO@ ఩ ਑ ǓFRURQDO ਔ ಣಣ ਑ ਮUHVRQDQWH ਔ

਒ ɕDQWHULRU ਕ ਒ ǓFRURQDO ਕ
਒ ˑUHWUDtGR ਕ ਒ ɕDQWHULRU ਕ
ਓ ࣤGLVWULEXLGR ਖ ਒ ˑUHWUDtGR ਕ
ਓ ࣤGLVWULEXLGR ਖ
&RPRPHQFLRQiUDPRVDQWHULRUPHQWHHOPRGHORJHQHUDWLYRFRQFLEHHOFRPSRQHQWH
IRQROyJLFRFRPRXQDVHULHGHUHJODVRUGHQDGDVTXHWUDQVIRUPDQXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
VXE\DFHQWHODVDOLGDGHOFRPSRQHQWHVLQWiFWLFRR(6HQXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQRIRUPD
IRQpWLFD )) &KRPVN\ \ +DOOH SURSRQHQ TXH ODV UHJODV IRQROyJLFDV VH
DSOLFDQGHXQDPLVPDIRUPD\TXHFRUUHVSRQGHDOOLQJLVWDGHVFXEULUHOIXQFLRQD
PLHQWR JHQHUDO GH OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH ODV UHJODV (VH IXQFLRQDPLHQWR D VX YH] GHEH
FRUUHVSRQGHUVHFRQFRQGLFLRQHVXQLYHUVDOHVGHODWHRUtDOLQJtVWLFD6HJ~Q63(ODV
UHJODVVHDSOLFDQRUGHQDGD\FtFOLFDPHQWHHQODGHULYDFLyQVLJXLHQGRHOOODPDGRciclo
transformacional.(QSULPHUOXJDUHOFRPSRQHQWHVLQWiFWLFRJHQHUDXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
VXSHUϧFLDOTXHLQFOX\HIURQWHUDVPRUIHPiWLFDV/DVHFXHQFLDGHUHJODVIRQROyJLFDV
VHDSOLFDFtFOLFDPHQWH\DIHFWDSULPHURDORVHOHPHQWRVLQFOXLGRVHQODVIURQWHUDV
PiVLQWHUQDVTXHVHHOLGHQGHVSXpVGHHVWHSURFHVR(VDaplicación cíclicaVHUHSLWH
VXFHVLYDPHQWHKDVWDTXHVHHQFXHQWUDHOGRPLQLRIRQROyJLFRPiVDOWR&KRPVN\\
+DOOH/DVFRQVHFXHQFLDVGHODDSOLFDFLyQGHODVUHJODVHQHOFLFORWUDQVIRU
PDFLRQDOVHSXHGHQREVHUYDUSRUHMHPSORFRQORVSDUHVGHOLQJOpVcomp≯@nsation\
cond>͑@nsation./DQRUHGXFFLyQGHOD>͑@HQODSDODEUDcondensationVHH[SOLFDSRUTXH
ODUHJODGHDVLJQDFLyQGHDFHQWRSULPDULRVHKDDSOLFDGRHQHOSULPHUFLFORGHODSDOD
EUDFI¬con dense),OR¬TXHQRSHUPLWHODDSOLFDFLyQGHODUHJODGHUHGXFFLyQYRFiOLFD
HQFLFORVSRVWHULRUHVHQFDPELROD≯@GHODSDODEUDcompensationVXIUHUHGXFFLyQ
YRFiOLFDSRUTXHODDVLJQDFLyQGHDFHQWRSULPDULRTXHVHDSOLFDHQHOSULPHUFLFORKD
DFHQWXDGRODSULPHUDVtODEDGH compen sate.$VtHODFHQWRSURYHQLHQWHGHODDSOLFDFLyQ
FtFOLFDGHODUHJODGHDVLJQDFLyQGHDFHQWRSULPDULREORTXHDODUHGXFFLyQYRFiOLFDVyOR
HQHOFDVRGHcondensation&KRPVN\\+DOOH
$OJXQDVGHODVFUtWLFDVDOPRGHORVHJPHQWDOGH¬63(FRQGXMHURQDODLQWURGXFFLyQ
GHODWHRUtDDXWRVHJPHQWDO3RUXQDSDUWHHOH[FHVLYRSRGHUGHJHQHUDFLyQGHODV
UHJODVGHOWLSR63(KDFtDTXHVHFRQVLGHUDUDQWDQQDWXUDOHVODDVLPLODFLyQGHQDVDOLGDG
SURFHVRPX\FRP~QHQPXFKDVOHQJXDVFRPRPHFDQLVPRVIRQROyJLFRVWDQLQYH
URVtPLOHVFRPRODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGH>V@HQ>O@DQWHODFRQVRQDQWH>I@$PERVFDVRV
LPSOLFDQHOPLVPRPHFDQLVPRIRQROyJLFRHQ63(TXHHVXQDUHJODGHFDPELRGHXQ
UDVJRGLVWLQWLYR3RURWUDSDUWHWDPELpQVHFULWLFyODIDOWDGHQDWXUDOLGDGFRQTXHVH
La fonología 15 ]
H[SUHVDEDQSURFHVRVIRQROyJLFRVWDQFRPXQHVFRPRODDVLPLODFLyQGHSXQWRGHDUWLFX
ODFLyQGHQDVDOHV)LQDOPHQWHODHVSHFLϧFLGDGHQODRUGHQDFLyQGHUHJODVIXHRWUDGH
ODVFUtWLFDVDHVWHPRGHORHOPRGRGHDSOLFDFLyQGHODVUHJODV\VXLQWHUDFFLyQFRQOD
PRUIRORJtDKDQVLGRUHYLVDGRHQPRGHORVSRVWHULRUHVHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQODSURSXHVWD
GHODIRQRORJtDOp[LFD3DUDXQDH[SOLFDFLyQPiVGHWDOODGDGHHVWDHYROXFLyQYpDVH
HOFDStWXOR
La fonología autosegmental y la fonología métrica
5HSUHVHQWDFLRQHV\UHJODV
/Dfonología autosegmental\ODfonología métrica,WDPELpQOODPDGDVfonologías no linea-

les,FXHVWLRQDQHOWUDWDPLHQWRGHODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVIRQROyJLFDVHQXQVRORQLYHO
FRPRHOSURSXHVWRSRU63(\DERJDQSRUODMHUDUTXL]DFLyQGHORVUDVJRVVHJPHQWDOHV
UDVJRVGLVWLQWLYRV\XQLGDGHVVXSUDVHJPHQWDOHVVtODEDSLHPpWULFRHWF/D¬RUJDQL
]DFLyQMHUiUTXLFDGHORVUDVJRVWLHQHHOREMHWLYRGHH[SUHVDUODVDJUXSDFLRQHV\GHSHQ
GHQFLDVTXHHVWRVPDQLϧHVWDQHQRSHUDFLRQHVIRQROyJLFDV-RKQ*ROGVPLWK
IXHXQRGHORVSULPHURVIRQyORJRVHQREVHUYDUTXHDOJXQRVUDVJRVVHFRPSRUWDEDQGH
IRUPDLQGHSHQGLHQWHHQFLHUWDVDVLPLODFLRQHVWRQDOHV\DUPRQtDVYRFiOLFDV3URSXVR
TXHHVWHFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVHSRGtDH[SOLFDUGHIRUPDVHQFLOODPHGLDQWHXQDMHUDUTXtD
GHORVUDVJRVTXHSHUPLWLHUDUHIHULUVHDHOORVSRUVHSDUDGR$VtSXHVSURFHVRVFRPR
ODDVLPLODFLyQSRGtDQLQWHUSUHWDUVHFRPRODH[WHQVLyQGHXQUDVJRRJUXSRGHUDVJRV
GHXQVHJPHQWRKDVWDRWUR&RQODLQGHSHQGHQFLDIXQFLRQDOGHORVUDVJRV\GHODVXQL
GDGHVSURVyGLFDVVHFRQVHJXtDH[SOLFDUSRUTXpFLHUWRVSURFHVRVIRQROyJLFRVVRQPiV
QDWXUDOHV\FRPXQHVTXHRWURVDVtFRPRODXQLIRUPL]DFLyQHQODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHORV
UDVJRVVHJPHQWDOHV\VXSUDVHJPHQWDOHV(QHVWDVHFFLyQUHYLVDUHPRVORVDUJXPHQWRV
TXHOOHYDURQDODSURSXHVWDGHODMHUDUTXtDGHORVUDVJRVGLVWLQWLYRV\DOJXQDVGHVXV
KLSyWHVLV5HIHULPRVDOOHFWRUDORVFDStWXORV\GRQGHVHH[SRQHQFRQPiVGHWDOOH
HVWRVPRGHORVIRQRORJtDDXWRVHJPHQWDO\IRQRORJtDPpWULFDUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
3DUWLHQGRGHODLGHDGH¬*ROGVPLWK*HRUJH¬1&OHPHQWVSURSXVRTXHHVRV
UDVJRVLQGHSHQGLHQWHVSRGtDQVHURUJDQL]DGRVHQORVJUXSRVTXHVHSUHVHQWDQHQ
VHJ~Q VX FRPSRUWDPLHQWR WtSLFR HQ UHJODV IRQROyJLFDV 6X SURSXHVWD IXH OODPDGD
geometría de rasgos./DVDEUHYLDFLRQHVXVDGDVDFRQWLQXDFLyQVRQODVVLJXLHQWHV/
UDVJRVODUtQJHRV6/ UDVJRVVXSUDODUtQJHRV3$ SXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQGLVWU
GLVWULEXLGRDQW DQWHULRUFRQV FRQVRQiQWLFRUHVRQ UHVRQDQWHFRQW FRQWL
QXRFRQVW FXHUGDVYRFDOHVFRQVWUHxLGDVGLVW FXHUGDVYRFDOHVGLVWHQGLGDVSRVW¬
SRVWHULRUUHG UHGRQGHDGR
[ 16 Pilar Prieto
Ejemplo 0-7 (Clements 1985)
5Dt]
FRQVW
GLVW
VRQ 6/
5DVJRVGHPRGR 3$
FRQW
QDV FRU
HVWU DQW
UHVRQ GLVWU
FRQV ODE
ODW EDMR UHG SRVW DOWR
/RVDUJXPHQWRVSDUDODSRVWXODFLyQGHXQUDVJR\GHVXVGHSHQGHQFLDVHQODMHUDU
TXtD VH EDVDQ HQ VX IXQFLyQ IRQROyJLFD (VWR HV ORV UDVJRV TXH VH DJUXSDQ HQ XQ
QRGRIRUPDQXQJUXSRQDWXUDOTXHVHLGHQWLϧFDSRUPHGLRGHUHJODVIRQROyJLFDVTXH
H[WLHQGHQHOLGHQRGHVDVRFLDQUDVJRV3RUHMHPSORHQWUHORVSURFHVRVIRQROyJLFRVTXH
HYLGHQFLDQODH[LVWHQFLDGHOQRGRVXSUDODUtQJHR6/VHKDQFLWDGRYDULRVSURFHVRVGH
GHVDVRFLDFLyQGHUDVJRVFRPRODDVSLUDFLyQGHIULFDWLYDVVRUGDVHQFRGDVLOiELFDHQOD
YDULHGDGDQGDOX]DGHOHVSDxRO6HJ~Q&OHPHQWVHVWHSURFHVRSXHGHVHULQWHUSUHWDGR
FRPRXQDVLPSOHGHVDVRFLDFLyQGHORVUDVJRVVXSUDODUtQJHRVMXQWRDOPDQWHQLPLHQWR
GHODVSURSLHGDGHVODUtQJHDVFRPRREVHUYDPRVHQ
Ejemplo 0-8 Desasociación del nodo SL en la variedad andaluza del español
6LQJXODU 3OXUDO 5Dt]

ve>K@ ve>V@es
me>K@ me>V@es L 6/
La fonología 17 ]
/DH[LVWHQFLDGHOQRGRGHSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQ3$\VXLQGHSHQGHQFLDGHRWURV
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Velo
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Cavidad Nasal
Úvula
Cavidad Oral
Dientes Lengua
Dorso Faringe
Corona
Labios Raíz
Ápice
Cuerdas Vocales
Laringe
Figura 1-1 Los órganos del habla.
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1.2. Clasificación de los sonidos
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\>ɬ@FDUGLQDOHV2EYLDPHQWHODSRVLFLyQH[DFWDGHFDGDHOHPHQWRGHQWURGHOHVSDFLR
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HQWUHOD>D@\OD>H@FDUGLQDOHVSHURPiVFHUFDQRDOD>D@TXHDOD>H@XQKDEODQWH
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Frontal Central Posterior
Alto i u
Medio
e o
Medio-bajo
Bajo a
Figura 1 2 Las vocales del español sobre el triángulo de las vocales

cardinales.
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GLIHUHQFLDVGHDUWLFXODFLyQLQKHUHQWHVDFDGDYRFDO3RUHMHPSORFRPRGHPXHVWUD
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\EUHYHV(Q¬WRGDVODVYDULHGDGHVGHOHVSDxROPRGHUQRHVWHFRQWUDVWHVHKDSHUGLGR
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1.2.2.2.1 Grado de constricción

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/DYLEUDFLyQJORWDOHVSHUFHSWLEOHFXDQGRVHFRPELQDFRQODIULFFLyQVXSUDJORWDOVLQ
HPEDUJRQRDxDGHQDGDDODSHUFHSWLELOLGDGLQKHUHQWHGHODFRQVRQDQWHIULFDWLYD8QD
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHOHVSDxROHVTXHQRWLHQHFRQVRQDQWHVIULFDWLYDVVRQRUDVHQHOLQYHQWDULR
FRQVRQiQWLFRVLQFUyQLFR/DVIULFDWLYDVVRQRUDVHUDQD~QSDUWHGHODOHQJXDHQHOVXEVLV
WHPDGHODVVLELODQWHVKDVWDORVVLVWHPDVPHGLHYDOHVWDUGtRVSHURDFDEDURQSHUGLpQGRVH
HQXQSURFHVRVLVWHPiWLFRGHHQVRUGHFLPLHQWRYpDQVH/OR\G%UDGOH\\'HOIRUJH
E(QODDFWXDOLGDGODV~QLFDVIULFDWLYDVVRQRUDVTXHDSDUHFHQVRQH[FOXVLYDPHQWH
DOyIRQRVFRQWH[WXDOHVGHODVRFOXVLYDVVRQRUDV(VRTXLHUHGHFLUTXHODVIULFDWLYDVVRQR
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Oclusivas.಩6RQODVFRQVRQDQWHVFRQXQJUDGRPi[LPRGHFRQVWULFFLyQRUDO3XHVWR
TXHODDSUR[LPDFLyQGHORVDUWLFXODGRUHVHVWRWDO\TXHHOYHORVHPDQWLHQHVXELGR
FHUUDQGRHOSDVRGHODLUHDODFDYLGDGQDVDOVHSURGXFHXQEORTXHRWHPSRUDOHQOD
VDOLGDGHODLUH&RPRHOLPSXOVRGHORVSXOPRQHVQRVHGHWLHQHGXUDQWHHVWHEORTXHR
HOUHVXOWDGRHVXQDXPHQWRGHODSUHVLyQGHWUiVGHOSXQWRGRQGHORVDUWLFXODGRUHV
HQWUDQHQFRQWDFWR/RTXHVHSHUFLEHHQHVWRVVRQLGRVHVODDXVHQFLDPRPHQWiQHDGH
VRQLGR\ODV~ELWDH[SORVLyQTXHVHSURGXFHDOOLEHUDUHODLUHDWUDSDGR
,JXDO TXH FRQ ODV IULFDWLYDV HO REMHWLYR HQ HVWRV VRQLGRV QR HV HO GH SURGXFLU
UHVRQDQFLDVVREUHODEDVHGHXQDYLEUDFLyQRWXUEXOHQFLDSUHYLDHQHOiUHDGHODJOR
WLV6RQSHUFHSWLEOHVDXQTXHODVFXHUGDVYRFDOHVHVWpQFRPSOHWDPHQWHUHODMDGDV/DV
RFOXVLYDVWDPELpQSXHGHQVHUVRUGDVRVRQRUDVSHURKD\TXHVHxDODUTXHODSHUFHS
WLELOLGDGGHODYLEUDFLyQGHODVFXHUGDVYRFDOHVVHYHDWHQXDGDFRPRUHVXOWDGRGHOD
RFOXVLyQPRPHQWiQHDHQODFDYLGDGRUDO(VDLQFRPSDWLELOLGDGGHODVRFOXVLYDVFRQOD
VRQRULGDGSXHGHYHUVHUHϩHMDGDHQSURFHVRVGHDODUJDPLHQWRIRQpWLFRFRPSHQVDWRULR
GHODVYRFDOHVDQWHRFOXVLYDVVRQRUDVFRPRHQLQJOpVRHQODHVSLUDQWL]DFLyQGHODV
RFOXVLYDVVRQRUDVFRPRHQHVSDxRO
/DVFRQVRQDQWHVRFOXVLYDVGHOHVSDxROVRQSFRPRHQpatoW ૧HQtodo,NHQ
cada,EHQbala,G૧HQdama\СHQgamo.(QHOHVSDxROFRPRHQODJUDQPD\R
UtDGHODVOHQJXDVSXHGHRtUVHODRFOXVLYDJORWDO>প@DXQTXHQRHVFRQWUDVWLYD(VHO
VRQLGRR¬PiVELHQODDXVHQFLDGHVRQLGRTXHVHSHUFLEHHQWUHODVGRVYRFDOHVHQOD
QHJDFLyQ>DপD@RHQODH[SUHVLyQGHDGPLUDFLyQWtSLFDGHORVQLxRV>RপR@FRQXQD
VHJXQGDYRFDOEDVWDQWHODUJD\HQWRQDFLyQWtSLFDPHQWHGHVFHQGHQWH/DVRFOXVLYDV
VRQRUDVWLHQHQORVDOyIRQRVDSUR[LPDQWHV>ɕ૊˓૊࣢૊@/RVDOyIRQRVRFOXVLYRVDSDUHFHQ
GHWUiVGHQDVDORSDXVD\ORVDSUR[LPDQWHVHQORVGHPiVFDVRV/DH[FHSFLyQDHVWD
JHQHUDOL]DFLyQDIHFWDDODG૧TXHGHWUiVGHOHVRFOXVLYD
Nasales.಩$OLJXDOTXHHQODVRFOXVLYDVHQODVFRQVRQDQWHVQDVDOHVKD\XQDWRWDO
REVWUXFFLyQGHODFDYLGDGRUDO6LQHPEDUJRHQODVFRQVRQDQWHVQDVDOHVOD~YXODGHV
FLHQGHVHSDUiQGRVHGHODSDUHGIDUtQJHD\HVWRFUHDXQDDSHUWXUDTXHSHUPLWHTXHHO
DLUHHVFDSHSRUODFDYLGDGQDVDO/DFDYLGDGQDVDODOHVWDUOOHQDGHPHPEUDQDVDFW~D
FRPRXQDVRUGLQDTXHDPRUWLJXDHOVRQLGRGiQGROHDVtODFDOLGDGWtSLFDPHQWHQDVDO
TXHHVFXFKDPRVHQP mano,Q nana\‫ ص‬caña.6LOD~YXODVHEDMDSHURQRKD\
XQDRFOXVLyQHQODFDYLGDGRUDOVHSURGXFHXQDYRFDOQDVDOFRPRODVGHOSRUWXJXpV
RGHOIUDQFpV(QHVSDxROODVYRFDOHVTXHSUHFHGHQDODVFRQVRQDQWHVQDVDOHVSXHGHQ
SURQXQFLDUVHFRQFLHUWDQDVDOL]DFLyQSHMn>m@na
Africadas.಩/DVDIULFDGDVSXHGHQYHUVHFRPRXQDFRPELQDFLyQGHXQDRFOXVLYD\
XQDIULFDWLYD6XDUWLFXODFLyQHPSLH]DFRQXQFLHUUHWRWDOGHOFRQGXFWRRUDOFRPR
HQODVRFOXVLYDVSHURODDSHUWXUDQRHVV~ELWDVLQRTXHODDUWLFXODFLyQVHGHVOL]DD
XQJUDGRGHFRQVWULFFLyQOLJHUDPHQWHLQIHULRUTXHDOPDQWHQHUVHSURGXFHXQDIULF
FLyQ 3DUD UHIHULUQRV D OD JHQHUDOLGDG GHO HVSDxRO PRGHUQR OD~QLFD DIULFDGD TXH
HPSOHDPRVDTXtHV>߿@FRPRHQnoche,PLHQWUDVXVDPRVODRFOXVLYDSDODWDO>թ@FRPR
YDULDQWHGHOIRQHPDթGHVSXpVGHSDXVD\GHQDVDOFRPRHQODVUHVSHFWLYDVyemaH
inyección.(Q¬ORVGHPiVFRQWH[WRVSDUDPXFKRVGLDOHFWRVDSDUHFHODYDULDQWHIULFD
WLYD>բ@(Q¬RWUDVOHQJXDVVLQHPEDUJRRLQFOXVRHQHWDSDVSUHYLDVGHOHVSDxROODV
SRVLELOLGDGHVGHODVDIULFDGDVVRQRHUDQPD\RUHV
LaU múltiple.಩/DYLEUDQWHP~OWLSOHHVHVHQFLDOPHQWHVLPLODUDODYLEUDQWHVLPSOH
FRQODGLIHUHQFLDGHTXHVXHOHWHQHUPiVGHXQDYLEUDFLyQ(QODSURQXQFLDFLyQGH
HVWHVRQLGRODFRURQDVHDSUR[LPDDORVDOYHRORV\VHSRQHHQWHQVLyQ(OiSLFHVH
PDQWLHQHFRQXQDWHQVLyQPHQRUGHIRUPDTXHRIUH]FDXQDOHYHUHVLVWHQFLDDOSDVR
GHODLUH(VWDUHVLVWHQFLDKDFHTXHODSUHVLyQGHWUiVGHODOHQJXDDXPHQWH&XDQGR
ODSUHVLyQDXPHQWDORVXϧFLHQWHHOiSLFHVHGHVSOD]DKDFLDDEDMRSHURQRODFRURQD
GDGRTXHHVWDSDUWHGHODOHQJXDHVWiPiVWHQVD(ODLUHSXHGHHQWRQFHVHVFDSDU
\FRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDODSUHVLyQGHWUiVGHODOHQJXDVHUHGXFH&XDQGRODIXHU]DGHO
iSLFHHVGHQXHYRVXSHULRUDODSUHVLyQHOiSLFHYXHOYHDFHUUDUHOSDVRGHODLUH\VH
LQLFLDXQQXHYRFLFOR/DVXFHVLyQUiSLGDGHHVWRVFLFORVFUHDODYLEUDFLyQP~OWLSOH
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHOD>U@HQODVSDODEUDVRamón\carro.
/DGLVWULEXFLyQGHOD>‫\@ޞ‬OD>U@HQHVSDxROHVFRPSOHPHQWDULDHQWRGRVORVFRQ
WH[WRVH[FHSWRHQWUHYRFDOHVGRQGHHVWRVGRVVRQLGRVSDUHFHQFRQWUDVWDUFRPROR
GHPXHVWUDQSDUHVPtQLPRVGHOWLSRcorro/coro.(VWRKDFHTXHGHEDPRVSODQWHDUQRVVL
VHWUDWDGHGRVIRQHPDVFRQWUDVWLYRVRGHDOyIRQRVGHXQPLVPRIRQHPD3RUXQDSDUWH
HVWRVGRVVRQLGRVGDQOXJDUDSDUHVPtQLPRVFRPRORVIRQHPDVSHURSRURWUDHQOD
PD\RUtDGHORVFRQWH[WRVWLHQHQXQDGLVWULEXFLyQFRPSOHPHQWDULDFRPRORVDOyIRQRV
8QDSRVLFLyQPX\IUHFXHQWHHQHVWHPRPHQWRSHURQRDFHSWDGDSRUDOJXQRVIRQyORJRV
YpDVHHOFDStWXORHVODGHGDUSRUVHQWDGRTXHKD\XQVyORIRQHPDVXE\DFHQWH\
TXHODVGLIHUHQWHVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHVFRQWH[WXDOHVVHGHULYDQDEDVHGHUHJODVPLHQWUDV
TXHHOFRQWUDVWHLQWHUYRFiOLFRUHVXOWDGHSUHHVSHFLϧFDUXQDXQLGDGH[WUDGHWLHPSR
+DUULV1~xH]&HGHxR*XLWDUW
1.2.2.2.2 Punto de articulación

+DVWDDTXtKHPRVDQDOL]DGRGLVWLQWRVPRGRVGHDUWLFXODFLyQVHJ~QVXJUDGRGHFRQV
WULFFLyQ6LQHPEDUJRHOPLVPRJUDGRGHFRQVWULFFLyQVHSHUFLELUiFRPRXQVRQLGR
GLVWLQWRFXDQGRVHDUWLFXOHFRQHOiSLFHFRQWUDORVGLHQWHVRFRQHOGRUVRFRQWUDHO
YHOR3RUHMHPSORVLFRQVLGHUDPRVXQDRFOXVLyQHQHOSULPHUFDVRWHQGUHPRVW ૧\
HOVHJXQGRNRVLVHWUDWDGHXQDIULFDWLYD‫([\ۏ‬OFRQWUDVWHHQWUHHVWRVSDUHV
HVGHSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQ(OSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQVHGHWHUPLQDFRQUHVSHFWRDO
DUWLFXODGRUSDVLYRDOTXHHODUWLFXODGRUDFWLYRWRFDRVHDSUR[LPD6HJ~QVXSXQWRGH
DUWLFXODFLyQODVFRQVRQDQWHVVHFODVLϧFDQGHOPRGRVLJXLHQWH
Labiales.಩6RQVRQLGRVDUWLFXODGRVFRQWUDHOODELRVXSHULRUS Pedro,E ven\
P mamáWLHQHQHVWHSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQ>ɕ૊@habaHVXQDYDULDQWHDORIyQLFDGH
E 'LDOHFWDOPHQWH SXHGH HQFRQWUDUVH >‫ @ݡ‬FRPR UHVXOWDGR GH DVLPLODFLyQ HQ YR]
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Labiodentales.಩6H DUWLFXODQ FRQ HO ODELR LQIHULRU FRQWUD ORV GLHQWHV VXSHULRUHV
/D¬ODELRGHQWDOSRUH[FHOHQFLDHQHVSDxROHVISHURSRUDVLPLODFLyQGHXQDQDVDOD
ISXHGHWDPELpQSURGXFLUVHXQDODELRGHQWDOQDVDO>؇@8QDDXVHQFLDGHVWDFDEOH
HVODGHODODELRGHQWDOIULFDWLYD\VRQRUDYSHURKD\TXHQRWDUTXHHVWRQRHVXQD
SDUWLFXODULGDGGHODVODELRGHQWDOHVVLQRTXHSXHGHH[WHQGHUVHDWRGDVODVIULFDWLYDV
VRQRUDVHQWRGRVORVSXQWRVGHDUWLFXODFLyQ(QHOHVSDxROGHODHGDGPHGLDKDEtDXQD
IULFDWLYDODELRGHQWDOVRQRUDTXHHQODDFWXDOLGDGVHR\HHQHOHVSDxROGHORV(VWDGRV
8QLGRV\HQFDVRVGHXOWUDFRUUHFFLyQPRWLYDGRVSRUHOFRQVHUYDGXULVPRRUWRJUiϧFR
Interdentales.಩6HDUWLFXODQFRORFDQGRHOiSLFHHQWUHORVLQFLVLYRVVXSHULRUHVHLQIH
ULRUHV4XL]iVGHELGRDTXHORVGLHQWHVSXHGHQGLϧFXOWDUODRFOXVLyQHQFDVRGHXQ
DOLQHDPLHQWRPX\LPSHUIHFWRRSRUSRGHUSHUGHUVHFRQODHGDGRGHELGRDDFFLGHQWHV
ORFLHUWRHVTXHODVRFOXVLYDVLQWHUGHQWDOHVDOLJXDOTXHODVODELRGHQWDOHVQRVRQQDGD
FRPXQHV/RVVRQLGRVFRQVRQiQWLFRVTXHVHDUWLFXODQFRQWUDODSXQWDGHORVLQFLVLYRV
VRQH[FOXVLYDPHQWHIULFDWLYRV(OVRQLGRLQWHUGHQWDOPiVFRQRFLGRGHOHVSDxROHV>‫@ۏ‬
SHURKD\TXHQRWDUTXHHQODPD\RUtDGHORVGLDOHFWRVGHOHVSDxROHVWHVRQLGRVHKD
SHUGLGRDOFRQIXQGLUVHFRQ>V@HQXQDGHODVϧQDOHVHVWULEDFLRQHVHQODUHHVWUXFWXUDFLyQ
GHOVLVWHPDGHODVVLELODQWHVPHGLHYDOHV$ORIyQLFDPHQWHSXHGHHQFRQWUDUVH>˓@FRPR
UHVXOWDGRGHODVRQRUL]DFLyQGH‫ۏ‬
Dentales.಩6HDUWLFXODQFRQHOiSLFHFRQWUDODSDUWHSRVWHULRUGHORVGLHQWHV(Q¬HVSD
xROWLHQHQHVWHSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQW ૧ todo\G૧ dar.$ORIyQLFDPHQWHFRPRUHVXO
WDGRGHDVLPLODFLyQUHJUHVLYDHQFRQWUDPRV>O ૧@\>Q૧@
Alveolares.಩/DVDOYHRODUHVVHSURGXFHQFRQHOiSLFHRODFRURQDFRQWUDORVDOYHRORV
7HQHPRVV sal,Q no,O lazo,‫ ޞ‬mar\U rosa.1RKD\RFOXVLYDVDOYHRODUHV\
HVWRGHEHDWULEXLUVHDOKHFKRGHTXHKD\RFOXVLYDVGHQWDOHV'HELGRDVXFHUFDQtDQRVH
VXHOHQFRQWUDVWDUFRQVRQDQWHVFRQXQPLVPRJUDGRGHFRQVWULFFLyQHQHVRVGRVSXQWRV
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REVHUYDGDDXVHQFLDGHIULFDWLYDVVRQRUDVHQJHQHUDOSHURFRPRHQFDVRVDQWHULRUHV
HVWHVRQLGRVHGDDORIyQLFDPHQWHFRPRUHVXOWDGRGHODVRQRUL]DFLyQGHV'LDOHF
WDOPHQWHKD\DOPHQRVGRVWLSRVGHV/DV૩DSLFDOVHSURQXQFLDFRQHOiSLFHGHOD
OHQJXD\WLHQHXQWtSLFRFDUiFWHUVLOEDQWH6HVXHOHLGHQWLϧFDUFRQXQDSURQXQFLDFLyQ
SHQLQVXODUSHURVHKDQHQFRQWUDGRPDQLIHVWDFLRQHVDSLFDOHVHQ&RORPELD3XHUWR¬5LFR
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PiVH[WHQGLGD
Retro ejas.಩6HDUWLFXODQDEDVHGHFXUYDUODOHQJXDKDFLDDWUiVKDVWDWRFDUFRQHO
iSLFHHOSDODGDUGXUR(OHVSDxROQRXVDFRQWUDVWLYDPHQWHFRQVRQDQWHVUHWURϩHMDV
SHURKD\GLDOHFWRVHVSHFLDOPHQWHHOKDEDQHURFRORTXLDO³YpDVH*XLWDUWHQORV
TXHDEXQGDQHVWRVVRQLGRV
Alveopalatales.಩6HDUWLFXODQFRQODOiPLQD\HOSUHGRUVRGHODOHQJXDFRQWUDOD
UHJLyQHQWUHORVDOYHRORV\HOSDODGDU/DVDOYHRSDODWDOHVGHOHVSDxROVRQ߿ chico\
HQFLHUWRVGLDOHFWRVߑও llamarRˎ cónyuge.
Palatales.಩6HDUWLFXODQFRQHOGRUVRGHODOHQJXDFRQWUDHOSDODGDUSHURWDPELpQ
VRQSDUFLDOPHQWHDOYHRSDODWDOHVSRUTXHLQWHUYLHQHODOiPLQDHQVXDUWLFXODFLyQ/DV
SDODWDOHVGHOHVSDxROVRQ‫ ص‬baño\թ yeso/DGLVWULEXFLyQGHODVSDODWDOHVWLHQH
OLPLWDFLRQHVSRVLFLRQDOHVTXHGHULYDQPD\RULWDULDPHQWHGHOKHFKRGHTXHGHVGHXQ
SXQWRGHYLVWDGLDFUyQLFRVRQGHLQFRUSRUDFLyQUHODWLYDPHQWHUHFLHQWHDOLQYHQWDULR
([LVWHODSDODWDOODWHUDOुHQORVGLDOHFWRVGHOHVSDxROTXHFRQWUDVWDQHVWHVRQLGRFRQ
թ(VWRVGLDOHFWRVGLVWLQJXHQHOVXVWDQWLYRvalla>ਥEDुD@GHvaya>ਥEDբD@/RVVRQLGRV
ߑওˎWDPELpQVHGDQGLDOHFWDOPHQWHFRPRYDULDQWHVGHթHQXQDWDTXHVLOiELFR
S¬HM¬llave>ਥߑDɕ૊H@>ਥওDɕ૊H@>ਥˎDɕ૊H@
Velares.಩(QVXDUWLFXODFLyQLQWHUYLHQHQHOGRUVRGHODOHQJXD\HOYHORGHOSDODGDU
/DVRFOXVLYDVYHODUHVVRQN canasta\С goma./DIULFDWLYDYHODUHV[FRPRenjarro.
/DYDULDQWHHVSLUDQWL]DGDGHСHV>࣢@૊ DSUR[LPDQWH/DSURQXQFLDFLyQGHODIULFDWLYD
[DGPLWHPXFKDYDULDFLyQGLDOHFWDOHQSXQWR\PRGRGHDUWLFXODFLyQ(OGLDOHFWR
FDVWHOODQR VH FDUDFWHUL]D SRU OD SURQXQFLDFLyQ XYXODU >ट@ PLHQWUDV TXH XQD JUDQ
SDUWHGHORVGLDOHFWRVGH¬+LVSDQRDPpULFDHVSHFLDOPHQWHODVYDULHGDGHVFDULEHxDV
$QGDOXFtD&DQDULDV\SXQWRVGH¬([WUHPDGXUDVHFDUDFWHUL]DQSRUODSURQXQFLDFLyQ
VXDYH>K@8QIHQyPHQRORFDOL]DGRHQ&KLOHHVSURQXQFLDUODIULFDWLYDSDODWDO>ɪ@DQWH
ODVYRFDOHVDQWHULRUHV2UR]
Uvulares.಩6HDUWLFXODQFRQHOGRUVRGHODOHQJXDFRQWUDOD~YXOD(OHVSDxROQRXVD
FRQWUDVWLYDPHQWHVRQLGRVSURGXFLGRVHQHVDiUHDSHURXQDYH]PiVWHQHPRVTXHQRWDU
ODSUHVHQFLDGHVRQLGRVXYXODUHVHQGLDOHFWRVHVSDxROHV$FDEDPRVGHPHQFLRQDUOD
SURQXQFLDFLyQXYXODUGH[HQHOFDVWHOODQR2WURFDVRORWHQHPRVHQODSURQXQFLD
FLyQWtSLFDPHQWHSXHUWRUULTXHxDGH>U@FRPR>ट@R>޶@
Faríngeas.಩6HDUWLFXODQFRQODUDt]GHODOHQJXDFRQWUDODSDUHGIDUtQJHD1RVHXVDQ
FRQWUDVWLYDPHQWHHQHVSDxROSHURKD\SURQXQFLDFLRQHVGHOD>ट@FDVWHOODQDTXHVH
DSUR[LPDQDXQDSURQXQFLDFLyQIDUtQJHDHVSHFLDOPHQWHDQWHYRFDOEDMD$VLPLVPR
FRPR PHQFLRQDPRV DUULED HQ DOJXQRV GLDOHFWRV >K@ SXHGH WHQHU XQD DUWLFXODFLyQ
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FHUVHSDUDLQFOXLUQRVyORORVVRQLGRVFRQWUDVWLYRVIRQHPDVVLQRWDPELpQORVDOyIRQRV
FRQWH[WXDOHV\YDULDFLRQHVGLDOHFWDOHVPiVFRPXQHVWDOFRPRVHYHHQOD7DEOD
1.3 De la malla descriptiva a los rasgos mínimos
(OHVWXGLRGHODSDUDWRIRQDGRU\GHORVGLVWLQWRVDUWLFXODGRUHVQRVKDVHUYLGRSDUD
GHVFULELU\FODVLϧFDUORVVRQLGRVGHOKDEOD&RPRYHUHPRVVHJXLGDPHQWHHVRVPLVPRV
DUWLFXODGRUHVQRVVHUYLUiQSDUDLGHQWLϧFDU\QRPEUDUODVXQLGDGHVPtQLPDVGHOVLVWHPD
PHQWDO(QHOFDPSRGHODIRQpWLFDGHVFULSWLYDlabialHVSULPRUGLDOPHQWHXQWpUPLQR
TXHLQGLFDGyQGHVHSURGXFHODDUWLFXODFLyQGHOVRQLGR$OGHVSOD]DUQRVDOGRPLQLR
GHORVPRGHORVPHQWDOHV>ODELDO@GHEHHQWHQGHUVHFRPRXQDLQVWUXFFLyQSUHFLVDGHO
VLVWHPDQHUYLRVRDOODELRLQIHULRUSDUDTXHVHDSUR[LPHDOODELRVXSHULRU>ਮFRQWLQXR@
HVXQDLQVWUXFFLyQFRPSOHPHQWDULDDOPLVPRP~VFXORODFXDOLQGLFDTXHODDSUR[LPD
FLyQGHEHSURGXFLUXQDRFOXVLyQPRPHQWiQHDGHOFRQGXFWRRUDO
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5RPiQ-DNREVRQHVTXH>ODELDO@>FRQWLQXR@\RWUDVLQVWUXFFLRQHVVLPLODUHVVRQODV
XQLGDGHVPtQLPDVGHOVLVWHPDPHQWDO\SRUWDQWRORViWRPRVFRQORVTXHGHEHQFRQV
WUXLUVHORVPRGHORVIRQROyJLFRV(VWDVXQLGDGHVVHOODPDQrasgos mínimos8Q¬FRQMXQWR
GHUDVJRVPtQLPRVSXHGHIRUPDUXQVHJPHQWRGHϧQLGRWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHFRPROD
XQLGDGPtQLPDGHOKDEOD/RVUDVJRVVRQWDPELpQHVHQFLDOHVSDUDODGHϧQLFLyQGHORV
JUXSRVQDWXUDOHV3RUHMHPSORWRGDVODVFRQVRQDQWHVTXHFRPSDUWHQHOUDVJR>ਮFRQ
WLQXR@FRQVWLWX\HQHOJUXSRQDWXUDOGHODVFRQVRQDQWHVRFOXVLYDV
7UDGLFLRQDOPHQWH VH KD HVWDEOHFLGR TXH ORV UDVJRV WLHQHQ YDORUHV ELQDULRV
S¬ HM¬ >ਮFRQWLQXR@ \ >FRQWLQXR@ (O UDVJR >ਮFRQWLQXR@ UHTXLHUH XQD RFOXVLyQ
WRWDOGHIRUPDTXHVHFLHUUHHOSDVRFRQWLQXRGHODLUH\>FRQWLQXR@UHTXLHUHTXH
Tabla 1-1 Los fonemas consonánticos del español
Bilabial Labiodental Interdental Dental Alveolar Alveopalatal Palatal Velar
sor son sor son sor son sor son sor son sor son sor son sor son
2FOXVLYD S E W૧ G૧ թ N С
)ULFDWLYD I ‫ۏ‬ VV૩ [
$IULFDGD ߿
$SUR[LPDQWH ु
/DWHUDO
9LEUDQWH ‫ޞ‬U
1DVDO P Q ‫ص‬
Tabla 1-2 Los alófonos consonánticos más comunes del español
Bilabial Labiodental Interdental Dental Alveolar Alveopalatal Palatal Velar
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Ejercicios
1. 'HVFULEDHQVXVSURSLDVSDODEUDVFyPRVHDUWLFXODQORVGLVWLQWRVPHFDQLVPRVGH
IRQDFLyQ
2. (PSH]DQGRSRUORVSXOPRQHV\WHUPLQDQGRHQORVODELRVGHVFULEDFyPRORV
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b. $OYHRSDODWDODIULFDGRVRQRURಣಣ
c. 9HODUDSUR[LPDQWHVRQRURಣಣ
[ 44
Tabla 1-3 Los rasgos distintivos necesarios para contrastar los fonemas del español
p t k b d s m n l i e a o u
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$OWR ਮ ਮ ਮ
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5HWUDtGR ਮ ਮ
5HGRQGR ਮ ਮ ਮ
1DVDO ਮ ਮ ਮ
&RQWLQXR ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ
5HVRQDQWH
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/DELDO
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d. $OYHRODUIULFDWLYRVRUGRಣಣ
e. /DELRGHQWDOQDVDOಣಣ
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4. 'DGRVORVVLJXLHQWHVVtPERORVIRQpWLFRVDSRUWHXQDGHVFULSFLyQIRQpWLFD
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d. >ट@
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Notas
1. &RQHOWpUPLQRaparato fonadorQRVUHIHULPRVDOFRQMXQWRGHSDUWHVGHOFXHUSRTXH
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3. (VWHIRQHPDTXHKHPRVDGRSWDGRHQHOWH[WRVHSXHGHUHIHULUDXQDVHULHGHUHDOL]D
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4. &RPRTXHHOHVSDxROQRWLHQHFRQVRQDQWHVIDUtQJHDVQRKDFHPRVPHQFLyQGHHVWHQRGR
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Fonología autosegmental
2.0 Introducción
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Ejemplo 2-1
S D Q
਑ FRQVRQDQWH ਔ ਑ ਮFRQVRQDQWH ਔ ਑ FRQVRQDQWH ਔ
਒ ਮUHVRQDQWH ਕ ਒ UHVRQDQWH ਕ ਒ UHVRQDQWH ਕ
਒ ਮVRQRUR ਕ ਒ VRQRUR ਕ ਒ VRQRUR ਕ
਒ ODELDO ਕ ਒ ਮODELDO ਕ ਒ ਮODELDO ਕ
਒ ਮFRURQDO ਕ ਒ ਮFRURQDO ਕ ਒ FRURQDO ਕ
ਓ ਖ ਓ ਖ ਓ ਖ
[ 48 Rafael A. Núñez Cedeño
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Ejemplo 2-2
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Fonología autosegmental 49 ]
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2.1 Arquitectura de los segmentos
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Ejemplo 2-3
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Ejemplo 2-4
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Ejemplo 2-5
਑ ਮDOWD ਔ
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ਓ ਖ
Ejemplo 2-6
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ਓ ਖ
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Ejemplo 2-7
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2.2 Asociación de rasgos
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Ejemplo 2-8 Condición de Buena Formación
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b. &DGDWRQRGHEHDVRFLDUVHSRUORPHQRVFRQXQDYRFDO
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DORTXHVHFRQRFHFRPRunidades portadoras de tonos./DVYRFDOHVHQWRQFHVVHUiQ
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Ejemplo 2-9
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WRQREDMR WRQRDOWR
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Ejemplo 2-10 Regla de extensión de tono
9 9
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Ejemplo 2-11
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FRQϧUPDEDTXHODQDVDOLGDGWHQtDTXHVHUXQDXWRVHJPHQWR8QSDUGHHMHPSORVHQ
GRQGHODVQHJULWDVLGHQWLϧFDQDODEDVHQRVVLUYHQGHPRGHOR
Ejemplo 2-12
Q
GRURhaihúL QR\RਮW~DPR ¶QRWHDPR·
Q}U੻}h nduL QR\RਮW~RLJR ¶QRWHRLJR·
/DUHJODTXHVHHQFDUJDUtDGHH[WHQGHUODQDVDOLGDGVHUtDFDVLLJXDODOD

H[FHSWRTXHFDPELDHODXWRVHJPHQWRGHWRQRSRUHOGHQDVDOLGDG(QYH]GH
DVRFLDUKDFLDODGHUHFKDVHSURFHGHKDFLDODL]TXLHUGD&RPRHQODVOHQJXDVWRQDOHV
ODUHJODVHDSOLFDFDGDYH]TXHUH~QDORVUHTXLVLWRVHVWUXFWXUDOHVGHDSOLFDFLyQVHJ~Q
VHHMHPSOLϧFDHQ
Ejemplo 2-13 Regla de extensión de nasalidad
&9 9
QDVDO
Ejemplo 2-14
QRURhenduL ఩ Q}U੻}h nduL

5HJOD
QDVDO QDVDO
(QUHDOLGDGHVXQFDVRWtSLFRGHDUPRQtDSHURHVWDYH]GHQDVDOL]DFLyQ

(VWHWLSRGHDQiOLVLVDXWRVHJPHQWDOWDPELpQULQGHIUXWRFXDQGRVHDSOLFDDORV
VHJPHQWRVPLVPRV/DDUPRQtDGHUDVJRVYRFiOLFRVTXHVHUHJLVWUDHQYDULDVOHQJXDV
SXHGHH[SOLFDUVHQtWLGDPHQWHGHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDDXWRVHJPHQWDO'HϧQLPRVarmonía
vocálicaFRPRHOSURFHVRHQTXHXQDRYDULDVYRFDOHVFRPSDUWHQORVPLVPRVUDVJRVGH
RWUDYRFDOXELFDGDHQFLHUWRVOXJDUHVGHODSDODEUD/RVFDVRVTXHVHUHJLVWUDQGHDUPR
QtDWLHQHQTXHYHUFRQYRFDOHVTXHFRPSDUWHQORVUDVJRVDOWREDMRSRVWHULRUOD[RR
WHQVR(VWH~OWLPRUDVJRKDVLGRFXLGDGRVDPHQWHHVWXGLDGRHQYDULDVOHQJXDVDIULFDQDV
3DUDDUWLFXODUORODUDt]OLQJXDODYDQ]DKDFLDDGHODQWH\VHKDFHWHQVDFRPRVHVLHQWH
HQODYRFDO>H@GHtope,RVLPSOHPHQWHQRDYDQ]D\SRUWDQWRSHUPDQHFHOD[DFRPROD
>͑@GHperla.6HKDHPSOHDGRHOUDVJR>UDt]OLQJXDODYDQ]DGD@5/$SDUDGHVFULELUHVWD
DFWLYLGDGDUWLFXODWRULD(OHVSDxROGH¬$QGDOXFtDHQSDUWLFXODUHQ*UDQDGDRULHQWDOQRV
VLUYHGHPRGHORSDUDLOXVWUDUHOWLSRGHDQiOLVLVDXWRVHJPHQWDOTXHVHXVyRULJLQDOPHQWH
SDUDH[SOLFDUODDUPRQtDYRFiOLFDGHODVOHQJXDVPHQFLRQDGDV.D
(OJUDQDGLQRSUHVHQWDYRFDOHVWHQVDV\OD[DV³HVWDV~OWLPDVFDUDFWHUL]DGDVFRQHO
UDVJR>ਮWHQVR@³TXHVLUYHQSDUDHVWDEOHFHUGLVWLQFLRQHVIRQROyJLFDV=DPRUD9LFHQWH
/RVKDEODQWHVHPSOHDQODVYRFDOHVOD[DVSDUDGHQRWDUODYR]SOXUDOPLHQWUDV
TXHODVWHQVDVVHxDODQODVLQJXODU3RUWDQWRHOORVGLVWLQJXHQD>ਥO͑߿͑@GH>ਥOH߿H@SRU
HO RVWHQVLEOH WLPEUH DELHUWR GH OD SULPHUD FRQ HO TXH VH VDEH LQWXLWLYDPHQWH TXH
ODSDODEUDHVSOXUDO/DDEHUWXUDGHODYRFDOSDUHFHUHVXOWDUGHODDVSLUDFLyQGHOD
VPDUFDGRUDGHSOXUDOSXHVVHJ~QVHDϧUPDORVKDEODQWHVDOQRSRVHHUODϩH[LyQ
SOXUDOUHFXUUHQHQWRQFHVD´GHVGREODUµODVYRFDOHV(QUHSURGXFLPRVHMHPSORV
DGLFLRQDOHV
Ejemplo 2-15
6LQJXODU 3OXUDO
PRਥQRW ૧RQR PɬਥQɬW ૧ɬQɬK

ਥSHVR ਥS͑VɬK
PRਥPHQW ૧R PɬਥP͑Q૧W ૧ɬK
NODਥɕ૊HO NOD૊ਥɕ૊͑O͑K
ਥPɬKW ૧R ਥPɬKW ૧ɬK
7DOSDUHFHTXHKD\DOJRHQODPDUFDGHSOXUDOV\QRHQODDVSLUDFLyQGHOVHJPHQWR
VϧQDOTXHFDXVDODDUPRQtDYRFiOLFD1yWHVHSRUHMHPSOROD~OWLPDSDODEUDFX\D
SULPHUDYRFDOVHDEUHDQWHODVDVSLUDGDVLQTXHFRQHOORVHDEUDOD~OWLPDYRFDO
TXHVtVHDEUHFXDQGRH[LVWHODSUHVHQFLDGHODDVSLUDGDGHOSOXUDO'HHOORVHGHGXFH
TXHODSDODEUDentoncesDSDUHFHUtDSURQXQFLDGD>HQ૧ਥW ૧RQV͑K@VLQTXHODVGRVSULPHUDV
YRFDOHVVHDEUDQFI¬=DPRUD9LFHQWH
(QYLVWDGHORDQWHULRUGHEHPRVSUHVXPLUTXHDOPRUIHPDLQGLFDGRUGHSOXUDOVH
OHRWRUJDHOUDVJR>ਮWHQVR@HOFXDOWUDQVPLWHVXFXDOLGDGGHPRGRUHFXUUHQWHDWRGDV
ODVGHPiVYRFDOHVGHDTXtTXHDSDUH]FDQFRPROD[DV(VWDKLSyWHVLVQRHVHUUyQHD
SXHVHQODOHQJXDZRORIGH¬6HQHJDOVHKDFHXQDGLVWLQFLyQSDUHFLGDDQLYHOOp[LFR
.HQVWRZLF]DXQTXHVHXWLOL]DDOOtHOUDVJR>UDt]OLQJXDODYDQ]DGD@FX\R
YDORUQHJDWLYRSXGLHUDFRPSDUDUVHFRQODOD[DGHOJUDQDGLQR/RPLVPRRFXUUHHQ
HOHVSDxROSDVLHJRTXH0F&DUWK\DQDOL]D\TXHVHGLVFXWHHQHOFDStWXOR
3HURDGHPiVHVHYLGHQWHTXHODVYRFDOHVJUDQDGLQDVQRSRVHHQHOUDVJR>WHQVR@SXHV
HOKHFKRGHTXHFDPELDQHQORTXHUHVSHFWDDHVWHUDVJRFXDQGRVHDxDGHHOSOXUDO
MXVWLϧFDVXDXVHQFLDDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWH6HPHMDQWHHVWDGRGHFRVDVORUHSUHVHQWDPRV
FRQODUHJODHQODTXHHOUDVJR>ਮWHQVR@DSDUHFHFRPRDXWRVHJPHQWR
Ejemplo 2-16
9 3OXUDO
>ਮWHQVR@
'HELGRDODUHFXUUHQFLDGHWRGDVODVYRFDOHVUHFLELUiQHOWLPEUHYRFiOLFRTXH

OHLPSULPHHOUDVJR>WHQVR@VHJ~QERVTXHMDPRVHQ
Ejemplo 2-17
PRPHQWR3OXUDO ఩ PɬP͑QWɬ3OXUDO
5HJOD
>ਮWHQVR@ >ਮWHQVR@
&RQ VH GRFXPHQWD XQ DXWRVHJPHQWR DQFODGR D XQD DVRFLDFLyQ P~OWLSOH GH
YRFDOHV/RGHVHDEOHGHHVWHDQiOLVLVDXWRVHJPHQWDOHVTXHHOUDVJR>WHQVR@HVSURSLH
GDGGHOPRUIHPDGHSOXUDOLGDG\QRGHWRGDVODVYRFDOHV(VHVWHHOWLSRGHYHQWDMD
TXHODKLSyWHVLVPXOWLOLQHDOOHOOHYDDODQiOLVLVXQLOLQHDO6LVHVXSRQHTXH>WHQVR@HV
SURSLHGDGH[FOXVLYDGHODVYRFDOHVDOGHVSOD]DUVHHQWUDHQFRQWUDGLFFLyQFRQHOUDVJR
>WHQVR@GHODEDVHVLQJXODU\SRUWDQWRVHFUHDXQVHJPHQWR>WHQVR@$GHPiV
VHJ~QHOPRGHORWUDGLFLRQDOORVUDVJRVGHODYRFDOVHH[WHQGHUtDQDOSRUPD\RUFRQ
ORTXHVHFDXVDXQDDUPRQtDWRWDOGHUDVJRV$VtVXFHGHUtDFRQORVUDVJRVGHRHQ
OD SDODEUD momento, ORV FXDOHV VH FRSLDUtDQ VREUH ODV GHPiV YRFDOHV \ DO ϧQDO VH
SURGXFLUtDODDQRPDOtD >PRਥPRQ૧W ૧R@6LODYRFDOϧQDOIXHUDHXRWUDFXDOTXLHUDVH
SURGXFLUtDQHUURUHVSDUHFLGRV
3RUORTXHVHGHGXFHGHORVSiUUDIRVDQWHULRUHVKDKDELGRXQDSURJUHVLyQVLVWH
PiWLFDDOFRQVLGHUDUORVWRQRVFRPRDXWRVHJPHQWRVOXHJRSRULPSOLFDFLyQVHSDVDD
ODQDVDOL]DFLyQ\GHDKtDFRQVLGHUDUORVUDVJRVSURSLDPHQWHVHJPHQWDOHV6HPHMDQWH
LGHDOHKDVLGRIUXFWtIHUDDODWHRUtDDXWRVHJPHQWDO
2.3 Análisis autosegmental de la aspiración
'HKHFKRIXHHOSURSLR*ROGVPLWKTXLHQQRVRIUHFLyXQHMHPSORDOHFFLRQDGRU

GHFyPRIXQFLRQDUtDODIRQRORJtDDXWRVHJPHQWDODOWUDWDUIHQyPHQRVVHJPHQWDOHV
6H¬LQWHUHVyHQSDUWLFXODUSRUODDVSLUDFLyQGHODVϧQDOTXHVHUHJLVWUDHQODPD\RUtD
GHORVGLDOHFWRVKLVSiQLFRVFX\DUHSUHVHQWDFLyQLQIRUPDOϧJXUDHQ
Ejemplo 2-18
V఩K; ; FLHUWRFRQWH[WR
3RU HOOR QR VH SUHWHQGH LJQRUDU GHWDOOHV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HO FRQWH[WR IRQROyJLFR
YDULDELOLGDGGLVWULEXFLyQJHRJUiϧFDDVtFRPRDVSHFWRVH[WUDOLQJtVWLFRVTXHKDQVLGR
\¬VLJXHQVLHQGRREMHWRGHQXPHURVRVHVWXGLRVLQGHSHQGLHQWHV
/DUHJODFRQYLHUWHODVVGHHVW ૧R\PHVHQODVUHVSHFWLYDV>HKW ૧R@\
>PHK@(OSUREOHPDGHHVTXHQRH[SUHVDODQDWXUDOLGDGGHOSURFHVRGHDVSLUD
FLyQ¢4XpVHTXLHUHGHFLUFRQHVWDDϧUPDFLyQ"6HQFLOODPHQWHHOKHFKRGHTXHVHFRQ
YLHUWDVHQ>K@\QRHQ>W ૧@>S@>‫@ޞ‬XRWURVHJPHQWRFXDOTXLHUDTXHGDVLQH[SOLFDFLyQ
6HJ~Q*ROGVPLWKFXDQGRHOQLxRDGTXLHUHVXIRQRORJtDORVUDVJRVIRQROyJLFRV
DO¬ LJXDO TXH ODV OHQJXDV WRQDOHV WDO YH] IXQFLRQHQ LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH HQWUH Vt³
HV¬GHFLUVRQDXWRVHJPHQWDOHV3UXHEDSDUFLDOGHHVWRORGHPXHVWUDODDUPRQtDYRFiOLFD
TXHVHGDHQHOKDEODLQFLSLHQWHGHORVQLxRVVHJ~QUHSRUWD*ROGVPLWK
6LVHUHJLVWUDHOIHQyPHQRGHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHFLHUWRVUDVJRVIRQROyJLFRVHQHOKDEOD
LQIDQWLOORPLVPRSXGLHUDSUHVXPLUVHTXHRFXUUHHQHOKDEODDGXOWD
(OSURFHVRGHDVSLUDFLyQGHVϧQDOQRVSURYHHSUXHEDVIHKDFLHQWHVGHTXHORVVHJ
PHQWRVVHSXHGHQ´DXWRVHJPHQWDOL]DUµ6HSURSRQHDVtTXHORVUDVJRVRUDOHVGHVVH
VHSDUDQGHORVTXHVHSURGXFHQDQLYHOODUtQJHR&RQϧJXUDGDODVFRPRHQ
ORTXHRFXUUHHQWRQFHVHVTXHVHWUXQFDQORVRUDOHVGHVRVHD>DQWHULRUFRUR
QDOHVWULGHQWH@TXHGDQGRWDQVyORORVODUtQJHRVRVHDODDVSLUDFLyQSHUFLELGDSRU
HOR\HQWHDOHVWDUODJORWLVGLODWDGD(QVHLOXVWUDHOIHQyPHQRGHVXSUHVLyQGH
UDVJRV
Ejemplo 2-19
਑ DQWHULRU ਔ
਒ FRURQDO ਕ
ਓ HVWULGHQWH ਖ
>JORWLVGLODWDGD@5 5 ULPDVLOiELFD
Ejemplo 2-20
਑ DQWHULRU ਔ
਒ FRURQDO ਕ ఩
ਓ HVWULGHQWH ਖ
>JORWLVGLODWDGD@5
&XDQGR VH HOLGHQ ORV UDVJRV RUDOHV HQ OD GHULYDFLyQ TXHGD ~QLFDPHQWH OD DVSLUD
FLyQORFXDOQRVGHPXHVWUDTXHHQHIHFWRORVUDVJRVIXQFLRQDQLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH
/D¬DFFLyQIRQpWLFDYLHQHDVHUODRUTXHVWDFLyQGHJHVWRVUHDOL]DGRVSRUORVGLVWLQWRV
yUJDQRVGHODIRQDFLyQ(QRWUDVSDODEUDVHQHOFDVRTXHYHPRVHQVHKDQ
HOLPLQDGRORVJHVWRVGHOQLYHORUDOTXHVRQODVDFFLRQHVFRPELQDGDVGHORVODELRV
OD¬OHQJXD\HOPD[LODULQIHULRU\SHUPDQHFHHOUHϩHMRGHOQLYHOODUtQJHRHOFXDOLPSOLFD
ODVDFFLRQHVGHODVFXHUGDVYRFDOHVTXHHQHVWHIHQyPHQRTXHGDQGLODWDGDV/DGLYLVLyQ
KHFKDWLHQHXQDVyOLGDPRWLYDFLyQIRQpWLFD
5HFXpUGHVHQRREVWDQWHTXHHQORPRQJRHOWRQRQRVHSHUGLyDOVHSDUDUVHGHOD
YRFDOWRGRORFRQWUDULRSDVyDXQLUVHFRQODYRFDOVLJXLHQWH1RVHUHSLWHORPLVPR
HQ\QRVGHEHPRVSUHJXQWDUSRUTXpORVUDVJRVVXSUDJORWDOHVGHVQRSDVDQD
OLJDUVHFRQORVGHODYRFDOSUHFHGHQWHIRUPiQGRVHTXL]iVXQDH[WUDxDYRFDOFRQVRQDQ
WL]DGD/DH[SOLFDFLyQHVTXHDOQRHVSHFLϧFDUVHPHGLDQWHUHJODORTXHGHEHVXFHGHUOH
DORVUDVJRVϩRWDQWHVGHV\DOQRKDOODUXQVRSRUWHGRQGHDGKHULUVHQR¬SXHGHQ
LQWHUSUHWDUVHIRQpWLFDPHQWH\SRUWDQWRVHSLHUGHQGHPRGRDXWRPiWLFRHQHOFXUVR
GHODGHULYDFLyQ
಩$VSLUDFLyQGHI\‫ޞ‬
,JXDOWUDWDPLHQWRGHODQiOLVLVGHVVHSXHGHDSOLFDUDRWURVIHQyPHQRVGHODGLDOHF
WRORJtDKLVSiQLFD(QHOGRPLQLRKLVSDQRDPHULFDQRORVKDEODQWHVWLHQGHQDUHDOL]DU
ODVDOWHUQDQFLDVGHODVFRQVRQDQWHVTXHϧJXUDQHQ
Ejemplo 2-21
di>I@teria ³ di>K@teria
a>I@tosa ³ a>K@tosa
a>I@gano ³ a>K@gano
ca>‫@ޞ‬ne ³ ca>K@ne
O>‫@ޞ‬lando ³ O>K@lando
(OIHQyPHQRHVLGpQWLFR\VHSXHGHH[SOLFDUPHGLDQWHODFRQϧJXUDFLyQHQ

HOPLVPRFRQWH[WRIRQROyJLFRVHVXSULPHQORVJHVWRVRUDOHVTXHFRPSRQHQWDQWRD
IFRPRD‫\ޞ‬WDQVyORTXHGDODVRUGH]JORWDOGHOQLYHOODUtQJHR3UHVXPLPRVTXH
HVWD‫ޞ‬HVXQDUHVRQDQWHVRUGDFRPRRFXUUHHQDOJXQRVGLDOHFWRV
಩$QiOLVLVDXWRVHJPHQWDOGHODDVLPLODFLyQGHQDVDOHV
/RV SURFHVRV GH DVLPLODFLyQ GH QDVDOHV WDPELpQ VH SXHGHQ LQWHUSUHWDU GH PDQHUD
DXWRVHJPHQWDOFRQORTXHVHUHYHODVXQDWXUDOH]D6HVDEHTXHWRGRVORVGLDOHFWRV
GHOHVSDxROSRVHHQORVIRQHPDVQDVDOHVPQ\‫ص‬ORVFXDOHVIXQFLRQDQGLVWLQ
WLYDPHQWHDOSULQFLSLRGHSDODEUD\HQSRVLFLyQLQWHUYRFiOLFDVHJ~QORYHPRVHQODV
UHVSHFWLYDV>P@ata ca>P@a,>Q@ata ca>Q@a\>‫@ص‬ata ca>‫@ص‬a.7DPELpQVHVDEHTXH
ODODELRGHQWDO>؇@ODGHQWDO>Q૧@ODDOYHRODU>Q@ODDOYHRSDODWDOTXHUHSUHVHQWDPRV
FRQ>‫\@ئ‬ODYHODU>‫@غ‬DSDUHFHQREOLJDWRULDPHQWH\GHPDQHUDQRGLVWLQWLYDHQJUXSRV
KRPRUJiQLFRVGHQDVDOREVWUX\HQWHWDOFRPRORPXHVWUDQODVUHVSHFWLYDVca>PS@o,
a>؇I@iteatro, mo>Q૧W ૧@a, ma>QV@o, a>‫@߿ئ‬a \ a>‫غ‬N@a 6H SUHVXPH TXH HVWDV QDVDOHV VH
GHULYDQGHODEiVLFDQSRUTXHHQSULPHUOXJDUFXDQGRQRVHQFRQWUDPRVFRQHO
SUHϧMRLQHQODSDODEUDinarticulado,YHPRVTXHVXUJHFRPRDOYHRODUDQWHYRFDO
>LQD‫ޞ‬W ૧LNXਥOD˓૊R@3HURODQDVDOGHHVWHPLVPRSUHϧMRDQWHODS\IVXUJHFRPR>P@
\>؇@SRUHMHPSOR>LPSRਥW ૧HQ૧W ૧H@H>L؇IDਥOLɕ૊OH@(QVHJXQGROXJDUSRUHO3ULQFLSLR
GH¬3UHVHUYDFLyQGH¬(VWUXFWXUDTXHYHUHPRVHQHOFDStWXORGHODIRQRORJtDOp[LFDVH
GHVFDUWDTXHH[LVWDQIRQHPDVTXHQRFXPSODQIXQFLRQHVGLVWLQWLYDV(VSRUHOORTXH
ODODELRGHQWDO>؇@QRSXHGHVHURWUDFRVDVLQRXQDGHODVWUHVQDVDOHVGLVWLQWLYDV\D
PHQFLRQDGDV\SDUDQXHVWURFDVRVHUiQ&RPRXQDGHODVSURSLHGDGHVGLVWULEX
FLRQDOHVGHHVWDQDVDOHVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDHQODFRGDVRQPXFKRVORVIRQyORJRVTXH
SURSRQHQTXHQRWLHQHSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQ\SRUWDQWRVHH[SOLFDTXHVHDVLPLOHD
ODFRQVRQDQWHVLJXLHQWH
/DVGHVFULSFLRQHVWUDGLFLRQDOHVGDEDQFXHQWDGHODDVLPLODFLyQPHGLDQWHUHJODV
VHJPHQWDOHV HQ ODV TXH VH PHQFLRQDEDQ ORV UDVJRV ELQDULRV >ǓFRURQDO ɕDQWHULRU
ࣤUHWUDtGDˑGLVWULEXLGRHWF@YpDQVH+DUULV1~xH]&HGHxRHQWUHRWURV
/DVUHJODVTXHSURSRQtDQORVPHQFLRQDGRVDXWRUHVUHLWHUDEDQSHURQRH[SOLFDEDQHO
KHFKRGHTXHVRODPHQWHVHWUDQVIHUtDXQJUXSRGHUDVJRVGHOVHJPHQWRHQFXHVWLyQ
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FRURQDO@
*ROGVPLWKSHQVyHQODSRVLELOLGDGGHWUDWDUODDVLPLODFLyQGHPDQHUDDXWR
VHJPHQWDO6XDQiOLVLVVHEDVDHQODIRQpWLFDDUWLFXODWRULDGHORVKHFKRV/RTXHVHQRWD
HQHVTXHVHVXSULPHQORVJHVWRVODUtQJHRV\RUDOHVGHQ\SRUWDQWRTXHGD
HOJHVWRHQHOHVWUDWRQDVDOGHGHMDUHOYHORGHVFHQGLGRFRQORFXDOVHSURGXFLUtDXQ
VRQLGRQDVDO$OFUHDUVHODGHVXQLyQGHORVJHVWRVRUDOHV\ODUtQJHRVORVyUJDQRVGH
DUWLFXODFLyQVHDGHODQWDQDIRUPDUXQDFHUUD]yQLPSORVLYDFRQODFRQVRQDQWHREVWUX
\HQWHTXHVLJXHDQ/XHJRRFXUULUtDXQDIDVHH[SORVLYDGHODQDVDO\HOUHVXOWDGR
VHUtDODFRQVRQDQWHDVLPLODGD+DUULVDESURSRQHTXHVHPHMDQWHRSHUDFLyQVH
UHDOL]DIRUPDOPHQWHVHJ~QVHLOXVWUDHQDXQTXHDGHODQWDPRVTXHORVUDVJRV
DUWLFXODWRULRVGHQQRHVWiQSUHVHQWHVHQODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQIRQpPLFDVLQRTXHVH
LQVHUWDQPHGLDQWHUHJODSRUGHIHFWRLGHDTXHDPSOLDUHPRVHQHOFDStWXOR
Ejemplo 2-22
>QDV@ >ਮQDV@
థ ਑ FRU ਔ ਑ ǓFRU ਔ
ਓ DQW ਖ ਓ ɕDQW ਖ
> @‫۝‬ > @
(OVtPEROR‫۝‬GHQRWDVtODEDLQGLFDQGRTXHHOSULPHUVHJPHQWRHVWiHQSRVLFLyQϧQDOGH
VtODEDRFRGDVLOiELFD
(MHPSORGLFHDVtGHVDVyFLHVHORVUDVJRVRUDOHVGHODFRQVRQDQWHQDVDO\UHD

VyFLHVHHOUDVJRQDVDOϩRWDQWHFRQORVUDVJRVRUDOHVGHODXWRVHJPHQWRQRQDVDOGHO
VHJPHQWRGHODGHUHFKDORTXHFRUUHVSRQGHDODDFWLYLGDGIRQpWLFDTXHDFDEDPRVGH
H[SOLFDUDQWHULRUPHQWH
(QORVHVWXGLRVGLDOHFWROyJLFRVWDPELpQVHPHQFLRQDIUHFXHQWHPHQWHODSUHVHQFLD
GHODQDVDOYHODU>‫@غ‬TXHRFXUUHFDVLVLHPSUHDOϧQDOGHSDODEUDS¬HM¬carbó>‫@غ‬R
HQSRVLFLyQLQWHUQDDOϧQDOGHVtODEDS¬HM¬fre>‫@غ‬teFRQWH[WRGRQGHSRUORUHJXODU
VHHVSHUDODDVLPLODFLyQDODFRQVRQDQWHVLJXLHQWH(VWHIHQyPHQRWDPELpQVHSXHGH
DQDOL]DUGHPDQHUDDXWRVHJPHQWDOSHURVLQODH[WHQVLyQGHUDVJRVSURSLDGHODDVL
PLODFLyQTXHVHLOXVWUDDUULED+DUULVDE
3DUDUHVXPLUORTXHKHPRVSUHVHQWDGRKDVWDDKRUDHVXQDYLVLyQSDQRUiPLFDGH
ODLPSRUWDQWHFRQWULEXFLyQTXHODIRQRORJtDDXWRVHJPHQWDOOHKDEULQGDGRDODWHRUtD
IRQROyJLFD,QYHVWLJDFLRQHVKHFKDVGHVSXpVGHOWUDEDMRSLRQHURGH¬*ROGVPLWKVH
KDQDOHMDGRD~QPiVGHOPRGHORWUDGLFLRQDO\GHOPLVPR*ROGVPLWKDOLQFOXLUH[WHQVDV
LQQRYDFLRQHVDODPXOWLOLQHDOLGDGGHODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVIRQROyJLFDV
2.4 Arquitectura geométrica autosegmental
(ODQiOLVLVDXWRVHJPHQWDOGHORVIRQHPDVFRQVRQiQWLFRV\YRFiOLFRVGHOHVSDxROWDP
ELpQVHSXHGHH[WHQGHUDORVPRUIHPDV\DODVVtODEDVTXHIRUPDQODVSDODEUDV+DUULV
DE8QHMHPSORLQVWUXFWLYRQRVSURYLHQHGHOiUDEHFOiVLFR(OiUDEHFRPSDUWH
LQWHUHVDQWHV SURSLHGDGHV FRQ OHQJXDV VHPtWLFDV \ QR VHPtWLFDV FRPR OD KDXVD GHO
ÉIULFD\OD\RNXWVGHODIDPLOLDLQGRDPHULFDQD8QDGHHVWDVSURSLHGDGHVHVTXHOD
VLODELϧFDFLyQQRODGHWHUPLQDHOFRPSRQHQWHGHYRFDOHV\FRQVRQDQWHVVLQRODHVWUXF
WXUDGHODSDODEUD8QRVFXDQWRVGDWRVVDFDGRVGH¬0F&DUWK\LOXVWUDQ
HVWHSXQWR
Ejemplo 2-23
6LQJXODU 3OXUDO *ORVDV
a. MXQGDE MDQDDGLE ¶FLJDUUD·

VXOWDDQ VDODDWLLQ ¶VXOWiQ·
GXNWDU GDNDDWLU ¶GRFWRU·
PDNWDE PDNDDWLE ¶RϧFLQD·
QXZZDU QDZDDZLU ¶ϩRUEODQFD·
b. VDIDUMDO VDIDDULM ¶PHPEULOOR·
঱DQGDOLLE ঱DQDDGLO ¶UXLVHxRU·
PLIWDDED PDϱDDWLLK ¶OODYH·
(QSULPHUOXJDUKD\TXHREVHUYDUTXHPLHQWUDVODVIRUPDVVLQJXODUHVSXHGHQVHUELVLOi
ELFDVDRWULVLOiELFDVEODVSOXUDOHVVRQWULVLOiELFDV$GHPiVODHVWUXFWXUD
VLOiELFDGHpVWDVVHDMXVWDDXQSDWUyQREOLJDWRULRTXHQRRFXUUHHQORVVLQJXODUHV
OD¬SULPHUDVtODEDGHOSOXUDOVyOROOHYDXQDYRFDOEUHYHPLHQWUDVTXHODVHJXQGDVLHPSUH
SUHVHQWDXQDYRFDOODUJD3RURWUDSDUWHODFDQWLGDGYRFiOLFDGHODWHUFHUDVtODEDGHO
SOXUDOHVLGpQWLFDDODGHODVHJXQGDVtODEDGHVXFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVLQJXODU(VWRHVXQ
HMHPSORWtSLFRGHORTXHVHSRGUtDGHQRPLQDUsilabi cación por inducción morfológica,
ORFXDOTXLHUHGHFLUTXHVHLPSRQHODHVWUXFWXUDVLOiELFDPHGLDQWHXQDFDWHJRUtDJUD
PDWLFDOSDUWLFXODUODGHORVOODPDGRVplurales separados
6L VH SURVLJXH FRQ ODV SURSLHGDGHV PRUIROyJLFDV GH ODV SDODEUDV HQ
VH¬ REVHUYD TXH HO SDWUyQ YRFiOLFR HQ WRGRV ORV SOXUDOHV QR HV HO PLVPR D ODV GRV
SULPHUDVVtODEDVOHVFRUUHVSRQGHODYRFDO>D@\DODWHUFHUD>L@3RUORYLVWRHOSDWUyQ
YRFiOLFRGHORVSOXUDOHVHVϧMRFRVDTXHQRVXFHGHFRQHOGHORVVLQJXODUHVTXHHVOLEUH
'HKHFKRODVHOHFFLyQGHODVFRQVRQDQWHVHVHO~QLFRDVSHFWRGHORVSOXUDOHVTXHQR
ORGLFWDODPRUIRORJtD/DVFRQVRQDQWHVWUDQVPLWHQHOVLJQLϧFDGROp[LFRGHODIRUPD
,QFOXVRODVFRQVRQDQWHVPLVPDVHVWiQUHVWULQJLGDVJUDPDWLFDOPHQWHHQVXGLVWULEXFLyQ
VyORVHGDQHQSRVLFLRQHVPX\HVSHFtϧFDVGHODSDODEUD\GHEHKDEHUVRODPHQWHFXDWUR
FRQVRQDQWHVHQHOSOXUDO6LUHVXOWDTXHHOVLQJXODUWLHQHPiVGHFXDWURFRQVRQDQWHV
VHRPLWHQODVFRQVRQDQWHVVREUDQWHVHQHOSOXUDOVHJ~QVHPXHVWUDHQORVFDVRVGH
EHQGRQGHODVFRQVRQDQWHVϧQDOHVO\EQRDSDUHFHQHQORVSOXUDOHV
3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHKD\TXHFRQFOXLUTXHHOSOXUDOSRVHHXQDSODQWLOODGHQRPLQDGD
esqueleto prosódico\TXHLQLFLDOPHQWHUHSUHVHQWDPRVHQ
Ejemplo 2-24
9 9 9 9 9
& D & D D & L L &
‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬
/DV &HV \ 9HV UHSUHVHQWDQ OXJDUHV GH VRSRUWH VRQ SRVLFLRQHVTXH HQ FDGD FDVR VH
KDEUiQ GH LGHQWLϧFDU FRQ ODV FRQVRQDQWHV R YRFDOHV TXH VH UHϧHUHQ DO VLJQLϧFDGR
Op[LFRGHOVXVWDQWLYR&RPRGLMLPRVHQHOVtPEROR‫۝‬UHSUHVHQWDODVtODED\ODV
OtQHDVTXHYDQGHVGHHVWRVVtPERORVDOHVTXHOHWRLQGLFDQODHVWUXFWXUDVLOiELFDGHOD
SDODEUDTXHHVWXGLDUHPRVHQHOFDStWXOR
಩/RVHVTXHOHWRVSURVyGLFRV
/DUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVHDFHUFDEDVWDQWHDODDUTXLWHFWXUDTXHLQWURGXMR0F&DUWK\

HQDXQTXHUHVXOWDXQSRFRPiVULFD\DTXHFRQWLHQHHOSODQRVLOiELFRTXHQR
H[LVWtDHQWRQFHV(Q0F&DUWK\ODVHFXHQFLDGH¬&HV\9HVIXQFLRQDFRPRSURSLHGDGHV
PRUIROyJLFDV/DHVWUXFWXUDHVTXHOpWLFDWDPELpQVHUHJLVWUDHQRWUDViUHDVGH
ODPRUIRORJtDDUiELJD3RUHMHPSORHQHOFRPSOHMRVLVWHPDϩH[LRQDOGHORVYHUERV
KD\YDULRVSDUDGLJPDVTXHFRQWLHQHQODPLVPDFRQϧJXUDFLyQTXHSHURFRQXQ
JUXSRGHYRFDOHVGLIHUHQWHV'HPRGRTXHOD>D@VHUHVHUYDSDUDWRGDVODVVtODEDVGHO
DFWLYRSHUIHFWLYRPLHQWUDVTXHHQHOSDVLYRSHUIHFWLYROD>X@VHGDHQODVSULPHUDVGRV
VtODEDV\OD>L@HQODWHUFHUD(QYLVWDGHHVWRV\RWURVGDWRV0F&DUWK\SURSXVRTXHD
HVWDV´PHORGtDVµYRFiOLFDVVHOHVGHEHQRWRUJDUXQSODQRGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVHSDUDGR
\TXHHOHVTXHOHWRSRUWDQWRVHGHEHFRQVLGHUDUFRPRODOtQHDGHLQWHUVHFFLyQGHORV
YDULRVSODQRVGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ(OHVTXHOHWRSXHVFRQVLVWHHQXQDVHFXHQFLDGH¬&HV
\9HV)XHHVWDQRFLyQODTXH+DUULVHPSOHySDUDSODQWHDUXQDVROXFLyQDODV
GHEDWLGDV KLSyWHVLV GH ORV SOXUDOHV ¢GHEtDQ DQDOL]DUVH FRPR XQ SURFHVR GRQGH VH
LQVHUWDXQDYRFDODQLYHOVXE\DFHQWHRFRPRXQRTXHODHOLPLQD"(QODVHFFLyQ
SDVDPRVUHYLVWDDODVROXFLyQHPSOHDQGRHOPRGHORGH¬0F&DUWK\
&RQYLHQHVHJXLUDQRWDQGRTXHODKLSyWHVLVGH¬0F&DUWK\IXHUHϧQDGDSRU&OHPHQWV
\.H\VHUTXLHQHVSUHVHQWDQRWUDFRQFHSFLyQWHyULFDGHOSDSHOTXHGHVHPSH
xDQODV&HV\9HV3DUDHVWRVGRVDXWRUHVODVHFXHQFLDGH¬&HV\9HVIRUPDSDUWHGHOD
HVWUXFWXUDVLOiELFD&RLQFLGHQFRQ0F&DUWK\HQTXHGLFKDVHFXHQFLDRFXSDXQSODQR
DSDUWH1RREVWDQWHGLϧHUHQGHpODODVRFLDUD&\9HQIXQFLyQGHODSRVLFLyQTXH
RFXSDQHQODVtODED'HHVWHPRGRSRUODSRVLFLyQTXH&RFXSDVHLGHQWLϧFDFRQOD
FDWHJRUtD>ਮVLOiELFD@TXHSXHGHVHUWDQWRFRQVRQDQWHFRPRGHVOL]DGDPLHQWUDVTXH
9VHUHVHUYDHVWULFWDPHQWHSDUDODFUHVWDVLOiELFDUHSUHVHQWDGDSRUODVYRFDOHV6HPH
MDQWHDVRFLDFLyQUHSURGXFHHQSDUWHODFDWHJRUtD>VLOiELFD@GH¬The Sound Pattern of
English.3HURDGHPiVGHSRVHHUHVWDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVIRQROyJLFDVODV&HV\9HVWDPELpQ
IXQFLRQDQFRPRXQLGDGHVGHWLHPSR&RQHVWRVHTXLHUHGHFLUTXH\DQRHVQHFHVDULR
XWLOL]DUHOUDVJR>ODUJR@SDUDUHSUHVHQWDUYRFDOHVRFRQVRQDQWHVGREOHVRJHPLQD
GDVVLQRTXHVHSXHGHQLQWHUSUHWDUFRPRXQDVHFXHQFLDGREOHGH¬9R&¬/DGLIHUHQFLD
IRQROyJLFDHQWUHXQDFRQVRQDQWHVHQFLOOD\XQDJHPLQDGDUHVSRQGHDOKHFKRGHTXH
HQHOQLYHO&9ODFRQVRQDQWHVHQFLOODSUHVHQWDXQDVROD&PLHQWUDVTXHODJHPLQDGD
SUHVHQWDGRV&HVXQLGDVDPEDVDXQDPHORGtDVHJPHQWDO/DGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHXQDX
RWUDVHLOXVWUDHQFRQODVSDODEUDVcana\perenne.
Ejemplo 2-25
‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬
& 9 & 9 & 9 & 9 & & 9
N D Q D S H ‫ޞ‬ H Q H
(OQLYHO&9SDVDDLQFRUSRUDUVHDOQRGRVLOiELFR‫۝‬
$ODWHRUtDTXHQDFHFRQFHELGDFRQXQQ~FOHRFX\DHVWUXFWXUDVLOiELFDFRQWLHQH
XQDVHFXHQFLDGH¬&HV\9HVVHOHGHQRPLQDUiFonología CV,ODFXDOHQFRQWUDUiVXV
VLPSDWL]DQWHV\GHWUDFWRUHV9ROYDPRVDOGLDJUDPD1XHYDPHQWHVHPXHVWUD
TXHODGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHVHJPHQWRVHQFLOOR\ODUJRVHGHWHUPLQDSRUHOQ~PHURGH¬&HV
\9HVTXHKD\DHQHOQLYHO&9¬(VWRQRVSHUPLWHDSUHFLDUODGLVWLQFLyQTXHH[LVWHHQ
OHQJXDVTXHFRQWUDVWDQVtODEDVOLJHUDVFRQSHVDGDVFRPRVHYHULϧFDHQODWtQ$GHPiV
QRV D\XGD D GLOXFLGDU LPSRUWDQWHV SURFHVRV VHJ~Q VH GLVFXWH HQ OD VHFFLyQ
H¬LQFOXVLYHD\XGDDOLQYHVWLJDGRUDGLVFHUQLUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHFRQVRQDQWHVTXHVH
SURQXQFLDQGHPDQHUDVLGpQWLFDVSHURFX\RVKDEODQWHVODVGLIHUHQFLDQ7DOHVHOFDVR
GHOSRODFR
(QSRODFRODVSULPHUDVFRQVRQDQWHVHQQHJULWDVGHODVSDODEUDVczysta¶OLPSLD·\
trzysta¶WUHVFLHQWRV·VHSURQXQFLDQFRQXQDFRPELQDFLyQGHRFOXVLYD\IULFDWLYDR¬VHD
>Wߋ@ 6LQ HPEDUJR ORV KDEODQWHV ODV VLHQWHQ GLVWLQWDV DF~VWLFD \ SHUFHSWXDOPHQWH
/D¬ )RQRORJtD¬ &9 SHUPLWH FDSWDU OD SHUFHSFLyQ TXH ORV KDEODQWHV SRVHHQ GH HVWDV
SDODEUDV\ODVGLVWLQJXHQPHGLDQWHHOWLHPSRTXHOHVWRPDSURGXFLUODVKHFKRTXHVH
PXHVWUDHQ
Ejemplo 2-26
1LYHOVLOiELFR ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬
1LYHOHVTXHOpWLFR & 9 & 9 & & 9 & 9
1LYHOPHOyGLFR W ߋ L W D W ߋ L W D
¶OLPSLD· ¶WUHVFLHQWRV·
2VHDTXHHQXQDVROD&VHLQWHUSUHWDFRPRXQDXQLGDGGHWLHPSRORFXDO

VHUtDHOFDVRGHczysta,PLHQWUDVTXHXQDVHFXHQFLDGH¬&&UHSUHVHQWDGRVXQLGDGHVGH
WLHPSRTXHVHUtDHOFDVRGHtrzysta.
&RPSDUDEOHDOSRODFRODIRQRORJtDKLVSiQLFDRIUHFHXQDULFDYDULHGDGGHIHQy
PHQRV FX\D H[SOLFDFLyQ \ GHVFULSFLyQ VH DMXVWDQ SHUIHFWDPHQWH D OD SUHVHQFLD GH
XQ QLYHO &9¬ 7RPHPRV SRU SULPHU FDVR HO HVSDxRO TXH VH KDEOD HQ HO VXURHVWH GH
ORV(VWDGRV8QLGRV(QHOKDEODUiSLGDORVKDEODQWHVWLHQGHQDPRGLϧFDUODVYRFDOHV
FXDQGRHQWUDQHQFRQWDFWRHQWUHVt/DVYRFDOHVVHPRGLϧFDQGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD
¬ODYRFDOVHUHGXFHRVHFRQYLHUWHHQGHVOL]DGDDQWHRWUDYRFDOSRUHMHPSORmL
XltimoSURGXFHm>MX@ltimo;¬XQDYRFDOTXHQRVHDEDMDVHKDFHGHVOL]DGDDOWDSRU
HMHPSORtengRLpoGDteng>ZL@po;¬XQDYRFDOEDMDVHHOLPLQDSRUHMHPSOR
estDLjaVHFRQYLHUWHHQest>L@ja;\¬GRVYRFDOHVLGpQWLFDVVHFRQYLHUWHQHQXQD
SRUHMHPSORlRRdioGHYLHQHHQl>R@dio.
8Q DQiOLVLV XQLOLQHDO UHTXLHUH FXDWUR UHJODV GLIHUHQWHV SDUD GDU FXHQWD GH ORV
KHFKRV)LJ¬
9఩>EUHYH@BBB9
਑ EUHYH ਔ ఩>DOWD@
ਓ ਮEDMD ਖ
਑ EUHYH ਔ ఩
ਓ EDMD ਖ

>YRFDO@>YRFDO@఩HQGRQGH
Figura 2-1 Análisis unilineal de las secuencias vocálicas del
español del suroeste de los Estados Unidos.
6HSURGXFHQFLHUWDVSDUDGRMDVDODSOLFDUHVWDVUHJODV(QSULPHUOXJDUODVSUXHEDV
HVSHFWURJUiϧFDV+XWFKLQVRQPXHVWUDQTXHODVYRFDOHVQRLGpQWLFDVGHOKDEOD
UiSLGDWLHQHQODPLVPDGXUDFLyQTXHXQDYRFDOVHQFLOODWyQLFDRiWRQD(VWRTXLHUH
GHFLUTXHGHDSOLFDUVHODUHJOD¬VHSURGXFLUiXQDVHFXHQFLDGHGRVVHJPHQWRVTXH
VRQItVLFDPHQWHPiVODUJRVTXHXQVHJPHQWRVHQFLOORORFXDOFRQWUDGLFHORVKHFKRV
6L¬DGHPiVVHVXSRQHTXHKD\XQRUGHQGHDSOLFDFLyQVHSURGXFHXQDFRPSOLFDFLyQ
(Q¬XQDVHFXHQFLDHH\HLSRUHMHPSORSDUDTXHVHGpHOUHVXOWDGR>H@HQODSULPHUD
VHFXHQFLDODUHJOD¬GHEHSUHFHGHUDODVLQHPEDUJRHVWD~OWLPDUHJODGHEH
DSOLFDUVHFDGDYH]TXHVHHQFXHQWUHFRQODGHVFULSFLyQHVWUXFWXUDODGHFXDGD3XHV
ELHQSDUDODVHJXQGDVHFXHQFLDKD\TXHLQYHUWLUHORUGHQGHDSOLFDFLyQGHODUHJOD
/DGHULYDFLyQVLJXLHQWHPXHVWUDODLQFRQJUXHQFLDTXHVXUJH
Ejemplo 2-27
a. HH b. HL c. HL

H 5HJOD L 5HJOD ³ 5HJOD
³ 5HJOD L 5HJOD LL 5HJOD
>H@ >L@ >LL@
/DSDUDGRMDTXHVHH[SRQHGHELOLWDHODQiOLVLVXQLOLQHDOSXHVWRTXH\DQRHVSRVLEOH
H[SOLFDUSRUTXpODVUHJODVLQWHUDFW~DQVHJ~QVHPXHVWUDHQSDUWLFXODUPHQWH
FXDQGRODUHJOD¬HVGHDSOLFDFLyQREOLJDWRULD
&RQXQDQiOLVLVGH¬&9VHUHVXHOYHQWRGRVORVSUREOHPDVGLVFXWLGRV(OGLSWRQJR
TXHVHVLHQWHFRPRVHJPHQWRVHQFLOORVHDQDOL]DUtDVLPSOLϧFDQGRXQDVHFXHQFLDGH¬99
GHPDQHUDTXHXQDYH]VHSLHUGDODSULPHUD9HOVHJPHQWRϩRWDQWHSDVDUtDDIRUPDU
SDUWHGHODRWUD9¬(VGHFLUTXHODUHJODVHDSOLFDUtDDXQDVHFXHQFLDQRLGpQWLFD
GH¬99SDUDFUHDUXQD9TXHGRPLQHGRVVHJPHQWRV(QVHSURYHHQORVUHVXOWDGRV
GHODDSOLFDFLyQGHDODVHFXHQFLDRL
Ejemplo 2-28
9 9
UDVJRV UDVJRV
Ejemplo 2-29
‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ఩ ‫۝‬ ఩ ‫۝‬

5HJOD 5HJOD
9 9 9 9
R L R L X L
/DSUHVHQFLDGHGRV9HVLGpQWLFDVTXHVHUHGXFHQDXQDTXHGDUiVXMHWDDO3ULQFLSLR
GH¬&RQWRUQR2EOLJDWRULRFX\DPHWDHVHQFLDOHVLPSHGLUODSUHVHQFLDLQWUDPRUIpPLFD
GHHOHPHQWRVDG\DFHQWHVFRQUDVJRVLGpQWLFRVGLOXFLGDUHPRVIRUPDOPHQWHHVWHSULQ
FLSLRHQHOFDStWXOR/DFRQϧJXUDFLyQLQLFLDOGHHVWDVYRFDOHVHVLJXDODODTXHVH
PXHVWUDHQH[FHSWRTXHHQYH]GHSURGXFLUVHODHQWUDGDRLVHREWLHQHHH
0DUWtQH]*LOSUHVHQWDXQDQiOLVLVDXWRVHJPHQWDOSDUHFLGRDODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
TXHVHLOXVWUDHQSHURFRQHOHPSOHRGHODPRUDTXHHVXQDXQLGDGGHSHVR
VLOiELFRHOFXDOVXVWLWX\HHOQLYHOLQWHUPHGLRGHODV9HV/DPRUDVHDERUGDUiHQHO
FDStWXORTXHWUDWDODVtODED
಩$QiOLVLV¬&9GHORVSOXUDOHV
6LELHQHQODVHFFLyQDQWHULRUHQFRQWUDPRVSUXHEDVTXHMXVWLϧFDQODSUHVHQFLDGHOQLYHO
&9RWURVGLDOHFWRVORFRUURERUDQD~QPiV3DVHPRVDKRUDDFRQVLGHUDUHODQiOLVLV
MHUiUTXLFRGHORVSOXUDOHVFRQVRSRUWH&9+DUULVF(QHIHFWRHQODPD\RUtDGH
ODVJUDPiWLFDVVHGLFHTXHSDUDIRUPDUHOSOXUDOGHVXVWDQWLYRV\DGMHWLYRVWDQVyORKD\
TXHDJUHJDUOHVsVLWHUPLQDQHQYRFDOiWRQD\-esDORVTXHWHUPLQDQHQFRQVRQDQWH
RHQYRFDOHVDFHQWXDGDV6LWHUPLQDQHQ-s,SUHFHGLGDGHYRFDOiWRQDHQWRQFHVQRVH
OHVDJUHJDQDGD(VWRHQVtHVORVDELGRVHJ~QϧJXUDHQGRQGHHOGLDFUtWLFRGHO
DFHQWRਥVHPDUFDFRQϧQHVLOXVWUDWLYRV
Ejemplo 2-30
6LQJXODU 3OXUDO
libr>R@ libr>R@s
clas>H@ clas>H@s
ho te>O@ ho te>O@es
Ejemplo 2-30 (continued)
6LQJXODU 3OXUDO
lapi>V@ lapi>V@es
vu d>X@ vu d>X@es
crisi>V@ crisi>V@
dosi>V@ dosi>V@
$KRUDELHQHQVHSHUϧODXQDVROXFLyQSRWHQFLDOTXHQRVHKDEtDFRQWHP

SODGRHQODOLWHUDWXUDJHQHUDWLYDGHOSDVDGR6HWUDWDGHTXHHVWDVSDODEUDVUHVSRQGHQ
D XQD HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ PRUIROyJLFD GLIHUHQWH +DUULV F 8Q DQiOLVLV FXLGDGRVR
GHODVGRV~OWLPDVIRUPDVQRVVXJLHUHHQSULPHUOXJDUTXHOD-isϧQDOQRHVODPLVPD
VHFXHQFLDϧQDOTXHDSDUHFHHQlápizSDUDHOKDEODKLVSDQRDPHULFDQDHQODTXHODOHWUD
zFRUUHVSRQGHDODIULFDWLYDV(QVHJXQGROXJDUOD-isYLHQHDVHUHOPLVPRHOHPHQWR
PRUIROyJLFRTXHOD-oϧQDOGHlibro\OD-eϧQDOGHclase,HOHPHQWRTXHGHQRPLQDUHPRV
marcador de palabra,ORFXDOTXHGDFRQϧUPDGRHQ
Ejemplo 2-31
NODVH vs. OLE‫ޞ‬R

NODVLϧND‫ޞ‬ OLE‫ޞ‬H‫ޞ‬R
G૧RVLV ODSLVH‫ޞ‬R
G૧RVLϧND‫ޞ‬
6HQRWDTXHODVYRFDOHVGHODVSDODEUDVQRGHULYDGDVQRDSDUHFHQHQODVGHULYDGDV
OR¬FXDOVXJLHUHTXHQRSHUWHQHFHQDVXEDVH\TXHSRUWDQWRWDPSRFRGHEHQDSDUHFHUHQ
ODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVXE\DFHQWH/RPLVPRRFXUUHFRQOD-isGHdosis.$GHPiVVHREVHUYD
TXHOD>V@GHlápizDSDUHFHHQVXUDt]ORFXDOODGLVWLQJXHGHOD-isGHdosis,TXHQRHVWi
SUHVHQWH$¬PDQHUDGHHMHPSORRIUHFHPRVODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQDXWRVHJPHQWDOMHUiUTXLFD
GHdosis\libro
Ejemplo 2-32
‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬
& 9 & & 9 & &
G૧ R V O L E ‫ޞ‬
3DUDH[SOLFDUHOSOXUDOGHPDQHUDXQLIRUPH\VHQFLOODSRGHPRVXWLOL]DUODUHSUH
VHQWDFLyQJHRPpWULFDGH(VWHDQiOLVLVVHSXHGHFRQVLGHUDUH[SOLFDWLYRSRUTXH
VHGHGXFHGHSULQFLSLRVSULPRUGLDOHV\JHQHUDOHVGHODJUDPiWLFDXQLYHUVDO\QRGH
UHJODVSDUWLFXODUHVGHOLGLRPD9HDPRVORVGHWDOOHV
3ULPHURVHSODQWHDFRPRSRVWXODGRGHODJUDPiWLFDSDUWLFXODUGHOHVSDxROTXHHO
HVTXHOHWRSURVyGLFRGHORVSOXUDOHVVHDMXVWDDOSDWUyQHQGRQGHORVFRUFKHWHV
LQGLFDQODFRPSRVLFLyQPRUIROyJLFD
Ejemplo 2-33
>> @9&@Ǔ Ǔ QRPEUHDGMHWLYR
6HSURSRQHDGHPiVTXHODSODQWLOODSURVyGLFDVHIRUPXOHFRPRODUHJODHQOD

TXHVHSURSRUFLRQDPDWHULDOIRQROyJLFRDWDOHVSOXUDOHV
Ejemplo 2-34
$VyFLHVHsDOD&SHULIpULFDGH
/D¬9VHDVRFLDUtDFRQa, oRe,VLVHSUHVXPHTXHDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWHWRGDSDODEUD
FRQWLHQHXQGLDFUtWLFRTXHSURYHHLQIRUPDFLyQSUHGHFLEOH\DVHDGHJpQHURIHPHQLQR
RPDVFXOLQR'HRWURPRGRODVSDODEUDVGHOOp[LFRHVSDxROVHLGHQWLϧFDQGHGRVPDQH
UDV¬PHGLDQWHHOJpQHUR\¬PHGLDQWHHOPDUFDGRUGHSDODEUDTXHDGRSWDHOJpQHUR
+DUULVD$¬ODVSDODEUDVGHJpQHURIHPHQLQR\ODVDPELJXDVTXHWHUPLQDQFRQ-a
FRPROD-aϧQDOGHplanetaVHOHVVXSOHHOPDUFDGRU@a;\SRUGHIHFWRODVSDODEUDV
GHJpQHURPDVFXOLQR\ODVTXHWHUPLQDQHQ-o,FRPRmanoUHFLEHQHOPDUFDGRU@o.
/DVGHPiVYLHQHQPDUFDGDVDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWHFRQHOGLDFUtWLFR@e.(VWR~OWLPRTXLHUH
GHFLUTXHXQDSDODEUDSXHGHOOHYDUHOJpQHURIHPHQLQRVLQTXHSRUHOORODUHDOL]DFLyQ
IRQROyJLFDWHQJDTXHVHUDVLQRRWUDYRFDO3XHGHVHUHSRUHMHPSORclase(Q
VHLOXVWUDORDQWHGLFKR
Ejemplo 2-35
libro libra clase

OLE‫ޞ‬ OLE‫ޞ‬ NODV
I @e 5HSUHVHQWDFLyQVXE\DFHQWH
@a ³ 5HJODGHPDUFDGRUGHUDVJRIHPHQLQR
8QD YH] LGHQWLϧFDGDV ODV SDODEUDV VH OHV VXSOHQ UHGXQGDQWHPHQWH VXV UDVJRV
IRQROyJLFRVPHGLDQWHODUHJODSDUDODVTXHWHUPLQDQHQa\o,\SRUGHIHFWR
SDUDODVTXHOOHYDQe.
Ejemplo 2-36 Regla de realización de marcador de palabra
఩ D>> @a@1$BBB@;R
RRWUD
1 QRPEUH$¬ DGMHWLYR;R XQDFDWHJRUtDFXDOTXLHUD

5HFRQVLGpUHVH\9HPRVHQWRQFHVTXHODUHJODVHDSOLFDUtDGHO

VLJXLHQWHPRGR
Ejemplo 2-37
libro libra clase

OLE‫ޞ‬ OLE‫ޞ‬ NODV
I @e 5HSUHVHQWDFLyQVXE\DFHQWH
@a 5HJODGHPDUFDGRUGHUDVJRIHPHQLQR
OLE‫ޞ‬R OLE‫ޞ‬D ³ 5HJOD
NODVH 5HJODGHUHGXQGDQFLD
(QODSUHVHQFLDGH@eHQclaseLPSLGHODDSOLFDFLyQGHODUHJODTXHGH

ORFRQWUDULROOHQDUtDHOHVTXHOHWRYDFtRFRQaXo.8QDUHJODGHUHGXQGDQFLDWDUGtD
HVSHFLϧFDORVUDVJRVGHXQDeSRUGHIHFWR
5HWRUQHPRVDODSOXUDOL]DFLyQ$KRUDUHVXOWDFODURORTXHRFXUUHFRQOD&\9GHO
HVTXHOHWRSURVyGLFROD~OWLPD&UHFLEHs\OD9XQDGHODVYRFDOHV,OXVWUHPRVFRQ
libro:
Ejemplo 2-38
(VWUDWRVHJPHQWDO O L E ‫ޞ‬
఩ 5HJODV

(VWUDWRSURVyGLFR >> & 9 & & @ 9 & @Ǔ
O L E ‫ޞ‬ R V
>> & 9 & & @ 9 & @Ǔ
¢4Xp RFXUUH HQWRQFHV FRQ HO SOXUDO GHO VXVWDQWLYRdosis \ RWURV SDUHFLGRV" 6L QRV
UHPLWLPRVDVXUHSUHVHQWDFLyQYHUHPRVTXHOD>L@YDDRFXSDUOD9SHQ~OWLPD\D&OH
FRUUHVSRQGHUisVHSUHVXPHTXHODVYRFDOHVLXSRUVHUGHFDUiFWHULPSUHGHFLEOH
FXHQWDQFRQUDVJRVHVSHFLϧFDGRVDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWH\SRUWDQWRFRQVXVHVTXHOHWRV
UHOOHQRV 1RV TXHGD HQWRQFHV OD-s SURSLD GHO SOXUDO $O DEUHYLDU SDVRV VXFHGH OR
VLJXLHQWH
Ejemplo 2-39
G૧ R V L V ఩ G૧ R V L V V
5HJOD
>> & 9 & @ 9 & @Ǔ >> & 9 & @ 9 & @Ǔ
3RUORYLVWRHQFRQWUDPRVXQD-sGHPiV\DQLYHOGHIRQpWLFDORTXHDSDUHFHHVXQD
>V@EUHYH/DH[SOLFDFLyQQXHYDPHQWHVHSURGXFHGHPDQHUDDXWRPiWLFD\XQLYHUVDO
VLQWHQHUTXHUHFXUULUDORHVSHFtϧFRGHOHVSDxROPHGLDQWHOD&RQYHQFLyQGH¬$VRFLD
FLyQ8QLYHUVDOTXHHVWXGLDUHPRVHQODVHFFLyQ
Ejemplo 2-40
G૧ R V L V V
>> & 9 & @ 9 & @Ǔ
(OWLSRGHDVRFLDFLyQTXHVHLOXVWUDHQHVORTXHVHFRQRFHFRPRasociación simple

DFRQORFXDOVHTXLHUHGHFLUTXHYDOHORPLVPRDVRFLDUDGRV>V@FRQXQD&TXH
DVRFLDUODVGRV>V@FRQGRV&HV
7DPELpQKD\asociación propagada,FRQODFXDOVHHVWDEOHFHTXHODVOtQHDVGHDVRFLD
FLyQHQWUHHVWUDWRVDXWRVHJPHQWDOHVVHSURSDJDQDXWRPiWLFDPHQWHDWRGDVODVSRVLFLR
QHVTXHQRHVWiQWRGDYtDDVRFLDGDVFRQXQHOHPHQWRGHRWURHVWUDWRVHJ~QVHPXHVWUD
HQE(VWD~OWLPDHVJHQHUDOPHQWHSURSLDGHORVIHQyPHQRVGHDUPRQtDYRFiOLFD
FRPRRFXUUHHQHOJUDQDGLQRGRQGHODYRFDODELHUWDϧQDOTXHVHxDODHOSOXUDOOHHQYtD
VXVUDVJRVDODVGHPiVYRFDOHVSUHFHGHQWHVSRUHMHPSORPRQRW ૧RQɬ఩>PɬਥQɬW ૧ɬQɬ@
Ejemplo 2-41
a. $VRFLDFLyQVLPSOH b. $VRFLDFLyQSURSDJDGD

; Y = = ; Y = = ఩ =
3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5
/DDVRFLDFLyQSURSDJDGDWDPELpQVHSXHGHDSOLFDUDRWURVSURFHVRVSRUHMHPSOR
HOFRQRFLGRSOXUDOGREOHají఩ajises.$TXtVHSUHVXPHTXHODHGHOSOXUDOGREOHQR
LPSLGHODDVRFLDFLyQGREOHGHODsSRUTXHDTXpOODQRSRVHHHVSHFLϧFDFLyQGHUDVJRV
DQLYHOVXE\DFHQWH(VSRUHVRTXHORVUDVJRVGHVVHSXHGHQSURSDJDUDWUDYpVGH
HSURFHVRPX\WtSLFRHQRWUDVOHQJXDVTXHHVWXGLDUHPRVHQHOFDStWXOR
&ODURHVWiTXHODSODQWLOODQRGDFXHQWDGHWRGRVORVSOXUDOHV+DEUtDTXH
FRQVLGHUDUDTXpOORVTXHWHUPLQDQHQFRQVRQDQWHVRYRFDOHVDFHQWXDGDVSHURTXHQR
UHFLEHQ-eHSHQWpWLFDWDOHVFRPRvermutavermuts, yenayens, PerúaPerús;RORV
TXHYDUtDQHQWUHXQR\RWURFRPRclub ~ clubsaclubes; bajáabajásabajáes.(VWRV
UHTXHULUtDQRWURWLSRGHSDWUyQ,JXDOUD]yQVHGDUtDGHORVSOXUDOHVGREOHVTXHVH
LGHQWLϧFDQSRUSRVHHUGREOHVPDUFDVGHODVHxDGHSOXUDOVFRPRHQmanisesR
cafesesGHYDULRVGLDOHFWRVKLVSDQRDPHULFDQRV(VWHWLSRGHSOXUDOOOHYDODSODQWLOOD
SURVyGLFD>¬> @9&9&¬@HQGRQGHHVWDVHFXHQFLDGH¬&HV\9HVVHDMXVWDDORVFXDWUR
~OWLPRVVHJPHQWRVGHDPEDVSDODEUDV+DUULVFSURSXVRHVWHWLSRGHDQiOLVLV
SDUDH[SOLFDUORVSOXUDOHVGREOHVHQGRPLQLFDQRGHgallina\mujerTXHVHSOXUDOL]DQ
gallínase\mujérese,H[FHSWRTXHODSODQWLOODGHHVWHGLDOHFWRUHVXOWDVHU>¬> @9&9@
SXHVJHQHUDOPHQWHORVKDEODQWHVQRDUWLFXODQXQD>V@ϧQDO
಩/RVKLSRFRUtVWLFRV\HOQLYHO&9
/RV DGXOWRV \ QLxRV HQ VX KDEOD DIHFWLYD VXHOHQ VLPSOLϧFDU ORV QRPEUHV SURSLRV
\DDFRUWiQGRORV\DFRQYLUWLpQGRORVHQDSRGRVVHJ~QHOGLDOHFWR$VtGH¬ Gregorio,
Anselmo, Graciela\HumbertoVHUHJLVWUDQGoyo, Chemo, Chela\Beto.(Q/LSVNL
VHHVWXGLDHVWHSURFHVRHQHOFXDOVHQRWDQXQDVHULHGHUHJXODULGDGHVTXHVHSXHGHQ
H[SOLFDUSDUFLDOPHQWHFRQXQQLYHO&9¬(QODPD\RUtDGHHVWDVUHGXFFLRQHVVHREVHUYD
TXHORTXHUHVXOWDHVXQDSDODEUDGHGRVVtODEDV\pVWDVVRQVLHPSUHGHOSURWRWLSRVLOi
ELFRXQLYHUVDOFRQVRQDQWHYRFDOVDOYRFXDQGRHOQRPEUHSURSLRFRQWLHQHXQDVtODED
ϧQDOWUDEDGDSRUFRQVRQDQWHQDVDOFRPRHQArminda,TXHGDMinda.$GHPiVHVWRV
DFRUWDPLHQWRVVXUJHQFRQDFHQWXDFLyQOODQDD~QVLHOQRPEUHRULJLQDOFRQWLHQHDFHQ
WXDFLyQDJXGDRHVGU~MXODSRUHMHPSORValentínGD Tino\GH¬CándidaVHWLHQH Canda.
$OLJXDOTXHHOSOXUDOVHSXHGHGHGXFLUODIRUPDGHODPD\RUtDGHORVKLSRFRUtVWLFRV
FRQXQHVTXHOHWR&9&9TXHVHFRQVWUX\HVREUHHOQRPEUHSULPLWLYRGHVGHODGHUHFKD
KDFLDODL]TXLHUGD/DGLUHFFLyQHVLPSRUWDQWHSRUTXHHOKLSRFRUtVWLFRFRQWLHQHXVXDO
PHQWHORVVHJPHQWRVGHODVGRV~OWLPDVVtODEDV
Ejemplo 2-42
+ X P E H U W R E U Q H V W R
>> @ & 9 & 9 @ >> @ & 9 & 9 @
1yWHVH TXH FRPR UHVXOWDGR GH DSOLFDU OD SODQWLOOD KD\ FRQVRQDQWHV \ YRFDOHV TXH
TXHGDQVLQVRSRUWHDOJXQR(QDXVHQFLDGHVRSRUWHORVHOHPHQWRVGHVDVRFLDGRVVH
SLHUGHQRGLFKRGHRWURPRGRQRHQFXHQWUDQLQWHUSUHWDFLyQIRQpWLFD(OUHVXOWDGR
GHVRQORVUHVSHFWLYRVBeto\Neto.
/DUHGXFFLyQTXHVHHMHPSOLϧFDSRUORJHQHUDOYLHQHDSDUHMDGDGHXQDVHULHGH
FDPELRV3RUORSURQWRODVFRQVRQDQWHVWLHQGHQDFDPELDUGHUDVJRVSRUHMHPSOR
ODVVHFRQYLHUWHHQ>߿@IgnacioFDPELDDNacho.(VWHHMHPSORPXHVWUDDGHPiVOD
WHQGHQFLDDTXHGHVDSDUH]FDQODVGHVOL]DGDV/DIVHWUDQVIRUPDHQ>S@SRUHMHPSOR
AlfonsoSURGXFHPoncho.
/RVQRPEUHVFederico, Lázaro\TránsitoVXHOHQDEUHYLDUVHFico, Lacho,\Tacho.
'H¬HOORVVHGHGXFHTXHSDUDIRUPDUKLSRFRUtVWLFRVVHWRPDQSUHVWDGRVORVGRVSULPHURV
VHJPHQWRVGHOQRPEUHSURSLR\ORVGRV~OWLPRVKHFKRTXHVHFRQWUDSRQHDODSODQWL
OOD&9¬7DOSDUHFHTXHHVWDUHGXFFLyQSRVLEOHPHQWHUHTXLHUDGHDQiOLVLVPiVJHQHUDO
FRPRHOTXHVXJLHUH/LSVNLTXLHQHPSOHDODPRUDSURVyGLFDTXHVHHVWXGLDUi
HQHOFDStWXOR/RVLJQLϧFDWLYRGHXQDQiOLVLV&9HVTXHFDSWDXQEXHQQ~PHURGH
GHULYDFLRQHVKLSRFRUtVWLFDVFRQORFXDOVHQRVGDDHQWHQGHUTXHHOKDEODQWHWLHQGH
QRVyORDEXVFDUVLPSOLFLGDGVLQRTXHVHUHPLWHWDPELpQDLQQRYDU(VSRUHOORTXHGH
HQWUDUHQODOHQJXDHOQRPEUHProtanasio,SUREDEOHPHQWHSURGX]FDNachoFI¬/LSVNL
3ULHWR(OWHPDGHODHVWUXFWXUDVLOiELFD&9DSDUHFHUiFXELHUWRPiV
DPSOLDPHQWHHQHOFDStWXORTXHWUDWDODWHRUtDGHODRSWLPLGDG
಩(OHVTXHOHWR;\UHJODVJOREDOHV
$GHPiVGHORVUHSDURVTXHOHKLFLHUD/LSVNLDODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ&9HQHOFLWDGRHQVD\R
pVWDHQFRQWUyRWURVUHWRVTXHOOHYDURQDSURSRQHUXQDQXHYDFRQFHSFLyQWHyULFDGH
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ(OPD\RUGHVDItRORDUWLFXOy/HYLQ\DQWHVTXHHOOD.D\H\
/RZHQVWDPPVXJLULHURQTXHHQOXJDUGH¬&HV\9HVGHEHKDEHUUDQXUDVYDFtDV
ODVTXHVXHOHQUHSUHVHQWDUVHPHGLDQWHXQD;¬8QRGHORVDUJXPHQWRVPiVVyOLGRVDIDYRU
GHHVWDKLSyWHVLVHVTXHODSUHVHQFLDGH¬&9SHUPLWHFRPELQDFLRQHVH[WUDxDVHQWUHHVTXH
OHWR\VHJPHQWRV(VHVWHHOSUREOHPDHVSLQRVRTXHFRQIURQWDUD1~xH]&HGHxRD
DODQDOL]DUHOIHQyPHQRGHDODUJDPLHQWRYRFiOLFRFRPSHQVDWRULRHQHVSDxROFXEDQR
಩&RPSHQVDFLyQYRFiOLFD
(QWLpQGDVHSRUalargamiento vocálico compensatorioHOSURFHVRTXHKDFHTXHORVUDVJRV

GHXQVHJPHQWRFRQWLJXRSDVHQDUHOOHQDUHOHVSDFLRYDFtRGHORVUDVJRVGHXQVHJPHQWR
TXHVHKDHOLPLQDGR(OFDVRTXHPiVVHFRQRFHHQODOLWHUDWXUDOLQJtVWLFDHVHOTXHVH
UHJLVWUDHQHOGLDOHFWRGHOHVSDxROKDEDQHUR+DPPRQGDXQTXHRWURVIHQyPH
QRVSDUHFLGRVVHUHSRUWDQSDUDHOHVSDxROGRPLQLFDQR-LPpQH]6DEDWHU\RWUDV
OHQJXDV³HOJULHJRSRUHMHPSOR,QJULD7RPHPRVHOFXEDQRFRPRPRGHOR
&RPRVHVDEHHOFXEDQRDOLJXDOTXHODJUDQPD\RUtDGHORVGLDOHFWRVKLVSiQLFRV
SRVHHXQDUHJODTXHWLHQGHDDVSLUDURHOLPLQDUODVVXE\DFHQWHDOϧQDOGHVtODED
HQSRVLFLyQLQWUDPRUIpPLFD&RQWUDULRDRWURVGLDOHFWRVHOFXEDQRSDUHFHSRVHHUOD
VLQJXODUFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHTXHXQDYH]HOLPLQDGDODVODYRFDOSUHFHGHQWHWLHQGH
DDODUJDUVH(QORVHVWXGLRVJHQHUDWLYRVWUDGLFLRQDOHVVHWUDWyVHPHMDQWHFDVRFRQODV
GHQRPLQDGDVreglas globales³RVHDSDUDTXHXQDYRFDOSXGLHUDDODUJDUVHWHQtDTXH
VDEHUVHSUHYLDPHQWHTXHXQDFRQVRQDQWHVHKDEtDHOLPLQDGR(UDQHFHVDULRSRUWDQWR
FRQRFHUODKLVWRULDGHULYDFLRQDOGHXQDSDODEUDXQDVSHFWRGHODVUHVWULFFLRQHVGHUL
YDFLRQDOHVTXHPHQFLRQDPRVHQUHQJORQHVDQWHULRUHV)RUPDOPHQWHH[SXHVWDOD¬UHJOD
GHDODUJDPLHQWRYRFiOLFROXFHGHHVWDPDQHUD
Ejemplo 2-43
9఩9৸ಣಣ V &
ಣಣ@‫۝‬
&RQGLFLyQ(VWDUHJODVHFXPSOHVL\DVHKDDSOLFDGRODUHJODGHHOLVLyQGHV
'HPDQHUDLQIRUPDOODUHJODGLFHTXHXQDYRFDOVHDODUJDVyORVLODVLJXHXQD

FRQVRQDQWHTXHVHDV&RQODVHJXQGD&VHFDSWDHOKHFKRGHTXHVyORVHDODUJDUiQ
ODVYRFDOHVHQSRVLFLyQLQWHUQDGHSDODEUD&RQVHPHMDQWHFRQGLFLyQHVWLSXODGDVH
SXHGHQGHULYDUFRUUHFWDPHQWHODVSDODEUDVTXHGDPRVHQ
Ejemplo 2-44
W ૧DOEHV EXNH EXVNH SDVW ૧LթD SHVNDG૧R

಩W ૧DOਥEHV ಩ਥEXNH ಩ਥEXVNH ಩SDVਥW ૧LթD ಩SHVਥNDG૧R $FHQWXDFLyQ
಩W ૧DOਥEH ³ ಩ਥEXNH ಩SDਥW ૧LթD ಩SHਥNDG૧R (OLVLyQGHV
³ ³ ಩ਥEX৸NH ಩SD৸ਥW ૧LթD ಩SH৸ਥNDG૧R 5HJOD
>ಭಭW ૧DOਥɕ૊H@ >ಭಭਥEXNH@ >ಭಭਥEX৸NH@ >ಭಭSD৸ਥW ૧LբD@ >ಭಭSH৸ਥND˓૊R@
(OSUREOHPDGHVHPHMDQWHVROXFLyQHUDHOWHQHUTXHUHIHULUVHDOVHJPHQWRHOLGLGR
OR¬TXHLPSOLFDUtDH[WHQGHUHOSRGHUJHQHUDWLYRGHODVUHJODV6LIXHUDSRVLEOHKDFHU
HQWUDUHQMXHJRWDOHVWLSRVGHUHJODVFDEUtDSUHJXQWDUVHSRUTXpQRKDFHUORPLVPR
FRQODVGHPiVUHJODVGHFXDOTXLHUJUDPiWLFD/DVUHJODVJOREDOHVUHVXOWDUtDQSRUHQGH
GHPDVLDGRSRGHURVDV\DTXHHODQDOLVWDSRGUtDDSOLFDUODVDVXDQWRMR\SRUFRQVL
JXLHQWHVHKDUtDGLItFLOUHVWULQJLUODV6LQHPEDUJRQRKDEtDRWUDPDQHUDGHGDUFXHQWD
GHORTXHVXFHGtD\HOOLQJLVWDVHVHJXtDYDOLHQGRGHWDQVRVSHFKRVDVROXFLyQ
(ODQiOLVLVDXWRVHJPHQWDOFRQXQSULPHUDFHUFDPLHQWREDVDGRHQXQHVTXHOHWR&9
RIUHFHXQDVDOLGDSDUFLDOPHQWHH[LWRVDDODGLϧFXOWDGWHyULFDTXHSURGXFHHOHPSOHR
GHODVUHJODVJOREDOHV1~xH]&HGHxRD9DPRVDHMHPSOLϧFDUFRQODSDODEUD
pescado,OLPLWiQGRQRVH[FOXVLYDPHQWHDODVHFXHQFLDSHVN6LSUHVXPLPRVTXHVH
KDQHOLPLQDGRWRGRVORVUDVJRVGHVOR~QLFRTXHUHVWDHVVXHVTXHOHWR&VLQUDVJRV
2FXUULUtD HQWRQFHV TXH ORV UDVJRV GH OD YRFDO SUHFHGHQWH VH H[WHQGHUtDQ OR FXDO
TXHGDLQGLFDGRFRQODOtQHDGLVFRQWLQXDHQ\TXHRFXSDUtDQHOOXJDUYDFtRGH¬&
SUHYLDGHVDVRFLDFLyQGHWRGRVVXVUDVJRV,OXVWUHPRVSUHV~PDVHTXH\DODVHFXHQFLD
&9GHODHQWUDGDVHKDDVRFLDGRFRQOD&TXHTXHGDϩRWDQGRVHJ~QORUHTXLHUHXQ
SULQFLSLRXQLYHUVDOTXHHVWXGLDUHPRVPiVDGHODQWHORVVtPERORVIRQpWLFRVUHVXPHQ
UDVJRVIRQROyJLFRV
Ejemplo 2-45 Alargamiento vocálico compensatorio con un esqueleto CV
& 9 & & ఩ & 9 & &
S H V N S H >ಣ@ N
6L ELHQ FRQ HVWH DQiOLVLV VH HOLPLQDQ ODV UHJODV JOREDOHV SRUTXH \D QR KDEUtD TXH
UHIHULUVHDODKLVWRULDGHULYDFLRQDOGHXQVHJPHQWRHODVXQWRVHQRVFRPSOLFDSRU
RWUDSDUWH2EVpUYHVHHQTXHORVUDVJRVGHHVLHQGRYRFDOSDVDQDRFXSDU
ODUDQXUDYDFtDGH¬&FX\RHVTXHOHWRVHVXSRQHTXHVHD>ਮVLOiELFR@HVGHFLUXQD
FRQVRQDQWH1RVHQFRQWUDPRVFRQXQDHYLGHQWHFRQWUDGLFFLyQTXH\DKDVLGRDQRWDGD
HQHODQiOLVLVGHRWUDVOHQJXDV5RFD
6LHQFDPELRQRVUHPLWLPRVDXQHVTXHOHWRGH¬;FX\DIXQFLyQHVWDPELpQVHUYLU
GHVRSRUWH\FRPRXQLGDGGHWLHPSRDOLJXDOTXHHOQLYHO&9ODFRQWUDGLFFLyQVH
GHVYDQHFH5HWRPHPRV\FDPELpPRVODSRU
Ejemplo 2-46 Alargamiento vocálico compensatorio con un esqueleto X
N ఩ N
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
S H V N S H >ಣ@ N
/RVUDVJRVGHHHQWRQFHVSDVDQDH[WHQGHUVHGHPDQHUDTXHHQFXHQWUDQXQOXJDU
YDFtRTXHQRSRVHHUDVJRVQLQJXQRV3RUHVRHQWRQFHVVHVLHQWHHQHVHGLDOHFWRXQD
YRFDOODUJD
(QHOHMHPSORKHPRVLQFOXLGRXQQLYHODGLFLRQDOHOGH¬1~FOHRTXHVHOH
DJUHJDD;\TXHVLHPSUHYLHQHSUHDVLJQDGRDVXYRFDO(VWHWLSRGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
HVPXFKRPiVULFDXQDYH]VHFRQVLGHUDODHVWUXFWXUDGHODVtODEDODFXDOSUR\HFWD
QLYHOHVDGLFLRQDOHVSXQWRTXHVHGLVFXWLUiHQHOFDStWXOR
$OLJXDOTXHHQFXEDQRHQGRPLQLFDQRVHGDHOFDVRGHSpUGLGDLQWUDPRUIpPLFDGH
‫ޞ‬H[DFWDPHQWHHQHOPLVPRFRQWH[WRGHODSpUGLGDGHVFXEDQDFRQHOUHVXOWDGR
GHODODUJDPLHQWRGHODVYRFDOHVTXHODSUHFHGHQSRUHMHPSORmuerto\cortoVXUJHQ
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWHFRPR>ਥPZH৸WR@\>ਥNR৸WR@HVWD~OWLPDGLIHUHQFLiQGRVHHQVXFDQWLGDG
YRFiOLFDGHcoto>ਥNRW ૧R@/DSUHVHQFLDGHOHVTXHOHWRYDFtRH[SOLFDSRUTXpQRVHDODUJDQ
ODVYRFDOHVGHcodo, abogado, lobo, peludo,HWF/DH[SOLFDFLyQHVTXHHVWDVSDODEUDVQR
SRVHHQHVTXHOHWRVYDFtRV'HHOLPLQDUVHORVUDVJRVGHXQDGHHVWDVFRQVRQDQWHVLQWHU
YRFiOLFDVHODQiOLVLVDXWRVHJPHQWDOMHUiUTXLFRSUHGLUtDTXHODVYRFDOHVSUHFHGHQWHV
WDPELpQVHDODUJDUtDQ\HVORTXHVXFHGHHQGRPLQLFDQRFRQcodo,TXHVHSURQXQFLD
>ਥNR৸@
(O GHVDItR TXH OH SUHVHQWD HO QLYHO ; DO GHO &9 QR KD VLGR PRUWDO SXHV VH KD
GHPRVWUDGRTXHHO~WLPRHVYLWDOSDUDH[SOLFDUORVGDWRVHQDUiELJR\KHEUHRYpDQVH
.HQVWRZLF]0F&DUWK\$GHPiVKR\GtDODWHRUtDGHODRSWLPLGDGTXH
H[DPLQDUHPRVHQHOFDStWXORDFHSWDODSUHVHQFLD&9DOH[LJLUTXHODVtODEDSRU
H[FHOHQFLD FRQVLVWD HQ OD VHFXHQFLD &9¬ /R PLVPR RFXUUH FRQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD
DUTXLWHFWXUDJHRPpWULFDTXHYHUHPRVPiVDGHODQWHHQGRQGHORVGLIHUHQWHVQRGRV
TXHFRQIRUPDQDXQVHJPHQWRYDQVXSHGLWDGRVDXQQRGRPD\RUTXHVHLGHQWLϧFD
FRQORVUDVJRV>FRQVRQDQWH@RVHD&\9¬7RGDYtDQRVHKDOOHJDGRDXQDGHFLVLyQ
ϧQDOEDVDGDHQGDWRVHPStULFRVTXHGHVGLJDQXQDKLSyWHVLV\IDYRUH]FDQRWUD3RU
HOORHQFRQWUDPRVDPHQXGRXQDOLWHUDWXUDPXOWLIDFpWLFDTXHLQFRUSRUDODVGLVWLQWDV
QRFLRQHVGHXQHVTXHOHWRHVWUXFWXUDO
2.5. Niveles de representación y la Convención de Asociación Universal
9ROYDPRVDFHQWUDUQRVHQORVYDULRVHVWUDWRVGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ7HQGUHPRVTXHHOORV³
ODVYRFDOHVODVFRQVRQDQWHVODHVWUXFWXUDVLOiELFDORVFRQVWLWX\HQWHVPRUIROyJLFRV³
VH¬ LQWHUVHFWDQ HQ HO Q~FOHR HVTXHOpWLFR 9DPRV D LPDJLQDU GLFKR Q~FOHR FRPR XQ
FXDGHUQRGHORPRDODPEUDGRHQHVSLUDOGHGRQGHSDUWHQORVYDULRVHVWUDWRV
DQWHVPHQFLRQDGRV+DUULVD&OHPHQWV
Ejemplo 2-47
a i
s f r j l /DV&HV\9HVGH
OD)RQRORJtD¬&9
VHSXHGHQVXV
WLWXLUSRUHTXLV
VLQPD\RUHV
X X X X X X X X FRQVHFXHQFLDV
s s s
/RVWUHVSODQRVUHSUHVHQWDQORVDVSHFWRVLQGHSHQGLHQWHVGHODHVWUXFWXUDGHODSDOD
EUDTXHFRLQFLGHFRQHOSOXUDOGHODSDODEUDsafarjal¶PHPEULOOR·GHE/D¬FRQϧ
JXUDFLyQGHOHVWUDWRGHODHVWUXFWXUDVLOiELFDHOGHOtQHDVVyOLGDVFODUDVFRPRTXHGD
GLFKRWDPELpQVHUHϧHUHDODϩH[LyQYHUEDO/DVHQWLGDGHVGHOHVWUDWRFRQVRQiQWLFR
GHOtQHDVRVFXUDVVRQODVGHODIRUPDOp[LFDGHODUDt]\VHKDOODQWDQWRHQHOVLQJXODU
FRPRHQHOSOXUDO(OWHUFHUHVWUDWRGHOtQHDVGLVFRQWLQXDVFRUUHVSRQGHDOD´PHORGtDµ
YRFiOLFD>D@>L@ODFXDOFRQIRUPDODFDWHJRUtDPRUIROyJLFDGHORVSOXUDOHVVHSDUDGRV
(VWRVWUHVHVWUDWRVFRQYHUJHQHQWUHVtPHGLDQWHOD&RQYHQFLyQGH¬$VRFLDFLyQ8QLYHUVDO
\VXDSpQGLFHTXHHYLWDQHOFUXFHGHOtQHDVSURGXFHQODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ\GHEHQLQFOXLU
ORVIHQyPHQRVQRWRQDOHVYpDVH>@6HJXLPRVXQDUHYLVLyQPiVSRVWHULRUTXHOD
VXSHUDUHLQWHUSUHWDGDSRUYDULRVDXWRUHV$UFKDQJHOL3XOOH\EODQN
Ejemplo 2-48 Convención de Asociación Universal
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ORPLVPRRFXUULUtDFRQODVYRFDOHV
Ejemplo 2-49
& & & & ఩ & & & &
V I U j O V I U j O
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PDFLyQTXHHVHOWHUFHUSULQFLSLR\DSUHVHQWDGRHQ
Ejemplo 2-50 Condición de Buena Formación
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/DV TXH KHPRV LOXVWUDGR HQ YDPRV D GHQRPLQDUODV representaciones

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Ejemplo 2-51
a. & 9 & 9 & 9 vs. b. & 9 & & 9 & 9
N D ‫ޞ‬ H W૧ D N D ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ H W૧ D

(MHPSORDHVWDUtDELHQIRUPDGDSHURQRDVtETXHWHQGUtDTXHFRQϧJX

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Ejemplo 2-52
a. ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ఩ b. ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬

3&2
& 9 & & 9 & 9 & 9 & & 9 & 9
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Ejemplo 2-53
‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬
& 9 & & & 9 & 9
N D V ‫ޞ‬ H W૧ D
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Ejercicios
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SURFHVR6HJ~QSODQWHDHOSURFHVR¢FyPRORGHQRPLQDUtD\SRUTXpHVFRJH
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2. (QHOHVSDxROKDEDQHURVHUHJLVWUDQODVVLJXLHQWHVQDVDOHV*XLWDUW
Formas subyacentes Formas fonéticas Glosas

I‫ޞ‬HQW ૧H >ਥI‫ޞ‬H‫غ‬W ૧H@ frente
DQG૧D >ਥD‫غ‬G૧D@ anda
DQSD >ਥD‫غ‬SD@ hampa
DQVMHG૧DG૧ >D‫غ‬VMHਥ˓૊D@ ansiedad
SRQOR >ਥSR‫غ‬OR@ ponlo
NDQG૧DG૧R >ND‫غ‬ਥG૧D˓૊R@ candado
PDQСD >ਥPD‫غ‬СD@ manga
NRPHQ >ਥNRPH‫@غ‬ comen
NDPMRQ >NDਥPMR‫@غ‬ camión
QDW ૧D >ਥQDW ૧D@ nata
NDQDVW ૧D >NDਥQDKW ૧D@ canasta
PDQR >ਥPDQR@ mano
1RPEUHHOSURFHVR\H[SUpVHORHQIRUPDDXWRVHJPHQWDO¢&RQVLGHUD8GTXHVX
UHJODVHSXHGHH[SUHVDUSRUH[WHQVLyQGHUDVJRV"¢3RUTXpVtRQR"
3. (QHOHVSDxROVDOYDGRUHxR\KRQGXUHxRVHKDQGRFXPHQWDGRODVVLJXLHQWHVIRU
PDVIRQpWLFDV/LSVNL
Formas fonéticas Glosas

>KHਥ‫ص‬R‫@ޞ‬ señor
>DਥKLKHਥSZH˓૊H@ así se puede
>ਥHKW ૧RK@ estos
>ਥEDPRK@ vamos
>HKSHਥKMDO@ especial
>ODKHਥPDQD@ la semana
>ORKDਥPL࣢૊RK@ los amigos
>S‫ޞ‬HKLਥ˓૊HQ૧W ૧H@ presidente
>S‫ޞ‬HKXਥSZHKW ૧R@ presupuesto
>X‫غ‬KHQ૧ਥW ૧Dɕ૊R@ un centavo
9DPRVDVXSRQHUTXHDODIULFDWLYDJORWDOODVXE\DFHXQDV$QWHHVWDLQIRU
PDFLyQ¢FyPRGLϧHUHHVWHSURFHVRGHRWURVGLDOHFWRV"8QDYH]LGHQWLϧFDGRVX
GRPLQLRH[SUpVHORHQIRUPDDXWRVHJPHQWDO
%UDGOH\GRIUHFHXQDQiOLVLVGHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDGHODWHRUtDGHODRSWLPLGDG

HQHOTXHDUJX\HSRUODH[LVWHQFLDGHGRVIRQHPDVUyWLFRV
&OHPHQWVSURSRQHXQPRGHORDXWRVHJPHQWDOHQHOTXHORVUDVJRVVHRUJDQL
]DQEDMRQRGRVTXHHVWiQGRPLQDGRVSRUXQQLYHOGH¬&9
+XDOGHEGDXQUHSDVRSDQRUiPLFRDYDULRVSURFHVRVFRQVRQiQWLFRVGHOD
OHQJXDHVSDxRODHQIXQFLyQGHODIRQRORJtDDXWRVHJPHQWDO
1~xH]&HGHxRERIUHFHDQiOLVLVSUDJPiWLFRVSDUDH[SOLFDUHOOODPDGR
plural doble.&ROLQDDRIUHFHXQDDOWHUQDWLYDYLVWDGHVGHODySWLFDGHOD
WHRUtDGHODRSWLPLGDG
(QVXVWUDEDMRVGH:LOOLVDQDOL]DODDVSLUDFLyQGHYLEUDQWHP~OWLSOHDO
SULQFLSLRGHSDODEUDRVtODEDFRPRXQDUHDOL]DFLyQTXHVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUODYR]
PXUPXUDGDSUHFHGHQWHRpre-breathy voice
3 ]
Modelo autosegmental jerárquico
3.0 Introducción
(QHOFDStWXORDQWHULRUSUHVHQWDPRVODLGHDGHTXHORVUDVJRVGLVWLQWLYRVVHFDUDFWHUL]DQ
SRUWHQHUXQDRUJDQL]DFLyQMHUDUTXL]DGD\TXHHQUHDOLGDGQRVHUHSUHVHQWDQPHGLDQWH
KDFHVGHUDVJRVVHJ~QORVFRQFHEtDODIRQRORJtDJHQHUDWLYDWUDGLFLRQDO/DIRQRORJtD
DXWRVHJPHQWDODERQDHOWHUUHQRGHPDQHUDTXHSRGDPRVLULQWX\HQGR\SURIXQGL]DQGR
HQODQDWXUDOH]DPLVPDGHORVSURFHVRVIRQROyJLFRV
3HURVLQSHFDUGHLQJHQXLGDGQRHVWDUtDGHPiVSUHJXQWDUVHSRUTXpVHDXWRVHJ
PHQWDOL]DQFLHUWRVUDVJRV\QRRWURV&RPRPX\FRUUHFWDPHQWHQRVLQWHUSHODUDXQR
GHQXHVWURVHVWXGLDQWHV¢KD\XQDSUHIHUHQFLDRTXL]iVKDVWDXQRUGHQHQHOWLSR
GH UDVJRV TXH VH SXHGHQ DXWRVHJPHQWDOL]DU" 5HDOPHQWH HV XQD SUHJXQWD GH SHVR
SRUTXHVLQRVUHPLWLPRVDORVDQiOLVLVDXWRVHJPHQWDOHVTXHKHPRVRIUHFLGRSRGHPRV
REVHUYDUTXHWDQWRHOWRQRFRPRORVUDVJRVDUWLFXODWRULRVTXHLQWHUYLHQHQDOKDFHUVH
ODDVLPLODFLyQGHQDVDOGHOHVSDxROWLHQGHQDRSHUDUHQJUXSR(VMXVWDPHQWHODPLVPD
SUHJXQWDTXHVHIRUPXODURQYDULRVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVDOREVHUYDUHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGH
FLHUWDVUHJODVGHDVLPLODFLyQWRWDORSDUFLDOGHUDVJRV\DQWHHVWDVLWXDFLyQVXJLULHURQ
TXHORVUDVJRVWLHQGHQDDJUXSDUVHGHPDQHUDUHJXODUYpDVH&OHPHQWV'HDKt
TXHHOPRGHORTXHSURSXVLHUD*ROGVPLWKHQSDVDUDDVHUUHϧQDGR\PHMRUDGRDO
WHQHUVHHQFXHQWDVHPHMDQWHFRPSRUWDPLHQWRYpDVHHOFDStWXOR
3.1 Modelo jerárquico
9DULRVOLQJLVWDVKDQREVHUYDGRODDJUXSDFLyQUHJXODUTXHVHRIUHFHHQ(VSUH

FLVDPHQWHODDJUXSDFLyQUHFXUUHQWHGHFLHUWRVUDVJRVHQUHJODVDVLPLODWRULDVODTXH
QRVKDFHGHVSHMDUODLQWHUURJDQWHGHFyPRFDUDFWHUL]DUORTXHHVPiVFRP~QRQDWX
UDOHQORVSURFHVRVGHDVLPLODFLyQXQDUHJODTXHSURSDJXHVyORXQUDVJRYJODGH
SpUGLGDGHVRQRULGDGDQWHXQDFRQVRQDQWHVRUGDRXQDTXHDIHFWHWRGRVORVUDVJRV
YJ¬OD¬GHDVLPLODFLyQWRWDODQWHRWUDFRQVRQDQWH3RUORYLVWRVLVHFDUDFWHUL]DQFRPR
VHPXHVWUDHQORVUDVJRVWLHQGHQDIRUPDUFODVHVQDWXUDOHV(VWRVJUXSRVQRVRQ
SXHVDUELWUDULRVVLQRTXHUHϩHMDQXQDDJUXSDFLyQEDVDGDHQODIRQpWLFDDXQJUXSR
ORFRQWURODQORVWRQRVDRWURHOSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQ(VWHDVXYH]HVFRQWURODGRSRU
ODFDYLGDGVXSUDJOyWLFDHQGRQGHVHHMHFXWDQORVPRYLPLHQWRVDUWLFXODWRULRV\¬DVt
VXFHVLYDPHQWH
Ejemplo 3-1
WRQRDOWR ਔ
5DVJRVWRQDOHV
WRQREDMR ਖ
VRQRUR ਔ
5DVJRVODUtQJHRV
JORWLVGLODWDGD ਖ
GLVWULEXLGR ਔ ਔ ਔ
&RURQDO
DQWHULRU ਖ ਕ ਕ
ਕ ਕ
DOWR ਔ ਕ ਕ
EDMR ਕ 'RUVDO ਕ ਕ
3XQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQ
UHWUDtGR ਖ ਕ ਕ
ਕ ਕ
UHGRQGR @ /DELDO ਖ ਕ
5DVJRVVXSUDODUtQJHRV
ਕ
ODWHUDO ਔ ਕ
UHVRQDQWH ਕ ਕ
FRQWLQXR ਕ ਕ
HVWULGHQWH ਖ ਖ
/R TXH HQ SRWHQFLD HQJORED OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ HV OD KLSyWHVLV GH TXH ORV
VHJPHQWRVHQVtVHDJUXSDQHQFRQVWLWX\HQWHV(QWRQFHVXQVHJPHQWRFRQVLVWHQRVyOR
HQORVUDVJRVIRQpWLFRVTXHORGHϧQHQVLQRTXHDGHPiVSRVHHHVWUDWRVGHFODVHTXHOR
FRQWURODQORVTXHVHLOXVWUDQFRPRORVUHVSHFWLYRVODUtQJHRV\VXSUDODUtQJHRV&RQ
HVWHPRGHORVHOHGDSULPDFtDDOKHFKRGHTXHORVDUWLFXODGRUHVVRQORVTXHHQWUDQHQ
Modelo autosegmental jerárquico 85 ]
DFFLyQHQXQD]RQDFXDOTXLHUDGHODFDYLGDGEXFDOSDUDSURGXFLUVRQLGRV3DVDPRVD
LOXVWUDUHQHOGLDJUDPDORTXHKHPRVERVTXHMDGRHQ
/DUHSUHVHQWDFLyQLQFRUSRUDLQQRYDFLRQHVDOPRGHORTXHRULJLQDOPHQWHSUR
SXVLHUD6DJH\+DOOHSRUHMHPSORVLJXLHQGRODKLSyWHVLVTXHSODQWHy
0F&DUWK\VXJLHUHTXHODUDt]ODFRQIRUPDQORVUDVJRVSULQFLSDOHV>UHVRQDQWH@
\>FRQVRQDQWH@'LFKRVUDVJRVVRQORVTXHXVXDOPHQWHGLVWLQJXHQORVVHJPHQWRVHQ
JUDQGHVFODVHV3RUXQODGRHOUDVJR>UHVRQDQWH@DEDUFDDODVOtTXLGDVODVQDVDOHV
ODVYRFDOHV\ODVGHVOL]DGDVPLHQWUDVTXHHOUDVJR>ਮUHVRQDQWH@DOXGHSURSLDPHQWHD
ODVREVWUX\HQWHV3RURWURODGRHOUDVJR>FRQVRQDQWH@GLVWLQJXHDWRGDVODVFRQVR
QDQWHVGHORVVHJPHQWRVYRFiOLFRV\GHVOL]DGRV
Ejemplo 3-2
; HVTXHOHWR
਑ FRQVRQiQWLFR ਔ
ਓ UHVRQDQWH ਖ
FRQWLQXR
HVWULGHQWH
ODWHUDO /DUtQJHR 6XSUDODUtQJHR
5Dt]OLQJXDO
*ORWDO
VRQRUR DYDQ]DGD UHWUDtGD
JORWLVGLODWDGD
FRQVWULFFLyQJORWDO
3DODGDUEODQGR 3XQWRRUDO
1DVDO /DELDO &RURQDO 'RUVDO
UHGRQGR DQWHULRU GLVWULEXLGR UHWUDtGR DOWR EDMR

8QPRWLYRSRGHURVRTXHSHUPLWHKDFHUVHPHMDQWHVDJUXSDFLRQHVGHORVUDVJRV
>UHVRQDQWH FRQVRQDQWH@ HQ OD UDt] UHVSRQGH DO KHFKR GH TXH JHQHUDOPHQWH HVWRV
UDVJRVQRVHFRPSRUWDQFRPRORVGHPiV(VGHFLUQRVHDVLPLODQQLVHGLVLPLODQQL
WDPSRFRVHUHGXFHQ5HVXOWDTXHDOHVWDUDJUXSDGRVFRPRKDFHVGHUDVJRVVHVXSRQH
TXHOD~QLFDPDQHUDGHSRGHUSURSDJDUDOJXQRGHHOORVVHDFRPRSDUWHGHXQQRGR
FRPSOHWR³HVGHFLUVLVHSURSDJDODUDt]FRPSOHWD(VSRUHOORTXHODDVLPLODFLyQWRWDO
GHUDVJRVLPSOLFDTXHHQUHDOLGDGVHHVWiDVLPLODQGRWRGRHOFRQWHQLGRGHODUDt](MHP
SORWtSLFRGHDVLPLODFLyQFRPSOHWDHVHOSURFHVRGHJHPLQDFLyQHQHOTXHVHSURGXFH
XQDPRGLϧFDFLyQWRWDODOQRGRTXHFRQWLHQHORVUDVJRVFRQVRQiQWLFRV\UHVRQDQWHVGH
XQVHJPHQWRSRULQϩXHQFLDGHRWURVHJPHQWRYHFLQR/DVSDODEUDVbarba\toldo,TXH
UHVXOWDQHQODVUHVSHFWLYDV>ਥEDEED@\>ਥWRG૧G૧R@HQHO&DULEHKLVSiQLFRPXHVWUDQHO
FDPELRFRPSOHWRGHODVOtTXLGDV‫ޞ‬OIUHQWHDODVRFOXVLYDVVLJXLHQWHVTXHHQWRQFHVVH
FRQYLHUWHQHQRFOXVLYDV(QODVHFFLyQVHGLVFXWHPiVH[WHQVDPHQWHODDVLPLODFLyQ
WRWDOGHODUDt]
1RREVWDQWHKD\DOJXQRVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVTXHHVSHFXODQHQWRUQRDODSRVLEOHVHSD
UDELOLGDGGHXQRGHORVUDVJRVGHODUDt]HLQFOXVLYHVREUHVXLQH[LVWHQFLD.DLVVH
DϧUPDTXHKD\SUXHEDVGHDVLPLODFLyQ\GLVLPLODFLyQTXHVXJLHUHQTXHHQ¬HIHFWR
HO¬UDVJR>FRQVRQDQWH@VHSXHGHSURSDJDU\WHRUL]DTXHVLHVWRRFXUUHGLFKRUDVJRQR
SHUWHQHFHDODUDt]7DOHVHOFDVRGHOFKLSULRWDHQGRQGHODGHVOL]DGDMVHFRQYLHUWH
HQODREVWUX\HQWH>N@GHVSXpVGHREVWUX\HQWH\HQHVSDxROTXHFDPELDD>բ@HQHO
DUUDQTXHFRPRORLOXVWUDcre.>բHQ૧@.do.3DUD.DLVVHHVWHKHFKRHQWUHRWURVMXVWLϧFDTXH
HOUDVJR>FRQVRQDQWH@GHSHQGDGHODUDt]DOLJXDOTXHORVUDVJRV>FRQWLQXR@\>ODWHUDO@
HQHOGLDJUDPD
3RURWURODGR+XPH\2GGHQYDQPXFKRPiVOHMRVDOVXJHULUTXHGLFKR
UDVJRQRHVQLVLTXLHUDQHFHVDULRHQODIRQRORJtD(VWRVDXWRUHVDGXFHQYDULRVPRWLYRV
TXHVXSXHVWDPHQWHVXJLHUHQODLQH[LVWHQFLDGHOUDVJR>FRQVRQDQWH@8QRGHHOORVHV
TXHSDUDHVWDEOHFHUFRQWUDVWHVIRQpPLFRVVHSXHGHHFKDUPDQRDRWURVUDVJRVVLQWHQHU
TXHPHQFLRQDUHO>FRQVRQDQWH@3RUHMHPSORHOFRQWUDVWHHQWUHODDSUR[LPDQWH>ɕ૊@\OD
GHVOL]DGDODELDO>Z@VHSXHGHH[SUHVDUPHGLDQWHHOUDVJR>UHVRQDQWH@2WURPRWLYR
VHUHϧHUHDODDVLPLODFLyQ\WDPELpQGLVLPLODFLyQGHUDVJRVODFXDOVHSXHGHH[SOLFDU
PHGLDQWHODDVLPLODFLyQGHRWURUDVJRSURFHGHQWHGHXQVHJPHQWRDG\DFHQWHFRPR
RFXUUHHQODHVSLUDQWL]DFLyQHVSDxRODGHODRFOXVLYDETXHDVXPHHOUDVJR>FRQ
WLQXR@GHODYRFDOOtTXLGDRIULFDWLYDSUHFHGHQWHVSDUDFRQYHUWLUVHHQODDSUR[LPDQWH
>ɕ૊@,JXDOUD]RQDPLHQWRVHDSOLFDUtDDOPHQFLRQDGRHMHPSORGHOFKLSULRWDHOFXDOVH
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$O¬LJXDOTXH+XPH\2GGHQ.H\VHU\6WHYHQVSUHVHQWDQXQDWHRUtDJHRPpWULFD
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SHURHVWRVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVWDPELpQHOLPLQDQHOUDVJR>UHVRQDQWH@GHGLFKDSRVLFLyQ
5HVXPLGDHQVXVGHWDOOHVODWHRUtDSUHVXSRQHTXHODFDYLGDGEXFDOHVWiGLYLGLGDHQ
WUHVQRGRVTXHFRQWURODQODVGLYHUVDVDFWLYLGDGHVDUWLFXODWRULDVHOUDGLFDOSURSLD
PHQWHGHVSURYLVWRGHUDVJRVHOVXSUDODUtQJHR\HOVXSUDQDVDO&XDQGRVHDFWLYDSRU
HMHPSORHOQRGRVXSUDODUtQJHRVHSURGXFHQSRULPSOLFDFLyQORVVRQLGRVTXHOOHYDQ
FRQVWULFFLyQ WDOHV FRPR ODV FRQVRQDQWHV \ ODV GHVOL]DGDV (O UDVJR >UHVRQDQWH@ YD
OLJDGRDORVQRGRVWHUPLQDOHVGHORVYDULRVDUWLFXODGRUHVRVHDTXHODUHVRQDQFLDGH
ODELODELDO>P@YDDSDUHMDGDFRQODVDFWLYLGDGHVTXHGHVSOLHJDQORVODELRV
&RPRSRGHPRVFROHJLUGHORDQWHULRUODϧUPH]DGHORVFXHVWLRQDPLHQWRVD~QQR
JR]DGHDFHSWDFLyQJHQHUDO(QHOFDVRGH¬.DLVVHVXKLSyWHVLVVHSXHGHH[SOLFDUVLQ
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RWURVUDVJRV7DPSRFRVLUYHQORVGDWRVGHOSRUWHxRDUJHQWLQRTXH.DLVVHSRV
WHULRUPHQWHHPSOHDSDUDMXVWLϧFDUODVHSDUDELOLGDGGHHVHUDVJRSXHVVLELHQHVFLHUWR
TXHVFDPELDD>K@QRHVSRUTXHHOUDVJR>ਮFRQVRQDQWH@GHODYRFDOSUHFHGHQWHVH
SURSDJXHDV7RGRORFRQWUDULRELHQVHVDEHTXHHQFXEDQRHOSURFHVRVHHIHFW~D
DXQFXDQGROHSUHFHGHXQDQDVDOFRPRODVDOWHUQDQWHVin>V@titutoYHUVXVin>K@tituto,
KHFKRTXHGHPXHVWUDTXHODYRFDOQRPRGLϧFDQDGD+XPH\2GGHQVHOLPLWDQD
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GH QR RIUHFHU XQD WHRUtD FRKHUHQWH TXH MXVWLϧTXH VXV UD]RQDPLHQWRV 6RQ KHFKRV
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GHWHUPLQDUVXDOFDQFHYHUGDGHUR.H\VHU\6WHYHQVGHVDUUROODURQXQDWHRUtDDOWHUQD
&RQHOODKDEUtDTXHYHUVLUHDOPHQWHVHSXHGHVRVWHQHUHODUJXPHQWRGHTXHHOUDVJR
>UHVRQDQWH@GHSHQGHGHGLIHUHQWHVDUWLFXODGRUHV$GHPiVGLFKDWHRUtDDGROHFHGHQR
FRQVLGHUDUVXϧFLHQWHVGDWRVHPStULFRVTXHODMXVWLϧTXHQ6LQHPEDUJRKDVXUJLGRXQR
TXHRWURDQiOLVLVTXHSDUHFHGDUOHFLHUWRVRVWpQ1~xH]&HGHxRDXQTXHFRPR
WHRUtDWRGDYtDOHIDOWDPiVULJRUGHϧQLWRULR(QYLVWDGHHVWRVDWHQXDQWHVQRVFHxLPRV
DOPRGHORTXHVHHMHPSOLϧFDHQ
(OPRGHORPXHVWUDTXHSXHGHKDEHUFLHUWDGHSHQGHQFLDHLQGHSHQGHQFLD
HQWUHORVGLIHUHQWHVUDVJRV3RUXQDSDUWHFRPSUREDPRVTXHHQORVH[WUHPRVLQIHULRUHV
GHODVOtQHDVVHHQFXHQWUDQORVUDVJRVLQGLYLGXDOHVYJ>UHGRQGR@>DQWHULRU@>DOWR@
HWF(VWRVVRQORVGHQRPLQDGRVrasgos terminales./DPD\RUtDGHORVUDVJRVWHUPLQDOHV
VHDJUXSDQHQFRQVWLWX\HQWHVHQHOiUEROORVFXDOHVGHSHQGHQGHTXpDUWLFXODGRUHQ
ODFDYLGDGEXFDODFWLYDXQUDVJRHQSDUWLFXODU/RVUDVJRV>DOWR@>UHWUDtGR@\>EDMR@
VHDJUXSDQEDMRHOQRGRGRUVDOSRUTXHHOGRUVRGHODOHQJXDHVHODUWLFXODGRUTXHORV
KDFHIXQFLRQDU$VtORVQRGRVPiVEDMRVGHOiUEROFRUUHVSRQGHQDVHLVDUWLFXODGRUHVGH
ODFDYLGDGEXFDODVDEHUHOUDt]OLQJXDOHOJORWDOHOSDODGDUEODQGRHOODELDOHO¬FRUR
QDO\HOGRUVDO/RTXHHVWDFRQϧJXUDFLyQUHSUHVHQWDHVTXHVHFXPSOHXQDHVWUHFKD
UHODFLyQHQWUHODSURGXFFLyQIRQpWLFDGHORVVRQLGRV\ODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVDEVWUDFWDV
TXHWRGRKDEODQWHSRVHHGHHOOD6LDLVODPRVODSDUWHLQIHULRUGHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
JHRPpWULFDHQSRGHPRVQRWDUPiVFODUDPHQWHODLQWHUUHODFLyQTXHH[LVWHHQWUH
ORVDUWLFXODGRUHV\ORVUDVJRVWHUPLQDOHVTXHDFWLYDQ
Ejemplo 3-3
*ORWDO಩ >VRQRUR@
>FRQVWULFFLyQJORWDO@
>JORWLVGLODWDGD@
5DGLFDO಩ >UDt]OLQJXDODYDQ]DGD5/$@

>UDt]OLQJXDOUHWUDtGD5/5@
3DODGDUEODQGR಩ >QDVDO@
'RUVDO಩ >UHWUDtGR@
>DOWR@
>EDMR@
&RURQDO಩ >DQWHULRU@
>GLVWULEXLGR@
/DELDO಩ >UHGRQGR@
(QVHYHTXHFDGDDUWLFXODGRUWLHQHODSURSLHGDGGHDFWLYDU~QLFDPHQWHORV

UDVJRVTXHGRPLQD3RUORWDQWRSDUDSURGXFLUHOVRQLGR>W ૧@QRKD\QHFHVLGDGGH
PHQFLRQDUHODUWLFXODGRUGRUVDOSRUTXHpVWHQRWLHQHUDVJRDOJXQRTXHFDUDFWHULFHD
HVHVRQLGRVHPHQFLRQDWDQVyORHODUWLFXODGRUFRURQDOSRUTXHFRQpVWHVHDFWLYDQORV
UDVJRVGH>W ૧@TXHHQODOHQJXDHVSDxRODVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUVHU>DQWHULRU@1RKDEUtD
TXHPHQFLRQDUHOUDVJR>GLVWULEXLGR@SRUTXHGLFKRUDVJRQRWLHQHYDORUFRQWUDVWLYR
HQODOHQJXDHVSDxRODFRPRORWLHQHSRUHMHPSORHQODOHQJXDDUDXFDQDGH¬&KLOH
TXHGLVWLQJXHHQWUHODWDOYHRODU\ODߺUHWURϩHMDVHJ~QORUHSRUWDQ(FKHYHUUtD\
&RQWUHUDVFLWDGRVHQ&KRPVN\\+DOOH
5HVXOWDSXHVTXHHOQRGRFRURQDOVXHOHVHULQFRPSDWLEOHFRQORVRWURVQRGRV
DXQTXHWDPELpQVHSXHGHGDUHOFDVRGHTXHKD\DLQFRPSDWLELOLGDGHQWUHXQJUXSR
GHUDVJRVGRPLQDGRVSRUXQPLVPRQRGR(VWRVHHMHPSOLϧFDFRQFXDOTXLHUDGHORV
QRGRVTXHVHLOXVWUDQHQ3RQJDPRVSRUFDVRHOGRUVDOTXHGRPLQDWUHVUDVJRV
SHURQRHOQDVDOSRUTXHDpVWHORGRPLQDHOQRGRGHOSDODGDUEODQGR6LQHPEDUJR
OD¬LQFRPSDWLELOLGDGGHORVQRGRVQRHVDEVROXWDHQODVOHQJXDVQDWXUDOHV6HGDHOFDVR
SRUHMHPSORGHTXHKD\OHQJXDVTXHSRVHHQVRQLGRVODELRYHODUHVFRPRHO>Nਗ਼S@GH
DOJXQDVOHQJXDVDIULFDQDVFRQHOTXHVHDFWLYDQVLPXOWDQHiPHQWHGRVDUWLFXODGRUHV
GLIHUHQWHVHOGRUVDOGHOUDVJR>UHWUDtGR@GH>N@\HOODELDOGHOUDVJR>UHGRQGR@GH
>S@/DUHSUHVHQWDFLyQIRQpWLFDGHHVWHVRQLGRVHUtDFRPRVHPXHVWUDHQ
Ejemplo 3-4
>Nਗ਼S@
3XQWRRUDO
'RUVDO /DELDO
>UHWUDtGR@ >UHGRQGR@
/XHJRYHUHPRVTXHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVHH[WLHQGHDDOJXQRVVRQLGRVFRPSOHMRVGH

ODOHQJXDHVSDxRODHQSDUWLFXODUDORVTXHUHVXOWDQGHODFRDUWLFXODFLyQGHGLIHUHQWHV
QDVDOHV \ OD DVLPLODFLyQ GH VRQRULGDG R VRUGH] GH REVWUX\HQWHV DQWH REVWUX\HQWHV
VRQRUDVRVRUGDV
(VQHFHVDULDXQDEUHYHGLJUHVLyQSDUDH[SOLFDUSDUFLDOPHQWHHODUWLFXODGRUradical
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DUWLFXODGRUHQSDUWLFXODUVLQRTXHYDQFRQODUDt]VHGLFHTXHVRQarticuladores libres.
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Ejemplo 3-5
a. >L@
5Dt] ਑ ਮFRQV ਔ
ਓ UHV ਖ
&RQVWULFFLyQ >FRQW@
&DYLGDG 2UDO
$UWLFXODGRU 'RUVDO
5DVJRVWHUPLQDOHV >DOWR@ >ਮEDMR@ >ਮUHW@

b. >S@
5Dt] ਑ FRQV ਔ
ਓ ਮUHV ਖ
&RQVWULFFLyQ >ਮFRQW@
&DYLGDG 2UDO /DUtQJHR
$UWLFXODGRU /DELDO *ORWDO
5DVJRVWHUPLQDOHV >ਮVRQ@
c. >Qਗ਼P@
5Dt] ਑ FRQV ਔ
ਓ UHV ਖ
&DYLGDG 2UDO 2UDO /DUtQJHR
$UWLFXODGRU &RURQDO /DELDO *ORWDO
5DVJRVWHUPLQDOHV >DQW@ >VRQ@
/DϩHFKDTXHVHGHVSOD]DGHVGHODUDt]DODUWLFXODGRUGHOVRQLGRQDVDOODELRFRURQDO
HVXQDFRQYHQFLyQTXHHPSOHD6DJH\\FRQODFXDOVHVHxDODHODUWLFXODGRUSUL
PDULRTXHVHDFWLYD3DUD6DJH\HODUWLFXODGRUSULPDULRGHXQVHJPHQWRFXDOTXLHUDHV
HOTXHDOSURGXFLUVHPXHVWUDXQPD\RUJUDGRGHRFOXVLyQGLVWLQWLYD'HPRGRTXHHQ
FHODUWLFXODGRUSULQFLSDOTXHHQWUDHQDFFLyQSDUDTXHVHUHDOLFH>Q@HVHOFRURQDO
3RU ~OWLPR WRGR HO FRQMXQWR GH UDVJRV TXH FDUDFWHUL]DQ DO IRQHPD VH OLJD DO
HVTXHOHWR;FRPRPXHVWUDODYHUVLyQGHFHQ(O¬;FRPRGLMpUDPRVDQWH
ULRUPHQWHUHSUHVHQWDXQDXQLGDGGHWLHPSR(VWHVXSXHVWRVHEDVDHQHOKHFKRItVLFR
GHTXHDOSURGXFLUVHUDVJRVVHXWLOL]DFLHUWDFDQWLGDGGHWLHPSRHQVXSURGXFFLyQ
5HFXpUGHVHDGHPiVTXHGLFKRHVTXHOHWRHQODWHRUtDGH¬&OHPHQWV\.H\VHUVH
UHSUHVHQWDPHGLDQWHCRV.
Ejemplo 3-6
>S@
(VTXHOHWR ;
5Dt] ਑ FRQV ਔ
ਓ ਮUHV ਖ
&DYLGDG 2UDO /DUtQJHR
$UWLFXODGRU /DELDO *ORWDO
5DVJRVWHUPLQDOHV >ਮVRQ@
&DEHXQDREVHUYDFLyQDGLFLRQDO(QHVWDWHRUtDVyORORVUDVJRVWHUPLQDOHVVHFDUDF
WHUL]DQSRUSRVHHUORVYDORUHVELQDULRV+R ;RVHDTXHHOUDVJR>DQWHULRU@GHODVVH
FDUDFWHUL]DSRUVHU>DQWHULRU@SRUTXHVHDFWLYDODFRQVDELGDREVWUXFFLyQGHODQWHGH
ODUHJLyQDOYHRODU/DDXVHQFLDGHXQDDUWLFXODFLyQQRVHHVSHFLϧFDPiVVREUHHVWR
HQHOFDStWXORGHPRGRTXHDOQRLQFOXLUVHHOUDVJR>DQWHULRU@QRVHLPSOLFDTXHHO
VHJPHQWRVHDQHFHVDULDPHQWH>ਮDQWHULRU@8QDUHJODSRUGHIHFWROHDVLJQDUtDVXYDORU
QHJDWLYRYpDVHHOFDStWXOR
(QFXDQWRDORVFRQVWLWX\HQWHVDOQRVHUUDVJRVVLQRQRGRVGHFODVHQRVHHVSH
FLϧFDQHQVXUHSUHVHQWDFLyQFRQORVUDVJRV+R .(VWRVLJQLϧFDTXHXQDUWLFXODGRU
SXHGHRQRHVWDUSUHVHQWHVHJ~QPRVWUDPRVHQODVϧJXUDV\GRQGHVH
LQGLFD HO DUWLFXODGRU SULPDULR TXH VH DFWLYD DO SURGXFLUVH VRQLGRV /D DXVHQFLD GH
YDORUHVELYDOHQWHVHQORVQRGRVDUWLFXODGRUHVLPSLGHTXHVHGpFRQWUDGLFFLyQHQOD
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQEiVLFDGHORVIRQHPDVXQVHJPHQWRQRSXHGHVHUVLPXOWiQHDPHQWH
>FRURQDOਮFRURQDO@
಩/RFDOL]DFLyQGHOUDVJR>FRQWLQXR@
(QHOPRGHORGH¬6DJH\+DOOHFX\DSDUWHVXSHULRUUHSURGXFLPRVHQORV

UDVJRV>FRQWLQXR@>HVWULGHQWH@\>ODWHUDO@YDQXQLGRVGLUHFWDPHQWHDODUDt]
Ejemplo 3-7
(VTXHOHWR ;
5Dt] ਑ FRQV ਔ
ਓ UHV ਖ
&RQVWULFFLyQ >FRQW@ >HVW@ >ODW@
(QORTXHFRQFLHUQHDOUDVJR>FRQWLQXR@FRQVHSUHVXPHTXHFRPRODFRQVWULF

FLyQVHHMHFXWDHQODFDYLGDGEXFDOVHODSXHGHPDQLSXODULQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHORV
GHPiVUDVJRVRDUWLFXODGRUHV6LQHPEDUJRSXVLPRVHQGXGDVHPHMDQWHFRQϧJXUDFLyQ
\VXJHULPRVTXHODOHQJXDHVSDxRODRIUHFHSUXHEDVGHTXHSRVLEOHPHQWHGLFKDFRQV
WULFFLyQQRHVWpFRQWURODGDSRUODUDt]VLQRSRUHOSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQ
(VWDHVODKLSyWHVLVTXHGHϧHQGH3DGJHWWTXLHQDUJX\HDIDYRUGHODLQVHU
FLyQGH>FRQWLQXR@LQPHGLDWDPHQWHGHEDMRGHODUWLFXODGRURUDOVHJ~QVHLOXVWUDHQ

Ejemplo 3-8
>UHV@
/DUtQJHR 3XQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQ >QDVDO@
>VRQ@
਑ /DELDO ਔ ਑ &RURQDO ਔ ਑ 'RUVDO ਔ
ਓ FRQV ਖ ਓ FRQV ਖ ਓ FRQV ਖ
>FRQW@ >FRQW@ >FRQW@
&RQYLHQHDGHODQWDUTXHFRPR3DGJHWWHOPRGHORGH¬&OHPHQWV\+XPHTXH

HVWXGLDUHPRVHQODVHFFLyQFRORFDDOUDVJR>FRQWLQXR@EDMRHOFRQWUROGHODFDYL
GDGRUDO
(QHVWHFDVRKDEUtDWUHVSRVWXUDVGLIHUHQWHVGHFRQWUROGHODFRQVWULFFLyQ>FRQWL
QXD@¬EDMRODUDt]PRGHOR6DJH\+DOOH¬EDMRODFDYLGDGRUDOPRGHOR&OHPHQWV
+XPH\¬EDMRHOSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQPRGHOR3DGJHWWTXHGHPRGRVXFLQWR
LOXVWUDPRVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHHQDE\F
Ejemplo 3-9
a. ਑ FRQV ਔ b. ਑ FRQV ਔ
ਓ UHV ਖ ਓ UHV ਖ
6XSUDODUtQJHR >FRQW@ 6XSUDODUtQJHR
3XQWRRUDO >QDVDO@ &DYLGDGRUDO >QDVDO@
3XQWRRUDO >FRQW@
c. >UHV@
3XQWRRUDO >QDVDO@
^/DE&RU'RU`
>FRQW@
(QHOPRGHORGH¬3DGJHWWHOUDVJR>FRQVRQDQWH@WDPELpQTXHGDXELFDGRFRQHOJUXSR
GHDUWLFXODGRUHVFRQWUDULRDODKLSyWHVLVTXHVHJXLPRVHQHVWHWH[WR/RVIXQGDPHQWRV
GHVXDQiOLVLVVRQFRQWURYHUVLDOHV\SRUWDQWRQRQRVFHxLUHPRVDHOORV
(QFXDQWRDOPRGHORFTXHRIUHFHSRVLELOLGDGHVDQDOtWLFDV\GHUHVSXHVWDV
GHEHPRVPDWL]DUTXHKR\GtDWRGDYtDQRKDH[SHULPHQWDGRORVHPEDWHVGHODFUtWLFD
(QORTXHVLJXHFHQWUDUHPRVQXHVWUDDWHQFLyQHQORVGRVSULPHURV\VHPRVWUDUiFyPR
HOWHUFHURWLHQHPiVp[LWRHQWUDWDUIHQyPHQRVGHDVLPLODFLyQ
(QODFDYLGDGEXFDOVHHMHFXWDQWUHVWLSRVGHFRQVWULFFLRQHV¬>FRQVRQiQWLFD@
¬>REVWUX\HQWH@\¬>FRQWLQXD@/DVGRVSULPHUDVJR]DQGHDFHSWDFLyQJHQHUDOHQWUH
ODPD\RUtDGHORVOLQJLVWDVTXLHQHVFRQVLGHUDQTXHDPEDVFRQVWLWX\HQODUDt]GHO
VRQLGR/DWHUFHUD>FRQWLQXD@GHSHQGHSXHVGHHVWDVGRV6HPHMDQWHFRQϧJXUDFLyQ
YLHQHDYDODGDSRUQXPHURVRVSURFHVRVGHDVLPLODFLyQFRQORVTXHVHKDGHPRVWUDGR
TXHODVSULPHUDVGRVFRQVWULFFLRQHVIXQFLRQDQLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHOSXQWRDUWLFX
ODWRULR/RTXHKDVLGRPiVFRQWURYHUVLDOHVGHWHUPLQDUODXELFDFLyQH[DFWDGHOUDVJR
>FRQWLQXR@
(Q OD GLVHUWDFLyQ GH¬ 6DJH\ SRU HMHPSOR VH DUJX\H TXHOD PHQFLRQDGD
DJUXSDFLyQ\GHSHQGHQFLDGHEHVHUDVtSRUTXHHQODOHQJXDOLEHULDQDNSHOOHH[LVWHXQ
LQWHUHVDQWHSURFHVRGHDVLPLODFLyQGHQDVDO
Ejemplo 3-10
a. 1SROX >PEROX@ ¶PLHVSDOGD·

b. 1WLD >QGLD@ ¶PLWDE~·
c. 1NRR >‫غ‬СRR@ ¶PLSLH·
d. 1IHOD >PYHOD@ ¶PLVVDODULRV·
e. 1VXD >QMXD@ ¶PLQDUL]·
/D1PD\~VFXODUHSUHVHQWDXQDQDVDOQRPDUFDGDHQVXSXQWRDUWLFXODWRULR/RTXH
VHGHVWDFDHQHVHOHMHPSORGHQTXHODQDVDOVHDVLPLODDOSXQWRDUWLFXODWRULR
GHODREVWUX\HQWHVLJXLHQWHVLQTXHSRUHOORDVLPLOHVXVSURSLHGDGHVIULFDWLYDV/DQDVDO
SHUPDQHFHFRPRRFOXVLYD\QRVHKDFHIULFDWLYDFRQORTXHVHGHPXHVWUDTXHHOUDVJR
>FRQWLQXR@QRGHSHQGHGHOSXQWRDUWLFXODWRULR(OPLVPRUD]RQDPLHQWRVHDSOLFDUtD
DOPRGHORGH¬&OHPHQWV+XPHSRUTXHVHJ~QVHYHHQEHOUDVJR>FRQWLQXR@HV
LQGHSHQGLHQWHGHOSXQWRDUWLFXODWRULR
6LELHQHOPRGHOR6DJH\+DOOHSUHGLFHTXHXQDQDVDOVHDVLPLODHQSXQWRGHDUWL
FXODFLyQ D RFOXVLYDV OR PLVPR RFXUUH FXDQGR VH HQFXHQWUD IUHQWH D XQD IULFDWLYD
(V¬GHFLUTXHFRQHVWHPRGHORVHSUHVXPHTXHHVWDQQDWXUDOTXHXQDQDVDOVHDVLPLOH
DXQDRFOXVLYDFRPRDXQDIULFDWLYDSRUTXHHQDPEDVHOUDVJR>FRQWLQXR@QRGHSHQGH
GHOSXQWRDUWLFXODWRULR3HUR3DGJHWWDUJX\HTXHHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHXQD
QDVDOFXDQGRVHDVLPLODDXQDRFOXVLYDWLHQGHDVHUPX\GLIHUHQWHGHORTXHVXFHGH
FXDQGRVHHQFXHQWUDIUHQWHDXQDIULFDWLYD3RUORJHQHUDOVHSURGXFHXQDSHUIHFWD
DVLPHWUtDHQFXDOTXLHUOHQJXDHQTXHODQDVDOVHDVLPLODDOSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQGH
XQD RFOXVLYD QR VH DVLPLOD D XQD IULFDWLYD 6LQ HPEDUJR VHJ~Q DQRWD .HQVWRZLF]
HQ NSHOOH OD QDVDO VH WLHQH FRPR >FRQWLQXD@ SRUTXH VH VXSRQH TXH
DQWH>Y@TXHHVIULFDWLYDQRWLHQHVXϧFLHQWHREVWUXFFLyQDODFRUULHQWHGHODLUH\SRU
WDQWRHVDIULFFLyQVHOHLPSULPHDODQDVDOKDFLpQGROD>QDVDOFRQWLQXD@(QWDO
FDVR3DGJHWWSURSRQHTXHHOUDVJR>FRQWLQXR@GHSHQGHGLUHFWDPHQWHGHOSXQWRRUDO
VHJ~QVHPXHVWUDHQF\SRUWDQWRHQNSHOOHVHSURGXFLUtDODUHJODGHDVLPLODFLyQ
VLJXLHQWHFRQODSDODEUD1IHODHQOGFX\DQDVDOIULFDWLYDUHSUHVHQWDUHPRVD
QLYHOIRQpWLFRFRQHOVtPEROR>࣏@SDUDGLVWLQJXLUODGHODODELRGHQWDO>؇@
Ejemplo 3-11
>UHV@ >ਮUHV@
>QDVDO@ 3XQWRRUDO
/DELDO
>FRQW@
3HURVLREVHUYDPRVELHQODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVGHODDSOLFDFLyQGHYHUHPRVTXH

REWHQGUHPRVFRPRUHVXOWDGRORTXH3DGJHWWOODPDODQDVDOIULFDWLYD >࣏YHOD@\¬QR
ODQDVDORFOXVLYD>؇YHOD@TXHVHHVSHUDED3DGJHWWVHxDODTXHMXVWDPHQWHODDSOLFD
FLyQGHODUHJODDQLYHOOp[LFRVXJLHUHXQDUHVSXHVWD\HVTXHDQLYHOOp[LFRODQDVDO
IULFDWLYDQRVHGDGHPDQHUDFRQWUDVWLYDRVHDTXHQRH[LVWHQQDVDOHVIULFDWLYDVHQ
HOOp[LFR/DQDVDOIULFDWLYDTXHDSDUHFHHQNSHOOHHVSURGXFWRGHDSOLFDFLyQGHXQD
UHJODIRQpWLFDSRVWOp[LFD3DUDGDUFXHQWDGHODIRUPDFRUUHFWD>؇YHOD@VHDSHODDOD
LQWHUDFFLyQGHODPDUFDGH]XQLYHUVDOFRQRFLGDFRQHOQRPEUHGH¬3ULQFLSLRGH¬3UH
VHUYDFLyQGH¬(VWUXFWXUD>@ORH[DPLQDUHPRVHQHOFDStWXORFRQODJHRPHWUtD
TXHVHRIUHFHHQ
Ejemplo 3-12 Principio de Preservación de Estructura
/DVFRQGLFLRQHVGHPDUFDGH]XQLYHUVDOVHDSOLFDQHQWRGDODIRQRORJtDOp[LFD
(QHIHFWRHOSULQFLSLRGHSUHVHUYDFLyQHVWUXFWXUDOUHSUHVHQWDXQDVHULHGHFRQGL
FLRQHVTXHUHVWULQJHQODDSDULFLyQHQHOOp[LFRGHGHULYDFLRQHVTXHQRVHDQGRFXPHQ
WDEOHVHQODJHQHUDOLGDGGHODVOHQJXDV3RUHMHPSORXQDFRQGLFLyQXQLYHUVDOHVTXH
VLHOVHJPHQWRHV>UHVRQDQWH@QRSXHGHVHU >ਮVRQRUR@DQLYHOOp[LFR1RRFXUUH
SXHV >UHVਮVRQ@/RPLVPRVXFHGHFRQODVQDVDOHV&RPRORFRP~QHVODSUHVHQFLD
GHQDVDOHVGHULYDGDVGHFDUiFWHURFOXVLYRVHSUHVXPHODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQDFRQGLFLyQ
XQLYHUVDOTXHUHVWULQJHODDSDULFLyQGHXQDQDVDOIULFDWLYD
(QWRQFHVHVHQWHUDPHQWHSUHGHFLEOHHOKHFKRGHTXHVLODFRQVRQDQWHHVQDVDOGHEH
VHUSRUWDQWRRFOXVLYD'DGRTXHHVWHHVHOFDVRQRVHQHFHVLWDPDUFDUDODVQDVDOHVQL
SRVLWLYDQLQHJDWLYDPHQWHFRQUHVSHFWRDOUDVJR>FRQWLQXR@([LVWHSRUFRQVLJXLHQWH
ODFRQGLFLyQXQLYHUVDO
Ejemplo 3-13
>QDVDOFRQW@
6LQHPEDUJRVDEHPRVTXHDQLYHOIRQpWLFRSDUDODVOHQJXDVTXHPHQFLRQDPRVDUULED
\ SDUD PXFKDV RWUDV OR TXH DϩRUD D OD VXSHUϧFLH HV XQD QDVDO VLQ HVSHFLϧFDFLyQ
>ਮFRQW@&RPRYHUHPRVHQHOFDStWXORORVUDVJRVUHGXQGDQWHVVHSUHGLFHQPHGLDQWH
UHJOD\HQHVWHFDVRVDEHPRVTXHVLHVFRQVRQDQWHQDVDOGHEHVHURFOXVLYD(Q
VHFDSWDHVWDUHGXQGDQFLD
Ejemplo 3-14
>FRQVQDVDO@఩>ਮFRQW@
$KRUDYROYDPRVDOHMHPSOROG\DODUHJODGHDVLPLODFLyQGHQDVDO(VWDUHJOD

GHMDGHDSOLFDUVHDO1IHODSRUUD]yQGHTXHVHDSOLFDHOSULQFLSLRXQLYHUVDO
(VGHFLUFRQVHFUHDHQHOOp[LFRXQDHVWUXFWXUDDQyPDODXQDQDVDOIULFDWLYD6LQ
HPEDUJRHO3ULQFLSLRGH¬3UHVHUYDFLyQGH¬(VWUXFWXUDLPSLGHTXHVHSURGX]FDXQDIULFD
WLYDVXE\DFHQWHGHELGRDODFRQGLFLyQ(O3ULQFLSLRGH¬3UHVHUYDFLyQGH¬(VWUXFWXUD
HVFRPRXQYLJLODQWHVLH[LVWHXQDUHJODTXHSXHGDSURGXFLUXQIRQHPDTXHQRH[LVWHHQ
ODOHQJXDOHLPSLGHSURVHJXLUDGHODQWH(VSRUHOORTXH1IHODVDOHFRPR>؇YHOD@
¢3HURTXpRFXUUHHQODOHQJXDHVSDxROD"'LMLPRVTXHGHVHJXLUVHHOPRGHORGH¬3DG
JHWWODOHQJXDHVSDxRODSRVHHUtDODQDVDOIULFDWLYDDQLYHOOp[LFR$VtGHDQϧELR\
VLQϧ‫ޞ‬PDVHSURGXFLUtDQODVUHVSHFWLYDV>D࣏ਥϧɕ૊MR@\>VL࣏ਥϧ‫ޞ‬PD@3RGHPRVVDFDUGH
DTXtGRVFRQFOXVLRQHV¬HO3ULQFLSLRGH¬3UHVHUYDFLyQGH¬(VWUXFWXUDWLHQHH[FHSFLR
QHV\¬ODDVLPLODFLyQSUXHEDTXHHOUDVJR>FRQWLQXR@GHEHGHSHQGHUGHOSXQWRRUDO
9HDPRVDPEDVFRQFOXVLRQHVSRUVHSDUDGR
಩([FHSFLRQHVDO3ULQFLSLRGH¬3UHVHUYDFLyQGH¬(VWUXFWXUD
/DSRVLELOLGDGGHLQYRFDUH[FHSFLRQHVDODDSOLFDFLyQGHODUHJODDQLYHOOp[LFRHVSUR
EOHPiWLFDSXHVHO3ULQFLSLRGH¬3UHVHUYDFLyQGH¬(VWUXFWXUDULJHHQWRGRPRPHQWROD
IRUPDVXE\DFHQWH(VXQSULQFLSLRUDGLFDOTXHGHVGHxDDQLYHOOp[LFRWRGRPHFDQLVPR
TXHDWHQWHFRQWUDVXVIXQFLRQHVUHJXODGRUDV/DDVLPLODFLyQGHQDVDOVHDSOLFDUtDSRU
ORWDQWRHQDTXHOORVFDVRVHQTXHHOSULQFLSLRWROHUHVXHMHFXFLyQ(QODVSDODEUDVconga
\campoVXUJLUtDQODVUHVSHFWLYDVQDVDOHVYHODU\ELODELDO(QFDPELRQRSURFHGHUtDOD
DSOLFDFLyQFRQODQGHtriunfo,TXHUHVXOWDUtDEORTXHDGDSRUHOSULQFLSLR
1RREVWDQWHFRPRVHVDEHODDVLPLODFLyQGHQDVDOWUDVSDVDHOFRQWH[WRGHOYRFDEOR
\VHDSOLFDIXHUDGHODSDODEUDWDQWRHQHOHVWLOROLJHUDPHQWHOHQWRFRPRHQHORUGLQDULR
VHJ~QREVHUYD1DYDUUR7RPiV>@/DQDVDOGHcompadre\ODGHODIUDVH
con padreVRQDPEDVRFOXVLYDVELODELDOHV/RPLVPRRFXUUHHQODSDODEUDconformaTXH
con forma,HQODVTXHDPEDVQDVDOHVVXUJHQFRPRODELRGHQWDOHV(QHVWRVHVWLORVGH
KDEODODDVLPLODFLyQHVLQDSHODEOH\QRDGPLWHH[FHSFLRQHV(YLGHQWHPHQWHODOHQJXD
HVSDxRODSHUWHQHFHUtDGHDFXHUGRFRQ3DGJHWWDXQUHGXFLGRJUXSRGHOHQJXDVTXH
SRVHHQDVDOIULFDWLYD/RLQWHUHVDQWHGHOHVSDxROHVTXHFRQWUDULRDODVGHPiVOHQJXDV
WDPELpQSRVHHDVLPLODFLyQDQLYHOSRVWOp[LFR/DUHJODGHDVLPLODFLyQGHQDVDO
WHQGUtDYLJHQFLDHQHVSDxRO&RQHVWRVHVXJLHUHTXHVHPHMDQWHUHJODQRHVOp[LFD
DSOLFDGDDIRUPDVVXE\DFHQWHVVLQRSRVWOp[LFDHVGHFLUTXHVHDSOLFDWDUGtDPHQWH
XQDYH]IRUPDGDVODVSDODEUDVRODVIUDVHV6LHQGRUHJODSRVWOp[LFDQRFUHDXQIRQHPD
QDVDOIULFDWLYR\SRUFRQVLJXLHQWHQRVHFRQWUDSRQHDORVUHTXLVLWRVGHOSULQFLSLR6X
DSOLFDFLyQSRVWOp[LFDODFRQYLHUWHHQXQWLSRGHUHJODGHLPSODQWDFLyQIRQpWLFD
಩'HSHQGHQFLDGH>FRQWLQXR@EDMRHOSXQWRRUDO
<D KHPRV YLVWR GRV PRGHORV GH XELFDFLyQ GHO UDVJR >FRQWLQXR@ (Q FXDOTXLHUD GH
ORVGRVTXHVHWRPHVXDSOLFDFLyQHMHFXWDUi~QLFDPHQWHODWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHOSXQWR
DUWLFXODWRULRGHODREVWUX\HQWH\VHGHMDUiDWUiVHOUDVJR>FRQWLQXR@GH>I@7RPHPRV
HOGH¬6DJH\DPRGRGHLOXVWUDFLyQ
Ejemplo 3-15
>W ૧‫ޞ‬MX ؇ I R@
਑ FRQV ਔ ਑ FRQV ਔ
ਓ UHV ਖ ਓ ਮUHV ਖ
6XSUDODUtQJHR 6XSUDODUtQJHR >FRQW@
>QDVDO@ 3XQWRRUDO 3XQWRRUDO
<DXQTXHVHDSRVLEOHDGXFLUORVPLVPRVDUJXPHQWRVHQHOFDVRGHFRQUHV

SHFWRDO3ULQFLSLRGH¬3UHVHUYDFLyQGH¬(VWUXFWXUDRVHDTXHVXDSOLFDFLyQHVSRVWOp[LFD
VHLQFXUULUtDHQXQFRVWRDGLFLRQDODOWHQHUTXHVXPDUOHXQDUHJODPHGLDQWHODFXDOVH
DVLPLODUtDHOUDVJR>FRQWLQXR@GH>I@HVWRVLHPSUH\FXDQGRVHSUHVXPDTXHH[LVWHXQD
QDVDOIULFDWLYD&RQODUHJODHQFDPELRODDVLPLODFLyQSRVWOp[LFDUHVXOWDGHOWUDV
SDVRGHWRGRPDWHULDOTXHVHHQFXHQWUHLQPHGLDWDPHQWHGHEDMRGHOSXQWRDUWLFXODWRULR
VLQWHQHUTXHDxDGLUVHXQDUHJODHVSHFLDOTXHQRVGpDQLYHOIRQpWLFRODQDVDOIULFDWLYD
3.2 Motivación del nuevo modelo
(OPRGHORMHUiUTXLFRVHMXVWLϧFDDEDVHGHSURFHVRVIRQpWLFRV\IRQROyJLFRV

/D¬PRWLYDFLyQIRQpWLFDVHEDVDHQHOKHFKRGHTXHDOSURGXFLUVHORVVRQLGRVVHUHTXLHUH
ODFRRUGLQDFLyQ\VXSHUSRVLFLyQVLPXOWiQHDGHJHVWRVDUWLFXODWRULRV(QRWUDVSDODEUDV
ORVJHVWRVDUWLFXODWRULRVVHJ~QHOPRGHORSXHGHQRSHUDUGHPRGRLQGHSHQGLHQWH
8Q¬HMHPSORWtSLFRVHUtDFXDQGRDOSURGXFLUVHODYRFDO>D@VHPDQWLHQHODFDYLGDGEXFDO
HQXQDFRQϧJXUDFLyQFRQVWDQWHDOPLVPRWLHPSRTXHYDUtDODFRQϧJXUDFLyQODUtQJHD
FRQORFXDOVHSURGXFHDOOtYLEUDFLyQGHODVFXHUGDVYRFDOHVROD~YXODVHPXHYH\
SRUFRQVLJXLHQWHVHDGKLHUHDODSDUHGIDUtQJHD&OHPHQWV(OVRVWpQIRQROyJLFR
KDEUtDTXHEXVFDUORHQODVJHQHUDOL]DFLRQHVIRQROyJLFDVGRQGHVHHYLGHQFLDODDFWXD
FLyQLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHFLHUWRUDVJRRFLHUWRFRQMXQWRGHUDVJRVFRPRODVRQRUL]DFLyQ
GHREVWUX\HQWH\DVLPLODFLyQGHQDVDOHVPHQFLRQDGDVDQWHULRUPHQWHHQHOFDStWXOR
¢4XpYHQWDMDVQRVRIUHFHHOPRGHORHQODIRUPXODFLyQGHUHJODV\H[SOLFDFLyQ
GHORVSURFHVRVIRQROyJLFRVIUHQWHDOPRGHORHVWXGLDGRHQHOFDStWXORDQWHULRU"6LQRV
DGHODQWDPRVXQSRFRHOKHFKRGHTXHVHSXHGDWRPDUXQUDVJRXQQRGRRWRGRXQ
VHJPHQWRHVEDVWDQWHVLJQLϧFDWLYRSDUDODFDUDFWHUL]DFLyQGHORVSURFHVRVQDWXUDOHV
&OHPHQWVQRVKDFHQRWDUHOKHFKRGHTXHHQODLGHDOL]DFLyQGHOPRGHORMHUiU
TXLFRVHSXHGHQSURGXFLUYDULDVRSHUDFLRQHVIRQROyJLFDV'HpVWDVODVTXHUHVXOWDQ
GH PiV YDORU VRQ ODV TXH LPSOLFDQ DVLPLODFLyQ GH XQ VyOR UDVJR ODV TXH DVLPLODQ
UDVJRVSDUFLDOHVGHXQQRGR\ODVTXHDVLPLODQWRGRVORVUDVJRVIRQROyJLFRVGHODUDt]
$¬PRGRGHLOXVWUDFLyQYDPRVDUHIHULUQRVDORVGRVSULPHURVLQLFLDQGRGHDQWHPDQR
ODGLVFXVLyQDOH[DPLQDUHOPRGHORGHDVRFLDFLyQGHQDVDOLGDGVHJ~QHOPRGHOR
DXWRVHJPHQWDOFOiVLFR+XDOGHE
Ejemplo 3-16
਑ QDVDO ਔ
਒ ਮDOWR ਕ
ਓ ਮFRQW ਖ
& 9
(OPRGHORFOiVLFRSHUPLWLUtDSURSDJDUHOFRQMXQWRGHUDVJRVTXHFDUDFWHUL]DQD
ODFRQVRQDQWHQDVDORVHDTXHPX\ELHQSRGUtDGDUVHHOFDVRHQHOTXHXQDYRFDO
UHFLELUtDORVUDVJRV>QDVDOਮDOWRਮFRQWLQXR@GHGLFKDQDVDOORFXDOHVLQQDWXUDO
HLQFRQFHELEOH(VDVtSRUTXHVLVHVXSRQHTXHGLFKDYRFDOVHD>ਮDOWD@VHFRQYHUWLUtD
HQXQIHQyPHQRFRQWUDGLFWRULRSRUXQODGRVHUtD>DOWDਮDOWD@ORTXHItVLFDPHQWH
HVLPSRVLEOHGHDUWLFXODU\SRUHORWURGHMDUtDGHVHU>FRQWLQXD@PLHQWUDV\DVH
VDEHTXHWRGDVODVYRFDOHVVHFDUDFWHUL]DQSRUVHUUHGXQGDQWHPHQWH>FRQWLQXD@
3RUHOFRQWUDULRHVLPSRVLEOHIRUPXODUXQDUHJODFRQHOPRGHORMHUiUTXLFR
SRUODVLPSOHUD]yQGHTXHQRH[LVWHXQQRGRTXHDJUXSHDUDVJRVWDQGLVSDUHV&DGD
XQRGHHVWRVSHUWHQHFHDQRGRVDUWLFXODWRULRVGLVWLQWRV/DYHQWDMDWHyULFDGHODMHUDU
TXtD JHRPpWULFD TXH YLPRV HQ HV TXH VyOR SHUPLWH OD IRUPXODFLyQ GH UHJODV
GRFXPHQWDEOHV\UHJLVWUDEOHVHQODVOHQJXDVQDWXUDOHVGHOPXQGR
3DVHPRVDHVWXGLDUFDVRVHVSHFtϧFRVGHDVLPLODFLyQTXHRIUHFHQDOGHVQXGROD
VLPSOLFLGDG\QDWXUDOLGDGGHOPRGHOR
಩5HDQiOLVLVGHDOJXQRVSURFHVRV
(QHOFDStWXORDQWHULRU\DKDEtDPRVYLVWRODDVLPLODFLyQGHODFRQVRQDQWHQDVDODO
SXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQGHXQDREVWUX\HQWHVLJXLHQWH'HDKtVHLQWX\HLPSOtFLWDPHQWH
ODRSHUDFLyQGHUDVJRVHQFRQMXQWRDOVXJHULUVHTXHVRQORVUDVJRVGHOSXQWRGHDUWL
FXODFLyQORVTXHVHDVRFLDQDOSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQGHODQDVDOSUHYLDGHVDVRFLDFLyQ
GHpVWHGHVXQRGR5HDQDOL]DPRVGLFKRSURFHVRFRQODUHJOD
Ejemplo 3-17
6/ 6/
>QDVDO@ 32 32
(QVHUHDOL]DQGRVRSHUDFLRQHVODGHVDVRFLDFLyQGHOSXQWRRUDO32GHOD

FRQVRQDQWHDVLPLODQWH\ODSURSDJDFLyQLQPHGLDWDGHO32GHODFRQVRQDQWHTXHRIUHFH
VXSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQ(QSUHVHQWDPRVXQHMHPSORGHODDSOLFDFLyQGHOD
UHJODGHDVLPLODFLyQFRQODSDODEUDmango,FRQODFXDOVHLOXVWUDODDVLPLODFLyQ
GHODDOYHRODUQDORVUDVJRVGHС\VXSURGXFWRHQODYHODU>‫@غ‬
Ejemplo 3-18
PD Q С R
; ;
>ਮFRQW@ >ਮFRQW@
6/ 6/ /DUtQJHR
3DODGDUEODQGR 32 32 >VRQ@
>QDVDO@ &RURQDO 'RUVDO
>DQW@
ఝ಩DSOLFDFLyQGH¬5HJOD
>PD ‫غ‬ С R@
; ;
>ਮFRQW@ >ਮFRQW@
6/ 6/ /DUtQJHR
3DODGDUEODQGR 32 32 >VRQ@
>QDVDO@ &RURQDO 'RUVDO
>DQW@
&XDQGRXQDUHJODFRPRODSURSDJDORVUDVJRVGHXQVHJPHQWRDRWURVHJ

PHQWRFRQWLJXRWUXQFiQGROHDpVWHVXVUDVJRVVHGLFHTXHODUHJODIXQFLRQDKDFLHQGR
cambios de rasgos,RTXHHVXQDRSHUDFLyQGHcambio estructural.(OUHVXOWDGRGHWDO
DVLPLODFLyQKDFHTXHODQDVDODOYHRODUQHVSHFLϧFDGDFRQVXVUDVJRVWDQWRHQLQWH
ULRUFRPRHQIURQWHUDGHSDODEUDSHMHQsiQСotaVHDVLPLODDODFRQVRQDQWH
YHODUVLJXLHQWHSRUFRQVLJXLHQWHVHSURGXFHsi>‫غ‬С@ota.
6DEHPRV VLQ HPEDUJR TXH OD DVLPLODFLyQ HV PXFKR PiV JHQHUDO GH OR TXH VH
LOXVWUDHQ/RXVXDOHVTXHQVHKDJDKRPRUJiQLFDFRQFXDOTXLHUREVWUX\HQWH
TXHOHVLJD\DVHDHQLQWHULRURHQIURQWHUDGHSDODEUD-XVWDPHQWHHVWRHVORTXH
RFXUUHVHJ~QVHHYLGHQFLDFRQiQposible, iQ el, iQcongruente, siQposibilidad,
siQ delidadHWFTXHVHSURGXFHQUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHFRPRi>P@posible, i>؇@ϧHO, si>P@
posibilidad, si>؇@ delidad. &RPRODQDVDOQWLHQGHDDPDOJDPDUVHFRQWRGDREVWUX
\HQWHVLJXLHQWHFDEUtDHVSHUDUTXHHQVXUHSUHVHQWDFLyQEiVLFDQRWHQJDSXQWRDUWLFX
ODWRULR6LJHQHUDOL]DPRVPHGLDQWHODUHJODGHPDQHUDTXHODFRQVRQDQWHTXH
VXIUHODDVLPLODFLyQDSDUH]FDGHVSURYLVWDGHSXQWRDUWLFXODWRULRHVSHFtϧFRHQWRQFHV
SRGHPRV LQFOXLU ODV DVLPLODFLRQHV DQWHV PHQFLRQDGDV 6L LQWHUSUHWDPRV HO SURFHVR
GHHVWDPDQHUDHOSXQWRDUWLFXODWRULRGHXQDREVWUX\HQWHFXDOTXLHUDVHH[WLHQGHD
XQVHJPHQWRQDVDOVLQTXHpVWHSLHUGDHOVX\R/RTXHRFXUUHHQWRQFHVHVTXHQRVH
WUXQFDQDGDHQODQDVDO(QHVWHFDVRFRPRQRVHHVWiQFDPELDQGRUDVJRVVLQRTXHVH
HVWiUHOOHQDQGRXQYDFtRFRQUDVJRVGHRWURVHJPHQWRVHGLFHTXHODUHJODVHDSOLFD
rellenando rasgos,RTXHHVGHconstrucción de estructura.
(QHOGLDJUDPDVHSUHVHQWDODUHJODJHQHUDOGHDVLPLODFLyQGHQDVDO/D¬C
UHSUHVHQWDXQDFRQVRQDQWHREVWUX\HQWHFXDOTXLHUD
Ejemplo 3-19
Q &
; ;
>ਮFRQW@
6/ 6/
3DODGDUEODQGR 32 32
>QDVDO@ 'RUVDO&RURQDOR/DELDO
2EVpUYHVHTXHDKRUDODQDVDOQQRSRVHHHVSHFLϧFDFLyQGHDUWLFXODGRUHVFRQOR
TXHVHGHMDHQWHQGLGRTXHHVODQDVDOSUHIHUHQFLDOPHQWHLQPDUFDGD6yORFRQWLHQHHO
QRGRRUDOTXHUHFLEHORVUDVJRVDUWLFXODWRULRVGHXQDREVWUX\HQWHVLQTXHVHOHWUXQTXHQ
UDVJRV3RUHVRVHKDEODHQHVWHFDVRGHconstrucción de estructura,SRUTXHVHOHSURYHH
DOJRTXHQRSRVHtD6LQHPEDUJRVXUJHXQDFRPSOLFDFLyQTXHQRFRQVWDHQ
(OODHVTXHVLELHQGDFXHQWDGHODDVLPLODFLyQGHQDVDODQWHREVWUX\HQWHQR¬SXHGH
FDUDFWHUL]DUHOKHFKRGHTXHODQDQWHODIULFDWLYDIHQLQWHULRU\IURQWHUDGHSDOD
EUDDSDUH]FDFRPRODQDVDOIULFDWLYD>࣏@(VWRRFXUUHSRUTXHHOUDVJR>FRQWLQXR@HVWi
VXSHGLWDGRDODUDt]\VHJ~QODUHJODORTXHVHGHVSOD]DQRHVODUDt]VLQRHO
SXQWRRUDOGHOVHJPHQWR&RPRVHYHHOPRGHOR6DJH\+DOOHIXQFLRQDSHUIHFWDPHQWH
SDUDODOHQJXDHVSDxROD
/DVRQRUL]DFLyQGHODVREVWUX\HQWHVVRUGDVDQWHFRQVRQDQWHVVRQRUDVRORLQYHUVR
HOHQVRUGHFLPLHQWRGHFRQVRQDQWHVVRQRUDVDQWHFRQVRQDQWHVVRUGDVHVRWURHMHPSOR
LQVWUXFWLYRTXHQRVD\XGDDFRPSUHQGHUD~QPiVFODUDPHQWHHOPRGHORMHUiUTXLFR
DOPRVWUDUODDVLPLODFLyQXQLWDULDGHXQUDVJR~QLFR(QODPD\RUtDGHORVGLDOHFWRV
KLVSiQLFRVODVREVWUX\HQWHVHQFRUFKHWDGDVGHODL]TXLHUGDDQWHFRQVRQDQWHVVRUGDVR
VRQRUDVHQVXHOHQSURQXQFLDUVHVHJ~QDSDUHFHDODGHUHFKD
Ejemplo 3-20
aEVoluto a>SV@oluto
suEW ૧erráneo su>SW ૧@erráneo
aG૧Nirir a>‫ۏ‬N@irir
MaNG૧onald’s Ma>࣢˓ ૊ @૊ onald’s
riW ૧Po ri>˓૊P@o
éW ૧Qico é>˓૊Q@ico
téNQica té>࣢૊Q@ika
deVG૧e de>]˓૊@e
3DUHFHVHUTXHHQHVWRVFDVRVXQDREVWUX\HQWHDOϧQDOGHVtODEDDGTXLHUHORVUDVJRV
ODUtQJHRVGHVRQRULGDGRVRUGH]GHODFRQVRQDQWHVLJXLHQWH9LVWRHQIRUPDMHUiUTXLFD
SUHVHQWDPRVHOSURFHVRGHODPDQHUDVLJXLHQWH
Ejemplo 3-21
*ORWDO *ORWDO
>VRQ@‫۝‬ >VRQ@
7RPHPRVFRPRHMHPSORLOXVWUDWLYRGHODDSOLFDFLyQGHODVHFXHQFLDEVGH

absolutoTXHPRGHODPRVFRPR>SV@DXQTXHHQHVWDVHFXHQFLDODEWDPELpQ
SXHGHHOLGLUVHVHJ~QFRPSUREDUHPRVHQODVHFFLyQ
Ejemplo 3-22
D E V ROXW ૧R
; ;
ਓ ਮUHV ਖ ਓ ਮUHV ਖ
>ਮFRQW@ >FRQW@
6/ /DUtQJHR /DUtQJHR 6/
32 *ORWDO *ORWDO 32
/DELDO >VRQ@ >ਮVRQ@ &RURQDO
>DQW@
ఝ಩DSOLFDFLyQGH¬5HJOD
>D S V ROXW ૧R@

; ;
>ਮFRQW@ >FRQW@
6/ /DUtQJHR /DUtQJHR 6/
32 *ORWDO *ORWDO 32
/DELDO >VRQ@ >ਮVRQ@ &RURQDO
>DQW@
/DUHJODHVGHFDPELRHVWUXFWXUDO\DTXHVHSDUDHOUDVJR>VRQRUR@GHE\

UHFLEHHQFDPELRHOVRUGRGHV
6LELHQVHSURGXFHDVLPLODFLyQSDUFLDOGHXQUDVJRWDPELpQVHGDORFRQWUDULRDO
ϧQDOGHVtODED/RFRP~QHVTXHODVREVWUX\HQWHVHQODFRGDVHHQVRUGH]FDQRVHVRQR
ULFHQLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHOFRQWH[WRVLJXLHQWH$VtWHQGUtDPRVTXHODVVXE\DFHQWHV
oSVión, diСQo\eNVactoVHSURQXQFLDQFRPRODVUHVSHFWLYDVo>EV@ión, di>NQ@o

\e>СV@acto.3HURKD\UHDOL]DFLRQHVIRQpWLFDVHQTXHVHKDFHGLItFLOGHWHUPLQDUVLOD
DVLPLODFLyQHVSURGXFWRGHODUHJODRVLHOHQVRUGHFLPLHQWRHVVLPSOHPHQWH
UHVXOWDGRGHODVXSUHVLyQGHOUDVJR>VRQRUR@GHODREVWUX\HQWHHQODFRGD¢4XpVH
SURSRQGUtDSRUHMHPSORHQHOFDVRGHobsesión,TXHVHSURQXQFLDORPLVPR>RSVHਥVMRQ@
TXH >Rɕ૊VHਥVMRQ@ HVWD ~OWLPD FRQ ELODELDO OLJHUDPHQWH DSUR[LPDQWH" &RPR VXJLHUH
+XDOGHEORPiVSUREDEOHHVTXHODSURQXQFLDFLyQVHDYDULDEOHHQVXHIHFWR
KD\KDEODQWHVHQTXLHQHVSUHGRPLQDODDVLPLODFLyQ\RWURVHQTXLHQHVHOHQVRUGHFL
PLHQWRHVORXVXDORDJUHJDPRVQRVRWURVWDPELpQVXFHGHTXHXQPLVPRKDEODQWH
SURGXFHDPEDVYDULDQWHVDFWLYLGDGTXHHVWiVXMHWDDODUDSLGH]ROHQWLWXGFRQTXHVH
KDEOH(QWRGRFDVRYHUHPRVODH[SOLFDFLyQGHODVRQRUL]DFLyQRHQVRUGHFLPLHQWRGH
FRQVRQDQWHVHQORVHMHPSORVFLWDGRVFXDQGRWUDWHPRVHOWHPDGHODVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQ
HQHOFDStWXOR
3.3 Propagación de un nodo completo
+DVWDDKRUDKHPRVSRGLGRGRFXPHQWDUTXHHQHIHFWRVHSXHGHQDVLPLODUWDQWRXQ
UDVJRFRPRXQJUXSRSDUFLDOGHUDVJRV/DGLDOHFWRORJtDKLVSiQLFDQRVEULQGDWDPELpQ
GDWRVHQTXHVHSURGXFHODDVLPLODFLyQWRWDOGHODUDt]GHXQVHJPHQWR6HWUDWDGHO
FRQRFLGRIHQyPHQRGHO&DULEHKLVSiQLFRHQHOTXHO‫ޞ‬VHDVLPLODQDOSXQWRGHDUWL
FXODFLyQGHODFRQVRQDQWHVLJXLHQWH*XLWDUW-LPpQH]6DEDWHU/RXVXDO
SDUDPXFKRVKDEODQWHVGHHVWRVGLDOHFWRVHVTXHODVFRQVRQDQWHVHQFRUFKHWDGDVDOD
L]TXLHUGDHQPDQLϧHVWHQODWHQGHQFLDGHODGHUHFKD
Ejemplo 3-23
ba‫ޞ‬Eero ~ ba>EE@ero
eOSomo ~ e>SS@omo
eOEerde ~ e>EE@erde
a‫ޞ‬G૧e ~ a>G૧G૧@e
pa‫ޞ‬W ૧e ~ pa>W ૧W ૧@e
o‫ޞ‬Nídea ~ o>NN@ídea
o‫ޞ‬Сanizar ~ o>СС@anizar
eOIrente ~ e>II@rente
se‫ޞ‬Iino ~ se>II@ino
se‫ޞ‬Pejor ~ se>PP@ejor
eO‫ص‬ame ~ e>‫@صص‬ame
eO[abón ~ e>[[@abón
Ca‫ޞ‬Oos ~ Ca>OO@os
fue‫ޞ‬Va ~ fue>VV@a
/DDVLPLODFLyQTXHVHPXHVWUDHQHVWRWDO\SRUFRQVLJXLHQWHQRVHWUDWD

GHODH[WHQVLyQGHXQVRORUDVJRSDUWLFXODU/DLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHHVWHIHQyPHQRDOD
HVWUXFWXUD JHRPpWULFD TXH QRV RIUHFH H[LJLUtD SRU WDQWR TXH XQ VHJPHQWR VH
KDJDLGpQWLFRDVXYHFLQRKHFKRTXHVHORJUDFRQGHVDUWLFXODUWRGRVORVUDVJRVTXH
FDUDFWHUL]DQDODVOtTXLGDVORVFRUWDGHVXUDt]\VLPXOWiQHDPHQWHFRSLDORVGHOD
UDt]GHODFRQVRQDQWHVLJXLHQWHVHJ~QVHLOXVWUDHQ(OOLQGHGHSDODEUDHQWUH
SDUpQWHVLVUHϩHMDHOKHFKRGHTXHWDPELpQVHDSOLFDHQWUHSDODEUDV3RUWDQWR
WLHQHSURSLHGDGHVGHUHJODSRVWOp[LFD
Ejemplo 3-24 Asimilación de líquidas
; ;
(VWHDQiOLVLVRIUHFHODYHQWDMDGHDLVODUORVUDVJRVFRPSOHWRVGH¬;FRQORTXHGHMDD
pVWHLQWDFWR\OLVWRSDUDUHFLELUORVUDVJRVGHVXYHFLQR'HKDEHUVHVHJXLGRHOPRGHOR
RULJLQDOGH¬*ROGVPLWKQRWHQGUtDPRVPiVUHPHGLRTXHSURSRQHUODHOLPLQD
FLyQWRWDOGHUDVJRV\GHSDVRVHGDDHQWHQGHUTXHFRQVHPHMDQWHSURFHVRWDPELpQVH
SHUGHUtDHOVRSRUWHGHORVUDVJRVRVHDVX;HOFXDOQRVHGLVWLQJXLUtDHQWRQFHVGHORV
GHPiVUDVJRVSXHVQRH[LVWLUtDFRPRHVWUXFWXUDLQGHSHQGLHQWH$GHPiVGHVXSRQHUVH
TXHHOHVTXHOHWRVHHOLPLQDKDEUtDTXHSUHVHQWDUSUXHEDVDGLFLRQDOHVTXHDYDOHQWDO
HOLVLyQFRPRSRUHMHPSORTXHKXELHVHXQDWRWDODVLPLODFLyQGHGLJDPRVORVUDVJRV
GHXQDYRFDODORVGHXQDFRQVRQDQWHRYLFHYHUVDHVWRVLQHPEDUJRQRH[LVWHHQOD
OHQJXDHVSDxROD
಩5HGXFFLyQGHUDVJRV
6LELHQVHSURGXFHDVLPLODFLyQSDUFLDORWRWDOGHUDVJRVWDPELpQVHGDORFRQWUDULR
DOϧQDOGHVtODEDORVUDVJRVWLHQGHQDGHVDSDUHFHURUHGXFLUVHHQYDULRVFRQWH[WRV
(V¬FRP~QSRUHMHPSORTXHODVREVWUX\HQWHVVHHQVRUGH]FDQRVHVRQRULFHQLQGHSHQ
GLHQWHPHQWHGHOFRQWH[WRVLJXLHQWH$VtWHQHPRVTXHODVVXE\DFHQWHVHQaEnegar,
aEdicar\diJnoVHSXHGHQSURQXQFLDUHQHOKDEODHQIiWLFDFRPRa>S@negar, a>S@dicar
\di>N@no.(VQRWDEOHTXHHOFRQWH[WRDQWHV\GHVSXpVGHHVWDVREVWUX\HQWHVHVVRQRUR
SRUORTXHVHGHEHSUHVXPLUTXHGLFKRUDVJRQRMXHJDQLQJ~QSDSHOHQHOSURFHVR\D
TXHGHORFRQWUDULRREYLDPHQWHHYLWDUtDTXHVDOLHUDQVRUGDV3DUDGDUFXHQWDGHOSUR
FHVRVLPSOHPHQWHVHWHQGUtDTXHGHVDVRFLDUHOQRGRJORWDOGHHVWDVFRQVRQDQWHVVLQTXH
RFXUUDSURSDJDFLyQGHRWURVUDVJRV3DUDODg!GHdigno,VH¬SRVWXODODUHJOD
Ejemplo 3-25
਑ FRQV ਔ
ਓ UHV ਖ
*ORWDO
>VRQ@
$O VXSULPLUVH HO UDVJR WHUPLQDO >VRQRUR@ HO ϧQDO GH OD GHULYDFLyQ UHFLELUi SRU
GHIHFWRHOUDVJR>ਮVRQRUR@TXHFDUDFWHUL]DDODVREVWUX\HQWHVVRUGDV
2WURHMHPSORQRUPDOGHUHGXFFLyQHVHOFRQRFLGRSURFHVRGHDVSLUDFLyQGHVHQ
ODULPDTXH\DKDEtDPRVDGHODQWDGRHQHOFDStWXOR&RPRVHUHFRUGDUiODVϧQDO
GHtoVtado, caVpa, máVcara, deVde\meVXVXDOPHQWHVHSURQXQFLDFRQ>K@
6HJ~QLQGLFiUDPRVORTXHRFXUUHHQHVWRVHMHPSORVHVTXHVHVXSULPHQVXVUDVJRV
VXSUDODUtQJHRVHIHFWRTXHLOXVWUDPRVJHRPpWULFDPHQWHHQ
Ejemplo 3-26
਑ FRQV ਔ
ਓ ਮUHV ਖ
>FRQW@
6/ /DUtQJHR
32 *ORWDO
>DQW@ >JORWLVGLODWDGD@
3.4. El Principio de Contorno Obligatorio
&RPR VH UHFRUGDUi HQ HO FDStWXOR KDEtDPRV SURSXHVWR TXH ODV SDODEUDV FRQ >U@
LQWHUYRFiOLFD SRVHHQ HQ VX QLYHO IRQROyJLFR OD VHFXHQFLD ‫ ޞޞ‬7DPELpQ KDEtDPRV
VXJHULGRTXHDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWHH[LVWHXQDHVWUHFKDUHODFLyQHQWUHORVVHJPHQWRV\
VXVVRVWHQHV\DVHDQHVWRVGH¬&9R;¬3DUDUHFDSLWXODUODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQDVH
FRQYLHUWHHQEPHGLDQWHOD&RQYHQFLyQGH¬$VRFLDFLyQ8QLYHUVDOYLVWDHQ
HQHOFDStWXOR
Ejemplo 3-27
a. & 9 & & 9 & 9 ఩ b. & 9 & & 9 & 9

&RQGLFLyQ
N D ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ H W૧ D N D ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ H W૧ D
6LQ HPEDUJR HO UHVXOWDGR E VH FRQVLGHUD DQyPDOR ¢'H GyQGH VXUJH SXHV
OD¬UHSUHVHQWDFLyQETXHVHVXSRQHGHIHFWLYDVLODJHQHUDOD&RQYHQFLyQGH¬$VR
FLDFLyQ8QLYHUVDO"
/DDQRPDOtDGHEWLHQHXQDLQWHUHVDQWHKLVWRULDTXHVHUHPRQWDDORVWUDEDMRV
GH¬/HEHQFRQOHQJXDVWRQDOHV\GH¬0F&DUWK\FRQOHQJXDV
QR WRQDOHV (VWRV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV SURSRQHQ XQ SULQFLSLR TXH DSDUHQWHPHQWH SRVHH
FDUiFWHUXQLYHUVDOEDXWL]DGRSRU*ROGVPLWKFRQHOQRPEUHGH¬3ULQFLSLRGH¬&RQWRUQR
2EOLJDWRULR3&2(OSULQFLSLRGLFHDVt
Ejemplo 3-28 Principio de Contorno Obligatorio
6HSURKtEHQHOHPHQWRVLGpQWLFRVDG\DFHQWHV
(O3&2WLHQHHQWRQFHVODSURSLHGDGGHKDFHUTXHHQDODVGRV&HVTXHHVWiQ

DQFODGDVFDGDXQDFRQXQD‫ޞ‬DSDUH]FDQXQLGDVDXQDVROD‫ޞ‬VHJ~QPXHVWUDE
Ejemplo 3-29
a. & & ఩ b. & &

3&2
‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬
(QDODVGRVHUUHVIRUPDQODVHFXHQFLDGHGRVVHJPHQWRVLGpQWLFRVRGLFKR

HQWpUPLQRVWpFQLFRVFDGDVHJPHQWRHVWiOLJDGRLQGLYLGXDOPHQWHDVX&¬(QFRQWUDVWH
HQ¬EQRKD\DG\DFHQFLDGHGRVVHJPHQWRVVLQRTXHH[LVWHVyORXQRHVWXGLDPRVHO
WHPDGHODDG\DFHQFLDHQODVHFFLyQIRUPDOPHQWHVHGLFHTXHEUHSUHVHQWD
ODXQLyQP~OWLSOHGHGRVSRVLFLRQHVHQHOHVTXHOHWRFRQXQVHJPHQWR³P~OWLSOHHQ
HOVHQWLGRGHTXHKD\GRV&HVTXHVHOLJDQDXQVHJPHQWR~QLFR‫ޞ‬/RVHIHFWRVGHO
SULQFLSLRVREUHcarreta³HOFXDOUHSURGXFLPRVDODGHUHFKDGH³UHVXOWDQ
FRPRVHPXHVWUDDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
Ejemplo 3-30
a. & 9 & & 9 & 9 ఩ b. & 9 & & 9 & 9

3&2
N D ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ H W૧ D N D ‫ޞ‬ H W૧ D
/RVHMHPSORVTXHFRQϧUPDQHO3&2DEXQGDQ/DթLQWHUYRFiOLFDGHYDULRVGLDOHF
WRVKLVSDQRDPHULFDQRVVXHOHWHQHUYDULDVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHVIRQpWLFDVTXHYDQGHVGHXQD
SURQXQFLDFLyQSUHSDODWDODIULFDGDSDVDQSRUODGHVOL]DGD>M@KDVWDTXHGHVDSDUHFHSRU
FRPSOHWR6HUHSRUWDTXHODWHQGHQFLDSUHGRPLQDQWHHQHOHVSDxROPp[LFRDPHULFDQR
HVDHOLPLQDUODORFXDOVHGLFHTXHHVFRQVHFXHQFLDGHODSUHVLyQTXHHMHUFHHO3&2DO
FUHDUVHODXQLyQGHGRVVHJPHQWRVTXHVHFDUDFWHUL]DQSRUVHU>FRURQDO@/LSVNL
6HJ~QHODQiOLVLVGH¬/LSVNLODVSDODEUDVsilla, patilludo, bellísima\bullicioVHSURQXQFLDQ
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH>ਥVLD@>SDਥW ૧MX˓૊R@>EHtVLPD@\>EXtVMR@(QHVWRVHMHPSORVWDQWROD
>L@\WDPELpQOD>H@FRPRORPXHVWUDsella,TXHGD>ਥVHD@FRPROD>M@³UHDOL]DFLyQ
SUHGRPLQDQWHGHODթLQWHUYRFiOLFDHQHVWHGLDOHFWR³FRLQFLGHQHQVHUFRURQDOHV
DO¬QLYHOGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHVXVUDVJRV(VWRVLJQLϧFDTXHHO3&2SXHGHDEDUFDUVyOR
XQDSDUWHGHODFRPSRVLFLyQGHXQVHJPHQWRFRPRVHKDGHPRVWUDGRWDPELpQHQ
DUiELJR0F&DUWK\7RPHPRVFRPRHMHPSORODSDODEUDsilla:
Ejemplo 3-31
>V L j D@
; ;
&RURQDO &RURQDO
(QVXUHSUHVHQWDFLyQHVH[DFWDPHQWHSDUDOHODDODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQTXHDSDUHFH

HQD(O3&2H[LJLUtDTXHVHFRQYLUWLHVHHQXQDHVWUXFWXUDVLPLODUDODGHE
SHURHVWRVKDEODQWHVWRPDQODYtDFRQWUDULD\SRUWDQWRVHDMXVWDQDORVUHTXLVLWRVGHO
SULQFLSLR(VSRUHOORTXHSUHVXPLEOHPHQWHVHSLHUGHHOUDVJR>FRURQDO@GHODGHVOL]DGD
6LELHQHQHOGLDOHFWRPHQFLRQDGRVHSURGXFHODHOLVLyQVXUJHODDOWHUQDWLYDGH
LQVHUWDU>բ@HQHOPLVPRFRQWH[WR/RVYRFDEORVdía, viuda\leeDSDUHFHQFRPR>ਥG૧LբD@
>ELਥբX˓૊D@\>ਥOHբH@FRQORFXDOVHVXJLHUHTXHHO3&2QRWLHQHHOSRGHUTXHVHOHDWUL
EX\HSXHVHYLGHQWHPHQWHVHLQVHUWDXQUDVJR\VLODSUHVLyQHVHYLWDUODDG\DFHQFLD
GHUDVJRVLGpQWLFRVHOSULQFLSLRGHEHUtDHYLWDUVHPHMDQWHGHVHQODFH'HWRGDVPDQHUDV
DOLQVHUWDUVHODYDULDQWHIULFDWLYDGHOSORVLYRթHO3&2H[LJHTXHODFRQϧJXUDFLyQ
RFXUUDFRPRHQE
0XFKRVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVKDQSUHVHQWDGRVREUDGDVUD]RQHVGHPXFKDVOHQJXDVTXH
MXVWLϧFDQHO3&2SRUHMHPSOR6WHULDGH([LVWHQUHJODVTXHWLHQGHQDHOLPLQDU
RDHVSLUDQWL]DUXQVHJPHQWRSDUWLFXODUDϧQDOGHVtODEDHQSRVLFLyQLQWHUQDGHSDOD
EUDSHURFXDQGRpVWHVHHQFXHQWUDHQXQFRQWH[WRHQHOTXHSRWHQFLDOPHQWHSXGLHUDQ
DSOLFDUVHGLFKDVUHJODVSRUDMXVWDUVHDODGHVFULSFLyQHVWUXFWXUDOGHODHQWUDGDIRQR
OyJLFDVHQFLOODPHQWHIDOODQ3RUHMHPSORHQWLJULQLDXQDOHQJXDGH¬(ULWUHDVH¬GD
XQDUHJODTXHHVSLUDQWL]DODSULPHUDkGHXQDVHFXHQFLDGHNNTXHSURYLHQHQGHOD
FRQFDWHQDFLyQGHGRVPRUIHPDVGLIHUHQWHV$VtODIRUPDEDUĐNND¶EHQGLWRVHDV·VH
WUDQVIRUPDHQ>EDUĐ[ND@6LQHPEDUJRFXDQGRGLFKDUHJODVHHQFXHQWUDFRQVHFXHQ
FLDVWDXWRVLOiELFDVGHNNVXUJHQLQDOWHUDGDVIĐNNĐUĐ¶DODUGHy·JHQHUD>IĐNNĐUĐ@
3XHVWRTXHODUHJODGHHVSLUDQWL]DFLyQSXHGHDSOLFDUVHHQDPERVFDVRV\¬HQUHDOLGDG
VyORVHUHDOL]DHQXQRVHGHEHSUHVXPLUTXHHOPRWLYRGHVXLQDSOLFDFLyQREHGHFHDOD
GLVWLQFLyQIRQROyJLFDTXHVXE\DFHHVWDVVHFXHQFLDVGHVHJPHQWRV'LFKRGHRWURPRGR
ODHVSLUDQWL]DFLyQVyORSXHGHOHHUDVRFLDFLRQHVPRQRVHJPHQWDOHVODVGH>D@
PLHQWUDV TXH VH YXHOYH FLHJD DQWH DVRFLDFLRQHV PXOWLVHJPHQWDOHV VHQFLOODV ODV GH
>E@ ODV FXDOHV VH GHQRPLQDQ SURSLDPHQWHgeminadas. $¬ QR VHU SRU HO 3&2 \
SRUXQSULQFLSLRGHLQDOWHUDELOLGDGGHJHPLQDGDVTXHGLOXFLGDUHPRVHQGHWDOOHPiV
DGHODQWHIĐNNĐUĐVDOGUtDHUUyQHDPHQWHFRPR >IĐ[NĐUĐ@
(QDUiELJRODVUDtFHVGHODVFRQVRQDQWHVHVWiQVXMHWDVDUHVWULFFLRQHVPX\VHYHUDV
(Q¬SULPHUOXJDUHQXQPRUIHPDQRSXHGHKDEHUGRVFRQVRQDQWHVLGpQWLFDVFRQWLJXDV$Vt
VHLPSRVLELOLWDODSUHVHQFLDGHVHFXHQFLDVGHELODELDOHVGHQWDOHVRYHODUHVDXQFXDQGRD
YHFHVLQWHUYHQJDHQWUHpVWDVRWUDFRQVRQDQWH/DVHFXHQFLD GEWSRUHMHPSORHVLQDFHS
WDEOHHQHVWDOHQJXD3URFHGHSUHJXQWDUVH¢SRUTXpQRVHSHUPLWHWDOVHFXHQFLDFXDQGR
DSDUHQWHPHQWHODVFRQVRQDQWHVTXHODVFRQIRUPDQVRQWDQGLIHUHQWHV"/DUHVSXHVWDOD
RIUHFHHO3&2DOUHYHODUVHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHORVUDVJRVGHHVWRVVHJPHQWRV
Ejemplo 3-32
G E W
5Dt] 5Dt] 5Dt]
2UDO 2UDO 2UDO
&RURQDO &RURQDO
/DELDO
6LQRVϧMDPRVHQHOQRGRRUDOQRWDUHPRVTXHEVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUQRWHQHUHO
DUWLFXODGRUFRURQDOHQHVHQLYHO³RVHDSRUTXHQRLQWHUYLHQHQDGDHQWUHHODUWLFXODGRU
RUDO\HOODELDO(QYLVWDGHHOORVHWHRUL]DTXHORVDUWLFXODGRUHVRFXSDQQLYHOHVGLIH
UHQWHVPLHQWUDVTXHORVUDVJRVWHUPLQDOHVVHHQFXHQWUDQHQXQPLVPRSODQR&RPR
UHVXOWDGRGHWDOKLSyWHVLVORVDUWLFXODGRUHVGHG\WVHHQFXHQWUDQDG\DFHQWHV
HQHOPLVPRQLYHOSHURQRDVtHO>ODELDO@/DUD]yQSRUODTXHQRH[LVWHODVHFXHQFLD
GEWHVSRUTXHORSURKtEHHO3&2DOHVWLSXODUTXHQRGHEHKDEHULGHQWLGDGGHVRQLGRV
FRQWLJXRVHQXQPLVPRPRUIHPD
1DWXUDOPHQWHSHQVDUtDPRVTXHGDGRHO3&2QRGHEHUtDQH[LVWLUODVVHFXHQFLDV
‫ޞ‬W ૧OW ૧QG૧\QW ૧HQWUHRWUDV\ELHQVDEHPRVTXHHVWHWLSRGHVHFXHQFLDHVSHU
IHFWDPHQWHOHJtWLPDHQHVSDxROVHJ~QYHPRVHQODVUHVSHFWLYDVarte, alto, mando\
cante.¢&yPRVHMXVWLϧFDODSUHVHQFLDGHHVWDVVHFXHQFLDVSHVHDO3&2"6HKDFHSDU
WLHQGRGHODXQLyQGHORVUDVJRVLGpQWLFRVHQXQPLVPRHVWUDWR'LFKRGHRWURPRGR
ODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQDVHUHVXHOYHDIDYRUGHEFRQODLQWHUYHQFLyQGHO3&2
Ejemplo 3-33
a. & & ఩ b. & &

3&2
5Dt] 5Dt] 5Dt] 5Dt]
&RURQDO &RURQDO &RURQDO
(QVHGDXQFODURHMHPSORGHXQDXQLyQP~OWLSOHGHGRVHVWUDWRVDXQHVWUDWR

HO¬GHORVDUWLFXODGRUHVTXHFRLQFLGHQHQUDVJRV(OHVSDxROGRPLQLFDQRVLUYHGHPRGHOR
SDUDLOXVWUDUFRQPiVULJRUODDSOLFDFLyQGHO3&2HQORTXHUHVSHFWDDXQSDUGHUDVJRV
LGpQWLFRV
(QGRPLQLFDQRXQRGHORVRWURVIHQyPHQRVTXHOHRFXUUHDODYLEUDQWH‫ޞ‬HV
TXHVHFRQYLHUWHHQODDVSLUDGD>K@DOϧQDOGHVtODEDFXDQGROHVLJXHXQDFRQVRQDQWH
UHVRQDQWH'HPRGRTXHDSXHGHVHUHMHPSORWtSLFRGHSRVLEOHVDOWHUQDQFLDV
SHURQRE1~xH]&HGHxR
Ejemplo 3-34
a. Ca>‫@ޞ‬los ~ Ca>K@los b. pa>‫@ޞ‬te ~ *pa>K@te

pe>‫@ޞ‬la ~ pe>K@la bo>‫@ޞ‬de ~ *bo>K@de
pie>‫@ޞ‬na ~ pie>K@na to>‫@ޞ‬pe ~ *to>K@pe
a>‫@ޞ‬mada ~ a>K@mada cu>‫@ޞ‬bero ~ *cu>K@bero
ca>‫@ޞ‬nívoro ~ ca>K@nívoro pue>‫@ޞ‬co ~ *pue>K@co
a>‫@ޞ‬golla ~ *a>K@golla
ma>‫@ޞ‬char ~ *ma>K@char
Me>‫@ޞ‬cedes ~ *Me>K@cedes
&RPRVHHMHPSOLϧFyHQOD‫ޞ‬VHJXLGDGHFRQVRQDQWHUHVRQDQWHWLSLϧFD

DGRVFRQVRQDQWHVFRURQDOHVTXHWLHQHQTXHXQLUVHDQLYHOGHOSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQ
SDUDQRHQWUDUHQFRQϩLFWRFRQHO3&2
5HVXOWDTXHDGHPiVGHGDUVHODDVSLUDFLyQGH‫ޞ‬DOϧQDOGHVtODEDXQSURFHVR
SDUHFLGROHRFXUUHWDPELpQDODYLEUDQWHP~OWLSOH(VSRUHOORTXHHQGRPLQLFDQRVH
UHJLVWUDQODVDOWHUQDQFLDVTXHDSDUHFHQHQ
Ejemplo 3-35
piza>U@a ~ piza>K‫@ޞ‬a
ca>U@eta ~ ca>K‫@ޞ‬eta
bo>U@ador ~ bo>K‫@ޞ‬ador
chu>U@ioso ~ chu>K‫@ޞ‬ioso
mi>U@a ~ mi>K‫@ޞ‬a
/RVGDWRVHQKDQVLGRDQDOL]DGRVQRFRQXQDUVXE\DFHQWHVLQRFRQXQD

VHFXHQFLDGHYLEUDQWHVVHQFLOODVKLSyWHVLV\DSUHVHQWDGDHQHOFDStWXOR6LVHDFHSWDOD
KLSyWHVLVGHTXHODJHPLQDGD‫ޞޞ‬HVFRUUHFWDVHJ~QODH[SRQHQ+DUULV\1~xH]
&HGHxRQXHYDPHQWHHO3&2H[LJLUiTXHDVHFRQYLHUWDHQETXHDO
QRWHQHUQLQJ~QOLQGHVLOiELFRRPRUIHPiWLFRTXHODVVHSDUHVHFRQVWLWX\HHQJHPLQDGD
Ejemplo 3-36
a. & & ఩ b. & &

3&2
5Dt] 5Dt] 5Dt]
‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬
(YLGHQWHPHQWHORVGDWRVWDQWRHQDFRPRHQSRGUtDQFDSWDUVHFRQ

XQDVRODUHJODTXHDVSLUHOD‫ޞ‬DOϧQDOGHVtODED\DTXHDPERVFRQMXQWRVGHGDWRV
SRVHHQODFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHFRPSDUWLUODPLVPDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVXE\DFHQWHTXHHVOD
TXHWDPELpQVHRIUHFHHQE6LQHPEDUJRKD\TXHUHVROYHUXQVHULRSUREOHPD
SXHVWRTXHODUHJODGHDVSLUDFLyQTXHSRGUtDDSOLFDUVHDDVyORVHFXPSOHFRQ
VHJPHQWRVVHQFLOORV\QRFRQFRPSOHMRVFRPRHOTXHVHPXHVWUDHQE&RQORV
GDWRVHQDVyORIXQFLRQDODUHJOD
Ejemplo 3-37 Regla de aspiración en la coda
; ;
ਓ UHV ਖ ‫۝‬ ਓ UHV ਖ
6/ /DUtQJHR 6/ /DUtQJHR
&RURQDO *ORWDO &RURQDO
>JORGLO@
/DUHJODVHSDUDORVUDVJRVVXSUDODUtQJHRVGH‫\ޞ‬OHGHMD~QLFDPHQWHHOUDVJR

ODUtQJHR>JORWLVGLODWDGD@ORTXHODFRQYLHUWHHQODDVSLUDGD>K@FXDQGROHVLJXH
XQDFRQVRQDQWHUHVRQDQWH
&RQ VH FDPELD OD ‫ ޞ‬GHperla, TXH VH HQFXHQWUD DO ϧQDO GH VtODED 6LQ
HPEDUJRQRSXHGHDSOLFDUVHDSRUTXHGLFKDUHJODQRVHDMXVWDDOD
GHVFULSFLyQHVWUXFWXUDOGHODVFDGHQDVGHVRQLGRVTXHFRPSRQHQ(VGHFLUPLHQ

WUDVODVHFXHQFLD>‫ޞ‬O@VHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUWHQHUGRVUDtFHVODGHEFRQWLHQHXQD
VRODUDt]\SRUORWDQWRQRSXHGHDSOLFDUVHMXVWDPHQWHSRUTXHVHPHQFLRQDXQD
UDt]\QRGRV7DPSRFRSXHGHUHDOL]DUVHHQHOFRQWH[WRESRUTXH*XHUVVHO
+D\HV\6FKHLQ\6WHULDGHHQWUHRWURVKDQGHPRVWUDGRTXHQR
VHSXHGHDOWHUDUODPLWDGGHXQDJHPLQDGDVLQTXHVHDOWHUHODRWUDSDUWHFRVDTXHVH
KDDUWLFXODGRFRPRSULQFLSLRGHODIRQRORJtDFRQHOQRPEUHJHQpULFRGH¬&RQGLFLyQ
GH¬8QLIRUPLGDGTXHSDVDUHPRVDHVWXGLDUHQODVHFFLyQ6LVHDSOLFDUD
WHQGUtDODPDODVXHUWHGHFRQWUDULDUHOPHQFLRQDGRSULQFLSLRSXHVWRTXHXQDYH]TXH
VHFDPELDHOFRQWHQLGRGHXQDUDt]VHFDPELDWRGR6LHVDVtODJHPLQDGD‫ޞޞ‬VH
FRQYHUWLUtDHQ >KK@ORFXDOQRVHKDGRFXPHQWDGRHQGRPLQLFDQR6LQHPEDUJRORV
GDWRVHQQRVPXHVWUDQTXHHVSRVLEOHTXHVHDOWHUHODVHFXHQFLDJHPLQDGD‫ޞޞ‬
¢4XpKDSDVDGRHQWRQFHV"
(QSULPHUOXJDUODUHJODQRQRVVLUYHSDUDMXVWLϧFDUORVGDWRVHQSRU
ORTXHKHPRVGLFKRHQHOSiUUDIRDQWHULRU3RURWUDSDUWHODUHJODHVEXHQDSRUTXH
IXQFLRQDFRQORVGDWRVHQD3HURHVWiFODURTXHHOIHQyPHQRHVXQRDVSLUDFLyQ
GH‫ޞ‬ϧQDOHQDPERVGDWRV/RTXHVHQRVHVFDSDHVHOSDUDOHOLVPRTXHH[LVWHHQWUHOD
JHPLQDGD‫\ޞޞ‬ODVHFXHQFLDGHGRVFRQVRQDQWHVUHVRQDQWHV7RPDQGRFRPRHMHPSOR
LOXVWUDWLYRODVSDODEUDVcarne\parra,UHSUHVHQWpPRVODVFRPRHQ
Ejemplo 3-38
ND ‫ޞ‬ Q H SD ‫ޞޞ‬ D

/DUtQJHR ਑ JORGLO ਔ ਑ ਮJORGLO ਔ ਑ JORGLO ਔ
ਓ VRQ ਖ ਓ VRQ ਖ ਓ VRQ ਖ
5Dt] ਑ FRQV ਔ ਑ FRQV ਔ ਑ FRQV ਔ

ਓ UHV ਖ ਓ UHV ਖ ਓ UHV ਖ
6XSUDODUtQJHR • • •
3XQWRRUDO >FRU@ >FRU@
/DSDUWHGHODODULQJHQRHVWiHVSHFLϧFDGDSDUD‫ޞ‬FRQORTXHVHSUHVXPHTXHSRU
GHIHFWRVHOHLQFOXLUiHOYDORUSRVLWLYRSRUTXHHVWHVRQLGRSXHGHVHUVRUGRSDUD
ORVKDEODQWHVTXHORHPLWHQHQOD5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQD(QWRQFHVODV‫ޞ‬GHDPEDV
SDODEUDVWLHQHQXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQLGpQWLFDH[FHSWRTXHODGHcarneWLHQHGRVUDtFHV
\ODGHparra,XQD1yWHVHTXHHQWUHHOHVWUDWRVXSUDODUtQJHR\ODUDt]KD\GRVUD\DV
DVRFLDWLYDVORFXDOHTXLYDOHDGHFLUTXHORVGRVQLYHOHVFRPSDUWHQODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
KHFKRTXHUHTXLHUHHO3&2
Ejemplo 3-39
6XSUDODUtQJHR •
(Q>@VHDEUHYLDQGHWDOOHVQyWHVHTXHSUHVXPLPRVTXHDQLYHOGHUDVJRVWHUPL
QDOHVKD\IXVLyQGHHOHPHQWRVLGpQWLFRV
$KRUDELHQFRPRHVWDVHFXHQFLDHVLGpQWLFDDQLYHOVXSUDODUtQJHRHQWRQFHVXQD
UHJOD TXH GHVXQD XQD GH ODV SDUWHV VXSUDODUtQJHDV KDUi SRU FRQVLJXLHQWH TXH OD
PLVPDVHSLHUGD$OHVWDUGHVOLJDGDQRWHQGUiLQWHUSUHWDFLyQIRQpWLFDVHHVFXFKDUi
~QLFDPHQWHORTXHVHSHUFLEHFRPRDVSLUDFLyQ3RUORWDQWRVHWHQGUtDTXHSURSRQHU
ODUHJODSDUDGDUFXHQWDGHORVGDWRVHQ\
Ejemplo 3-40
6XSUDODUtQJHR •
(OKHFKRGHTXHVHHOLPLQDQORVUDVJRVDUWLFXODWRULRVVXSHULRUHVORVVXSUDODUtQJHRV
\¬QRODUDt]H[SOLFDSRUTXpVHDOWHUDODSULPHUDSDUWHGHparra:WDQVyORTXHGDODDVSL
UDFLyQ$GHPiVFRQQRVyORVHDVSLUDODSULPHUDSDUWHGHODVHFXHQFLD‫ޞޞ‬VLQR
TXHWDPELpQVHUHDOL]DHOPLVPRIHQyPHQRHQODSULPHUDSDUWHGHXQDVHFXHQFLDGH
FRQVRQDQWHVUHVRQDQWHVTXHQRVRQJHPLQDGDVVLQTXHFRQHOORVHTXHEUDQWHOD&RQ
GLFLyQGH¬8QLIRUPLGDG
಩,QWHJULGDGGHODVJHPLQDGDV
(Q OD VHFFLyQ DQWHULRU SUHVHQWDPRV OD GHEDWLEOH LGHD GH TXH SRVLEOHPHQWH H[LVWDQ
JHPLQDGDVHQODOHQJXDHVSDxRODORFXDOVHFRQVWDWD~QLFDPHQWHHQORVFDVRVHQTXH
VHVLHQWHXQDGLVWLQFLyQVLJQLϧFDWLYDHQWUHODYLEUDQWHVHQFLOOD\ODP~OWLSOHSHMcaro
YVcarro, amarasYVamarras,HWF3RUgeminadaKHPRVGLFKRTXHHQWHQGHPRVODXQLyQ
GHGRVHVTXHOHWRVDG\DFHQWHVDXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQIRQpPLFDVHQFLOOD$¬QLYHOGHHVTXH
OHWRODVSDODEUDVcaro\carroVHGLIHUHQFLDQSRUTXHOD‫ޞ‬VLPSOHGHODSULPHUDFRQWLHQH
XQDDVRFLDFLyQVLPSOHHQWUHHOVRQLGR\HOHVTXHOHWRPLHQWUDVTXHHQODVHJXQGDOD
YLEUDQWHVHDVRFLDFRQGRVHVTXHOHWRVVHJ~QVHGHVWDFDHQ/HEHQ
Ejemplo 3-41
a. ; ; ; ; b. ; ; ; ; ;
N D ‫ޞ‬ R N D ‫ޞ‬ R
6HPHMDQWHRSRVLFLyQGLVWLQWLYDHVEDVWDQWHUHVWULQJLGDHQODOHQJXDHVSDxRODHVWiQ
GDU\VHREVHUYDQPX\SRFDVUHDOL]DFLRQHVFRQRWURVVRQLGRV³SRUHMHPSORHOJHQWLOL
FLRchiíta,TXHFRQWLHQHXQDYRFDOJHPLQDGDHQRSRVLFLyQDchita;Rloor,TXHVHRSRQH
DlordFRPSiUHVHFRQlores,HQGRQGHVHPXHVWUDTXHODJUDItDd!QRVHSURQXQFLD
\SRUORWDQWRQRVHHQFXHQWUDDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWHSRUODVPLVPDVUD]RQHV(VWHWLSR
GHJHPLQDGDLQWUDPRUIpPLFDRWDXWRPRUIpPLFDVHFRQRFHFRQHOQRPEUHGHgeminada
real.eVWDVHRSRQHDODgeminada falsaTXHVXUJHGHODXQLyQGHGRVVHJPHQWRVLGpQWLFRV
TXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQGLIHUHQWHVPRUIHPDV3RUHMHPSORODSDODEUDriíto,TXHVHRSRQH
Drito,SURYLHQHGHODFRQFDWHQDFLyQGHODEDVHPRUIpPLFD‫ޞ‬LGHrío,FRQHOVXϧMR
-ito;HVWDJHPLQDGDFRQWLHQHSXHVXQSDUGHtHVFDGDXQDGHODVFXDOHVSHUWHQHFH
DGLIHUHQWHVPRUIHPDV+D\YDULRVHMHPSORVGHDSDUHQWHVVHJPHQWRVJHPLQDGRVTXH
QRFRQWUDVWDQSHMperenne, estannífero, coona\galaadita,HQWUHRWURVSHURFX\DV
UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVVHUtDQFRPRVHPXHVWUDHQE
/RLQWHUHVDQWHGHODVJHPLQDGDVHVTXHWLHQGHQDUHVLVWLUORVHPEDWHVGHSURFHVRV
IRQROyJLFRVTXHPX\ELHQSRGUtDQDSOLFiUVHOHV.HQVWRZLF]\3\OH\SRVWHULRU
PHQWH*XHUVVHOKDEtDQVXJHULGRTXHXQDJHPLQDGDQRVHSXHGHGLYLGLUFRQUHJOD
GHHSpQWHVLVQLWDPSRFRVHSXHGHDOWHUDUXQDGHVXVIDVHVVLQTXHVHOHDOWHUHODRWUD
$¬PDQHUDGHLOXVWUDFLyQKLVWyULFDYDPRVDUHPLWLUQRVDRWUDVOHQJXDVSDUDOXHJRGHV
HPERFDUHQODHVSDxRODFRPR\DORKHPRVKHFKRSDUFLDOPHQWHHQODVHFFLyQDQWHULRU
಩,QDOWHUDELOLGDGGHJHPLQDGDVHQRWUDVOHQJXDV
*XHUVVHOKDEtDREVHUYDGRTXHHQHOiUDEHPDUURTXtKD\XQDUHJODTXHWLHQGHD

LQVHUWDUXQDYRFDOUHGXFLGDHQWUHORVGRVSULPHURVPLHPEURVGHXQJUXSRWULFRQVRQiQ
WLFRRVHDHQHOFRQWH[WR&ಣಣ&&¬(QWRQFHVDQWHODIRUPDVXE\DFHQWHQNW͑EVH
SURGXFHODIRQpWLFD>Q͑NW͑E@¶\RHVFULER·6LQHPEDUJRFXDQGRVHHQFXHQWUDHQFRQ
WH[WRVLPLODUFRQJHPLQDGDODUHJODGHHSpQWHVLVGHMDGHRSHUDU$VtDQWHODVXE\D
FHQWHWWO͑С¶VXHOWDV·QRVHSURGXFH >W͑WO͑С@SHVHDTXHODVHFXHQFLDWWOSRQ
GUtDGHPDQLϧHVWRHOFRQWH[WRGHDSOLFDFLyQGHODUHJODGHHSpQWHVLV&ಣಣ&&¬3RU
RWUDSDUWH+D\HVSODQWHDHOFDVRGHOSHUVDHQHOTXHVHGRFXPHQWDXQDUHJOD
TXH FDPELD OD ODELRGHQWDO Y SRU OD GHVOL]DGD >Z@ FXDQGR OH SUHFHGH XQD YRFDO
EUHYHWDXWRVLOiELFD\VHHQFXHQWUDHQODFRGD'LFKDUHJODQRVHDSOLFDDODYGH
VHQ Y QGH¶R\HQWH·SHUR VtDEHVHQ YTXHSURGXFH>EHVHQRZ@¶HVFXFKDG·
6LQHPEDUJRODVIRUPDVavvæl¶SULPHUR·\morovvæt¶JHQHURVLGDG·QRVXUJHQFRPR
ODVUHVSHFWLYDV*awwolQL*morowwot,SHVHDTXHHQDPEDVQXHYDPHQWHVHSRQHGH
PDQLϧHVWRHOFRQWH[WRHQTXHODUHJODSXHGHDSOLFDUVH
/DUD]yQSRUODTXHQRVHSXHGHQDSOLFDUODVUHJODVDHVWDVJHPLQDGDVREHGHFHDOD
&RQGLFLyQGH¬8QLIRUPLGDGFRQODTXHVHLPSLGHFDPELDUXQDGHODVIDVHVGHODVJHPL
QDGDV3DUDH[SOLFDUFyPRIXQFLRQDHVWRWHQHPRVTXHFRQVLGHUDUODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGH
ODVJHPLQDGDV3RUTXHDVtORUHTXLHUHHO3&2XQDJHPLQDGDPXHVWUDODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
VXE\DFHQWHTXHVHRIUHFHHQDHQODTXHKD\GRVDVRFLDFLRQHVHVTXHOpWLFDVFRQ
XQVHJPHQWR\FRQODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVHQFLOODEVyORVHHVWDEOHFHXQDLGHQWLGDG
HQWUHXQVHJPHQWR\XQHVTXHOHWR8QDUHJODTXHDOXGDDXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQEL~QLFD
FRPRODEQRSXHGHDSOLFDUVHDD
Ejemplo 3-42
a. ; ; b. ;
>VHJPHQWR@ >VHJPHQWR@
/DUHJODGHOPDUURTXtVHUtDLQDSOLFDEOHSRUTXHODLQVHUFLyQGHXQVHJPHQWRSURGXFH
XQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQLQDGPLVLEOHTXHTXHEUDQWDHOSULQFLSLRTXHSURKtEHODFUHDFLyQ
GHOtQHDVDVRFLDWLYDVTXHVHFUXFHQ)LMpPRQRVHQODUHJOD\VXVHIHFWRVHQODV
UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVHQ
Ejemplo 3-43
఩ 9&ಣಣ&&
Ejemplo 3-44
a. & & & 9 & ఩ * & 9 & & 9 &

5HJOD
W O ͑ С W ͑ O ͑ С
b. & & & 9 & ఩ & 9 & & 9 &

5HJOD
Q N W ͑ E Q ͑ N W ͑ E
&XDQGRLQVHUWDODYRFDOHQDSURGXFHXQFUXFHFRQODVOtQHDVGHDVRFLDFLyQ

FX\RUHVXOWDGRSRUSULQFLSLRXQLYHUVDOUHVXOWDDQyPDOR(QEODLQVHUFLyQQRGD
OXJDUDXQFUXFHGHOtQHDV\SRUORWDQWROD&RQGLFLyQGH¬%XHQD)RUPDFLyQODWROHUD
(Q FDPELR HQ SHUVD QR VH LQVHUWD XQ VHJPHQWR VLQR TXH VH PRGLϧFDQ UDVJRV
,OXVWUDPRVODUHJODHQVHJ~Q+D\HV
Ejemplo 3-45
‫۝‬
9 &
Y఩Z >ಣ@ ಣಣ
/DUHJODGLFHTXHYVHFRQYLHUWHHQ>Z@FXDQGRDpVWDODSUHFHGHXQDYRFDO

HQ XQD PLVPD VtODED 6L OD SUREDPRV HQ D FRQ OD HQWUDGD EiVLFD QRYUX৸]
¶DxRQXHYR·ODUHDOL]DFLyQIRQpWLFDUHVXOWD>QRZUX৸]@3RUHOFRQWUDULRFRQDYY O
¶SULPHUR·HQEQRSXHGHDSOLFDUVHSRUTXHORTXHSUHFHGHDYQRHV9
VLQRRWUD&¬6DOHHQWRQFHVDODVXSHUϧFLH>DYY O@
Ejemplo 3-46
a. ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬
& 9 & & 9 9 & ఩ & 9 & & 9 9 &

5HJOD
Q R Y U X ] Q R Z U X ]
b. ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬
9 & & 9 & ఩ 9 & & 9 &

5HJOD
D Y O QRVHDSOLFD D Y O
7HQGUtDPRVTXHSUHJXQWDUQRVSRUTXpQRVHDSOLFDHQEUHVSXHVWD

TXH\DKHPRVLQWXLGRHQSiUUDIRVDQWHULRUHVSRUTXHODUHJODH[LJHTXHDYOD
SUHFHGDXQHVTXHOHWR9\ORTXHODDQWHFHGHHVXQHVTXHOHWR&¬+D\SXHVGRV&HV
XQDGHODVFXDOHVTXHGDHQODFRGD\ODRWUDHQHODUUDQTXH(YLGHQWHPHQWHQRKD\
LGHQWLGDGHQWUHODVOtQHDVGHDVRFLDFLyQGHODUHJOD\ODHVWUXFWXUDHVTXHOpWLFDGHOD
SDODEUD
&RPR ELHQ SXGLPRV YHU FRQ OD UHJOD GHO SHUVD \ VXV HMHPSORV QR FRLQFLGH OD
GHVFULSFLyQHVWUXFWXUDOGHDTXpOODFRQORVFRQWH[WRVIRQpPLFRVHQGRQGHSXGLHUDVHU
DSOLFDEOH(VWDIDOWDGHFRLQFLGHQFLDTXHLPSLGHODDSOLFDFLyQGHUHJODVDJHPLQDGDV
KDGDGROXJDUDTXHVHFUHHXQDUHVWULFFLyQDODDSOLFDELOLGDGGHUHJODVFXDQGRVH
WUDWDGHHOHPHQWRVJHPLQDGRVDODFXDO\DQRVKHPRVUHIHULGRQRPEUiQGROD&RQGL
FLyQGH¬8QLIRUPLGDG(VWHSULQFLSLRHODERUDGRSRU+D\HV\6FKHLQ\6WHULDGH
\¬FX\RVDQWHFHGHQWHVORVKDQDUWLFXODGR.HQVWRZLF]\3\OH\*XHUVVHOOR¬SDUD
IUDVHDPRVDOR.HQVWRZLF]HQ
Ejemplo 3-47 Condición de Uniformidad
/RVUDVJRVGHXQVHJPHQWR$¬FDPELDQVLODUHJODDOXGHSRUFRPSOHWRDORVUDV
JRVTXHFRQWLHQHFDGDHVTXHOHWRDVRFLDGRFRQ$
3DUDLQWHUSUHWDUYROYDPRVPRPHQWiQHDPHQWHDOSHUVD/RVUDVJRVGHYVHJ

PHQWR$QRSXHGHQFDPELDUSRUTXHODUHJODTXHPRGLϧFDDHVWHIRQHPDQRHVWDEOHFH
XQDDVRFLDFLyQFRPSOHWDHQWUHORVUDVJRVOLJDGRVDORVVHJPHQWRVODYRFDOTXHSUHFHGH
DY\HOHVTXHOHWRTXHHQHVWHFDVRHV&¬(MHPSORVDGLFLRQDOHVGHRWUDVOHQJXDVQRV
D\XGDUtDQDUHGRQGHDUODH[SOLFDFLyQGHSRUTXpIDOODXQDUHJODHQXQDJHPLQDGD
&RQVLGHUHPRVHOFDVRGHOWLJULQLDXQDOHQJXDVHPtWLFDTXHVHKDEODHQ(ULWUHD
(QWLJULQLDFXDQGRDODVYHODUHVNСOHVVLJXHXQDYRFDOVHKDFHQIULFDWLYDV/RV
VLQJXODUHVNࣜOEL¶SHUUR·\СࣜQপL¶WRQR·SURGXFHQORVUHVSHFWLYRVSOXUDOHV>পD[DOӝE@
¶SHUURV·\>পD࣢DQӝপ@¶WRQRV·+D\HV6HPHMDQWHKHFKRVHWUDGXFHPHGLDQWH
ODUHJODGHHVSLUDQWL]DFLyQ
Ejemplo 3-48 Espirantización de /k/
9 &
਑ ਮVRQ ਔ ఩ >FRQW@ ಣಣ
ਓ UHWU ਖ
6LQHPEDUJRDQWHODIRUPDIࣜNNࣜUࣜ¶DODUGHy·ODUHJODQRSURGXFH >Iࣜ[NࣜUࣜ@

QL >Iࣜ[[ࣜUࣜ@VLQRODFRUUHFWD>IࣜNNࣜUࣜ@1XHYDPHQWHQRSXHGHDIHFWDUDHVWDV
JHPLQDGDVNNSRUTXHUHTXLHUHTXHD&OHSUHFHGDXQD9PLHQWUDVTXHHQHOFDVR
GHODJHPLQDGDORTXHODSUHFHGHHVXQD&VHJ~QORYHPRVHQ
Ejemplo 3-49
IࣜNNࣜUࣜ
9 & &
3DUDTXHKXELHVHFDPELDGRHOFRQWH[WRGHWHQGUtDTXHVHU9&ಣಣ

HQ FX\R FDVR SRU OD DFFLyQ GHO SULQFLSLR ORV UDVJRV DVRFLDGRV FRQ DPERV
HVTXHOHWRVWHQGUtDQTXHKDEHUFDPELDGR'HDTXtVHGHVSUHQGHTXHVLXQDUHJODDIHFWD
XQDSDUWHGHXQDJHPLQDGDWRGRVORVGHPiVUDVJRVTXHODFRPSRQHQWDPELpQGHEHQ
FDPELDU(QORVHMHPSORVRIUHFLGRVQRKD\SRVLELOLGDGGHTXHRFXUUDVHPHMDQWHFDPELR
WRWDOL]DGRUSRUTXHQLQJXQDGHODVUHJODVHQFXHVWLyQVHDMXVWDDOD&RQGLFLyQGH¬8QL
IRUPLGDG(QWRQFHV¢HQTXpVLWXDFLRQHVVHSXHGHDSOLFDUXQDUHJODDXQDJHPLQDGD
GDGRTXHKD\SUXHEDVGHTXHHQHIHFWRODVJHPLQDGDVVtFDPELDQ"
8QDSULPHUDUHVSXHVWDODKDOODPRVQXHYDPHQWHHQWLJULQLDHQGRQGHVLELHQOD
UHJOD IDOOD HQ OD JHPLQDGD VH DSOLFD HQ >PӝUD[ND@ ¶FRUGHUR VLQJ
PDVF·TXHSURYLHQHGHODVXE\DFHQWHPӝUDNND6HJ~Q+D\HVHOPRWLYR
GHHVWDDSOLFDFLyQHVPX\VHQFLOORODUHJODGHHVSLUDQWL]DFLyQVHDSOLFDDOD
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQSRUTXHODSULPHUDNSHUWHQHFHDXQDVtODEDGHXQPRUIHPD\
ODVHJXQGDDRWUDVtODEDGHXQPRUIHPDGLIHUHQWH
Ejemplo 3-50
PӝUDNND ఩ PӝUD[ND
9 & & 9 & &
N N [ N
(VWHHVXQFDVRQRUPDOGHDOWHUDFLyQHQJHPLQDGDVIDOVDVSRUTXHORVGRVIRQHPDV
NTXHVXUJHQDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWHSURYLHQHQGHODFRQFDWHQDFLyQGHGRVPRUIHPDV
GLIHUHQWHV3RUHQGHVHSXHGHDSOLFDU
8QDVHJXQGDUHVSXHVWDDHVWDSUHJXQWDVHHQFXHQWUDSRWHQFLDOPHQWHHQ
R¬VHDODUHJODVHSXHGHDSOLFDUFXDQGRVHUHϧHUHDORVUDVJRVTXHFRQWLHQHFDGDHVTXH
OHWR(OOLWXDQRVLUYHDPRGRGHHMHPSOR(QOLWXDQRVHWLHQGHDFDPELDUODVHFXHQFLD
GHODVYRFDOHVPHGLDVHH৸HQRR৸DQWHX\Z(VXQIHQyPHQRUHJXODUGH
SRVWHULRUL]DFLyQTXHVHDSOLFDOLEUHPHQWHWDQWRDODVYRFDOHVEUHYHVFRPRDODVODUJDV
3RUORYLVWRORTXHRFXUUHDTXtHVTXHODVJHPLQDGDVSLHUGHQVXVUDVJRVPHGLDQWHOD
GHVXQLyQGHVXQRGRDUWLFXODWRULR\UHFLEHQSRUSURSDJDFLyQVyORHOUDVJR>UHWUDtGR@
GHOQRGRGRUVDOGHODYRFDOVLJXLHQWH7RPHPRVFRPRHMHPSORODHH\HOFDPELRD
>RR@DQWHX
Ejemplo 3-51 Posteriorización de vocal
9 9 9
>ਮFRQV@ >ਮFRQV@
'RUVDO 'RUVDO
>ਮEDMR@ >ਮUHWU@ >UHWU@ >DOWR@
/DUHSUHVHQWDFLyQUHVXOWDUHYHODGRUDSRUTXHFODULϧFDHQRUPHPHQWHHOSULQFLSLR

2EVpUYHVHTXHODHQWUDGDDODL]TXLHUGDFRQVLVWHHQGRV99DVRFLDGDVFRQXQD
UDt]VHJ~QORUHTXLHUHHO3&2¬(ODUWLFXODGRUGRUVDODVRFLDGRFRQORVUDVJRV~QLFRV
>ਮEDMRਮUHWU@HTXLYDOHDGHFLUTXHODV9HVHQUHDOLGDGVRQDQLYHOVHJPHQWDOXQD
VHFXHQFLDGHHH$OFDPELDUHVWRVUDVJRVDUWLFXODWRULRVDXWRPiWLFDPHQWHHOFRQWHQLGR
GHODVGRV9HVFDPELDUiWDPELpQ3RUHVRHVTXHVLVHFDPELDQORVUDVJRVGH$¬ORVUDVJRV
DUWLFXODWRULRVGHHHSRUHQGHWDPELpQFDPELDFDGDHVTXHOHWRDVRFLDGRFRQHOORV
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3.5 La asimilación y la Condición de Uniformidad
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Ejemplo 3-52 Asimilación de líquidas
; ;
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Ejemplo 3-53
a>W ૧@mósfera ~ a>@mósfera

dé ci>W ૧@ ~ dé ci>@
a>N@tuación ~ a>@tuación
fra>N@ ~ fra>@
a>S@titud ~ a>@titud
ca>S@ ~ ca>@
a>E@soluto ~ a>@soluto
uste>G૧@ ~ uste>@
di>С@nidad ~ di>@nidad
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Ejemplo 3-54 Elisión de obstruyente
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Ejemplo 3-55
D E V R O X W ૧ R E D ‫ޞ‬ E H ‫ޞ‬ R
; ; ; ;
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³ ; 3&2
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Ejemplo 3-56
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al>ɕ૊@orada
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al>࣢૊@uno
e. >E@ate
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hom>E@ro
mon>С@olés
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Ejemplo 3-57
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Ejemplo 3-58 Regla de espirantización
a. ; ;
>FRQV@ ਑ FRQV ਔ
ਓ ਮUHV ਖ
>FRQW@
b. L Сnorante
>ਮFRQV@ ਑ FRQV ਔ
ਓ ਮUHV ਖ
>FRQW@
'RUVDO *ORWDO 'RUVDO *ORWDO
>ਮUHWU@ >VRQ@
ఝ಩5HJODD
c. >L ࣢૊@norante
>ਮFRQV@ ਑ FRQV ਔ
ਓ ਮUHV ਖ
>FRQW@
'RUVDO *ORWDO 'RUVDO *ORWDO
>ਮUHWU@ >VRQ@
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3RUHVRWRGRHOVHJPHQWRDSDUHFHDPDOJDPDGRFRPR>࣢૊@FRQVXUDVJR>FRQWLQXR@
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Ejemplo 3-59 Asimilación de lateral
>ODW@ 32 >FRQW@ 32
&RURQDO &RURQDO
&RPRVHYHHQFXDQGRVHUHDOL]DODDVLPLODFLyQVHGDSRUFRQVLJXLHQWHXQD

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GHSXQWRVDUWLFXODWRULRVGLIHUHQWHVRVHD
32 32
O૧ G
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3.6 Asimilación y propagación de rasgos sin desunión
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WUX\HQWHVLJXLHQWHYLVWRVHQHQHOHVSDxROFDULEHxRPHGLDQWHODDSOLFDFLyQGH
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Ejemplo 3-60 Obstruyentes sonoras subyacentes
D ಣಣ>VRQ@ ಣಣ>ਮVRQ@
a>ɕ૊@dicar a>ɕ૊‫@ݢ‬sorber
clu>ɕ૊@malo clu>ɕ૊‫@ݢ‬caro
a>˓૊@vertir a>˓૊‫@ی‬quirir
amí>࣢૊@dalas zi>࣢૊[@zag
E ಣಣ
clu>ɕ૊@ R >ਥNOX@
ciuda>˓૊@ R ciuda>‫@ۏ‬
zigza>࣢@૊ R zigza>[@
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VRUGH]VRQRULGDG GHO VHJPHQWR FRQVRQiQWLFR VLJXLHQWH 6HPHMDQWH DEVRUFLyQ GHEH
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SDODEUDétnico,TXHGDXQDGHQWDOVRUGDFRQFRDUWLFXODFLyQVRQRUD>W ૧ʶ@6LIXpUDPRVD
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VRUGH]RVRQRULGDGGHOVHJXQGRVHJPHQWR
Ejemplo 3-61 Asimilación de sordez
਑ FRQV ਔ >FRQV@
ਓ ਮUHV ਖ
*ORWDO @‫۝‬ *ORWDO
>VRQ@ >ਮVRQ@
$PRGRGHDSOLFDFLyQYHDPRVORVHIHFWRVGHHQODVHFXHQFLDEVGHabsurdo

.
Ejemplo 3-62
a. E V
2UDO /DUtQJHR /DUtQJHR 2UDO >FRQW@
/DELDO *ORWDO *ORWDO &RURQDO
>VRQ@ >ਮVRQ@ >DQW@
ఝ಩5HJOD
b. >ɕ૊‫ݢ‬ V@
>FRQW@ 2UDO /DUtQJHR /DUtQJHR 2UDO >FRQW@
/DELDO *ORWDO *ORWDO &RURQDO
>VRQ@ >ਮVRQ@ >DQW@
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1yWHVHTXHDOSURGXFLUODDVLPLODFLyQTXHGDXQDVHFXHQFLDGHDUWLFXODGRUHVJORWDOHV
HIHFWRWDOTXHORLPSLGHHO3&2¬3RUORWDQWRODFUHDFLyQGHEUHSURGXFLGD
SDUFLDOPHQWHHQDWLHQHTXHUHVROYHUVHDIDYRUGHE
Ejemplo 3-63
a. ɕ૊‫ݢ‬ V b. ɕ૊‫ݢ‬ V
5Dt] 5Dt] 5Dt] 5Dt]
/DUtQJHR /DUtQJHR ఩ /DUtQJHR

3&2
*ORWDO *ORWDO *ORWDO
>VRQ@ >ਮVRQ@ >VRQ@ >ਮVRQ@

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VRQLGRFRDUWLFXODGRFRPRHO>ɕ૊‫@ݢ‬HVSUHFLVRPDQWHQHUODVRQRULGDGGHOVRQLGRDVLPL
ODQWHVLQTXHpVWHSLHUGDVXFDUDFWHUtVWLFD(QWRQFHVVLPDQWHQHPRVODUHJODQRUPDO
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UHJODTXHFDXVDODDVLPLODFLyQQRHVSRVLEOHGDUFXHQWDGHORVVRQLGRVFRPSOHMRVTXH
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VHPHMDQWHFRQWH[WR
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OD>P@(QWRQFHVODJORVDGHODL]TXLHUGDHQDSDUHFHSURQXQFLDGDFRPRVHYH
DODGHUHFKD
Ejemplo 3-64 Representación fonética de la coarticulación de nasales
inmóvil >LQਗ਼PਥPRɕ૊LO@
conmigo >NRQਗ਼PਥPL࣢R ૊ @
sin más >VLQਗ਼PਥPDV@
un mínimo >XQਗ਼PਥPLQLPR@
/DIRQRORJtDFOiVLFDJHQHUDWLYDVHSHUFDWyGHWDQLQWHUHVDQWHIHQyPHQR+DUULV
SHURGDGRHOLQFLSLHQWHGHVDUUROORGHGLFKDFLHQFLDHQDTXHOORVDxRVVH¬OLPLWyDFRQV
WDWDUORVKHFKRV\SRVSXVRVXH[SOLFDFLyQSDUDRWURPRPHQWR(O¬PRGHORMHUiUTXLFR
SHUPLWHGHVSHMDUODFRDUWLFXODFLyQFRPSOHMDGHHVWDVQDVDOHV<¬HVSUHFLVDPHQWHHOHVWX
GLRGHRWUDVOHQJXDVHQSDUWLFXODUHOGHODVDIULFDQDVHOTXHEULQGDSRVLELOLGDGHVH[SOL
FDWLYDVDODGREOHDUWLFXODFLyQFXDQGRVHWUDWDGHFRDUWLFXODUUDVJRVVXSUDODUtQJHRV
6DJH\HQIUDQFDUHIHUHQFLDD+DOOHUHFRQRFHTXHHQXQDDUWL
FXODFLyQFRPSOHMDSDVDQDIXQFLRQDUWUHVyUJDQRVGHDUWLFXODFLyQHOODELRLQIHULRU
HOiSLFHGHODOHQJXD\HOGRUVRGHODOHQJXD&RPRODSRVLFLyQGHFDGDXQRGHHVWRV
WUHVDUWLFXODGRUHVDFW~DGHPDQHUDLQGHSHQGLHQWHHVHQWRQFHVSRVLEOHSURGXFLUFRQVR
QDQWHVFRQPiVGHXQDREVWUXFFLyQ/DFRDUWLFXODFLyQVHULJHPHGLDQWHXQDUWLFXODGRU
TXHVHHQFXHQWUDVyORHQXQSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQ\SUHFLVDPHQWHHQXQPRPHQWR
GDGRHQHOWLHPSR'HDTXtTXHVyORVHDSRVLEOHGRFXPHQWDUFLHUWDVFRPELQDFLRQHVGH
FRDUWLFXODFLyQVLPXOWiQHDHQWUHODVTXHSRGHPRVFLWDUODTXHQRVFRPSHWHDQRVRWURV
ODODELRFRURQDO
3XHVELHQDORVWUHVDUWLFXODGRUHVTXHFRPRGLMLPRVIXQFLRQDQGHPDQHUDLQGH
SHQGLHQWH OHV FRUUHVSRQGHQ WUHV QRGRV \D PHQFLRQDGRV DQWHULRUPHQWH HO ODELDO
HO¬FRURQDO\HOGRUVDO$OIXQFLRQDUORVQRGRVLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHORTXHRFXUUHHV
TXHHOQRGRFRURQDOGHODQDVDODOYHRODUUHFLEHSRUDVRFLDFLyQORVUDVJRVGHOQRGR
ODELDOGHODQDVDOELODELDOVLQTXHDTXpOODSLHUGDQLQJXQRGHVXVUDVJRVDUWLFXODWRULRV
(VWDHVWUXFWXUDFRDUWLFXODGDVHLOXVWUDHQ
Ejemplo 3-65
Qਗ਼P P
6/ 6/
>QDVDO@ 2UDO 2UDO >QDVDO@
&RURQDO /DELDO
(OHMHPSORUHϩHMDSXHVODGREOHDUWLFXODFLyQFRURQDO\ODELDOHQODVHFXHQFLD

QPFX\RUHVXOWDGRϧQDOVHUtDODSURQXQFLDFLyQ>Qਗ਼P@TXHVHPXHVWUDHQ
$GHPiVODUHJODQRVSRQHGHPDQLϧHVWRDOJRTXH\DKDEtDPRVPHQFLRQDGR
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FDUDFWHUL]DQFRQORVUDVJRV>DQWHULRUਮFRURQDO@\ODVDOYHRODUHVFRQ>DQWHULRU
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ULD >ਮFRURQDOFRURQDO@$OSURGXFLUVHODFRDUWLFXODFLyQYHPRVQRREVWDQWHTXHVt
HVSRVLEOHHQFRQWUDUFRPELQDFLRQHVGHODELDOHV\DOYHRODUHV$OGHϧQLUODVFRQELYDOHQ
FLDVHQVXQRGRDUWLFXODWRULRVHUtDSRUWDQWRLPSRVLEOHLQWHUSUHWDUIRQpWLFDPHQWHXQ
VHJPHQWRFRQYDOHQFLDVRSXHVWDV(VLUUHOHYDQWHTXHFXDQGRVHDUWLFXODXQDODELDOVH
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SURGXFLUXQDELODELDODFW~DQORVODELRV\QRODOiPLQDGHODOHQJXD(YLGHQWHPHQWHVH
KDFHLPSRVLEOHFRPELQDUVHJPHQWRVFRPSOHMRVVLORVDUWLFXODGRUHVTXHORVDFWLYDQVRQ
ELYDOHQWHV6LHQFDPELRVHDOXGHVyORDORVQRGRVTXHHVWiQSUHVHQWHV\QRDORVTXH
HVWiQDXVHQWHVQRKD\FRQWUDGLFFLyQHQUHSUHVHQWDUDDPERVWDOFRPRVHPXHVWUDHQ
ORFXDOQRVRIUHFHDODVD]yQHOVHJPHQWRFRPSOHMR>Qਗ਼P@1RREVWDQWHYLPRV
HQHOFDStWXORTXHFRQUHVSHFWRDOFRQWRUQRWRQDOVHDGPLWHQELYDOHQFLDVRSXHVWDV
3RURWUDSDUWHORFXULRVRGHODFRPELQDFLyQGHQDVDOHVHVTXHHQHVSDxROHVWiQGDU
ODVHFXHQFLDFRQWUDULDGHQDVDOHVRVHDPQQRSURGXFHFRDUWLFXODFLyQ>Pਗ਼Q@/DV
FRQVRQDQWHVHQFRUFKHWDGDVGHhi>PQ@o, alu>PQ@o, sole>PQ@e,HWFVHSURQXQFLDQWRGDV
FRPR>PQ@6RQFXULRVDVSRUTXHORQRUPDOHVTXHWRGDQDVDOVHDVLPLOHDOSXQWRGH
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ODSURQXQFLDFLyQGHODVVHFXHQFLDVQ‫ص‬FX\DUHSUHVHQWDFLyQIRQpWLFDHV>‫@صص‬FRPR
HQ>VL‫صص‬R‫ص‬Hਥ‫ޞ‬LD@sin ñoñería.
/DUHVWULFFLyQ >Pਗ਼Q@SXGLHUDREHGHFHUDTXHDOQRSRVHHUQOp[LFDPHQWHHOUDVJR
>FRURQDO@QRWHQGUtDQDGDTXHSURSDJDUDODQDVDOSUHFHGHQWHORFXDOHVFRQWUDULRD
ODVHFXHQFLDQP(VSRUHOORTXHPQVHSURQXQFLD>PQ@RPVHDVLPLODDQ
\¬SRUWDQWRSURGXFH>QQ@HQHOKDEODRUGLQDULDGHYDULRVGLDOHFWRValumnoVHSURQXQ
FLD>DਥOXQQR@
3.7 Unidad en la organización de rasgos en vocales y consonantes
(QODIRQRORJtDJHQHUDWLYDWUDGLFLRQDOODVFRQVRQDQWHVVHGHϧQHQPD\RUPHQWHSRUSUR
GXFLUVHFRQREVWUXFFLyQUDGLFDOHQODFDYLGDGEXFDOKHFKRTXHVHWUDGXFHPHGLDQWHHO
UDVJR>FRQVRQDQWH@7DPELpQVHGHϧQHQSRUODFRQϧJXUDFLyQTXHDGRSWDODFDYLGDG
EXFDOODFXDOFRQWULEX\HDTXHVHUHVWULQMDVHYHUDPHQWHODVRQRUL]DFLyQHVSRQWiQHD
GHORVVHJPHQWRVFRQVRQiQWLFRVSRUWDQWRVHFDUDFWHUL]DQSRUVHUREVWUX\HQWHV\VH
UHSUHVHQWDQFRQHOUDVJRIDPLOLDU>ਮUHVRQDQWH@/DVYRFDOHVHQFDPELRQRHQFXHQWUDQ
REVWUXFFLyQDOJXQDHQVXSURGXFFLyQ\ODVRQRUL]DFLyQHVHVSRQWiQHDVHFDUDFWHUL]DQ
SRUVHU>ਮFRQVRQDQWHUHVRQDQWH@(VWDGLVWLQFLyQODUHϩHMDHOPRGHORMHUiUTXLFR
HQGRQGHVHLQFOX\HQGHPRGRLOXVWUDWLYRORVYDORUHVELQDULRVTXHFDUDFWHUL]DQ
DXQRXRWURVHJPHQWRDQLYHOGHODUDt]>FRQVRQDQWHUHVRQDQWH@9LVWDVDVt
VH¬GHVSUHQGHTXHWDQWRODVYRFDOHVFRPRODVFRQVRQDQWHVFRPSDUWHQXQPLVPRQRGR
FRQGRVFRQMXQWRVGHUDVJRVTXHVHRSRQHQHQVXVYDOHQFLDVVLHPSUHWHQLpQGRVHSUH
VHQWHTXHHV´µR´ਮµSHURQRORVGRVVLPXOWiQHDPHQWH
$GHPiVGHFRPSDUWLUHOQRGRUDGLFDOODVYRFDOHV\ODVFRQVRQDQWHVFRPSDUWHQOD
SRVLFLyQTXHDGRSWDODOHQJXDFRQUHVSHFWRDODUHJLyQSDODWDORYHODU3RUHOORVHGLFH
TXHSXHGHQVHU>DOWD@>EDMD@\>UHWUDtGD@(VWHKHFKRVHUHϩHMDHQHOPRGHOR
GH¬6DJH\+DOOHDOHVWDUGLFKRVUDVJRVVXSHGLWDGRVDXQPLVPRQRGRDUWLFXODWRULRHO
GRUVDOHOFXDODVXYH]TXHGDGRPLQDGRSRUHOQRGRGHOSXQWRRUDO3HURHODERFLQD
PLHQWRGHORVODELRVTXHGDUHJLGRLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHSRUHOQRGRDUWLFXODWRULRODELDO
/DGLIHUHQFLDTXHH[LVWHHQWUHODVYRFDOHV\ODVFRQVRQDQWHVVHUHPLWHDODDXVHQFLD
GHOQRGRFRURQDOHQODVYRFDOHVFRQORFXDOVHLPSOLFDTXHHOiSLFHQRLQWHUYLHQHHQ
ODHMHFXFLyQGHpVWDV*HRPpWULFDPHQWHODGLIHUHQFLDHQHOSXQWRRUDOVHSXHGHYHUHQ
D\E3UHV~PDVHTXHHOUDVJR>QDVDO@TXHGDUtDSUHVHQWHVHJ~QORSUH
VHQWDPRVDQWHULRUPHQWHHQ6XLQFOXVLyQVHFLxHDODGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHYRFDOHV
QDVDOHV\RUDOHVTXHH[LVWHHQOHQJXDVFRPRODIUDQFHVD
Ejemplo 3-66
a. 9
3XQWRRUDO
/DELDO 'RUVDO
>UHG@ >DOWR@ >EDMR@ >UHW@

b. 9
3XQWRRUDO
/DELDO &RURQDO 'RUVDO
>UHG@ >DQW@ >DOWR@ >EDMR@ >UHW@
6LQHPEDUJR&OHPHQWV\+XPH\+XPHVXJLHUHQTXHH[LVWHXQD

FRLQFLGHQFLD VLVWHPiWLFD HQWUH ODV YRFDOHV DQWHULRUHV \ ODV FRQVRQDQWHV FRURQDOHV
KHFKRTXHHVWiDSR\DGRSRUXQEXHQQ~PHURGHSURFHVRVIRQROyJLFRVHQODVOHQJXDV
QDWXUDOHV+XPH²VHxDODTXHXQRGHHVWRVSURFHVRVUHJXODUHVHVFXDQGR
ODYRFDOHMHUFHVXLQϩXHQFLDVREUHODFRQVRQDQWHFRPRHQHOFDVRGHSDODWDOL]DFLyQ
FRQVRQiQWLFDHOFXDOKDFHTXHXQDFRQVRQDQWHYHODUVHFRQYLHUWDHQSDODWDODQWHYRFDO
DQWHULRU(QHVORYDFRODVYHODUHVNС[FDPELDQD>߿ˎߑ@DQWHODVYRFDOHVLH
8QHMHPSORVHUtDHOGHODSDODEUDYQXN¶QLHWR·FX\DNϧQDOFDPELDD>߿@DQWHL
YQXNLN!>ਥYQX߿LN@¶QLHWHFLWR·7DPELpQVXFHGHORFRQWUDULRFXDQGRXQDFRQ
VRQDQWHSDODWDOFDPELDODFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHXQDYRFDOFRQWLJXD(QODOHQJXDLDWPXO
GH¬1XHYD*XLQHDVHGRFXPHQWDTXHODVYRFDOHV>LH@TXHQRH[LVWHQDQLYHOIRQROyJLFR
VHGHULYDQSRUHQWUDUHQFRQWDFWRFRQODVFRQVRQDQWHVFRURQDOHVբ‫ص‬SRUHMHPSOR
ODVXE\DFHQWHԌHQFRQWDFWRFRQODIULFDWLYDSDODWDOբSURGXFH>L@GH¬PDOԌբVH
FRQVLJXH>PDULբ@¶UDWD·
+XPHWDPELpQGLFHTXHDOJXQRVSURFHVRVGLVLPLODWRULRVHQORVTXHLQWHUDFW~DQODV
YRFDOHVDQWHULRUHV\ODVFRQVRQDQWHVFRURQDOHVSUXHEDQTXHH[LVWHXQDtQWLPDDϧQLGDG
HQWUHHVWRVGRVWLSRVGHVHJPHQWRV(QFRUHDQRSRUHMHPSORVHGRFXPHQWDTXHHQ
XQDPLVPDVtODEDQRSXHGHFRH[LVWLUXQDGHVOL]DGDSDODWDOSUHFHGLGDGHFRQVRQDQWH
FRURQDOGHVXHUWHTXHHQHVWDOHQJXDQRVHSHUPLWHQORVJUXSRVWDXWRVLOiELFRV WM
VM QM ML6HPHMDQWHUHVWULFFLyQUHVSRQGHDOTXHEUDQWDPLHQWRGHO3&2SXHVWDQWR
ODVFRURQDOHV\ODGHVOL]DGDMFRLQFLGHQHQVHUDPEDV>FRURQDO@\VHHQFXHQWUDQ
SRVLEOHPHQWHHQXQPLVPRQLYHOGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
(VWRVSURFHVRV\PXFKRVRWURVORVHPSOHDQ&OHPHQWV\+XPHSDUDSURSRQHUXQD
UHYLVLyQVLJQLϧFDWLYDDOPRGHOR(VWRVDXWRUHVWHRUL]DQTXHFXDOTXLHUVHJPHQWR
TXHVHSURGX]FDHQODFDYLGDGEXFDOWLHQHSRUFDUDFWHUtVWLFDFLHUWRWLSRGHFRQVWULF
FLyQSDUDPHWUL]DGD¬JUDGRGHFRQVWULFFLyQSRUJUDGDFLyQ\¬ORFDOL]DFLyQGHOD
FRQVWULFFLyQ(VWDSDUDPHWUL]DFLyQUHVSRQGHDOKHFKRVLQJXODUGHTXHODFRQVWULFFLyQ
GHWHUPLQDFyPRVHSUR\HFWDODVHxDODF~VWLFDDOSURGXFLUVHVHJPHQWRV\SRUWDQWRFRQ
WULEX\HDFyPRDTXHOODHVSHUFLELGDSRUORVKDEODQWHV3RUHVRSDUDFDUDFWHUL]DUHVWRV
GRVSDUiPHWURVGHFRQVWULFFLyQEXFDOORVDXWRUHVDOXGLGRVOHVDVLJQDQVXVUHVSHFWLYRV
QRGRVDUWLFXODWRULRVHQODJHRPHWUtDGHUDVJRVFRQXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQPX\SDUHFLGD
DODGHODFRQVWULFFLyQ>FRQWLQXD@HQGRQGHVHXQHQYRFDOHV\FRQVRQDQWHV
಩0RGHORJHRPpWULFREDVDGRHQODFRQVWULFFLyQEXFDO
&RQHOPRGHORDOWHUQRVHSURSRQHHQWRQFHVTXHODVYRFDOHV\ODVFRQVRQDQWHVVH
FDUDFWHUL]DQSRUTXHODFRQVWULFFLyQTXHVHSURGXFHFRLQFLGHHQJUDGR\HQORFDOL
GDG6HWHRUL]DSRUFRQVLJXLHQWHTXHHVWDVGRVSDUDPHWUL]DFLRQHVHVWiQXQLGDVD
XQQRGRSULQFLSDODOTXHGHQRPLQDQpunto-ConsWULFWLYRHOFXDOFRUUHVSRQGHDOD
FDYLGDGRUDOGHGRQGHVHGHVSUHQGHODORFDOL]DFLyQGHFRQVWULFFLyQRpunto-C. 3DUD
ODVYRFDOHVLQPHGLDWDPHQWHGHEDMRGHOSXQWR&VHGHVSUHQGHXQQRGRvocálicoTXH
HIHFWLYDPHQWH GRPLQD OD ORFDOL]DFLyQ PLVPD GH OD YRFDO \ HO FXDO VH UHSUHVHQWD
FRQHOQRGRpunto-VRFiOLFROXJDUGRQGHVHFRQFHQWUDODDFWLYLGDGDUWLFXODWRULD
'HOQRGRYRFiOLFRWDPELpQVHGHVSUHQGHODFRQVWULFFLyQJUDGXDOTXHVHUHSUHVHQWD
PHGLDQWHXQQRGRGHapertura\TXHFRUUHVSRQGHDOJUDGRGHDSHUWXUDTXHVHSURGXFH
FRQODOHQJXDVHJ~QpVWDVHDSUR[LPDDOSDODGDU,OXVWUDPRVVHPHMDQWHJHRPHWUtD
HQD$SDUWHGHODFDUHQFLDGHOQRGRGHDSHUWXUDODVFRQVRQDQWHVVLPSOHV
VLQDUWLFXODFLyQVHFXQGDULDVH¬FDUDFWHUL]DQWDPELpQSRUSRVHHUXQDFRQVWULFFLyQGH
ORFDOL]DFLyQTXHUHSUHVHQWDPRVHQEFRQpunto-C,\GHJUDGRTXHFRUUHVSRQGH
DOUDVJR>FRQWLQXR@3HURDGLIHUHQFLDGHODVYRFDOHVQRSRVHHQQRGRYRFiOLFR
&RPRYHUHPRVHQXQPRPHQWRODDXVHQFLDGHOQRGRYRFiOLFRSHUPLWHH[SOLFDUOD
SURSDJDFLyQ GH UDVJRV R DVLPLODFLyQ YRFiOLFD D WUDYpV GH FRQVRQDQWHV 7DQWR HO
SXQWR9FRPRHOSXQWR&VRQJURVVRPRGRHOFRQRFLGRSXQWRDUWLFXODWRULRGHORV
VHJPHQWRV
Ejemplo 3-67
a. 9
਑ ਮFRQV ਔ
ਓ UHV ਖ
&DYLGDGRUDO
>FRQW@ SXQWR&
YRFiOLFR
SXQWR9 DSHUWXUD
/DELDO &RURQDO 'RUVDO >DELHUWR@
>ਮDQW@
b. &
਑ FRQV ਔ
ਓ UHV ਖ
&DYLGDGRUDO
>FRQW@ SXQWR&
/DELDO &RURQDO 'RUVDO
>DQW@
/DUHSUHVHQWDFLyQQRHVFRPSOHWDSRUIDOWDGHHVSDFLRHQODSiJLQD3UHV~

PDVHSXHVTXHWDQWRHOQRGRODUtQJHRFRPRHOQDVDO\ORVUDVJRVTXHGRPLQDQHVWiQ
GLUHFWDPHQWHOLJDGRVDODUDt]DOLJXDOTXHHQHOPRGHOR6DJH\+DOOH+D\TXHQRWDU
TXHODVYRFDOHVWLHQHQODHVSHFLϧFDFLyQUHGXQGDQWH>ਮDQWHULRU@VHJ~QVHPXHVWUDHQ
D&RPRODVYRFDOHVQRVHGHϧQHQSRUGLFKRUDVJRVXYDORUQHJDWLYRVHDGTXLHUH
PHGLDQWHODUHJODGHUHGXQGDQFLDODFXDOORLQWURGXFLUtDVLHOVHJPHQWRHQFXHVWLyQ
IXHVHYRFDO6HUtDGHHVWDPDQHUD>@఩>ਮDQWHULRU@>YRFiOLFRFRURQDO@/DLQHV
SHFLϧFDFLyQGHOYDORUQHJDWLYRGHOUDVJR>DQWHULRU@VHKDFHPiVSDWHQWHFXDQGRVH
FRQVLGHUDHOFDPELRGHW ૧D>V@DQWHLFRPRODW ૧GHS‫ޞ‬HVLGHQW ૧HTXHHQFRQ
WDFWRFRQL9VHUHDOL]DFRPR>V@S‫ޞ‬HVLGHQW ૧LDO఩>S‫ޞ‬HVL˓૊HQਥVMDO@(YLGHQWHPHQWH
HQHVWDDVLPLODFLyQODLQRSRGUtDWUDQVPLWLUXQUDVJRVXE\DFHQWH>ਮDQWHULRU@SXHV
HQYH]GH>V@WHUPLQDUtDPRVFRQODSDODWDO>ߑ@TXHVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUVHU>ਮDQWHULRU@
(O¬KHFKRGHTXHHQLQJOpVVHUHDOLFHSUHFLVDPHQWHXQD>ߑ@HQHOPLVPRFRQWH[WRVXJLHUH
TXHHQHVSDxROWDOYDORUQRDSDUHFHHQODIRUPDVXE\DFHQWHGHODVYRFDOHV
(OPRGHORTXHVHSUHVHQWDHQGHϧQHSXHVORVUDVJRVTXHVHSURGXFHQHQ
ODFDYLGDGRUDOQRHQWpUPLQRVGHDUWLFXODGRUHVVLQRHQWpUPLQRGHVXFRQVWULFFLyQ
(O¬JUDGRGHFRQVWULFFLyQ\ODORFDOL]DFLyQSXHGHQYDULDUSHURODVFDWHJRUtDVIRUPDOHV
GHODUHDOL]DFLyQRUDOVRQLGpQWLFDVDPEDVVHDJUXSDQEDMRHOQRGRGHODFDYLGDGRUDO
&OHPHQWV\+XPHH[SUHVDQODXQLGDGGHYRFDOHV\FRQVRQDQWHVGHHVWDPDQHUD
Ejemplo 3-68
>ODELDO@ FRQVRQDQWHVODELDOHVYRFDOHVUHGRQGDV\ODELDOL]DGDV
>FRURQDO@ FRQVRQDQWHVFRURQDOHVYRFDOHVLUUHWUDtGDVSDODWDOHV\PHGLDV
DQWHULRUHV
>GRUVDO@ FRQVRQDQWHVGRUVDOHVYRFDOHVUHWUDtGDVSRVWHULRUHV
/RVVHJPHQWRVODELDOHVVHGHϧQHQSRUTXHDOSURGXFLUVHVHUHDOL]DXQDFRQVWULFFLyQGHORV
ODELRV/RVFRURQDOHVLQYROXFUDQHQVXFRQVWULFFLyQODSDUWHDQWHULRUGHODOHQJXDGHVGHHO
GRUVRTXHVHDSUR[LPDDRWRFDODUHJLyQSDODWRDOYHRODUKDVWDODSDUWHDQWHULRUiSLFH
\SUHGRUVRTXHWRFDODSDUWHSRVWHULRUGHORVLQFLVLYRV\ORVDOYHRORV/RVGRUVDOHVVH
IRUPDQFRQFRQVWULFFLyQHQODSDUWHSRVWHULRUGHODOHQJXDRVHDTXHFRPLHQ]DGHVGH
HOSRVWGRUVRKDFLDVXUDt]6LVHGHϧQHQSRUFRLQFLGLUHQVXFRQVWULFFLyQGHMDQGHVHU
PLVWHULRVRVDOJXQRVGHORVFDVRVFRPSOHMRVGHDVLPLODFLyQTXHVHUHDOL]DQHQHVSDxRO1RV
UHIHULPRVDOPHQFLRQDGRFDPELRGHW ૧DQWHL\DGHVYHODUL]DFLyQGHNTXHVHFRQ
YLHUWHHQODIULFDWLYD>V@DQWHYRFDOHV>ਮUHWUDtGD@3DVHPRVDFRQVLGHUDUHVWH~OWLPRFDVR
಩&RURQDOL]DFLyQGHREVWUX\HQWHYHODUVRUGD
8QDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDQRWDEOHGHODOHQJXDHVSDxRODHVODDOWHUQDQFLDGH>N@\>V@TXH
VXHOHSURGXFLUVHSRULQϩXHQFLDGHODYRFDOL\HQPHQRUFDVRSRUODH+DUULV
²VHSHUFDWyWHPSUDQDPHQWHGHHVWHWLSRGHDOWHUQDQFLDV\SURSXVRXQ
SDUGHUHJODVWUDGLFLRQDOHVGHGHVYHODUL]DFLyQFRQODVTXHVHUHSURGXFtDHOFRQWH[WR
PHQFLRQDGR/DSULPHUDUHJODFDPELDEDODNGHRSDNLG૧DG૧HQXQDLQWHUPHGLD
>߿@\ODVHJXQGDVHHQFDUJDEDGHFRQYHUWLUHVWHVHJPHQWRFRPSOHMRHQ>V@SDUDSUR
GXFLUODHYHQWXDO>RSDVLਥ˓૊D˓૊@/RPLVPROHRFXUULUtDDLQG૧LNHTXHFRQHOFRQFXUVR
GHGRVUHJODVGHYHQtDHQ>ਥLQ૧G૧LVH@+DUULVUHVWULQJtDHOFRQWH[WRTXHSUR\HFWDEDHO
IHQyPHQROLPLWiQGRORDOOLQGHPRUIpPLFRSXHVODVNGHes>N@eleto, ata>N@e, a>N@
ito,\PXFKDVRWUDVPiVQRVHGHVYHODUL]DQ7RGDVpVWDVKDEtDTXHUHPLWLUODVH[FHS
FLRQDOPHQWHDOOp[LFRHQDOJXQRVFDVRV\HQRWURVHUDQSURGXFWRGHODGLVWLQFLyQ
PLVPDHQWUHXQDNZTXHVXE\DFtDDFLHUWDVSDODEUDVFRPRHQNZiere\ODNHQ
puertorriNeñoDGHPiVGHORVHMHPSORVDQWHVFLWDGRV
6HSXGLHUDSHQVDUTXHDODOX]GHODIRQRORJtDOp[LFDODGHVYHODUL]DFLyQSDUHFH
SURGXFLUVHDQWHLHSHURHOORVXFHGHVyORHQFLHUWRVWLSRVGHFRQWH[WRV(VMXVWROR
TXHVXJLHUH1~xH]&HGHxR²TXLHQQRWDTXHORVVXϧMRV-idad, -ista\
-ensePRWLYDQHOFDPELRVLQHPEDUJRORVVXϧMRV-edad, -ez, -ero, -izo, -eño, -ía\RWURV
FXDQWRVQRFRQGLFLRQDQPXWDFLyQDOJXQD(QDEFVHRIUHFHHMHPSORVGHORV
SULPHURV\HQGGHORVVHJXQGRV
Ejemplo 3-69
a. excéntri>N@o ~ excentri>V@idad c. itáli>N@o ~ itali>V@ense

eléctri>N@o ~ electri>V@idad Costarri>N@a ~ costarri>V@ense
cadu>N@o ~ cadu>V@idad
católi>N@o ~ catoli>V@idad
b. clási>N@o ~ clasi>V@ista
eléctri>N@o ~ electri>V@ista
cientí >N@o ~ cienti >V@ista
gáli>N@o ~ gali>V@ista
d. ter>N@o ~ ter>N@edad
brus>N@o ~ brus>N@edad
domésti>N@o ~ domesti>N@ez
cadu>N@o ~ cadu>N@ez
ban>N@o ~ ban>N@ero
palen>N@e ~ palen>N@ero
blan>N@o ~ blan>N@izo
Puerto ~ puertorri>N@eño
Ri>N@o
Antio>N@ía ~ antio>N@eño
monar>N@a ~ monar>N@ía
tur>N@o ~ Tur>N@ía
&RPRKD\H[FHSFLRQHVQRWDEOHVHQORVFDVRVHQTXHKD\FDPELRGHND>V@WDQWR
HQQRYHUEDOHVFRPRHQYHUEDOHVSDUDPiVGHWDOOHVUHϧpUDVHD1~xH]&HGHxR
ORTXHTXHUHPRVUHVDOWDUHVTXHODNHQOtPLWHGHSDODEUDDQWHLHGHYDULRVWLSRV
GHPRUIHPDVHVSHFtϧFRVGHODOHQJXDIDYRUHFHODGHVYHODUL]DFLyQRFRURQDOL]DFLyQ
HVWH~OWLPRTXHHQVtUHϩHMDϧHOPHQWHORTXHRFXUUHVHJ~QFRPSUREDUHPRVHQXQ
PRPHQWR$KRUDELHQVLUHJUHVDPRVDOPRGHORWUDGLFLRQDOTXHSUHVHQWy+DUULVHQ
QRWHQGUtDPRVPDQHUDGHVDEHUORTXHSDVDSRUTXHDOOtVHQFLOODPHQWHVHGHVFULEH
TXHHVWDVYRFDOHVLQFHQWLYDQHOSURFHVR1RVHVDEHSRUTXpORKDFHQHVWDVYRFDOHV\
QRODDRGHPiVYRFDOHVUHWUDtGDV
&XDQGRFRQVLGHUDPRVDWHRUtDGH¬6DJH\+DOOHKDOODPRVTXHHQUHDOLGDGWDPSRFR
VHKDDYDQ]DGRGHPDVLDGRHQFDUDFWHUL]DUORTXHRFXUUHSRUTXHVLSHQVDPRVHQODV
UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVTXHSURSRQHQHVWRVIRQyORJRVQRVSHUFDWDUHPRVGHTXHWHQGUtDPRV
TXHGDUWUHVSDVRV(QSULPHUOXJDUKDEUtDTXHGHVDUWLFXODUHOQRGRGRUVDOGHNVLQ
SURSDJDFLyQGHOGHODYRFDOSXHVQRVHSURGXFHXQVRQLGRFRDUWLFXODGRFRPSOHMR
VHJ~QODUHJODDOXHJRKDEUtDTXHSURSDJDUOHODFRQVWULFFLyQ>FRQWLQXD@GH
ODYRFDO>ਮUHWUDtGD@GHDFXHUGRFRQE3RU~OWLPRDOGHVDUWLFXODUVHHOQRGR
GRUVDOODFRQVRQDQWHSHUPDQHFHUtDVLQHVSHFLϧFDFLyQHQVXSXQWRDUWLFXODWRULRFRQOR
FXDOVHSUHVXPLUtDTXHHYHQWXDOPHQWHUHFLELUtDSRUUHGXQGDQFLDHOUDVJR>FRURQDO@
KHFKRTXHSDUHFHFRUURERUDUVHHQRWUDVOHQJXDV/RVGDWRVGHHVWDVOHQJXDVVXJLHUHQ
TXHXQDFRQVRQDQWHTXHFDUHFHGHUDVJRVHQVXSXQWRDUWLFXODWRULRUHFLEHGHPRGR
JHQHUDOHOSXQWRDUWLFXODWRULR>FRURQDO@3DUDGLV\3UXQHWDE\HOFDStWXOR
FRQHOTXHDXWRPiWLFDPHQWHVHLPSOLFDTXHVLHV>FRURQDO@WDPELpQHV>DQWHULRU@
/DVUHJODVGHGHVDVRFLDFLyQ\GHDVLPLODFLyQVHRIUHFHQHQDE\ODSUHVXQWD
UHJODTXHLQWURGXFHHOUDVJR>FRURQDO@VHRIUHFHHQFG/D:UHSUHVHQWDHO
FRQWH[WRTXHGHEHVHJXLUDODYRFDO\TXHVHERVTXHMyDUULEDSDUDTXHVHUHDOLFHHO
SURFHVRRVHD-dad, -sta, -nse,HWF
Ejemplo 3-70
a. ;@ ; :
਑ FRQV ਔ ਑ ਮFRQV ਔ
ਓ ਮUHV ਖ ਓ UHV ਖ
32 >FRQW@ 32
'RUVDO 'RUVDO
>UHW@ >ਮUHW@
b. ;@ ; :
32 >FRQW@ 32
'RUVDO
>ਮUHW@
c. 5HJODJHQHUDOGHLQVHUFLyQGHUDVJR
3XQWRRUDO ఩ 3XQWRRUDO
>FRURQDO@
d. V@ L :
32 >FRQW@ 32
&RURQDO 'RUVDO
>DQW@ >ਮUHW@
3RUORTXHVHYHHQODVUHJODVRIUHFLGDVDUULEDHVSRVLEOHSURYHHUXQDPDTXLQDULD
IRUPDOTXHFDUDFWHULFHHOFDPELRGHND>V@/RTXHQRUHVXOWDFODURHVSRUTXpVHQHFH
VLWDQWDQWRVSDVRV\DSDUWHGHOUDVJR>FRQWLQXR@TXHRIUHFHODYRFDO\TXHDSDUHQWHPHQWH
FDXVDTXHODYHODUVHKDJD>FRQWLQXD@³DGLFLyQTXHWDPELpQOHSXGLHUDVHUFRQIHULGD
SRUFXDOTXLHURWUDYRFDO³UHVXOWDLQH[SOLFDEOHHOSDSHOUHDOTXHGHVHPSHxDQODVYRFDOHV
LH+D\TXHYHUSRUHMHPSORTXHHOVHJPHQWRUHVXOWDQWHQRSURGXFHXQDFRQVRQDQWH
SDODWDOL]DGDFRQORFXDOVHVXJLHUHTXHHOUDVJR>DOWR@QRVHWUDQVPLWHGHODYRFDODOD
FRQVRQDQWH3HURHVWRQRFRQVWLWX\HSUREOHPDDOJXQRHQODH[SUHVLyQIRUPDOGHODUHJOD
SRUODVHQFLOODUD]yQGHTXHHQVXGHVFULSFLyQQRVHDOXGHDHVWHUDVJR3RUHOFRQWUDULR
VHKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDOUDVJR>ਮUHWUDtGR@FRQHOTXHVXSXHVWDPHQWHVHLQGXFHXQFDPELR
H[WUDRUGLQDULRGHFRQVRQDQWHTXHVHDUWLFXODHQODSDUWHSRVWHULRUGHODFDYLGDGRUDO
SDUDSDVDUDUHDOL]DUVHHQODSDUWHDQWHULRU(OORVLJQLϧFDVLQHPEDUJRTXHODFRQVR
QDQWH>ਮUHWUDtGD@TXHVXUJHSXGLHUDVHUXQDGHODVREVWUX\HQWHVSEW ૧G૧EI߿3DUD
UHVWULQJLUODGHVXHUWHTXHQRVDOJD>I@VLQR>V@KD\TXHGHMDUTXHLQWHUYHQJDODUHJODSRU
GHIHFWRTXHOOHQDHOYDFtRGHOSXQWRRUDODXVHQWHTXHWHQGUtDNRVHDODTXHOHSURYHH
FRURQDOLGDG'LFKRGHRWURPRGRHIHFWLYDPHQWHQRVHHVWiDVLPLODQGRQDGDSRUTXHOD
FRURQDOLGDGTXHDVXPHNQRYLHQHSRUDVLPLODFLyQGHXQUDVJRSULQFLSDOVLQRSRULQVHU
FLyQDXWRPiWLFD/DKLVWRULDWRPDRWURPDWL]VLVHFRQVLGHUDHOPRGHOR&OHPHQWV+XPH
TXH1~xH]&HGHxR²DGRSWDSDUFLDOPHQWH\SURSRQHSDUDHOHVSDxRO
಩&RURQDOL]DFLyQFRPRSURGXFWRGHDVLPLODFLyQGHOUDVJR>FRURQDO@
6LVHSLHQVDTXHODVFRQVRQDQWHV\ODVYRFDOHVLQWHUDFW~DQGHPDQHUDTXHFRPSDUWHQ
XQ QRGR DUWLFXODWRULR TXH GRPLQD XQ PLVPR FRQMXQWR GH UDVJRV VHJ~Q YLPRV HQ
HO¬ SURFHVR GH FRURQDOL]DFLyQ GH N FRPLHQ]D D UHYHODUVH FRQ QDWXUDOLGDG
VRUSUHQGHQWHFRPRORPXHVWUD
Ejemplo 3-71
N@ L :
&DYLGDGRUDO &DYLGDGRUDO
SXQWR& >FRQW@ SXQWR&
YRFiOLFR
'RUVDO SXQWR9
&RURQDO
>GLVW@
3ULPHUDPHQWHVHGHVXQHHOUDVJRGRUVDOGHOSXQWR&GHODNFRQORTXHVHFRQ
WULEX\H D VX FRQVLJXLHQWH SpUGLGD (Q VHJXQGR OXJDU HO SXQWR9 GH OD L SDVD D
DVRFLDUVXUDVJR>FRURQDO@DOSXQWR&TXH\DKDVLGRGHVOLJDGR$ODVRFLDUVHHOQRGR
FRURQDOVX¬UDVJRGHSHQGLHQWH>GLVWULEXLGR@WDPELpQHPLJUDFRQpO$OUHDOL]DUVH
ODDVLPLODFLyQGHOQRGRFRURQDOVHKDEODHQWRQFHVGHXQSURFHVRGHFRURQDOL]DFLyQ
\DTXHVHHVWiWUDQVPLWLHQGRGLFKRSXQWRDUWLFXODWRULRGXUDQWHHOSURFHVRGHDVL
PLODFLyQ6HPHMDQWHDVRFLDFLyQFRQFRQFRPLWDQWHGHVDVRFLDFLyQSURGXFHSXHVXQ
VRQLGRFRURQDO
2EVpUYHVH TXH HQ HVWH PRGHOR OD L VH GHϧQH SRU VHU >FRURQDO@ HQ YH] GH
>ਮUHWUDtGD@ FRQ OR FXDO VH FDUDFWHUL]D HO KHFKR GH TXH HV XQ VRQLGR TXH VH DUWL
FXODHQWUHHOSUHGRUVR\HOiSLFHGHODOHQJXD3HURDQLYHOLQWHUPHGLRGHGHULYD
FLyQWRGDYtDQRVHKDORJUDGRFXDMDUQHFHVDULDPHQWH>V@SRUGRVPRWLYRV3ULPHUR
OD¬HQWUDGDQRHVSHFLϧFDTXHNVHD>FRQWLQXD@HVORRSXHVWR\GHKHFKRFRPR
HVWHUDVJRQRUHVXOWDGLVWLQWLYRQRYLHQHFRQVLJQDGRHQHOOp[LFRVLQRTXHUHFLEHHO
UDVJR>ਮFRQWLQXR@SRUGHIHFWR6HJXQGRODVYRFDOHVVRQUHGXQGDQWHPHQWH>FRQ
WLQXD@FRQORFXDOWDPSRFRKD\TXHDVLJQDUOHVHVHUDVJRDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWH<D~Q
VLHVWXYLHUDFRQVLJQDGRFRPRORVXJLHUHHOPRGHOR&OHPHQWV+XPHODUHJOD
QRFDSWDHVWDDVLPLODFLyQSRUTXHVyORVHHVWiDVLPLODQGRODORFDOL]DFLyQGHODYRFDO
\QRVXFRQVWULFFLyQ>FRQWLQXD@ODFXDOGHSHQGHGLUHFWDPHQWHGHOQRGRFDYLGDG
RUDO
6LQHPEDUJRDOSURGXFLUVHXQVRQLGRFRURQDOTXHVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUVHU>GLVWUL
EXLGRDQWHULRU@HQODOHQJXDHVSDxRODHO~QLFRTXHFRQWLHQHHVWDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
IRQpWLFDVHVSUHFLVDPHQWHOD>V@VHJ~Q+DUULV&RPRYHUHPRVHQHOFDStWXOR
HOUDVJR>FRURQDO@LPSOLFDSRUGHIHFWR>DQWHULRU@FRQORFXDOVHGHGXFHHQWRQFHV
TXHXQDUHJODSRUGHIHFWROHDWULEX\HDODVDOLGDHOUDVJR>FRQWLQXR@DODV/D¬UHJOD
SRUGHIHFWROXFHDVt
Ejemplo 3-72
਑ DQWHULRU ਔ ఩ >FRQWLQXR@
ਓ GLVWULEXLGR ਖ
(QEVHLOXVWUDHOUHVXOWDGRGHODDSOLFDFLyQGHODUHJODSDUDODHQWUDGD

Op[LFDRSDNLG૧DG૧TXHRIUHFHPRVHQD6HGHEHSUHVXPLUSRUVXSXHVWRTXH
ODUHJODGHUHGXQGDQFLD\DVHKDDSOLFDGRHQE
Ejemplo 3-73
a. RSD N@ L@ G૧DG૧@
SXQWR& >FRQW@ SXQWR&
YRFiOLFR
'RUVDO SXQWR9
&RURQDO
>GLVW@
b. RSD V@ L@ G૧DG૧@
>FRQW@ SXQWR& >FRQW@ SXQWR&
YRFiOLFR
&RURQDO SXQWR9
>DQW@ >GLVW@ &RURQDO
>GLVW@
(QϧQHOFDPELRGHND>V@UHVXOWDUHYHODGRUVLVHFRQIRUPDDODWHRUtDGH¬&OHPHQWV
+XPHSRUTXHFRQHOODODVYRFDOHVLUUHWUDtGDVVHWLHQHQSRU>FRURQDO@\HVMXVWDPHQWH
HVWHUDVJRHOTXHOHFRQϧHUHDODFRQVRQDQWHNVXHYHQWXDOWUDQVIRUPDFLyQHQVHJPHQWR
FRURQDODOPRPHQWRGHUHDOL]DUVHHOSURFHVRGHDVLPLODFLyQ&RQHOPRGHORGH¬6DJH\
+DOOHVHPHMDQWHSURFHVRSHUPDQHFHHQHOiPELWRGHORPLVWHULRVRSRUTXHDOQRGRGRUVDO
TXHGHϧQHDLHHQSDUWLFXODUHOUDVJR>ਮUHWUDtGR@WHQGUtDTXHKDFpUVHOHODDFUREDFLD
IRQROyJLFDTXHERVTXHMDPRVDUULEDSDUDDWULEXLUOHDODNVXFDUiFWHU>FRURQDO@
(O¬FyPRORJUDUORQRVUHPLWLUtDQHFHVDULDPHQWHDOiPELWRGHODDUELWUDULHGDG
3.8 Teoría de la adyacencia
(QODVHFFLyQDUJLPRVTXHHQDUiELJRQRVHSHUPLWHODVHFXHQFLDGHGRVFRQ
VRQDQWHV FRURQDOHV DXQ FXDQGR HQWUH pVWDV SXGLHUD LQWHUYHQLU RWUD 3RU HMHPSOR
WEGHVWiPDO3XGLPRVFRPSUREDUHQHIHFWRTXHODUHVWULFFLyQVHFXPSOHDWUDYpV
GHFLHUWRVUDVJRVFRVDTXHVHH[SOLFDSRUTXHDUTXLWHFWyQLFDPHQWHORVUDVJRVGHOD
FRQVRQDQWHEHVWiQHQXQSODQRGLIHUHQWHDOGHODVFRQVRQDQWHVWG7DPELpQYLPRV
HQHOFDStWXOR¬TXHHQ*UDQDGDHOSURFHVRGHDUPRQtDYRFiOLFDVHKDFHDWUDYpVGH
FRQVRQDQWHVFRQORTXHVHVXJLHUHTXHORVUDVJRVGHODVFRQVRQDQWHVSDUHFHQQRHVWDU
SUHVHQWHVRVLORHVWiQVHHQFXHQWUDQHQRWURQLYHOGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQHQVXDUTXLWHF
WXUDJHRPpWULFD6L¬VHFXPSOHXQDXRWUDSRVLELOLGDGODDVLPLODFLyQGHOUDVJRYRFiOLFR
SURFHGHFRPRVLODVYRFDOHVHVWXYLHUDQMXQWDVDOLJXDOTXHHOSURFHVRGHDVLPLODFLyQ
GHQDVDODOSXQWRDUWLFXODWRULRGHODVREVWUX\HQWHVVLJXLHQWHV(VWHWLSRGHSURFHVRQR
HVQDGDFRQWURYHUVLDOGDGDODSUR[LPLGDGGHORVHOHPHQWRVTXHORDIHFWDQ\GHORVTXH
VRQDIHFWDGRV/R¬TXHUHVXOWDGHHVSHFLDOLQWHUpVHVODDVLPLODFLyQDODUJDGLVWDQFLD
IHQyPHQRTXHVHGHEHUHVWULQJLUIRUPDOPHQWHSXHVHVSUHFLVRHVWDEOHFHUFRQGLFLRQHV
TXHOLPLWHQODGLVWDQFLDTXHSXHGHH[LVWLUHQWUHXQVHJPHQWRTXHDFWLYDXQFDPELR\
RWURTXHORUHFLEH9HDPRVHOGHVDUUROORGHODIRUPDOL]DFLyQGHVHPHMDQWHUHVWULFFLyQ
VHJ~QODHVER]D2GGHQ
಩%UHYHERVTXHMRKLVWyULFRGHODDG\DFHQFLD
(QODWHRUtDOLQHDOUHSUHVHQWDGDSRUHOWUDEDMRGH¬&KRPVN\\+DOOHVHWUDWyHO

SURFHVRGHDVLPLODFLyQGHVHJPHQWRVFXDQGRQRVHHQFRQWUDEDQFRQWLJXRV(OPHFDQLVPR
IRUPDOTXHXWLOL]DEDQHUDLQGLFDUFRQVXEtQGLFHGHFHURODQRSUHVHQFLDGHXQVHJPHQWR
TXHLQWHUYLQLHUDHQWUHHOVHJPHQWRTXHLQFHQWLYDEDHOSURFHVR\VXEODQFR(QWRQFHV
HQHOFDVRGHOUHODMDPLHQWRYRFiOLFRHQ>PɬਥP͑Q૧W ૧ɬ@,HQHOGLDOHFWRJUDQDGLQREDVWDED
FRQSRVWXODUODUHJODHQGRQGH&VLJQLϧFDEDTXHSRGtDRQRKDEHUFRQVRQDQWHV
Ejemplo 3-74
9
9఩>ਮWHQVD@ಣಣ& >ਮWHQVD@
& WHQtD SRVLELOLGDGHV LQϧQLWDV UHSUHVHQWDED LJXDO QLQJXQD TXH XQ VLQQ~PHUR GH
FRQVRQDQWHV
3RVWHULRUPHQWHVHOLPLWyODFDSDFLGDGH[SUHVLYDGHUHJODVFRPRODDOHVSH
FLϧFDUVHTXHODDVLPLODFLyQDODUJDGLVWDQFLDSRGUtDRFXUULUVyORHQDTXHOORVFDVRVHQ
TXHQRKXELHUDFRLQFLGHQFLDGHUDVJRVHQWUHHOIRFRPLVPRGHODUHJOD\HOVHJPHQWR
DIHFWDGR2GGHQ(OORVLJQLϧFDSRUHMHPSORTXHXQDUHJODTXHQDVDOLFHXQD
YRFDOEDMDLQLFLDODQWHODVHFXHQFLDಣಣ>DOWD@>VRQRUD@>UHVRQDQWH@>QDVDO@
QR GHEH DOXGLU D YRFDO EDMD HQ HVWH FRQWH[WR $Vt GLFKD UHJOD QR VH DSOLFDUtD D
DNDZQSRUTXHpVWDQRVHFLxHDVXGHVFULSFLyQHVWUXFWXUDO
6LQ HPEDUJR QDGD LPSLGH TXH OD UHJOD GH QDVDOL]DFLyQ VH DSOLTXH D DNHZQ
OR¬FXDOSURGXFLUtDODLQH[LVWHQWH>mNHZQ@(UDREYLRTXHODWHRUtDQRHVWDEDORVXϧ
FLHQWHPHQWHUHVWULQJLGDSRUTXHSHUPLWtDTXHVXUJLHUDQIRUPDVLQH[LVWHQWHV/DPHWD
WHyULFDHUDSXHVHYLWDU\HOLPLQDUODVH[SUHVLRQHVGHWLSR&9
಩$G\DFHQFLDHQODWHRUtDQROLQHDO
/DIRQRORJtDQROLQHDOYDGHϧQLpQGRVHGHPRGRWDOTXHVHHYLWHQODVUHJODVTXHDOX
GDQDVXEtQGLFHVFRQFHURV/OHJDDUHϧQDUVHFRQPD\RUDUWLFXODFLyQHQORVWUDEDMRV
GH¬ $UFKDQJHOL \ 3XOOH\EODQN TXLHQHV VXJLHUHQ TXH ORV SURFHVRV GHEHQ UHVSHWDU OD
&RQGLFLyQGH¬/RFDOLGDG'LFKDFRQGLFLyQVHQFLOODPHQWHHVWDEOHFHTXHWDQWRHOUHFHS
WRUGHORVHIHFWRVGHXQDUHJODIRQROyJLFDFRPRVXUHVSHFWLYRDFWLYDGRUGHEHQHVWDU
DG\DFHQWHV$XQTXHQRODYDPRVDH[SOLFDUFRQYLHQHVHxDODUTXHSHVHDVXDSRUWH
VLJQLϧFDWLYRDOWHPD\DODWHRUtDIRQROyJLFDVHOHYLHQHQHQFLPDXQDEXHQDFDQWLGDG
GHSUREOHPDVTXHQRSXHGHUHVROYHU0iVH[LWRVDSDUHFHVHUODWHRUtDTXHDUWLFXOD
2GGHQHQHOWUDEDMRDQWHVFLWDGR
/DWHRUtDGH¬2GGHQVHEDVDHQODHVWUXFWXUDJHRPpWULFDGH¬&OHPHQWV+XPH&RPR
VHUHFRUGDUiHQODDUTXLWHFWXUDJHRPpWULFDGHOSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQTXHGHϧHQGHQ
HVWRVDXWRUHVVHGLFHTXHKD\XQDHTXLYDOHQFLDIXQFLRQDOHQWUHORVUDVJRVGHODVYRFDOHV
\ORVGHODVFRQVRQDQWHV6HYLRSRUHMHPSORTXHKD\XQDHVWUHFKDLQWHUDFFLyQHQWUHOD
YRFDOL\ODREVWUX\HQWHFRURQDOW ૧$GHPiVKD\OHQJXDVHQTXHHOSUHϧMRYRFiOLFR
GHFLHUWRPRUIHPDHVXQDFRSLDϧHOGHODYRFDOGHODUDt]6LODFRQVRQDQWHLQLFLDOHV
XQDFRQVRQDQWHFRURQDOHOSUHϧMRYRFiOLFRUHVXOWDVHUODYRFDO>L@3RURWUDSDUWH
DXQTXHVHDUJX\HTXHKD\VHPHMDQWHHTXLYDOHQFLDORVQRGRVGHOSXQWRDUWLFXODWRULR
GHODVYRFDOHV\ODVFRQVRQDQWHVHVWiQHQGLIHUHQWHVHVWUDWRV3RUHVRVHMXVWLϧFDHOTXH
ODVFRQVRQDQWHVVHDQWUDQVSDUHQWHVFXDQGRRFXUUHODDUPRQtDYRFiOLFDFRPRHQHO
FDVRGHOJUDQDGLQRDQWHVPHQFLRQDGR%UHYHPHQWHERVTXHMDGRHOSXQWRDUWLFXODWRULR
GHODVFRQVRQDQWHVVHGLVWLQJXHGHOGHODVYRFDOHVVHJ~QVHLOXVWUDHQ
Ejemplo 3-75
SXQWR&
SXQWR9 SXQWR9
FRU FRU FRU
'HDKtVHH[SOLFDTXHHOSXQWR9GHFRUSXHGDSURSDJDUVXUDVJRDOGHFRUSDVDQGR
SRUFRU<DXQTXHSDUHFHTXHVHFUXFHQOtQHDVGHDVRFLDFLyQGHKHFKRQRRFXUUH
DVtSRUTXHHOFUXFHQRVHUHDOL]DHQXQPLVPRSODQRVLQRHQSODQRVGLIHUHQWHV9LVWR
GHRWURPRGRGHEDMRGHOSXQWR&QRLQWHUYLHQHXQSXQWR9SRUORWDQWRQRSXHGH
KDEHUFUXFHGHOtQHDV
಩'HϧQLFLyQGHORFDOLGDG
6LVHDFHSWDODWHRUtDGH¬&OHPHQWV+XPHGHDFXHUGRFRQSRGHPRVYHUTXH

GHKHFKRWDQWRHOSXQWRDUWLFXODWRULRGHODFRUO\HOGHFRUHVWiQFRQWLJXRVSXHVWR
TXHQDGDLQWHUYLHQHHQHVHSODQRHOSODQRSXQWR&QRFRQWLHQHGHEDMRXQSXQWR9
/D¬DG\DFHQFLDVHGDDSDUWLUGHODSUHVHQFLDGHUDVJRVTXHHVWpQHQGLIHUHQWHVQLYH
OHV3RUORWDQWRODDG\DFHQFLDVHHIHFW~DVLHPSUHTXHVHUHVSHWHODLQWHUDFFLyQGH
SUR[LPLGDGHQWUHORVHOHPHQWRVTXHVHDIHFWDQ'HPDQHUDPiVWpFQLFDODVUHODFLRQHV
IRQROyJLFDVGHEHQUHVSHWDUOD&RQGLFLyQGH¬/RFDOLGDG
Ejemplo 3-76 Condición de Localidad
(QXQDUHODFLyQHQTXHVHLQYROXFUDQ$¬\%\ORVUHVSHFWLYRVQRGRVǓ\ɕTXH
DPERVGRPLQDQQDGDSXHGHVHSDUDUDǓ\ɕDQRVHUTXHORTXHOHVVHSDUHHVWp
HQRWURHVWUDWR
/DFRQGLFLyQVHQFLOODPHQWHGLFHTXHHQD\EǓ\ɕHVWiQDG\DFHQ

WHVDXQFXDQGRHQEDSDUHFHXQD&TXHVHSUHVXPHHVWiHQXQHVWUDWRGLIHUHQWH
Ejemplo 3-77
a. $ B b. $ & B
Ǔ ɕ Ǔ ɕ
6LQHPEDUJRHQD\HQEǓ\ɕQRHVWiQDG\DFHQWHVSRUTXHLQWHUYLHQHHQ

HOPLVPRHVWUDWRRWURPDWHULDOFXDOTXLHUDHQHVWHFDVR#(OVtPEROR#HQE
FRUUHVSRQGHDXQHOHPHQWRϩRWDQWHTXHLQWHUYLHQHHQHVHHVWUDWR
Ejemplo 3-78
a. $ & B b. $ B
Ǔ # ɕ Ǔ # ɕ
6LDSOLFDPRVOD&RQGLFLyQGH¬/RFDOLGDGDOSDVLHJRDPRPHQW ૧ɬYHPRVORVLJXLHQWH
SXQW SXQWR&
Ejemplo 3-79
P ɬ P ͑ Q૧ W૧ ɬ
SXQWR SXQWR SXQWR SXQWR SXQWR SXQWR SXQWR
YRFiOLFR YRFiOLFR YRFiOLFR
/DELDO 'RUVDO /DELDO 'RUVDO &RURQDO &RURQDO >ਮWHQVR@
(OUDVJR>ਮWHQVR@GHOVXϧMRɬVHSURSDJDDHSRUTXHODVFRQVRQDQWHVQ\W ૧QR
FRQWLHQHQXQQRGRYRFiOLFRFRQORTXHODVYRFDOHVR\HTXHGDQHIHFWLYDPHQWH
DG\DFHQWHVGHDFXHUGRFRQOD&RQGLFLyQGH¬/RFDOLGDG/XHJRSRUUHSHWLFLyQGHOD
PLVPDUHJODVHUHODMDQODVGHPiVYRFDOHVGHELGRDOPLVPRPRWLYRGHORFDOLGDG3UHVX
PLPRVTXHODVYRFDOHVWHQVDVQRSRVHHQHOUDVJR>WHQVR@(OKHFKRGHSRGHUUHFLELU
HOUDVJR>ਮWHQVR@GHODYRFDOYHFLQDOHGDVXVWHQWRDHVWDSUHVXQFLyQ2VHDTXHSDUD
FDUDFWHUL]DUORVGDWRVKDEUtDXQDUHJODDOJRSDUHFLGDDOD
Ejemplo 3-80
SXQWR& SXQWR&
YRFiOLFR YRFiOLFR
>ਮWHQVR@
2WURHMHPSORGHODUHVWULFFLyQTXHLPSRQHOD&RQGLFLyQGH¬/RFDOLGDGORLOXVWUDHO
PHQFLRQDGRFDVRGHGLVLPLODFLyQGHOtTXLGDHQODWtQ6HJ~QYHUHPRVHQHOFDStWXOR¬
OD¬OGHOVXϧMR-a:lisVHFDPELDD>‫@ޞ‬FXDQGROHSUHFHGHOVDOYRVLLQWHUYLHQHXQD
‫ޞ‬HQFX\RFDVRQRVHGDODGLVLPLODFLyQ$TXtODSUHVHQFLDGHOUDVJR>ਮODWHUDO@EOR
TXHDUtDHOSURFHVRGHGLVLPLODFLyQ$OJRPX\SDUHFLGRRFXUUHHQEXNXVXXQDOHQJXD
EDQW~TXHVHKDEODHQ.HQLD(QHVWDOHQJXDODOGHXQVXϧMRVHFRQYLHUWHHQ>‫@ޞ‬
GHVSXpVGH‫ޞ‬VHJ~QVHYHHQ
Ejemplo 3-81
WHH[HOD ¶FRFLQDUSDUDDOJXLHQ· ‫ޞ‬HHEH‫ޞ‬D ¶SHGLU·

OLPLOD ¶FXOWLYDSDUDDOJXLHQ· ‫ޞ‬HVMH‫ޞ‬D ¶UHFXSHUDU·
LLOLOD ¶HQYLDUDOJR·
ND‫ޞ‬L‫ޞ‬D ¶WRUFHU·
‫ޞ‬XPL‫ޞ‬D ¶HQYLDUDDOJXLHQ·
2EVpUYHVHTXHHQODVWUHVSULPHUDVSDODEUDVHOVXϧMR-ilaR-elaQRVHPRGLϧFDDXQ

FXDQGROHSUHFHGHODODWHUDOO(QFDPELRHQODVGHPiVVtKD\PXWDFLyQFXDQGROD
EDVHSRVHHODYLEUDQWH‫ޞ‬3RUORYLVWRHQEXNXVXVHGDHODQYHUVRGHOODWtQODSUH
VHQFLDGHOUDVJR>ODWHUDO@LPSLGHODGLVLPLODFLyQ
಩3DUWLFXODULGDGHVGHRWUDVOHQJXDV
/D&RQGLFLyQGH¬/RFDOLGDGUHVXOWDVHUHOFDVRJHQHUDOTXHDEDUFDODDVLPLODFLyQDODUJD
GLVWDQFLDVLQTXHVHWHQJDTXHHVSHFLϧFDUOtPLWHDOJXQRH[FHSWRHOGHTXHVHUHVSHWHODFRQ
GLFLyQPLVPDGHDG\DFHQFLDFRPRYLPRVHQHOGLDOHFWRJUDQDGLQR$GHPiVHQ¬NLNRQJR
OHQJXDEDQW~GH¬5HS~EOLFD'HPRFUiWLFDGHO&RQJRVHHMHFXWDODDVLPLODFLyQGHQDVDO
SDVDQGRSRUDOWRFXDOTXLHUQ~PHURGHFRQVRQDQWHVTXHLQWHUYHQJDQ6HGDHOFDVRGHTXH
XQDOVHFRQYLHUWDHQ>Q@FXDQGROHSUHFHGHHQODEDVHXQDFRQVRQDQWHQDVDOSRUHMHPSOR
ODIRUPDVXE\DFHQWHNXNLQLVLODVHFRQYLHUWHHQ>NXNLQLVLQD@¶KDFHUEDLODUSDUDDOJXLHQ·
(VHQFLDOPHQWHORTXHRFXUUHHVXQDDVLPLODFLyQVLQOtPLWHFRPRORPXHVWUD
Ejemplo 3-82
N X N L Q L V L O D
5 5 5 5 5 UDt]
>QDV@
(QHVWHHMHPSORHQHOHVWUDWRQDVDOQRKD\QDGDPiVTXHXQVHJPHQWRTXHFRQWLHQH
HVHUDVJR\SRUWDQWRODOϧQDOVHFRQYHUWLUtDHQ>Q@
3RUHOFRQWUDULRHQFKXNFKLXQDOHQJXDSDOHRDVLiWLFDTXHVHKDEODHQ6LEHULD
ODDVLPLODFLyQGHQDVDOVyORVHSURGXFHVLODFRQVRQDQWHDVLPLODQWH\ODTXHDVLPLOD
HVWiQVHSDUDGDVSRUQRPiVGHXQDFRQVRQDQWHRYRFDO/DDVLPLODFLyQGHREVWUX\HQWH
GHHVWDOHQJXDHVEDVWDQWHUHVWULQJLGDSXHVVyORVHHMHFXWDLQPHGLDWDPHQWHDQWHXQD
FRQVRQDQWHQDVDO/DVXE\DFHQWHUHSQHWVHWRUQDHQ>UHPQHW@¶FDUQHGHXQϩDQFR·
SHURVLLQWHUYLHQHXQDYRFDOHQWUHODREVWUX\HQWH\ODQDVDOODDVLPLODFLyQVHQFLOOD
PHQWHQRVHFXPSOH$VtUHSHQVHUHDOL]DFRPR>UHSHQ@¶FDUQHGHϩDQFRV·(Q
VHPXHVWUDODFRQϧJXUDFLyQGHDPERVFDVRV
Ejemplo 3-83
a. UH S Q HW b. UH S H Q
5 5 5 5 5
>ਮFRQW@ >QDV@ >ਮFRQW@ >QDV@

/D&RQGLFLyQGH¬/RFDOLGDGVHSRGUtDDSOLFDUSRWHQFLDOPHQWHHQDPERVFDVRVGH
SHURORFLHUWRHVTXHVyORVHFXPSOHHQHOSULPHUR\QRHQHOVHJXQGR7DOFRPR
VHSODQWHDSXHVODFRQGLFLyQH[LJHTXHVHDWHQ~HGHPRGRWDOTXHSXHGDUHVSRQGHU
DORVUHWRVTXHVHOHSUHVHQWDQ(OUHWRVLQHPEDUJRQRVHFRQWUDSRQHGHPDQHUD
UDGLFDODOD&RQGLFLyQGH¬/RFDOLGDGSRUTXHVLELHQpVWDWLHQHHQFXHQWDDG\DFHQFLDGH
HVWUDWRVDQLYHOGHSXQWRDUWLFXODWRULRORVHMHPSORVFRQWUDULRVTXHVXUJHQPXHVWUDQ
TXHWRGDYtDKD\DG\DFHQFLDDXQQLYHOPiVDOWRRDQLYHOGHODUDt]FRPRHQFKXNFKL
RDQLYHOGHVtODEDFRPRPRVWUDUHPRVHQRWUDVOHQJXDV
3RU OR WDQWR KD\ TXH DJUHJDUOH D OD &RQGLFLyQ GH¬ /RFDOLGDG RWURV SDUiPHWURV
OLPLWDQWHVTXHSUHVHQWDPRVHQ
Ejemplo 3-84 Parámetros de adyacencia
a. $G\DFHQFLDGHUDt]ORVQRGRVUDGLFDOHVGHOEODQFR\HODFWLYDGRUGHEHQ
HVWDUDG\DFHQWHV
b. $G\DFHQFLDGHVtODEDHOEODQFR\HODFWLYDGRUGHEHQHVWDUHQVtODEDV
DG\DFHQWHV
3DUD D GLPRV HO HMHPSOR D $xDGDPRV WDPELpQ >WHPHN@ ¶PDWDU· \
>СDQPHOHQ@ ¶pO PDWy· SURYHQLHQWH GH OD VXE\DFHQWH СDWPHNOHQ (VWH ~OWLPR
PXHVWUDQXHYDPHQWHTXHODDVLPLODFLyQGHREVWUX\HQWHDQDVDOWLHQHTXHVXFHGHUHQ
SUR[LPLGDGGHUDtFHVVLQTXHLQWHUYHQJDYRFDODOJXQD
2WURFDVRWtSLFRGHDG\DFHQFLDGHUDtFHVVHHQFXHQWUDHQHOGLDOHFWRYDVFRJHUQLFiQ
VHJ~Q+XDOGHF(QHVWHGLDOHFWRODYRFDOHWLHQGHDFDPELDUDLLQPHGLD
WDPHQWHDQWHVGHRWUDYRFDO3RUHMHPSORODIRUPDVXE\DFHQWHGHOVLQJXODUDEVROXWR
HW]HHSURGXFH>HW]LH@¶FDVD·HQFDPELRHOLQGHϧQLGRDEVROXWRVHUHDOL]DFRPR>HW]H@
\HOSDUWLWLYRLQGHϧQLGRFRPR>HW]H‫ޞ‬LN@(QHVWRVGRV~OWLPRVHMHPSORVVHYHTXHODV
HTXHQRHVWiQLQPHGLDWDPHQWHDG\DFHQWHVDRWUDYRFDOQRFDPELDQD>L@
8QHMHPSORGHODUHVWULFFLyQSURGXFLGDSRULQWHUYHQFLyQGHODVtODEDQRVORSURYHH
HOFKLPZLLQLOHQJXDEDQW~TXHVHKDEODHQ6RPDOLD(OVXϧMRSHUIHFWLYRGHHVWDOHQJXD
HV-i eR-e e
Ejemplo 3-85
WRYH৸‫ב‬H ¶]DPEXOOy·
MLEL৸‫ב‬H ¶pOFRQWHVWy·
KDGL৸‫ב‬H ¶GLMR·
VRPH৸‫ב‬H ¶OH\y·
$KRUDELHQFXDQGRD‫ב‬OHSUHFHGHLQPHGLDWDPHQWHXQDVtODEDTXHFRQWLHQHO‫בޞ‬
WLHQGHDFDPELDUVHHQODDOYHRODU>@FRPRVHGHWDOODHQORVHMHPSORVHQ
Ejemplo 3-86
VXOL৸OH ¶TXLVR·
NRPHOH৸OH ¶FHUUy·
IDGLOL৸OH ¶SUHϧULy·
JL‫ޞ‬L৸OH ¶VHPXGy·
PH‫ޞ‬H৸OH ¶JLUy·
3HURVLHQWUHOD‫ב‬GHOVXϧMR\ODVOtTXLGDVTXHOHSUHFHGHQLQWHUYLHQHRWUDVtODED
HO¬FDPELRQRVHSURGXFH
Ejemplo 3-87
‫ޞ‬HEH৸‫ב‬H ¶SDUy·
JR‫ޞ‬RPH৸‫ב‬H ¶UXJLy·
‫ב‬XPL৸‫ב‬H ¶PRUGLy·
(QVHYHTXHHQWUHODVOtTXLGDVGHODEDVHLQWHUYLHQHQODVVtODEDV-be, -me y -mi.

'HLQYRFDUVHOD&RQGLFLyQGH¬/RFDOLGDGQRKDEUtDPDQHUDGHLPSHGLUHOFDPELRSRUTXH
DTXpOODQRSRVHHRWUDUHVWULFFLyQTXHQRVHDODTXHVHH[SUHVDHQODFRQGLFLyQPLVPD
3DUHFHSXHVTXHHQHVWDOHQJXDKD\TXHOLPLWDUHOSRGHUH[SUHVLYRGHODFRQGLFLyQ
SHURVLHPSUHVXMHWRDTXHODVVtODEDVGHEHQHVWDUFRQWLJXDV'HORFRQWUDULRHOFDPELR
DODUJDGLVWDQFLDVHQFLOODPHQWHQRVHSURGXFH+D\PXFKDVRWUDVOHQJXDVTXHSRVHHQ
VHPHMDQWHUHVWULFFLyQFRQORTXHVHTXLHUHGHFLUTXHOD&RQGLFLyQGH¬/RFDOLGDGYLHQH
DVHUODUHJODXQLYHUVDO\TXHHQVXGHIHFWRIXQFLRQDQODVSDUWLFXODUHVTXHPLOLWDQHQ
DOJXQRVGLDOHFWRV\OHQJXDV
Ejercicios
1. 3DUDHOVLJXLHQWHHMHUFLFLRSRGHPRVUHPLWLUQRVDODDVSLUDFLyQGHVHQODULPD
TXH\DYLPRVHQHOFDStWXORDQWHULRU$QDOLFHORVGDWRVVLJXLHQWHVTXHYLHQHQGH
YDULRVGLDOHFWRVDQGDOXFHV3URSRQJDVROXFLRQHVJHRPpWULFDVWDQWRDO'LDOHFWR
$¬FRPRHO%¢3XGLHUDQDPERVSURFHVRVUHSUHVHQWDUVHFRPRXQ~QLFRSURFHVR"
6LHVDVtSURSRQJDXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVLPXOWiQHDGHDPERV
Formas subyacentes Dialecto A Dialecto B Glosas

RELVSR >Rਥɕ૊LSSR@ >Rਥɕ૊LKSSR@ obispo
NDVSD >ਥNDSSD@ >ਥNDKSSD@ caspa
VXVW ૧R >ਥVXW ૧W ૧R@ >ਥVXKW ૧W ૧R@ susto
NRVWDO >NRਥW ૧W ૧DO@ >NRKਥW ૧W ૧DO@ costal
PRVND >ਥPRNND@ >ਥPRKNND@ mosca
I‫ޞ‬HVNR >ਥI‫ޞ‬HNNR@ >ਥI‫ޞ‬HKNNR@ fresco

HVIH‫ޞ‬D >HਥϱH‫ޞ‬D@ >HKਥϱH‫ޞ‬D@ esfera
PLVPR >ਥPLPPR@ >ਥPLѓPPR@ mismo
DVQR >ਥDQQR@ >ਥDѓQQR@ asno
LVOD >ਥLOOD@ >ਥLѓOOD@ isla
2. +HPRVYLVWRTXHODNVHFRQYLHUWHHQ>V@DQWHLSRUHOSURFHVRGHFRURQDOL
]DFLyQ$KRUDH[DPLQHORVGDWRVVLJXLHQWHV3URSRQJDODIRUPDVXE\DFHQWHSDUD
ODVDOWHUQDQFLDVTXHVHREVHUYDQ¢4XpWLSRGHSURFHVRGLUtD8GTXHUHSUHVHQWD
HVWDDOWHUQDQFLD")RUPDOLFHVXSURSXHVWDGHOSURFHVRVLJXLHQGRHOPpWRGRGH
DQiOLVLVTXHVHSUHVHQWDHQHVWHFDStWXOR
>ਥIHVHV@ feces >IHਥNDO@ fecal

>ਥDSLVH@ apice >DSLਥNDO@ apical
>ਥHOLVH@ hélice >HOLਥNDO@ helical
>ਥEH‫ޞ‬W ૧LVH@ vértice >EH‫ޞ‬W ૧LਥNDO@ vertical
>ਥIDZVHV@ fauces >IDZਥNDO@ faucal
>ਥNDZVD@ causa >NDZਥVDO@ causal
>ਥI‫ޞ‬HVD@ fresa >I‫ޞ‬HਥVDO@ fresal
>ਥEH‫ޞ‬VR@ verso >EH‫ޞ‬ਥVDO@ versal
>NRਥORVR@ coloso >NRORਥVDO@ colosal
>ਥIRNR@ foco >IRਥNDO@ focal
>D‫غ‬ਥ[HOLND@ angélica >D‫[غ‬HOLਥNDO@ angelical
>ਥUXVW ૧LNR@ rústico >UXVW ૧LਥNDO@ rustical
(Q%URZPDQ\*ROGVWHLQVHSURSRQHXQPRGHORGHUDVJRVEDVDGRVHQJHVWRV
DUWLFXODWRULRVTXHFRLQFLGHHQPXFKRVDVSHFWRVFRQODWHRUtDGHJHRPHWUtDGH
UDVJRV
(Q+XDOGHDVHSUHVHQWDXQDQiOLVLVJHRPpWULFRSDUDODDVSLUDFLyQGHVϧQDO
\ODSUHDVSLUDFLyQGHRFOXVLYDV
4 ]
Teoría de la subespecificación
4.0 Introducción
/XHJRGHFRQVLGHUDUODDUTXLWHFWXUDIRQROyJLFDGHORVVHJPHQWRVFRQYHQGUtDDKRUD
LQTXLULU HQ WRUQR D OD QDWXUDOH]D GH OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GH ORV PLVPRV HQ HO Op[LFR
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FX\RVHOHPHQWRVLQGLYLGXDOHVQRVyORVHUHODFLRQDQHQWUHVtVLQRTXHSDUWHQGHVGHHO
QLYHOGHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQIRQpWLFDKDVWDHOGHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVXE\DFHQWH'LFKRGH
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IRQROyJLFRVHUHSUHVHQWDPHGLDQWHXQFRQMXQWRGHVHJPHQWRVGLVFUHWRVHQHOTXHFDGD
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GLIHUHQWHVDFWLYLGDGHVTXHVHUHDOL]DQHQODFDYLGDGEXFDOSDUDDUWLFXODUHVHVRQLGR
7DOFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDQRVHGHVFULEHFRPRWRWDOPHQWHVLPpWULFDSXHVDORODUJRGHOD
KLVWRULDGHODIRQRORJtDVHKDGHWHFWDGRXQDYDVWDFDQWLGDGGHUDVJRVTXHQRGHVHP
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VHUSUHGHFLEOHVVHJ~QVHHIHFW~HQGHULYDFLRQHV
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VHUHDOL]DFRPR>VSɬW@6LpotVHSURGXMHUDVLQDVSLUDFLyQORVKDEODQWHVODVHQWLUtDQ
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PLWHQVLJQLϧFDGRVGLIHUHQWHV1RHVORPLVPR>SKDD@TXHVLJQLϧFD¶ERVTXH·TXH>SDD@
TXHVHWUDGXFH¶GLYLGLU·/DGLIHUHQFLDHQVLJQLϧFDGRODGHWHUPLQDODDVSLUDFLyQTXH
SRUORWDQWRHVLPSRUWDQWHHQWDLODQGpV&RPRQRKD\PDQHUDGHSUHGHFLUVXDSDULFLyQ
GHEHHVWDUFRGLϧFDGDDQLYHOOp[LFR(QLQJOpVODDVSLUDFLyQQRHVFRQWUDVWLYDSRUOR
FXDOQRVHHVSHFLϧFDOp[LFDPHQWHVLQRTXHVHGHULYDPHGLDQWHXQDUHJODFRQWH[WXDO
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QRKD\QHFHVLGDGDOJXQDGHFLWDUORVFRPRSDUWHGHORVUDVJRVGHXQIRQHPD
4.1 Redundancia léxica
/D UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ IRQROyJLFD GH XQD SDODEUD KDEUi GH FRQWHQHU VyOR DTXHOORV UDV
JRVLPSUHGHFLEOHVGHMiQGRVHDSDUWHORVSUHGHFLEOHVRUHGXQGDQWHV$OSULQFLSLRGHO
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IRQROyJLFDVTXHVXPLQLVWUDEDQDODODUJDHOFRQWHQLGRIRQpWLFRGHXQVHJPHQWRHQ
FXHVWLyQ(VWDVUHJODVGHQRPLQDGDVUHJODVGHestructura morfémicaRGHredundancia
léxica,HUDQORVPHFDQLVPRVSRUPHGLRGHORVFXDOHVVHDxDGtDQORVUDVJRVTXHIDOWDEDQ
)RUPDEDQSDUWHGHODJUDPiWLFDXQLYHUVDOTXHDVLJQDEDORVYDORUHVQRPDUFDGRVGH
ORVUDVJRVFRPRHOYDORULPSOLFDFLRQDOFLWDGRDQWHULRUPHQWHRODRPLVLyQGHOUDVJR
>VRQRUR@HQ¬HOFDVRGHODVFRQVRQDQWHVUHVRQDQWHV>UOPQ@GHELGRDTXHXQLYHUVDO
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PHGLDQWHODLPSOLFDFLyQGHTXHVLHUD>UHVRQDQWH@GHEtDVHU>VRQRUD@6HPHMDQWHV
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GHϧQHQ\YHUFyPRUHVXOWDQVHUOLPLWDGDVHQVXSRGHUH[SUHVLYRDOFRPSDUDUODVFRQ
ODWHRUtDTXHODVXSODQWD
Teoría de la subespecificación 155 ]
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/DUHGXQGDQFLDIRQROyJLFDHVWitQWLPDPHQWHOLJDGDDODQRFLyQGH´PDUFDGH]µTXH
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RQHJDWLYR/DIRQRORJtDJHQHUDWLYDVHGLIHUHQFLDEDGHOHVWUXFWXUDOLVPRDODFHSWDUHO
YDORU´µHQFDVRVGHLQPDUFDGH]/RFLHUWRHVTXHXQRGHHVWRVGRVYDORUHVGHEtD
DSDUHFHUHQHOQLYHOVXE\DFHQWH&RPRQRKDEtDPDQHUDGHFDUDFWHUL]DUODQDWXUDOLGDG
GHORVUDVJRVTXHVXUJLUtDQDODVXSHUϧFLHVHSURSXVRVXVWLWXLUHQODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV
VXE\DFHQWHVORVUHVSHFWLYRVYDORUHVGHPiV\GHPHQRVਮFRQNSDUDORVno
marcados\MSDUDORVmarcados/RVWUHVFDVRVTXHIDYRUHFHQXQVHJPHQWR\QR
RWURVHUHFRJHQIRUPDO\SDUFLDOPHQWHPHGLDQWHODFRQYHQFLyQGHPDUFDGH]
Ejemplo 4-1
a. >1VRQRUR@ ఩ >VRQRUR@ >UHVRQDQWH@

b. >1UHWUDtGR@ ఩ >UHWUDtGR@ >EDMR@
c. >1UHGRQGR@ ఩ >ǓUHGRQGR@ ਑ ǓUHWUDtGR ਔ
ਓ ਮEDMR ਖ
(QVHREVHUYDTXHODHQWUDGDFRQWLHQHHOYDORULQPDUFDGRUHSUHVHQWDGRFRQN,

\ODVDOLGDIRQpWLFDORVYDORUHVXVXDOHVGHRਮPLHQWUDVTXHODVYDULDEOHVJULHJDV
SXHGHQUHSUHVHQWDUXQRXRWURYDORU8QPRWLYRSDUDVXVWLWXLUHQODHQWUDGDODVHQHV
HQLQJOpVVHUHSUHVHQWDEDQFRQu,SDUDHOWpUPLQRunmarked¶QRPDUFDGR·REHGHFtD
DTXHSRUHMHPSORHOFRQWHRGHUDVJRVQRVLHPSUHGHϧQtDFODUDPHQWHORTXHVHTXH
UtDGHFLUSRU´FODVHQDWXUDOµ+\PDQ$OFRPSDUDUPHGLDQWHODVYDULDEOHV
JULHJDVDODVYRFDOHVLHDRXFRQHRXZYHPRVTXHVHFDUDFWHUL]DQSRUSRVHHU
H[DFWDPHQWH ORV PLVPRV YDORUHV >Ǔ UHWUDtGD Ǔ UHGRQGD ਮEDMD@ (Q WpUPLQRV GH
QDWXUDOLGDGORVGRVFRQMXQWRVVRQLJXDOHVSHUR\DVHVDEHTXHHVPXFKRPiVIDFWLEOH
HQFRQWUDUVH FRQ HO SULPHU FRQMXQWR TXH FRQ HO VHJXQGR /D OHQJXD HVSDxROD \ OD
LQJOHVDTXHWLHQHQXQDLFX\RVUDVJRVVRQ>ਮUHWUDtGRਮUHGRQGR@VHHYDOXDUtDQ
PiVDOWDPHQWHTXHODIUDQFHVDRODWXUFDTXHDFXVDQODSUHVHQFLDGH\SHURFX\RV
UDVJRVVRQ>ਮUHWUDtGRUHGRQGR@/DWHRUtDGHODPDUFDGH]VLUYHHQWRQFHVSDUD
UHVROYHU\HYDOXDUHOFRQWHQLGRLQWUtQVHFRGHORVUDVJRV
/DFRGLϧFDFLyQGHUDVJRVFRQHQHV\HPHVVHFRQYLHUWHHQSDUWHLQWHJUDOGHOD
HVWUXFWXUDGHOOp[LFRVLVHSUHVXPHGHSRUVtXQFDUiFWHUXQLYHUVDOTXHVHFXPSOHHQ
WRGDVODVOHQJXDV6HLQDXJXUDHQWRQFHVXQDVHULHWHQWDWLYDGHUHJODVRFRQYHQFLR
QHVXQLYHUVDOHVTXHUHHPSOD]DUtDODVHPHV\ODVHQHVLQWUtQVHFDVRGHULYDGDVFRQWH[
WXDOPHQWHFRQYDORUHVELQDULRV&KRPVN\\+DOOH²$XQTXHHOYDORUN
GHXQUDVJRVLJQLϧFDDOJRSUHGHFLEOH\HOMDOJRLPSUHGHFLEOHODFRPSOHMLGDGGHXQ
VHJPHQWRVHFRQVLJXHFRQVyORFRQWDUHPHVPLHQWUDVPiVHPHVSRVHDPiVFRPSOHMR
VHUiHOVHJPHQWR\SRUORWDQWRPiVLPSUHGHFLEOH(QUHDOLGDGQRVHKDEtDQGHV
FDUWDGRORVYDORUHVELQDULRVVLQRTXHVHKDEtDQFDPELDGRSRUHQHV\HPHVSDUDXQD
DSOLFDFLyQGHODPDUFDGH]DOFXEDQRYpDVH*XLWDUW
(QUHVXPHQODWHRUtDGH´PDUFDGH]µVHJ~QORVIRQyORJRVGHOD(VFXHODGH¬3UDJD
REHGHFtDDSULQFLSLRVHOHPHQWDOHVGHOHQJXDVSDUWLFXODUHVTXHHUDQGHWHUPLQDGRVSRU
IHQyPHQRVGHQHXWUDOL]DFLyQHQFRQWH[WRVELHQHVSHFtϧFRV(OYDORUTXHQRDSDUHFH
HQHQWRUQRGHQHXWUDOL]DFLyQPX\ELHQSXHGHUHDOL]DUVHHQFRQWH[WRGLVWLQWRQRQHX
WUDOL]DEOH(QFDPELRODPDUFDGH]VHJ~QORVIRQyORJRVJHQHUDWLYLVWDVREHGHFtDD
SULQFLSLRVXQLYHUVDOHVTXHFDUDFWHUL]DEDQDWRGRVORVVHJPHQWRVFRPRLQPDUFDGRVR
PDUFDGRVSDUDXQRTXHRWURUDVJRIRQROyJLFR6HJ~QHOORVODPDUFDGH]ELHQSXHGHVHU
LQKHUHQWHDXQVHJPHQWRRGHULYDUVHGHDFXHUGRDOFRQWH[WR&RQWRGRHVWDWHRUtDQR
ORJUyFDODU\TXHGyDQLYHOWHQWDWLYR(QJHQHUDOVHVLJXLyDSOLFDQGRODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
WUDGLFLRQDOGHORVVHJPHQWRVVXE\DFHQWHVFRQVXVYDORUHVELQDULRV
4.2 Teoría de la subespecificación radical
(QVXWHVLVGRFWRUDOHVFULWDSDUDHO0,7HQ\SXEOLFDGDHQ$UFKDQJHOL
TXLHQ\DVHEHQHϧFLDEDGHXQWUDEDMRHVFULWRSRU.LSDUVN\EGRVDxRVDQWHV
LQWURGXFHODteoría de la subespeci cación radicalODFXDOVHGLIHUHQFLDVXVWDQFLDOPHQWH
GHODVDQWHULRUHV(QSULPHUOXJDUODVWHRUtDVDQWHULRUHVIXQGDPHQWDEDQODLQPDU
FDGH]WDQWRHQODGLVWULEXFLyQLQWUDOLQJtVWLFDFRPRHQODVDOWHUQDQFLDVVHJPHQWDOHV
OD¬QXHYDWHRUtDHQFDPELRVHEDVDH[FOXVLYDPHQWHHQODGLVWULEXFLyQVHJPHQWDO
(QVHJXQGROXJDUFRQODVRWUDVGRVWHRUtDVVHSUHVXPtDTXHORVVHJPHQWRVVXE\DFHQ
WHVVHFDUDFWHUL]DEDQSRUWHQHUORVYDORUHV´µ\´ਮµ&RQODQXHYDWHRUtDVHSURSRQH
H[SORUDUPiVSURIXQGDPHQWHODLGHDGHTXHWRGRVHJPHQWRIRQROyJLFRVyORWHQGUiXQD
HVSHFLϧFDFLyQPtQLPDGHUDVJRV\FRQHOORVHDGHODQWDUiODKLSyWHVLVGHTXHVLKD\HVSH
FLϧFDFLyQVyORKDEUi´µR´ਮµVLVHWUDWDGHXQUDVJRTXHKDFHFRQWUDVWHRGLVWLQJXH
6LVHWLHQHSUHVHQWHVHPHMDQWHSURSLHGDGGLVWLQWLYDVHVXSRQHTXHHOUDVJRHVSHFLϧFDGR
GHEHFRQWDUDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWH\DTXHQRVHSXHGHSUHGHFLUFXiQGRDSDUHFHUiRQRHQOD
VXSHUϧFLH'HORFRQWUDULRVLVHSXGLHUDSUHGHFLUHOUDVJRPHGLDQWHUHJODVFRQWH[WXDOHVR
OLEUHVRVHDVLQRH[LVWLHVHFRQWUDVWHVHHPSOHDUtD´µ$Vt>G@\>W@VHGLVWLQJXHQSRUTXH
ODSULPHUDFRQWUDVWDFRQHOUDVJRVXE\DFHQWH>VRQRUR@PLHQWUDVTXHODVHJXQGDVHUtD
>VRQRUR@HVGHFLUQRHVSHFLϧFDGDHQFXDQWRDVXYDORU´ਮµ(QODSUiFWLFDHQYH]
GHHPSOHDUFHURVVHVXHOHLQGLFDUODDXVHQFLDGHUDVJRVGHMiQGRVHXQFRUFKHWHYDFtR
>@(VWDYDOHQFLDVHOHVXSOHD>W@SRUXQDUHJODGHUHGXQGDQFLDTXHSRVHHFDUiFWHU
XQLYHUVDO&RQHOORVHTXLHUHGHFLUTXHXQDREVWUX\HQWHVRUGDFRPR>W@SRUORJHQHUDO
UHFLEHVXYDOHQFLDQHJDWLYDHOKHFKRGHVHUVRUGDPHGLDQWHXQDUHJODGHUHGXQGDQFLD
(QWHUFHUOXJDUFRPRDFDEDPRVGHDSXQWDUFRQUHVSHFWRD>W@ORVUDVJRVDXVHQ
WHVKDEUiQGHLQVHUWDUVHHQHOVHJPHQWRPHGLDQWHUHJODVGHUHGXQGDQFLDTXHVXHOHQ
VHUOHHVSHFtϧFDVDXQDOHQJXDRSXHGHQUHYHVWLUFDUiFWHUXQLYHUVDO&RQHVWDGREOH
SRVLELOLGDGODWHRUtDGHODVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQVHDFRSODFRQODVTXHODSUHFHGLHURQ3RU
~OWLPRODHVSHFLϧFDFLyQPtQLPDGHXQIRQHPD\ODHVSHFLϧFDFLyQGHORVUDVJRVTXH
FRQWLHQHFXDOTXLHUIRQHPDVHEDVDQSULPRUGLDOPHQWHHQODVDOWHUQDQFLDVIRQROyJLFDV
TXHH[SHULPHQWDXQDOHQJXDHQSDUWLFXODU'LFKRVYDORUHVVHSXHGHQSUHGHFLUVLH[LVWHQ
HQODOHQJXDUHJODVFRQWH[WXDOHVROLEUHVTXHVHDQFDSDFHVGHLQWURGXFLUORVYDORUHV
TXHIDOWDQ/DPHQFLRQDGDWHRUtDGLϧHUHGHPRGRVHQVLEOHGHODGH¬&KRPVN\\+DOOH
HQODPHGLGDHQTXHQRVHGHFLGHODHVSHFLϧFDFLyQGHORVIRQHPDV~QLFDPHQWH
PHGLDQWHKHFKRVGHGLVWULEXFLyQLQWUDOLQJtVWLFDXQLYHUVDOVLQRWDPELpQPHGLDQWHODV
DOWHUQDQFLDVTXHVHUHJLVWUDQHQXQDOHQJXDHQSDUWLFXODU
3DUDUHVXPLUHQHVWDWHRUtDHOUDVJRIXQGDPHQWDOTXHHVWDEOHFHFRQWUDVWHVHQWUH
VHJPHQWRVDSDUHFHHQVXIRUPDVXE\DFHQWHHQFDPELRHOTXHQRFRQWUDVWDHOTXHHV
SUHGHFLEOHOHHVFRQIHULGRDOVHJPHQWRPHGLDQWHUHJODGHUHGXQGDQFLD$VtTXHFRPR
HQHVSDxROVHVDEHTXHWRGDFRQVRQDQWHUHVRQDQWHHVDXWRPiWLFDPHQWH>VRQRUD@
HVWH UDVJR QR VH GHEH HVSHFLϧFDU HQ OD IRUPD Op[LFD VLQR TXH VH LQVHUWD PHGLDQWH
UHJOD(VWHWLSRGHVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQVHFRQRFHKR\GtDFRQHOQRPEUHGHsubespeci-
cación radical3RUWDQWRORHVSHFLDOGHODWHRUtDUDGLFDOHVTXHLQFOXVRYDORUHVTXH
FRQWUDVWDQDSDUHFHQVLQHVSHFLϧFDUSHMODVFRQVRQDQWHVW\GFRQWUDVWDQFRQHO
UDVJR>VRQRUR@SHURVyORXQDVHHVSHFLϧFDFRQHVWHUDVJR&RPRYDULRVIRQyORJRVKDQ
DSRUWDGRQXPHURVDVSUXHEDVTXHVRVWLHQHQHVWDWHRUtDVLUYDQGHHMHPSORORVWUDEDMRV
TXHVHUHFRJHQHQPhonology>@KDEUHPRVGHGHVWDFDUVXDSOLFDFLyQHQORTXH
FRQFLHUQHDODOHQJXDHVSDxROD6LQHPEDUJRHQODVHFFLyQSUHVHQWDUHPRVXQEUHYH
ERVTXHMRGHXQDWHRUtDDOWHUQDODOODPDGDsubespeci cación contrastivaRrestringidaFRQ
ODTXHVHKDLQWHQWDGRUHVROYHUDOJXQRVFDVRVTXHVHJ~QVXVDSyORJRVKDQUHVXOWDGR
SUREOHPiWLFRVDODteoría de subespeci cación radical6WHULDGH
಩6XEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQUDGLFDOHQJHQHUDO
3DVDUHPRVDKRUDDDPSOLDUDOERVTXHMRLQWURGXFLGRHQSiUUDIRVDQWHULRUHV\OXHJRFHQ
WUDUHPRVQXHVWUDDWHQFLyQHQODVYRFDOHVHVSDxRODV\HQDOJXQDTXHRWUDFRQVRQDQWH
/DVOHQJXDVSRUORJHQHUDOWLHQGHQDGDUPXHVWUDGHDVLPHWUtDVHQODGLVWULEXFLyQGH
VXVUDVJRVIRQROyJLFRV\HQVXVUHJODVIRQROyJLFDV(QHVSDxROKD\YDULDVUHJODVHSHQ
WpWLFDVTXHXVXDOPHQWHWLHQGHQDLQVHUWDUXQWLSRGHYRFDOODH/RFXULRVRHVTXHGH
ODVFLQFRYRFDOHVTXHWLHQHHOHVSDxROVHHVFRMDVyORpVWD\QRODLQLODX(VWROH
FRQϧHUHXQFDUiFWHULGLRVLQFUiVLFRDODLQVHUFLyQGHHVDYRFDOSXHVWRTXHVHVDEHTXH
SRUORJHQHUDOODYRFDOHSHQWpWLFDWLHQGHDVHUGLIHUHQWHHQODVOHQJXDVGHOPXQGR8Q
HMHPSORPX\FRP~QGHWDOYDULDELOLGDGVHGDHQLJERTXHHVFRJHLQVHUWDUODL
/DRSFLyQGHHVFRJHUODHHQYH]GHRWUDYRFDOFDXVDXQDVLQJXODUDVLPHWUtDHQ
HOLQYHQWDULRGHYRFDOHV6HPHMDQWHDVLPHWUtDKDFHSUHGHFLEOHVWRGRVORVUDVJRVTXH
ODFRQIRUPDQ\TXHSRUORWDQWRQRGHEHQDSDUHFHUDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWH&ODURHVWiTXH
ODIDOWDWRWDOGHHVSHFLϧFDFLyQSDUDHQRVLJQLϧFDTXHODVGHPiVVHFRPSRUWHQGHOD
PLVPDPDQHUDGLFKRGHRWURPRGRODVRWUDVYRFDOHVWHQGUiQFLHUWDHVSHFLϧFDFLyQ
DXQTXHQRWRGDODHVSHFLϧFDFLyQVLQRODQHFHVDULDSDUDGLVWLQJXLUDXQDGHRWUD/D¬X
SDUDFLWDUXQFDVRVyORUHTXLHUHODSUHVHQFLDGHORVUDVJRV>DOWRUHWUDtGR@ORV
FXDOHVODGLVWLQJXHQGHODVGHPiVYRFDOHV/RTXHVHLPSOLFDFRQODSUHVHQFLDGHHVWRV
UDVJRVDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWHHVTXHKDEUiQGHFRQVLJQDUVHHQHVHQLYHOGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
ORVUDVJRVTXHVLUYDQSDUDGLVWLQJXLUIRQHPDV
಩6XEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQUDGLFDOGHϧQLGD
/RTXHSUHVXSRQHODWHRUtDHQWRQFHVHVTXHGHEHKDEHUFLHUWRVSULQFLSLRVTXHULMDQ
ODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVXE\DFHQWH3RUORWDQWRQRVLQWHUHVDIRUPXODU\FRQRFHUHOSULQ
FLSLRGHODVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQHOFXDOUHJLUiODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVIRQROyJLFDV\TXHVH
UHVXPHGHHVWHPRGR
Subespeci caci n.಩1RH[LVWHUDVJRGHWDOPDQHUDTXHVHWHQJDTXHHVSHFLϧFDU

XQYDORUSDUDGLFKRUDVJRHQFDGDIRQHPD6DJH\WUDGXFFLyQPtD
(VWD GHϧQLFLyQ VH EDVD HQ ODV VXSRVLFLRQHV GH¬ &KRPVN\ \ +DOOH UHVSHFWR D TXH HO
Op[LFRGHEHWHQHUODPHQRUFDQWLGDGSRVLEOHGHUDVJRVTXHVLUYDQSDUDGLVWLQJXLUSLH
]DVOp[LFDV$KRUDELHQ¢TXpVLJQLϧFDODGHϧQLFLyQDQWHULRU"(QSULPHUOXJDUTXHHO
KDEODQWHWHQGUiPHQRVTXHDSUHQGHU\PHPRUL]DUSRUTXHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQPtQLPDGH
ORVUDVJRVHVPXFKRPiVVLPSOHTXHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGRQGHKD\HVSHFLϧFDFLyQWRWDO
RSDUFLDOGHUDVJRV3RUHMHPSORFRPSiUHVHDFRQHQGRQGHVHGHEHWHQHU
SUHVHQWHTXHODVFROXPQDVUHSUHVHQWDQIRQHPDV\ODVϧODVORVYDORUHVGHORVUDVJRV
Ejemplo 4-2
A B C
F
G
H
Ejemplo 4-3
A B C
F ਮ ਮ
G ਮ
H
(YLGHQWHPHQWHVLVHFRPSDUDDFRQKDEUtDTXHFRQFOXLUTXHHOKDEODQWH

VHYHUtDPHQRVIRU]DGRHQHODSUHQGL]DMHGHOSULPHURDOFRQWHQHUpVWHXQDFDQWLGDG
PXFKRPHQRUGHYDOHQFLDVTXHHOVHJXQGR(QRWUDVSDODEUDVHVPXFKRPiV
VLPSOHTXH/DUHSUHVHQWDFLyQSDUFLDOGHMXHJDSRUORWDQWRXQSDSHOFUX
FLDOHQODIRQRORJtD\DTXHFRQHOODVHSURSRQHTXHDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWHDSDUHFHUiQ
~QLFDPHQWHORVUDVJRVPtQLPDPHQWHQHFHVDULRVSDUDGLVWLQJXLUXQVRQLGRGHRWUR
/RVTXHQRFXHQWDQSDUDHIHFWXDUWDOGLVWLQFLyQVHKDEUiQGHUHOOHQDUFRQUHJODVGH
UHGXQGDQFLD
಩,QYHQWDULRDOIDEpWLFR
/DPDWUL]FRPSOHWDFRQWRGRVVXVUDVJRVIRUPDSDUWHGHXQLQYHQWDULRIRQROyJLFRRVHD
TXHFRUUHVSRQGHDODOIDEHWRGHVRQLGRVTXHSRVHHXQDOHQJXD6LELHQODDSOLFDFLyQGH
ODVUHJODVGHUHGXQGDQFLDJHQHUDXQDPDWUL]IRQROyJLFDFRPSOHWDPHQWHHVSHFLϧFDGD
ODVUHJODVIRQROyJLFDVGHODOHQJXDWDPELpQSXHGHQLQWHUDFWXDUFRQODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
IRQROyJLFDGHVXHUWHTXHVHREWHQJDHQ~OWLPDLQVWDQFLDODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQIRQpWLFD
/RTXHTXHUHPRVGHFLUHVTXHODPDWUL]GHXQIRQHPDQRVXUJHDODVXSHUϧFLHGHEL
GDPHQWHUHOOHQDGDKDVWDWDQWRQRVHKD\DQDSOLFDGRODVUHJODVIRQROyJLFDVGHODOHQ
JXDODVTXHPX\ELHQSXGLHUDQFDPELDUORVUDVJRVGHOIRQHPD(VWR~OWLPRHVPX\
LPSRUWDQWHSRUTXHODVUHJODVGHUHGXQGDQFLDSXHGHQRQRLQVHUWDUUDVJRVTXHIDOWHQ
SHURQXQFDFDPELDUORV
+D\WUHVWLSRVGHUHJODVGHUHGXQGDQFLD¬UHJODVSRUGHIHFWRHQLQJOpV´GHIDXOW
UXOHVµ¬UHJODVFRPSOHPHQWDULDV\¬UHJODVDSUHQGLGDV/DVGRVSULPHUDVWLHQHQPD\RU
LPSRUWDQFLDHQHOVLVWHPD\VRQODVTXHJR]DQGHPD\RUDFHSWDELOLGDGSRUODPD\RUtD
GHORVIRQyORJRVJHQHUDWLYLVWDVSRUORWDQWRFHQWUDUHPRVQXHVWUDDWHQFLyQHQHOODV
/DVUHJODVSRUGHIHFWRVRQGHFDUiFWHUXQLYHUVDO\QRDxDGHQFRVWRDODJUDPiWLFD
6HVXSRQHSRUHMHPSORTXHHOUDVJR>VRQRUR@OHHVSURSLRDWRGRVRQLGRUHVRQDQWH
\DTXHVXSURGXFFLyQVLHPSUHUHTXLHUHYLEUDFLyQGHODVFXHUGDVYRFDOHVSRUORFXDOQR
VHDQRWDHQODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQOp[LFDGHHVWHWLSRGHVRQLGR(VWHWLSRGHUHGXQGDQFLD
VHH[SUHVDUtDPHGLDQWHODUHJOD
Ejemplo 4-4
>ಣ@಩఩಩>VRQRUR@ ಣಣ
>UHV@
HQGRQGHHOFRUFKHWHYDFtRVHxDODTXHHOUDVJR>VRQRUR@FDUHFHGHHVSHFLϧFDFLyQSDUD
ODVFRQVRQDQWHVUHVRQDQWHV/RTXHVHUHϩHMDHQSRUWDQWRHVODLPSOLFDFLyQGH
TXHVLHOVHJPHQWRHVUHVRQDQWHGHEHVHUVRQRURFRPR\DKHPRVGLFKRDUULED5RFD\
-RKQVRQ/OHJDHOPRPHQWRVLQHPEDUJRTXHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQOp[LFDGH
ODVUHVRQDQWHVVLVHYDQDSURQXQFLDUWLHQHTXHVXUJLUFRQWRGRVORVUDVJRVTXHIDOWDQ
SDUDDVtWHQHULQWHUSUHWDFLyQIRQpWLFD&XDQGRVDOHODUHVRQDQWHFRQVXYDORUSRVLWLYR
RQHJDWLYRHQODIRQpWLFDVHKDFHPHGLDQWHXQDUHJODTXHVXSOHORVUDVJRVDXVHQWHV
ORVFXDOHVYLHQHQGDGRVSRULPSOLFDFLyQXQLYHUVDO(VHVWDGHϧQLFLyQTXHVHFDSWDFRQ
reglas por defecto/DLGHDGH´SRUGHIHFWRµVHUHϩHMDSRULJXDOFRQXQDLPSOLFDFLyQ
SDUDODVRFOXVLYDVVRUGDV>SWN@TXHVRQODVLQPDUFDGDVHQODVOHQJXDVGHOPXQGR
SRUFRQVLJXLHQWHHOUDVJR>ਮVRQRUR@HVUHGXQGDQWHDQLYHOOp[LFR
(QVHJXQGROXJDUϧJXUDQODVUHJODVFRPSOHPHQWDULDVODVFXDOHVUHVSRQGHQDOD
SDUWLFXODULGDGGHXQDOHQJXD\WDPSRFRVRQFRVWRVDV&RPRORLQGLFDHOQRPEUHHVWH
WLSRGHUHJODVFRPSOHPHQWDDODVUHJODVSRUGHIHFWR(VGHFLUORVUDVJRVDXVHQWHVTXH
QRVRQVXPLQLVWUDGRVOp[LFDPHQWHSRUODJUDPiWLFDXQLYHUVDOHQFXHQWUDQH[SUHVLyQ
IyQLFDFRQODVUHJODVFRPSOHPHQWDULDVTXHORVLQWURGXFHQ
3DUDLOXVWUDUODIXQFLyQGHHVWDVUHJODVGHUHGXQGDQFLDWRPHPRVHQSULPHUOXJDU
ODVYRFDOHVHVSDxRODV
4.3 Reglas de redundancia: por defecto y de complemento
9DPRVDVXSRQHUSRUDKRUDTXHSRUPRWLYRVTXHSUHVHQWDUHPRVPiVDGHODQWHVH¬WLHQH
DODHFRPRODYRFDOLQPDUFDGDODYRFDODVLPpWULFDGHODOHQJXD$OQRHVWDUPDU
FDGDHQHOOp[LFRVXVUDVJRVQRGHEHQDSDUHFHU\SRUWDQWRVHUHSUHVHQWDGHODPDQHUD
VLJXLHQWH
Ejemplo 4-5 Representación subespecificada
H
DOWR¬
EDMR
UHWUDtGR
UHGRQGR
3DUDOOHJDUDSURSRQHUODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVXEHVSHFLϧFDGDHQGHEHPRVVXSRQHU

TXHSULPHUDPHQWHVHGDXQDOJRULWPRTXHOHGDVRSRUWH\TXHKDVLGRGHWDOODGRRUL
JLQDOPHQWHHQ$UFKDQJHOL\VV'LFKRDOJRULWPRSRUHMHPSORFRPHQ]DUtD
FRQWRGRVORVYDORUHVGHHTXHVXPDULDPHQWHYDQGHVDSDUHFLHQGRKDVWDSURGXFLU
ODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ$KRUDELHQSDUDTXHHUHFLEDVXVUDVJRVIRQpWLFRVVHKDFH
QHFHVDULRHODERUDUUHJODVFRPSOHPHQWDULDVTXHLQVHUWDQORVYDORUHVGHORVUDVJRVTXH
VHREVHUYDQHQ
Ejemplo 4-6 Reglas complementarias
a. >ಣ@ ఩ >ਮDOWR@
b. >ಣ@ ఩ >ਮEDMR@
c. >ಣ@ ఩ >ਮUHWUDtGR@
d. >ಣ@ ఩ >ਮUHGRQGR@
8QDYH]VHDSOLFDQODVUHJODVFRPSOHPHQWDULDVORVYDORUHVGHORVUDVJRVTXHFRQHOODV
VHLGHQWLϧFDQVHHOLPLQDQGHOOp[LFRQRVyORSDUDODHPLVPDVLQRSDUDWRGRVORV
YDORUHVGHORVRWURVUDVJRV'HHVWDPDQHUDODPDWUL]DVHFRQYLHUWHHQE
Ejemplo 4-7
a. L H D R X ఩ b. L H D R X
DOWR ਮ ਮ
EDMR ਮ ਮ ਮ
UHWU ਮ
UHG ਮ ਮ
/DPDWUL]EWRGDYtDFRQWLHQHUHGXQGDQFLDVTXHVRQSUHGHFLEOHVSRUPDUFDGH]

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FLGHQ HQ VHU UHWUDtGDV \ UHGRQGDV /R TXH JHQHUDOPHQWH RFXUUH HQ ODV OHQJXDV GHO
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>EDMDਮUHWUDtGD@FRPROD> @GHOLQJOpVSRUJHQHUDOLGDGVHSXHGHSUHGHFLUTXH
VL HO VHJPHQWR HV >EDMR@ WDPELpQ HV >UHWUDtGR@ FRQ OR TXH VH SXHGH HOLPLQDU
GHOOp[LFRHVWH~OWLPRUDVJR(VWDVLPSOLFDFLRQHVGHPDUFDGH]XQLYHUVDOVHUHϩHMDQ
PHGLDQWHODVUHJODVHQODVFXDOHVLQWURGXFHQVXVYDORUHVDQLYHOIRQpWLFR
Ejemplo 4-8 Reglas por defecto
a. ਑ UHWU ਔ ఩ >UHGRQGR@
ਓ ਮEDMR ਖ
b. >EDMR@ ఩ >UHWUDtGR@
6LGDPRVSRUVHQWDGRODVGRVUHJODVHQTXHVXSOHQORVUDVJRVDXVHQWHVODPDWUL]

ϧQDOOXFLUtDGHODVLJXLHQWHIRUPD
Ejemplo 4-9
L H D R X
DOWR
EDMR
UHWUDtGR
UHGRQGR
(Q XQD OHQJXD WRGR OR TXH WHQJD IXQFLRQHV GH UHGXQGDQFLD \ VHSURGX]FD FRQ HO
HPSOHR GH UHJODV SRU GHIHFWR \ UHJODV FRPSOHPHQWDULDV QR WLHQH TXH DSUHQGHUVH
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ODPLVPDTXHVHSUHVHQWDHQSDUDODVYRFDOHVHVSDxRODV
4.4 Epéntesis de /e/
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ODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHODVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQYRFiOLFDGHHVWDYRFDOSULPHURUHVSHFWRDO
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9XQDHQODTXH9VHLGHQWLϧFDFRQDTXHOODVSDODEUDVTXHWHUPLQDQDQLYHOIRQpWLFR
HQYRFDO³SHMHOFDVRGH
muchach9&఩muchach 9 &
o s
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SHM
hotel9&఩hotel 9 &
e s
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HVmujér>H@s>H@.
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JUXSRVFRQVRQiQWLFRVV&5HFRUGHPRVSRUHMHPSORTXHORVUHVSHFWLYRVPRUIHPDV
-sperma, -sclerosis, -sfera, -slavoSXHGHQDSDUHFHUVLQe-HQSRVLFLyQLQWHUQDGHSDODEUD³
S HM zoo>VS@erma, arterio>VN@lerosis, hemi>VI@erio, yugo>VO@avo— SHUR WDO YRFDO HV
LPSUHVFLQGLEOH VL HVWRV JUXSRV LQLFLDQ SDODEUD³S HM >HV@permatozoo, >HV@klerosis,
>HV@fera>HV@lavo8QIHQyPHQRSDUHFLGRVHGDHQODDGDSWDFLyQGHSUpVWDPRVTXHVH
LQLFLDQFRQHOVXVRGLFKRJUXSRFRQVRQiQWLFR3RUHMHPSORODSDODEUDstressGHOLQJOpV
QRVOOHJDFRQXQDeLQLFLDOLQVHUWDGDestrés.
8QWHUFHUHMHPSORGHLQVHUFLyQGHHHVHOSURFHVRGHIRUPDFLyQGHGLPLQXWLYRV
-DHJJOL6LVHSUHVXPHHOPRUIHPDVLW9SDUDGHULYDUWRGRVORVGLPLQXWLYRV
SHMjoven joven+cito,SRGHPRVFRPSUREDUTXHKD\FLHUWRVFRQWH[WRVHQTXHGHEH
DSDUHFHUODYRFDO>H@DQWHGLFKRPRUIHPDSRUHMHPSORpan\novioGDQORVUHVSHFWLYRV
pan+e+cito, novi+e+cito.
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XVXDOHVTXHVHDQD\RVLQTXHLPSRUWHHOWLSRGHFRQVRQDQWHTXHODVSUHFHGHQ
(MHPSORVGHHVWDVVRQti>S@o, pi>W ૧@o, ma>N@o, tu>ɕ૊@o, ma>࣢૊@o, tu>I@o, ha>˓૊@a, pa>O@a,
tu>Q@a, ce>U@o, ca>V@o, cier>‫@ۏ‬o, ma>[@a. 6LQ HPEDUJR WDPELpQ VH SXHGH FRQVWDWDU
TXHVLODSDODEUDWHUPLQDHQ-e,JHQHUDOPHQWHODVFRQVRQDQWHVTXHODSUHFHGHQQR
VRQGHOJUXSRG૧OQ‫ޞ‬V‫ۏ‬SHURVtGHOJUXSRSW ૧NEСI[³SHMgri>S@e, ma>W ૧@e,
ja>N@e, nu>ɕ૊@e, alber>࣢૊@e, ana>I@e, chin>߿@e, enca>[@e.$QWHHVWHKHFKR+DUULVF
SURSRQHFRPR\DKHPRVYLVWRHQSiJLQDVDQWHULRUHVTXHODDXVHQFLDGHHVWDVFRQ
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FRQVWUXFFLyQGHVtODEDFRQODVTXHVHSUHVXPHODLQVHUFLyQDXWRPiWLFDGHHVLOD
SDODEUDDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWHWHUPLQDHQFXDOTXLHUDGHHVWDVFRQVRQDQWHV&RQWUDULRD
ORTXHRSLQD+DUULVKD\DXWRUHVTXHRSLQDQTXHHVWRVHMHPSORVQRFRQVWLWX\HQXQ
SURFHVRDFWLYRGHHSpQWHVLVHQODIRQRORJtDVLQFUyQLFD&ROLQD%RQHW
HOODVGHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDGHODWHRUtDGHODRSWLPLGDGDUJXPHQWDQQRVyORTXHVRQ
UHVXOWDGRGHHSpQWHVLVGLDFUyQLFDVLQRTXHHHQHVRVWLSRVGHIRUPDVHVWiSUHVHQWH
HQODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVXE\DFHQWH&RQSUXHEDVFRPRlord, comfort, bistek, Dirk, grog,
HQWUHRWUDV%RQHWHQSDUWLFXODUVHxDODTXHODHSpQWHVLVGHHVyORRFXUUHDOSULQFL
SLR\GHQWURGHODSDODEUDKLSyWHVLVTXHWDPELpQ+DUULVDFHSWDYLVWDGHVGH
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ODXVDSDUDDUJLUTXHODDSDULFLyQGHHHVWiOLJDGDDVXHVWUXFWXUDVLOiELFD'DGR
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FRPRODHGHmeto.
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e, o
;;
5LPD
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UHJODGHVLODELϧFDFLyQSDVDDXQLUVHFRQODULPDGHODYRFDOSUHFHGHQWH&RPRGLFKD
;QRWLHQHDVRFLDGRQLQJ~QUDVJRODUHJODSRUGHIHFWRDXWRPiWLFDPHQWHOHVXSOLUtD
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HQODVOHQJXDVDIULFDQDVJHQJEH$EDJOR\$UFKDQJHOL\WLY3XOOH\EODQND
FX\DYRFDOHSHQWpWLFDHVVLHPSUHODH3DUDRWUDVOHQJXDVODYRFDOSUHGHFLEOHSXHGHVHU
GLIHUHQWHHQMDSRQpVHQODOHQJXDDPHULQGLD\DZHOPDQL\HQODDIULFDQDLJERODYRFDO
HSHQWpWLFDHVODLPLHQWUDVTXHHQWHOXJXGH¬)LOLSLQDVHVODX$UFKDQJHOL
4.5 La armonía vocálica en pasiego
(OSDVLHJRHVXQGLDOHFWRGHOHVSDxROTXHVHKDEODHQODVPRQWDxDVFDQWiEULFDVDOVXU
GHODSURYLQFLDGH¬6DQWDQGHU(OYRFDOLVPRSDVLHJRPDQLϧHVWDXQSDUGHSURFHVRVGH
DUPRQtDYRFiOLFDXQRGHORVFXDOHVVHUHϧHUHDODGLVWLQFLyQTXHVHSURGXFHHQWUH
YRFDOHVWHQVDV\UHODMDGDV3HQQ\PLHQWUDVTXHHORWURWLHQHTXHYHUFRQOD
DUPRQtDGHOUDVJR>DOWR@$PERVIXHURQHVWXGLDGRVSRU0F&DUWK\HQDTXt
FHQWUDUHPRVQXHVWUDDWHQFLyQHQHOSULPHUR
(OSDVLHJRSRVHHHOVLVWHPDYRFiOLFRIRQpWLFRTXHDSDUHFHHQ
Ejemplo 4-10
LUUHWUDtGDV FHQWUDOHV UHWUDtGDV
DOWD L X
Ԍ ࡱ
LUUHWUDtGDV FHQWUDOHV UHWUDtGDV
PHGLD H R
ɬ
EDMD D
Đ
/RPiVVLJQLϧFDWLYRGHHVTXHWRGDVODVYRFDOHVFRQH[FHSFLyQGHHVH¬GLV

WLQJXHQ SDUWLFXODUPHQWH PHGLDQWH ORV UDVJRV >WHQVR@>ਮWHQVR@ \D SUHVHQWDGRV
HQFDStWXORVSUHYLRV0F&DUWK\FRQVLGHUDTXHHVWDGLVWLQFLyQHVGHFDUiFWHU
PRUIRIRQROyJLFRSXHVVHJ~QpOODVDOWHUQDQFLDVVHSURGXFHQFXDQGRDSDUHFHHOVXϧMR
PDVFXOLQRFRQWDEOHࡱ+XDOGHDSRUHOFRQWUDULRDUJX\HTXHODDOWHUQDQFLD
HQHVHVWULFWDPHQWHIRQROyJLFDSRUTXHHQSDVLHJRQRH[LVWHODPRUIRORJtDGHO
UDVJRFRQWDEOHVLQRODGHJpQHUR\PDVD/DVDOWHUQDQFLDVVHLOXVWUDQHQ
Ejemplo 4-11
>WHQVD@ >ਮWHQVD@
a. VRO ૧ਥG૧DZV soldados VɬO ૧ਥG૧lࡱ soldado

NDVਥW ૧D‫ص‬XV castaños NĐVਥW ૧l‫ࡱص‬ castaño
ਥNDQ૧W ૧D‫ޞ‬XV cántaros ਥNlQ૧W ૧Đ‫ࡱޞ‬ cántaro
b. SXVਥW ૧LբD postilla SࡱVਥW ૧Ԍբࡱ postilla
ਥW ૧‫ޞ‬LSD tripa ਥW ૧‫ޞ‬ԌSࡱ trípita
NDਥQDVW ૧‫ޞ‬D canastro NĐਥQlVW ૧‫ࡱޞ‬ canastrito
0DVFVLQJ
)HPVLQJ 0DVFVLQJ FRQWDEOH
c. ਥPDOD ਥPDOX ਥPlOࡱ malo

ਥVXVMD ਥVXVMX ਥVࡱVMࡱ sucio
JXOXQ૧ਥG૧‫ޞ‬LQD JࡱOࡱQ૧ਥG૧‫ޞ‬ԌQࡱ golondrina (macho)
/DHFRPR\DDGYHUWLPRVQRDOWHUQDVLQRTXHDSDUHFHVLHPSUHHQVXIRUPDWHQVD

Ejemplo 4-12
>WHQVD@ >ਮWHQVD@
H‫ޞ‬ਥPDQXV H‫ޞ‬ਥPlQࡱ hermano

SHਥ‫ص‬DVNXV SHਥ‫ص‬lVNࡱ peñasco
NR؇IHVRਥQD‫ޞ‬MXV Nɬ؇IHVɬਥQl‫ޞ‬Mࡱ confesionario
6XFHGHHQWRQFHVTXHODYRFDOHGHOSDVLHJRVHFRPSRUWDLJXDOTXHVXKRPyORJDGHO
GLDOHFWRFDVWHOODQRHVGHFLUTXHUHVXOWDVHUODYRFDOQHXWUDSRUTXHQRSDUWLFLSDQLFRKtEH
ODGLVHPLQDFLyQGHOUDVJR>ਮWHQVR@$GHPiVVHVXJLHUHTXHVLODDUPRQtDRFXUUHDXQ
FXDQGRODVYRFDOHVWHQVDV>WHQVD@HVWiQSUHVHQWHVHOORREHGHFHDTXHQRSRVHHQHVH
UDVJR3RUORWDQWRHVSRVLEOHWHRUL]DUTXHODVYRFDOHVOD[DV\WHQVDVVHFDUDFWHUL]DQSRU
ODDXVHQFLDGHOUDVJR>WHQVR@1RVH[WHQGHPRVPiVVREUHODeWHQVDHQODVHFFLyQ
$KRUD ELHQ ¢FyPR ORJUDU HQWRQFHV ODV DOWHUQDQFLDV IRQpWLFDV TXH KHPRV YLVWR
PiVDUULEDGDGRTXHWDQWRORVQRPEUHVFRQWDEOHVFRPRORVQRFRQWDEOHVVHVXSRQH
TXHFDUHFHQGHOUDVJR>WHQVR@HQORVXE\DFHQWH"+DEtDPRVVXJHULGRTXHHOPRUIHPD
ࡱSURSLFLDODVDOWHUQDQFLDVORFXDOVHFRPSUXHEDQtWLGDPHQWHFRQ/R¬TXH
VHWHRUL]DHQWRQFHVHVTXHGLFKRPRUIHPDVHOLJDDQLYHOIRQROyJLFRFRQHOUDVJR
>ਮWHQVR@~QLFDPHQWHHQHOFRQWH[WRUHVWULQJLGRGHϧQDOGHSDODEUD\QRHQORVGHPiV
SURFHVRTXHVHIRUPXODFRQODUHJODEDVDGDHQ0F&DUWK\
Ejemplo 4-13 Morfología del masculino singular contable
>ਮWHQVR@
ࡱ
8QDYH]LQVHUWDGRGLFKRUDVJRHQWUDHQDFFLyQODUHJODLWHUDWLYDGHDUPRQtDYRFiOLFD
FX\RSURSyVLWRHVH[WHQGHUGLFKRUDVJRDWRGDVODVSRVLFLRQHV9SRUGHIHFWR\
GHFRPSOHPHQWRTXHVXSOHQORVUDVJRVTXHOHIDOWDQD9¬0RVWUDPRVXQDGHULYDFLyQ
HQ
Ejemplo 4-14 Armonía vocálica
>ಣ@ >ਮWHQVR@
9 ࡱ
Ejemplo 4-15
V9PS9W ૧9N9
>ਮWHQVR@ 5HJOD
V9PS9W ૧9Nࡱ
>ਮWHQVR@ 5HJOD
V PS W ૧ Nࡱ
/DV SLH]DV Op[LFDV DSDUHFHQ FRQ YRFDOHV WHQVDV \ REYLDPHQWH GHEHQ VXUJLU GH
HVWDPDQHUDDQLYHOIRQpWLFR(QWRQFHVSRGUtDPRVSUHVXPLUTXHSDUDHVWHGLDOHFWR
VHQHFHVLWDXQDUHJODDGLFLRQDOFRPSOHPHQWDULDTXHVXSODHOUDVJR>WHQVR@ODFXDO
RIUHFHPRVHQ
Ejemplo 4-16
>ಣ@಩఩಩>WHQVR@
¢&yPR LQWHUDFW~D OD UHJOD GH UHGXQGDQFLD FRQ OD IRQROyJLFD "
¢<¬FyPRVHUHODFLRQDQHVWDVGRVFRQOD"(VWDVSUHJXQWDVVRQGHFUXFLDOLPSRU
WDQFLDSRUTXHVXJLHUHQTXHGHKHFKRVHHVWDEOHFHXQRUGHQHQHOPRGRGHDSOLFDFLyQ
GHODVUHJODVIRQROyJLFDVFRQODVUHJODVGHUHGXQGDQFLD(QUHVSXHVWDDODSULPHUD
SUHJXQWDFXDQGRVHHQFXHQWUDHVWHWLSRGHUHODFLyQODSUHVXQFLyQQDWXUDOHVTXHODV
UHJODVGHUHGXQGDQFLDVHDSOLFDQWDUGtDPHQWHDOϧQDOGHODGHULYDFLyQVDOYRVLXQD
UHJODIRQROyJLFDPHQFLRQDXQUDVJRTXHGHEDVXSOLUODUHJODGHUHGXQGDQFLD(QHVWH
FDVRODUHJODGHUHGXQGDQFLDGHEHSUHFHGHUSDUDTXHODUHJODIRQROyJLFDHQFXHQWUH
VXEODQFRGHDSOLFDFLyQ(VWDLQWHUDFFLyQHVWiUHJLPHQWDGDSRUODUHVWULFFLyQXQLYHUVDO
TXHQRVVXPLQLVWUD$UFKDQJHOL\TXHPRGLϧFDPRVOHYHPHQWH
Restricci n al orden de re las de redundancia.಩8QDUHJODGHUHGXQGDQFLD

TXHVXSODORVYDORUHVGHFLHUWRVUDVJRVGHEHDSOLFDUVHDQWHVGHFXDOTXLHUUHJOD
HQTXHVHPHQFLRQHQGLFKRVUDVJRVHQVXGHVFULSFLyQHVWUXFWXUDO
/DPHQFLRQDGDUHVWULFFLyQJDUDQWL]DTXHHQFXDOTXLHUOHQJXDHQTXHLQWHUDFW~HQUHJODV
FRPROD\ODODSULPHUDSUHFHGHHQRUGHQGHDSOLFDFLyQ
3RURWUDSDUWHFRPRODUHJODQRHQWUDHQFRQϩLFWRQLFRQQLFRQ
SURFHGHDSOLFDUODFRPRVLHPSUHDOϧQDO(QVHRIUHFHXQHMHPSORGHOD
LQWHUDFFLyQGHHVWDVUHJODV
Ejemplo 4-17
V9PS9W ૧9N9V V9PS9W ૧9N9

³ ࡱ 5HJOD
³ VԌPSĐW ૧ԌNࡱ 5HJOD
VLPSDW ૧LNXV VԌPSĐW ૧ԌNࡱ 5HJOD\GHPiVUHJODVGHUHGXQGDQFLD
>VLPSDW ૧LNXV@ >VԌPSĐW ૧ԌNࡱ@
಩9HQWDMDVGHODLQHVSHFLϧFDFLyQHQSDVLHJR
¢4XpYHQWDMDVQRVRIUHFHFDUDFWHUL]DUDODVYRFDOHVVLQHVSHFLϧFDFLyQSDUDHOUDVJR
>ਮWHQVR@HQYH]GHFRQVLJQDUOHVYDOHQFLDSRVLWLYDRQHJDWLYD"0LUHPRVODVFRVDVGHVGH
ODSULPHUDSHUVSHFWLYD\WHRULFHPRVTXHVyORH[LVWHQYRFDOHVWHQVDV\TXHHOVXϧMRHVSH
FLDOWLHQHHOYDORUTXH\DOHKHPRVFRQIHULGR6LVHKLFLHUDHODQiOLVLVDSOLFDQGRHOPRGHOR
WUDGLFLRQDOWHQGUtDPRVTXHSRVWXODUWDPELpQXQDUHJODLWHUDWLYDGHDUPRQtDYRFiOLFD
FRQIXQFLRQHVSDUHFLGDVDODVGH'LFKDUHJODGDUtDFXHQWDGHORVKHFKRVWDQWR
HQORREVHUYDEOHFRPRHQORGHVFULSWLYR3HURQRSRGHPRVSHQHWUDUHQODQDWXUDOH]D
PLVPDGHOIHQyPHQRSRUTXHQRVWHQGUtDPRVTXHFRQIRUPDUFRQVXVWLWXLUXQDYDOHQFLD
SRURWUD1RVyORHVRWDPELpQWHQGUtDPRVTXHHPSOHDUGHKHFKRXQDUHJODGHFDPELRV
GHUDVJRVVLQTXHFRQHOORVHQRVUHYHOHORTXHHVWiRFXUULHQGRRVHDHOTXHORVUDVJRV
VHHVWiQDVLPLODQGR3HRUVROXFLyQVHUtDVLSURSXVLpVHPRVHQFDPELRTXHODVYRFDOHVVH
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TXHH[LVWHHVXQDFRPELQDFLyQGHODDVLJQDFLyQGHODFHQWRPpWULFR\SURSDJDFLyQGH
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SURSDJDHOUDVJR>DOWR@GHODXϧQDOORTXHGDSRUUHVXOWDGR>NࡱQ૧ਥW ૧ԌQ૧W ૧ࡱ@
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FLϧFDFLyQGHOUDVJR>WHQVR@DOQLYHOVXE\DFHQWH
4.6 Subespecificación consonántica
(QORVFDVRVGHODVYRFDOHVHVWXGLDGDVDQWHULRUPHQWHKHPRVSRGLGRFRPSUREDUTXHD
QLYHOIRQROyJLFRKD\UDVJRVTXHVRQLQQHFHVDULRV\TXHVyORVHQHFHVLWDQORVTXHVLUYHQ
SDUDGLVWLQJXLUDXQVHJPHQWRGHRWUR/RPLVPRRFXUUHFRQODVFRQVRQDQWHV(QHVWH
DSDUWDGRVLQHPEDUJRYDPRVDSUHVHQWDUXQERVTXHMRJHQHUDOGHODVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQ
FRQVRQiQWLFD\GDUHPRVHMHPSORVGHOHVSDxRO\RWUDVOHQJXDVTXHVHUYLUiQGHVXVWHQWR
HPStULFRDQXHVWUDIRUPXODFLyQ
಩,QYHQWDULRFRQVRQiQWLFRJHQHUDO
$OLJXDOTXHODVYRFDOHVSDUDFDUDFWHUL]DUODVFRQVRQDQWHVQRVHQHFHVLWDFRQVLJQDU
WRGRVVXVUDVJRVDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWH3ULPHUDPHQWHKDEUtDTXHFRQVLJQDUVHTXHODV
UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVIRQROyJLFDVGHODVFRQVRQDQWHVYLHQHQVXEHVSHFLϧFDGDVSDUDFLHUWRV
UDVJRV\HQVHJXQGROXJDUHVQHFHVDULRSURYHHUODVUHJODVSRUGHIHFWRTXHVXSODQ
ORVYDORUHVGHORVUDVJRVGLVWLQWLYRV3HURFRQWUDULRDORTXHRFXUUHFRQODVYRFDOHV
HQHVSDxROQRVHKDFRPSUREDGRTXHH[LVWDQFRQVRQDQWHVDVLPpWULFDVHQFXDQWRD
ODSUHVHQFLDGHUDVJRVDUWLFXODWRULRVDSDUWLUGHORVFXDOHVVHSXHGDQFUHDUORVGHPiV
UDVJRV/DVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQGHODVFRQVRQDQWHVHVSDxRODVQRKDJR]DGRGHODPLVPD
DWHQFLyQTXHODGHODVYRFDOHVH[FHSWRHQORTXHUHVSHFWDDODVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQGHO
UDVJR>FRURQDO@1RREVWDQWHKD\DOJXQRVSULQFLSLRVGHLPSOLFDFLyQGHUDVJRVGLV
WLQWLYRVTXHVHDSOLFDQXQLYHUVDOPHQWHDWRGDVODVOHQJXDVFRPRHOTXHDOXGHDOD
LQWHUDFFLyQGHODVFRQVRQDQWHVUHVRQDQWHVFRQHOUDVJRGHVRQRULGDG\ODUHODFLyQGH
HVWD~OWLPDFRQODVFXHUGDVYRFDOHV
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YRFDOHVDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWH(OPLVPRIHQyPHQRGHHVSRQWDQHLGDGVRQRUDOHRFXUUHD
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H[LVWHVRQRULGDGHVSRQWiQHDWDPELpQVHVDEHTXHHOVHJPHQWRGHEHVHU>ਮUHVRQDQWH@
'DGRTXHODVUHVRQDQWHVHVWiQLGHQWLϧFDGDVHQHOOp[LFRVHKDFHUHGXQGDQWHDVLJQDUOHV
YDORUDODVREVWUX\HQWHVKHFKRTXHVHGHEHUHϩHMDUPHGLDQWHXQDUHJODFRPSOHPHQWD
ULD(QHOOp[LFRHVSUiFWLFDPHQWHLPSRVLEOHVDEHUVLXQDFRQVRQDQWHREVWUX\HQWHVHUiR
QRVRQRUD3DUDKDFHUORVHUtDQHFHVDULRLGHQWLϧFDUVyORDTXHOODVFRQVRQDQWHVTXHVHDQ
GLVWLQWLYDVOp[LFDPHQWHHQFXDQWRDOUDVJR>VRQRUR@\DxDGLUOHVHOUDVJR>ਮVRQRUR@
DODVGHPiVREVWUX\HQWHVPHGLDQWHUHJODVXQLYHUVDOHVSRUGHIHFWR
7DPELpQVHSXHGHSUHGHFLUFRQUHODWLYDVHQFLOOH]TXHFXDOTXLHUVHJPHQWRTXHVH
FDUDFWHULFHSRUVHU>UHVRQDQWH@HVXQLYHUVDOPHQWH>VRQRUR@FXDQGRVHUHϧHUHDODV
UHVRQDQWHV>PQ‫ص‬Oु‫ޞ‬MZ@WHPDTXHYROYHUHPRVDDERUGDUFRQHMHPSORVGHOMDSRQpV
/DPLVPDSUHGLFFLyQRFXUUHHQFXDQWRDOJUDGRGHFRQVWULFFLyQJORWDOSXHVWRGDFRQ
VRQDQWHVRQRUDUHTXLHUHSRUDQDWRPtDDUWLFXODWRULDHOFLHUUHGHODVFXHUGDVYRFDOHV
SDUDSURGXFLUVRQRULGDG(VWD~OWLPDSUHGLFFLyQODHIHFWXDUtDXQDUHJODSRUGHIHFWR
'H QXHYR GHEHPRV SUHVXPLU TXH ODV FRQVRQDQWHV QR VRQ WRWDOPHQWH DVLPpWULFDV
FRQUHVSHFWRDWRGRVORVUDVJRVVLQRFRQUHVSHFWRDDOJXQRVGHHOORV3RUHMHPSORHO
KHFKRGHTXHQVHFDUDFWHULFHSRUVHU>ਮODELDO@QRLPSOLFDUtDTXHPWDPELpQOR
VHD&RQWLQXHPRVHOWHPDGHSUHGHFLUORVUDVJRV\SDUDHOORFRQVLGHUHPRVODPDWUL]
FRPSOHWDSDUDORVVLJXLHQWHVUDVJRV
Ejemplo 4-18
P Q ‫ص‬ O ु ‫ޞ‬ j Z I S W૧ N E G૧ С V ‫ۏ‬ ߿ թ
UHVRQDQWH ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ
VRQRUR ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ
JORWLV ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ
GLODWDGD
6LWHQHPRVSUHVHQWHVODVLPSOLFDFLRQHVTXHVHDQRWDQDQWHULRUPHQWHSRGUtDPRVSUR
SRQHUODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQTXHODVUHϩHMDQFRPRVXEHVSHFLϧFDGDV
Ejemplo 4-19
P Q ‫ص‬ O ु ‫ޞ‬ j Z I S W૧ N E G૧ С V ‫ۏ‬ ߿ թ
UHVRQDQWH
VRQRUR
JORWLV
GLODWDGD
/RVFRUFKHWHVYDFtRVSDVDQHQWRQFHVDUHOOHQDUVHPHGLDQWHODVUHJODVGHUHGXQGDQFLD
HQ
Ejemplo 4-20
5HJODFRPSOHPHQWDULD
a. >ಣ@಩఩಩>ਮUHVRQDQWH@
5HJODVSRUGHIHFWR
b. >UHVRQDQWH@಩఩಩>VRQRUR@
c. >ಣ@಩఩಩>ਮVRQRUR@
d. >VRQRUR@಩఩಩>ਮJORWLVGLODWDGD@
/DPDWUL]QRUHVXOWDFRQWURYHUVLDOSRUTXHUHϩHMDSURSLHGDGHVDQDWyPLFDV

TXHVHFXPSOHQXQLYHUVDOPHQWHHQWRGDVODVOHQJXDV,JXDOPHQWHXQLYHUVDOHVODUHOD
FLyQGHRUGHQTXHGHEHH[LVWLUHQWUHXQSDUGHUHJODVFRPRVHREVHUYDHQWUHODVUHJODV
E\F&RPRVHGLMRESUHGLFHTXHHOUDVJRLQPDUFDGRSDUDODVUHVR
QDQWHVHV>VRQRUR@PLHQWUDVTXHFLQWURGXFHHOYDORU>ਮVRQRUR@DWRGDVODV
GHPiVFRQVRQDQWHV(OSUREOHPDGHLQWHUDFFLyQHQWUHHVWDVGRVUHJODVHVTXHVHVXSRQH
TXHODFHVPiVJHQHUDOHQVXDSOLFDFLyQSRUTXHQRDOXGHDQLQJ~QFRQWH[WR\
TXHSRUORWDQWRGHEHDSOLFDUVHSULPHUR(VWRQDWXUDOPHQWHVHUtDFRQWUDSURGXFHQWH
SXHVWRTXHKDUtDDODVUHVRQDQWHV>ਮVRQRUD@/DVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQUDGLFDOFRQWHPSOD
XQDVROXFLyQDVHPHMDQWHGLOHPDFXDQGRDSHODDO3ULQFLSLRGHO5HVWRXQ¬SULQFLSLR
XQLYHUVDO SURSXHVWR SRU .LSDUVN\ (Q VX DFHSFLyQ PiV DPSOLD OR TXH HVWD
FRQGLFLyQHVWLSXODHVTXHFXDQGRKD\XQSDUGHUHJODVTXHSURGXFHQUHVXOWDGRVFRQWUD
GLFWRULRV\XQDGHHOODVLQFOX\HDODRWUDSRWHQFLDOPHQWHHQVXGHVFULSFLyQHVWUXFWXUDO
pVWDWLHQHSUHFHGHQFLDGHDSOLFDFLyQ'LFKRGHPRGRPiVLQIRUPDOODFRQGLFLyQH[LJH
TXHVHDSOLTXHODUHJODPiVHVSHFtϧFDHQFX\RFDVREGHEHSUHFHGHUVLHPSUHD
ODF
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/D FRQVRQDQWH LQLFLDO GHO VHJXQGR PLHPEUR GH XQ FRPSXHVWR VH KDFH
VRQRUDPHGLDQWHXQDUHJODTXHVHOODPDrendaku,GHPDQHUDTXHORVGRVFRPSXHVWRV
VXE\DFHQWHVFRQVXVREVWUX\HQWHVVRUGDVLQLFLDOHVGDGDVHQQHJULWDVHQPDNLsXߑL\
NRtDQXNLVRQUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH>PDNL XߑL@¶VXVKLHQUROODGR·\>NRdDQXNL@¶EHEp
PDSDFKH·$KRUDELHQVLHQHOVHJXQGRPLHPEURKD\XQDREVWUX\HQWHVRQRUDODUHJOD
UHQGDNXQRVHDSOLFD/DLQDSOLFDELOLGDGREHGHFHDORTXHVHGHQRPLQDLey de Lyman,
FRQODTXHVHSURKLEHODDSDULFLyQGHXQDREVWUX\HQWHVRQRUDVLHQHOPRUIHPD\D
KD\RWUD'HDFXHUGRFRQHVWDSURKLELFLyQODN\ODWLQLFLDOHVVXE\DFHQWHVGH
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GLYLQR·\>GRNXtRNDСH@¶ODJDUWRYHQHQRVR·SRUTXHOD/H\GH¬/\PDQLPSLGHTXHVDOJDQ
>NDPL D]H@R >GRNXdRWDСH@(YLGHQWHPHQWHODSUHVHQFLDGHOUDVJR>VRQRUR@GH
ODREVWUX\HQWHVXE\DFHQWHHQHOVHJXQGRPLHPEURHYLWDTXHODFRQVRQDQWHLQLFLDOVH
KDJDVRQRUD
(QFDPELRVLHOVHJXQGRPLHPEURFRQWLHQHXQDFRQVRQDQWHUHVRQDQWHODUHJODUHQ
GDNXVHFXPSOH/DVIRUPDVIRQpWLFDVGHR‫ޞ‬LkDPL\RQQDkRNR‫ޞ‬RVRQ>R‫ޞ‬L DPL@
¶GREODGRUGHSDSHO·\>RQQD RNR‫ޞ‬R@¶VHQWLPLHQWRVIHPHQLQRV·(OTXHHQODVREVWUX
\HQWHVODFRQVRQDQWHVRQRUDEORTXHHODUHJODUHQGDNXSHURQRDVtODVFRQVRQDQWHV
UHVRQDQWHVVXJLHUHTXHHOUDVJR>VRQRUR@TXHXQLYHUVDOPHQWHGHϧQHDHVWDV~OWLPDV
DQLYHOIRQpWLFRQRGHEHHVWDUHVSHFLϧFDGRDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWH(VWRHVDVtSRUTXHGH
ORFRQWUDULRVXSUHVHQFLDEORTXHDUtDODDSDULFLyQGH>С@HQ>R‫ޞ‬LСDPL@\>RQQDСRNR‫ޞ‬R@
OR¬FXDOQRVXFHGH(VSRUHVWHPRWLYRDSR\DGRSRUPXFKRVRWURVHMHPSORVGHGLIHUHQ
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಩6XEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQHQQDVDOHV\OtTXLGDV
$GHPiVGHODVLPSOLFDFLRQHVHVWXGLDGDVDUULEDKD\RWUDVTXHPX\ELHQQRVSRGUtDQ
IRU]DUDDEDQGRQDUODSUHVHQFLDGHOUDVJR>UHVRQDQWH@HQHOFDVRGHODVFRQVRQDQWHV
3HQVHPRVHQORVUDVJRVTXHFDUDFWHUL]DQDODVQDVDOHV\DODVODWHUDOHV$OFRQVLGH
UDUORVUHVSHFWLYRVUDVJRV>QDVDO@\>ODWHUDO@REVHUYDPRVTXHTXL]iVKDEUtDTXH
FRQVLJQDUORVDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWHSDUDGLIHUHQFLDUD>OुPQ‫@ص‬GHODVREVWUX\HQWHV
/D¬FRQϧJXUDFLyQTXHDGRSWDODFDYLGDGEXFDOSDUDSURGXFLUGLFKRVUDVJRVH[LJHQHFH
VDULDPHQWHTXHVHSURGX]FDXQVRQLGRFRQVRQRULGDGFDUDFWHUtVWLFDQRWDEOHPHQWH
DXVHQWHHQODVREVWUX\HQWHV3RUHQGHVLVHVDEHTXHHVWHJUXSRGHVRQLGRVHVWiHVSH
FLϧFDGRSRVLWLYDPHQWHDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWHFRQORVUDVJRVHQFXHVWLyQSRULPSOLFDFLyQ
VHGHGXFHTXHVRQ>UHVRQDQWH@\TXHSRUWDQWRQRVHOHVGHEHHVSHFLϧFDUHVWHUDVJR
DQLYHOVXE\DFHQWH6HQHFHVLWDUtDQODVUHJODVTXHVHSUHVHQWDQHQODVFXDOHV
OHVRWRUJDUtDQSRVWHULRUPHQWHORVYDORUHVSRVLWLYRVDODVQDVDOHV\ODWHUDOHVQRHVSHFL
ϧFDGDVVHJ~QVHLOXVWUDHQODPDWUL]
Ejemplo 4-21
a. >QDVDO@಩఩಩>UHVRQDQWH@
b. >ODWHUDO@಩఩಩>UHVRQDQWH@
Ejemplo 4-22
S E P I ‫ۏ‬ W૧ G૧ V Q ‫ޞ‬ O ु ߿ թ ‫ص‬ N С [ Z j
UHVRQDQWH
QDVDO
ODWHUDO
+D\TXHQRWDUHQTXH‫ޞ‬SHVHDTXHVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUVHU>UHVRQDQWH@

UDVJRTXHQRGHEHLQGLFDUVHDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWHSRUODVUD]RQHV\DH[SXHVWDVDSDUHFH
FRQHVWHUDVJRGLIHUHQFLDGRU(VWRRFXUUHSRUTXHDSDUWLUGHODLQHVSHFLϧFDFLyQGHORV
UDVJRV>ODWHUDO@\>QDVDO@RD~QVLYLQLHUDQPDUFDGRVQHJDWLYDPHQWHSDUD‫ޞ‬QRVH
SXHGHSUHGHFLUVXFDUiFWHUUHVRQDQWH(VWHPLVPRDQiOLVLVVHOHVDSOLFDDODVGHVOL]DGDV
ZMVXFDUiFWHUUHVRQDQWHQRVHSXHGHGHGXFLUQLGHOUDVJR>ODWHUDO@QLGHO>QDVDO@
3RUORWDQWRVHODVHVSHFLϧFDDQLYHOEiVLFRFRPR>UHVRQDQWH@
(QUHVXPLGDVFXHQWDVVLVHGLVWLQJXHQODVODWHUDOHV\ODVQDVDOHVGHODVGHPiV
FRQVRQDQWHVPHGLDQWHORVUDVJRV>ODWHUDO@\>QDVDO@REYLDPHQWHODVREVWUX\HQWHV
QRYLHQHQHVSHFLϧFDGDVSDUDHVWRVUDVJRVHQFX\RFDVRODVUHJODVFRPSOHPHQWDULDV
D\EVHHQFDUJDUtDQGHVXPLQLVWUDUOHVORVUDVJRVTXHIDOWDQVHJ~QFRQVWD
HQ/RPLVPRVXFHGHFRQODUHJODTXHOHVFRQVLJQDUtDYDORUHVQHJDWLYRV
DODVFRQVRQDQWHVREVWUX\HQWHV3RUVHUFRPSOHPHQWDULDVHVWDVUHJODVVLJXHQHQRUGHQ
GHDSOLFDFLyQDODVUHJODVSRUGHIHFWROLVWDGDVHQ
Ejemplo 4-23
a. >ಣ@ ఩ >ਮQDVDO@
b. >ಣ@ ఩ >ਮODWHUDO@
Ejemplo 4-24
>ಣ@ ఩ >ਮUHVRQDQWH@
'HUHGXFLUODLQIRUPDFLyQUHGXQGDQWHREWHQGUtDPRVODPDWUL]SDUDORVUDVJRV

\DWUDWDGRV
Ejemplo 4-25
S E P I ‫ۏ‬ W૧ G૧ V Q ‫ޞ‬ O ु ߿ թ ‫ص‬ N С [ Z j
UHVRQDQWH
VRQRUR
JORWLV
GLODWDGD
QDVDO
ODWHUDO
/DPDWUL]QRHVFRQWURYHUVLDOHQFXDQWRDVXDFHSWDFLyQJHQHUDO\VXDOFDQFH

XQLYHUVDO(OODUHϩHMDODVLPSOLFDFLRQHVGHUDVJRVTXHQRVYLHQHQGHODWUDGLFLyQIRQR
OyJLFD\ODPDUFDGH]GHOSound Pattern of English&KRPVN\\+DOOH1RVHSXHGH
DϧUPDUORPLVPRSDUDORVGHPiVUDVJRVFX\DDXVHQFLDOp[LFDHVWiVXMHWDDOHQJXDV
SDUWLFXODUHVWHPDTXHDERUGDPRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
಩3DUWLFXODULGDGHVGHOHQJXD
+D\HVSHFLϧFDFLRQHVTXHVRQHVWULFWDPHQWHSDUWLFXODUHVDODOHQJXDHVSDxROD\TXHD
QLYHOVXE\DFHQWHVREUDUtDQ7RPHPRVSRUFDVRORVUDVJRV>FRURQDO@\>DQWHULRU@DXQ
TXHGHEHPRVDGHODQWDUTXHVREUHHOSULPHUUDVJRVHKDQRIUHFLGRGDWRVTXHSDUHFHQ
FRQϧUPDUVXVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQYpDVHODVHFFLyQ
<DVDEHPRVTXHHQHVSDxROH[LVWHQFRQVRQDQWHVFRURQDOHV/RLQWHUHVDQWHHVTXH
HQHVWDOHQJXDHOORLPSOLFDTXHWRGDFRQVRQDQWHTXHHV>FRURQDO@WDPELpQVXHOH
VHU>DQWHULRU@PLHQWUDVTXHORRSXHVWRQRRFXUUH&RQODH[FHSFLyQGHQVHJ~Q
YHUHPRVPiVDGHODQWHHODUWLFXODGRU>FRURQDO@GLVWLQJXHDODVDOYHRODUHVODVDOYHR
SDODWDOHV\ODLQWHUGHQWDOGHWRGDVODVRWUDV\SRUWDQWRHVWDUiSUHVHQWHDQLYHOOp[LFR
SDUDDTXpOODVSHURQRSDUDHVWDV~OWLPDV/DUHJODSRUGHIHFWRSUHGLFHORVYDORUHV
GHOUDVJR>DQWHULRU@SDUDODVFRURQDOHV\ORKDFHGHPDQHUDFRUUHFWD\DTXHFRQWUDULR
DODOHQJXDKLQG~HQHVSDxROJHQHUDOQRKD\FRURQDOHVUHWURϩHMDV
Ejemplo 4-26
>FRURQDO@ ఩ >DQWHULRU@
1DWXUDOPHQWHTXHODVDOYHRSDODWDOHV>ु߿թ‫@ص‬VRQH[FHSFLRQHVDSRUTXHDO

VHU>FRURQDO@VHHVSHUDUtDTXHWDPELpQIXHUDQ>DQWHULRU@/RFLHUWRHVTXHVRQ
>ਮDQWHULRU@\SRUWDQWRGHEHQHVWDUPDUFDGDVOp[LFDPHQWHFRQHVWHUDVJR
6L HOLPLQDPRV >FRURQDO@ SDUD OD Q TXH SDVDPRV D DQDOL]DU GH LQPHGLDWR
OD¬PDWUL]OXFLUtDFRPROD7pQJDVHSUHVHQWHTXHORVSDUpQWHVLVYDFtRV
VLJQLϧFDQTXHORVDUWLFXODGRUHV>FRURQDO@\>DQWHULRU@SRUHMHPSORGHODL]TXLHUGD
QRVHDFWLYDQSDUDORVVHJPHQWRVHQFXHVWLyQ/DVYDOHQFLDVSRVLWLYDVVLJQLϧFDQTXH
GLFKRVDUWLFXODGRUHVVHDFWLYDQ
Ejemplo 4-27
S E P I ‫ۏ‬ W૧ G૧ V Q ‫ޞ‬ O ु ߿ թ ‫ص‬ N С [
UHVRQDQWH
VRQRUR
FRURQDO
DQWHULRU ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ
QDVDO
ODWHUDO
4.7 El caso especial de las nasales /m,n,ɲ/
&RPRKDEtDPRVVHxDODGRHQSiUUDIRVDQWHULRUHVXQDGHODVGLIHUHQFLDVHQWUHHOVLV
WHPD GH PDUFDGH] GHO 63( \ OD WHRUtD GH OD VXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQ TXH KHPRV YHQLGR
GHVDUUROODQGRKDVWDDKRUDHVTXHHQDTXpOODODGLVWLQFLyQGHUDVJRVSDUDXQVHJPHQWR
HVWiVXMHWDH[FOXVLYDPHQWHDXQDQRUPDGHDEVWUDFFLyQXQLYHUVDOPLHQWUDVTXHHVWD
~OWLPDFRPELQDWDQWRXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQXQLYHUVDODEVWUDFWDFRPRXQDHVSHFtϧFDGH
FXDOTXLHUOHQJXDSDUWLFXODU(OFDVRGHODVQDVDOHVHVEDVWDQWHDOHFFLRQDGRUFRPRSDUD
LOXVWUDUODSDUWLFXODULGDGGHOVLVWHPD/RTXHVHKDGHPRVWUDGRPX\FRQYLQFHQWHPHQWH
HVTXHDODQQRKD\QHFHVLGDGGHGLVWLQJXLUODDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWHFRQORVUDVJRV
>FRURQDODQWHULRU@'HVHUHVWRDVtFDEHSODQWHDUVHGRVSUHJXQWDV(QSULPHUOXJDU
¢FyPRSRGHPRVOOHJDUDVHPHMDQWHFRQFOXVLyQ"(QVHJXQGROXJDU¢FyPRSRGHPRV
GLVWLQJXLUODGHODELODELDOPRGHODSDODWDO‫"ص‬
6LVHHVWXGLDQODGLVWULEXFLyQ\ORVSURFHVRVGHODVQDVDOHVHQORVGLIHUHQWHVGLDOHF
WRVHVSDxROHVVHHQFRQWUDUiODUHVSXHVWDDODVGRVSUHJXQWDVDQWHULRUHV+DUULVD
&RQVLGHUHPRVWRGRVORVGLDOHFWRV\SUHVXPDPRVTXHH[LVWHQWUHVQDVDOHVGLVWLQWLYDV

Ejemplo 4-28
P >P@oda co>P@a

Q >Q@ada sa>Q@a
‫@ص> ص‬oño mo>‫@ص‬o
3DUDDEDUFDUODGLVWLQFLyQGHHVWDVQDVDOHVVHHVWDEOHFHHQXQDPDWUL]DOHVWLOR

63(TXHHQHIHFWRGHEHOXFLUVRVSHFKRVDSRUTXHSRVLEOHPHQWHHQHOODVHSXHGDSUHV
FLQGLUGHDOJXQRVUDVJRVFRPRYLPRVFRQODVREVWUX\HQWHV
Ejemplo 4-29
P Q ‫ص‬
FRURQDO ਮ ਮ
DQWHULRU ਮ
QDVDO
6LREVHUYDPRVHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODVQDVDOHVHQVXWRWDOLGDGWDQWRHQVXGLVWULEX
FLyQFRPRHQORVSURFHVRVHQTXHLQWHUYLHQHQSRGHPRVUHGXFLUEDVWDQWHORVYDORUHV
ELQDULRVHQODPDWUL]&RQVLGHUHPRVSULPHUDPHQWHODGLVWULEXFLyQ
<DVDEHPRVTXHODVQDVDOHVVXUJHQDUWLFXODGDVVHJ~QHOWLSRGHFRQVRQDQWHTXHODV
VLJD\TXHWDOHVYDULDQWHVSURYLHQHQGHODQ(QWRQFHVVHREWLHQHODODELRGHQWDO>؇@
ODGHQWDO>Q૧@ODDOYHRORSDODWDO>‫\@ئ‬ODYHODU>‫@غ‬VLQFRQWUDVWDUMDPiVHQGLFKDSRVLFLyQ
/RXVXDOHVTXHDQWHFRQVRQDQWHVTXHVHGHϧQDQFRQHVWRVUDVJRVDUWLFXODWRULRVODV
QDVDOHVDSDUH]FDQFRPRVHPXHVWUDHQ
Ejemplo 4-30
co>P@pota co>؇@ anza mo>Q૧@tura ca>Q@sada ma>‫@ئ‬char ci>‫@غ‬co
6LH[DPLQDPRVXQDJDPDPiVDPSOLDGHODGLVWULEXFLyQGHODVYDULDQWHVQDVDOHV
DQWH FRQVRQDQWH SRGHPRV HQFRQWUDU TXH KD\ VHFXHQFLD GH QDVDOHV WDQWR HQ SRVL
FLyQ LQWHUQD GH PRUIHPD FRPR HQWUH PRUIHPDV $Vt WHQHPRVhi>PQ@o, colu>PQ@a,
alu>PQ@o, i>QP@oral, i>QQ@obleHQWUHRWUDV/RPiVUHYHODGRUGHODVVHFXHQFLDVGH
QDVDOHVHVTXHODQSXHGHDSDUHFHUDQWHVRGHVSXpVGHPHQSURQXQFLDFLyQHVWiQ
GDUi>QP@oral,ó>PQ@ibus.$XQTXHHVSRVLEOHGRFXPHQWDU>QQ@FRPRHQpere>QQ@e
OD¬VHFXHQFLDGHQWURGHSDODEUDGH>PP@HVSRFRIUHFXHQWH
6L QRV UHPLWLPRV DO GLDOHFWR GRPLQLFDQR 1~xH] &HGHxR KDOODPRV TXH
JHQHUDOPHQWHOD>P@HVORTXHDSDUHFHDQWHRWUDQDVDOVLJXLHQGRHOPRGHORHVWiQGDU
6LQHPEDUJRHQODVHFXHQFLD>QQ@ODSULPHUDQDVDODSDUHFHLQFRQWURYHUWLEOHPHQWH
YHODUL]DGD FRPR >‫غ‬Q@ 3RU OR YLVWR DTXt QR KD\ IHQyPHQR GH DVLPLODFLyQ VLQR GH
QHXWUDOL]DFLyQ KHFKR TXH VH OH HVFDSDUtD D FXDOTXLHU UHJOD GH DVLPLODFLyQ TXH VH
SURSRQJDSXHVQRKD\PDQHUDGHSUHGHFLUODVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHVJHQHUDOHVQLODVGLD
OHFWDOHV(YLGHQWHPHQWHWHQHPRVTXHFRQVLGHUDUXQDDPSOLDJHQHUDOL]DFLyQ\DTXHHQ
ODVHFXHQFLDGH>QDVDO@>QDVDO@ODSULPHUDGHEHVHU~QLFDPHQWH>P@\SDUDORVTXH
YHODUL]DQVHUi>‫@غ‬$VtVHJ~QHOGLDOHFWRHVSRVLEOHSUHGHFLUSRUHOFRQWH[WRHOSXQWR
GHDUWLFXODFLyQGHXQDGHODVFRQVRQDQWHVQDVDOHVFXDQGRpVWDVVHKDOODQDJUXSDGDV
+DUULVD
(IHFWLYDPHQWHODJUDPiWLFDQHFHVLWDUiODVUHJODV\FX\DGHV
FULSFLyQHVWUXFWXUDOQRVPXHVWUDORLQQHFHVDULRTXHVHKDFHLQFOXLUHOUDVJR>FRURQDO@
DQLYHOVXE\DFHQWH
Ejemplo 4-31
>QDVDO@಩఩಩>FRURQDO@>QDVDO@ಣಣ
Ejemplo 4-32
>QDVDO@಩఩಩>ODELDO@ಣಣ>QDVDO@
Ejemplo 4-33
>QDVDO@಩఩಩>GRUVDO@ಣಣ>QDVDO@
(VWDVWUHVVRQUHJODVUHJXODUHVGHFRQVWUHxLPLHQWRDODHVWUXFWXUDPRUIpPLFD\SRU
WDQWRQRVHGHEHSUHVXPLUTXHHQODHQWUDGDVHGDHOYDORUFRQWUDULRDOGHODVDOLGD
RVHDODVDOLGDFRUUHVSRQGHDODLQVHUFLyQGHXQUDVJRTXHQRHVWDEDHVSHFLϧFDGR
(OFDVR\DHVWXGLDGRGHDVLPLODFLyQGHQDVDOFRUURERUDFRQPiVYLJRUODVXEHVSH
FLϧFDFLyQGHOUDVJR>FRURQDO@SDUDODQ6HUHFRUGDUiTXHHVWDQDVDODVXPHHOSXQWR
GHDUWLFXODFLyQGHODREVWUX\HQWHVLJXLHQWHHQLQWHULRU\OLQGHGHSDODEUD(QHOFDSt
WXOR¬KDEtDPRVSURSXHVWRXQDQiOLVLVHQHOTXHQYHQtDHVSHFLϧFDGRFRQVXVYDORUHV
DUWLFXODWRULRVORVFXDOHVGHVDSDUHFHUtDQPHGLDQWHUHJODGHGHVDVRFLDFLyQ/XHJRORV
UDVJRVDUWLFXODWRULRVGHODREVWUX\HQWHVLJXLHQWHVHH[WHQGtDQGHIRUPDWDOTXHSDVDEDQ
DRFXSDUHOYDFtRGHMDGRHQODVQDVDOHVSURGXFLpQGRVHSRUFRQVLJXLHQWHODDVLPLODFLyQ
TXHVHPXHVWUDHQGHOFDStWXOR(VWHSURFHVRUHSUHVHQWDHOFDVRPiVJHQHUDOGH
DVLPLODFLyQGHQDVDO\VHSXHGHVLPSOLϧFDUPXFKRPiVFRQODVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQGHOD
Q¢3RUTXp"3RUODVLPSOHUD]yQGHTXHDOQRWHQHUTXHGHVOLJDUVHUDVJRDOJXQRVH
VLPSOLϧFDODGHVFULSFLyQGHOIHQyPHQRVHHYLWDODDVLJQDFLyQGHUDVJRV\VHH[SOLFD
SRUTXpODQDGRSWDFRQϧJXUDFLRQHVDUWLFXODWRULDVWDQGLIHUHQWHVSRUTXHHOODPLVPD
FDUHFHSRUORJHQHUDOGHDUWLFXODFLyQSURSLDQRSRUWDVXUDVJR>FRURQDO@
3RUORYLVWRVHUiQHFHVDULRGLVWLQJXLUODVQDVDOHVGHODVREVWUX\HQWHVORFXDOVH
ORJUDFRQODHVSHFLϧFDFLyQSRVLWLYDGHOUDVJR>UHVRQDQWH@TXHOHFRQϧHUHDDTXpOODV
ODUHJODD6LQHPEDUJRFRPRKHPRVDUJLGRTXHQQRDSDUHFHHVSHFLϧFDGD
FRQHOUDVJR>FRURQDO@KD\TXHGLVWLQJXLUODWDQWRGHODPFRPRGHOD‫ص‬SXHV
VHJ~QVHPXHVWUDHQVRQREYLDPHQWHFRQWUDVWLYDV$OOOHJDUDHVWHPRPHQWR
GHEHPRVHVWDEOHFHUXQFODURFRQWUDVWHHQWUHP\‫ص‬6RQMXVWDPHQWHODVUHVSHFWLYDV
HVSHFLϧFDFLRQHV>ODELDO@\>GRUVDO@TXHODVGLVWLQJXHQGHODQ(OUDVJR>DQWHULRU@
HQWRQFHVQRHVWDUtDHVSHFLϧFDGRSDUDODQHQFX\RFDVRREWHQGUtDPRVODPDWUL]
PRGLϧFDGDTXHDSDUHFHHQ
Ejemplo 4-34
P Q ‫ص‬
FRURQDO
DQWHULRU ਮ
P Q ‫ص‬
ODELDO
GRUVDO
QDVDO
&RQHVWDPDWUL]VHUHOOHQDODQFRQHOSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQ>FRURQDO@PHGLDQWHOD
UHJOD
Ejemplo 4-35
>QDVDO@಩఩಩>FRURQDO@
&RQVHFRPSOHWDHOFXDGURGHORVUDVJRVSDUDODVWUHVQDVDOHVHQFXHVWLyQ6LELHQ

MXVWLϧFDPRVODVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQGHQQRYHQGUtDPDOSUHVHQWDUGDWRVDGLFLRQDOHV
TXHQRVRIUH]FDQUD]RQHVPiVSRGHURVDVTXHSUXHEHQTXHP\‫ص‬VHSURGXFHQFRQ
PD\RUHVSHFLϧFDFLyQGLVWLQWLYDTXHQ
8Q SULPHU FDVR D FRQVLGHUDU HV HO FRQWUDVWH IRQpWLFR TXH UHYHOD OD QDVDO GH OD
SDODEUD desdén.(VWDQDVDOHQDOJXQRVGLDOHFWRVKLVSiQLFRVVXHOHDSDUHFHUFRPROD
YHODU>‫@غ‬DOϧQDOGHSDODEUDYJdesdé>‫@غ‬HQSOXUDOVLQHPEDUJRVLHPSUHDSDUHFH
FRPRODDOYHRODU>Q@YJdesde>Q@es,HLQYDULDEOHPHQWHFRPR>‫@ص‬HQGHULYDGDVFRPR
desde>‫@ص‬oso.
+DUULV D KD VXJHULGR TXH D HVWDV DOWHUQDQWHV ODV VXE\DFH OD ‫ص‬
OD¬FXDOSRUPRWLYRGHVLODELϧFDFLyQHVWDQDVDOQXQFDVDOHFRPRSDODWDODOϧQDOGH
SDODEUDRVtODEDVHSURGXFHFRPR>Q@HQSRVLFLyQϧQDOGHVtODED/RVLJQLϧFDWLYRGH
HVWDVDOWHUQDQWHVHVTXHVXGHVFULSFLyQ\H[SOLFDFLyQH[LJHQTXHVHSRVWXOHOD‫ص‬FRPR
VHJPHQWRVXE\DFHQWHFRQORFXDOVHOOHJDDODLQHYLWDEOHFRQFOXVLyQGHWHQHUTXH
GLVWLQJXLUODGHODP\ODQORTXHREOLJDDDxDGLUOHSRUFRQVLJXLHQWHXQPD\RU
Q~PHURGHUDVJRVGLVWLQWLYRV
8QUD]RQDPLHQWRDQiORJRVHOHDSOLFDDOWUDWDPLHQWRGHODELODELDOPODFXDO
VXUJH\DFRPR>‫@غ‬HQAdá>‫\@غ‬DFRPR>Q@HQAda>Q@es,RFRPR>P@HQadá>P@ico.
1XHYDPHQWHODH[SOLFDFLyQGHWDQYDULDEOHVDOWHUQDWLYDVIRQpWLFDVVHEDVDHQSRVWXODU
XQDPHQODVXE\DFHQFLDSDUDWRGDV\FRPRHQHOFDVRDQWHULRUVXUJHFRPRYHODUHQ
DOJXQRVGLDOHFWRVRFRPRDOYHRODUHQORJHQHUDOSHURFDVLQXQFDFRPR>P@DOϧQDOGH
SDODEUD/DIRQRORJtDUHTXLHUHTXHVHODGLVWLQJDQRVyORGHQVLQRGH‫ص‬PHGLDQWH
XQOLVWDGRPD\RUGHUDVJRV
)LQDOPHQWHDOSURFHVRGHDVLPLODFLyQGHQDVDOVXEHVSHFLϧFDGDDQWHREVWUX\HQWH
OHSRGHPRVDJUHJDUHOGHELODELDOVXE\DFHQWHTXHWDPELpQVHDVLPLOD(QODIRQRORJtD
VHGRFXPHQWDSRUHMHPSORHOFRQWUDVWHHQWUHOD>P@\ODGHQWDO>Q૧@RODDOYHRODU>Q@
presu>P@irapresu>P@oapresu>Q૧@toapresu>Q@ción.(ODQiOLVLVGHORVGDWRVQXHYD
PHQWHQRVOOHYDDODQHFHVLGDGGHDFHSWDUODPFRPRIRQHPDSDUDWRGDV+DUULV
DFRQORTXHVHKDFHREOLJDWRULRGLVWLQJXLUODGHODVRWUDVGRVQDVDOHV
&ODURHVWiTXHVHPHMDQWHFRQFOXVLyQOHDFDUUHDDODJUDPiWLFDXQFRVWRGHVFULSWLYR
PiVFRPSOHMRSXHVFRQWUDULRDODVXE\DFHQWHQHQHOFDVRGHODPVHUHTXLHUH
XQDUHJODHQODTXHVHOHGHVOLJXHHODUWLFXODGRU>ODELDO@DQWHVGHOSDVRGHODH[WHQVLyQ
GHORVUDVJRVGHODREVWUX\HQWHPLHQWUDVTXHFRQODQVXEHVSHFLϧFDGDWDODFFLyQHV
LQQHFHVDULD6LQHPEDUJRDXQTXHHQSULQFLSLRSDUHFHUtDTXHVHUHTXLHUHQGRVUHJODV
TXHGHQFXHQWDGHORVKHFKRVVHKDQRIUHFLGRSUXHEDVTXHPRWLYDQODSUHVHQFLDGH
XQDVRODUHJODJHQHUDOTXHDEDUFDDPERVFDVRVVHJ~Q+DUULVD
/DVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQGHQFRQUHVSHFWRDODVREVWUX\HQWHVHVDOHFFLRQDGRUDHQ
HOVHQWLGRGHTXHQRVyORVHOHVFRQϧHUHQUDVJRVDORVIRQHPDVDEDVHGHXQVLVWHPD
XQLYHUVDO VLQR TXH HQWUDQ HQ MXHJR ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SURSLDV³YJ ORV SURFHVRV
IRQROyJLFRV\ODGLVWULEXFLyQGHORVVHJPHQWRV³GHXQDOHQJXDSDUWLFXODUODHVSDxROD
&RQHVWRSUHVHQWHLQFOX\DPRVODVQDVDOHVHQHOLQYHQWDULRIRQpPLFRVXEHVSHFLϧFDGR
GHODOHQJXD
Ejemplo 4-36
S E P I ‫ۏ‬ W૧ G૧ V Q ‫ޞ‬ O ु ߿ թ ‫ص‬ N С [
UHVRQDQWH
VRQRUR
FRURQDO
DQWHULRU ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ
ODELDO
GRUVDO
QDVDO
ODWHUDO
4.8 Más en cuanto a la subespecificación del rasgo [coronal]
(QODVHFFLyQSUHYLDSXGLPRVDGYHUWLUTXHQGHEHHVWDUVXEHVSHFLϧFDGDFRQUHVSHFWR
DOUDVJR>FRURQDO@(VWDIDOWDGHHVSHFLϧFDFLyQGHOUDVJR>FRURQDO@HQHVSDxROSDUHFH
PXFKRPiVH[WHQGLGDGHORTXHVHSLHQVD(QRWUDVOHQJXDVVHKDDUJXPHQWDGRTXH
GLFKRUDVJRQRH[LVWHDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWHSDUDODVFRQVRQDQWHVDOYHRODUHV(QHIHFWR
3DUDGLV\3UXQHWDEOOHJDURQDODFRQFOXVLyQGHTXHKD\YRFDOHVTXHHVWiQVHSD
UDGDVSRUFRQVRQDQWHVFRURQDOHV\TXHQRREVWDQWHVHFRPSRUWDQFRPRVLHVWXYLHUDQ
MXQWDV/DKLSyWHVLVGHHVWDVDXWRUDVHVTXHVLVHGDSRUHMHPSORODDUPRQtDGHGRV
YRFDOHVHQPHGLRGHODVFXDOHVLQWHUYLHQHQFRQVRQDQWHVFRURQDOHVHVSRUTXHGLFKDV
FRQVRQDQWHVVHGHEHQFRQVLGHUDUWUDQVSDUHQWHVSXHVGHORFRQWUDULRODDUPRQtDQR
VHHMHFXWDUtD
3DUDGLV\3UXQHWSUHVHQWDQGDWRVGHYDULDVOHQJXDVDIULFDQDVTXHPXHVWUDQTXHOD
DVLPLODFLyQGHUDVJRVYRFiOLFRVVHSURGXFHDXQFXDQGRLQWHUYLHQHQODVFRQVRQDQWHV
WO‫ޞ‬V\ODLPSORVLYD˄7RPHPRVFRPRPXHVWUDHOIXWDQNRRUHGLDOHFWRGHOIXOD
TXHVHKDEODHQ0DXULWDQLD\6HQHJDO(QHVWHGLDOHFWRKD\QXPHURVRVPDUFDGRUHVGH
FODVHQRPLQDOHVTXHVHVXϧMDQREOLJDWRULDPHQWHDUDtFHVDGMHWLYDOHV\QRPLQDOHV(QWUH
HVWRVHVFRMDPRVORVPDUFDGRUHV-ru, -re\-ri,TXHDOWHUQDQFRQ-uru, -ere\-iri.(VWRV
~OWLPRVPXHVWUDQGRVYRFDOHVLGpQWLFDVHQODVTXHODSULPHUDVHWHRUL]DTXHSURYLHQH
SRUH[WHQVLyQGHUDVJRVGHOD~OWLPD(QWDOFDVRVHJ~QHVWDVDXWRUDVHOVXϧMREiVLFR
HV‫ޞ‬99HDPRVORVGDWRVVLJXLHQWHV
Ejemplo 4-37
a. &‫ޞ‬9 DP‫ޞ‬H tortuga

VRI‫ޞ‬X polluelo
FDDN‫ޞ‬L cuscú
b. &9‫ޞ‬9 ZRMH‫ޞ‬H liebre
ZRRWX‫ޞ‬X único
NHVL‫ޞ‬L nuevo
3DUHFHVHUTXHHQEODDSDULFLyQGHODSULPHUDYRFDOGHOVXϧMRUHVSRQGHDOD

EDVHPRUIROyJLFD\DOWLSRGHVHJPHQWRFRQVRQiQWLFRTXHODSUHFHGHSXHVQyWHVHTXH
HQDODH[WHQVLyQGHODYRFDOϧQDOQRVHSURGXFH6LDFHSWDPRVORVDUJXPHQWRV
GH¬3DUDGLV\3UXQHWWHQGUHPRVHQWRQFHVTXHODSULPHUDYRFDOVHFRQVLJXHSRUSURSD
JDFLyQGHORVUDVJRVGHOD~OWLPDYRFDOORFXDOVXJLHUHTXHGLFKDSURSDJDFLyQVHKDFH
GHGHUHFKDDL]TXLHUGD6LRPLWLPRVDOJXQRVGHWDOOHVLQQHFHVDULRVHVHQFLDOPHQWHOD
GHULYDFLyQGHOVXϧMR-iriGHkesiri¶QXHYR·VHGDDVt
Ejemplo 4-38
L ‫ޞ‬ L
; ; ;
32
>DOWR@
(QVHSXHGHH[WHQGHUHOUDVJR>DOWR@GHODLDWUDYpVGHOD‫ޞ‬MXVWDPHQWH

SRUTXHpVWDFDUHFHGHOUDVJR>FRURQDO@'LFKRHQOHQJXDMHWpFQLFRHOUDVJR>FRURQDO@
HVWUDQVSDUHQWHHQOD‫ޞ‬
6LQHPEDUJRFXDQGRVHFRQVWUX\HHOSOXUDOGHSDODEUDVVHOHDxDGHDODEDVHHO
VXϧMRȴHDOFXDOOHSUHFHGHXQDYRFDOHSHQWpWLFDTXHQRHVODPLVPDGHOVXϧMR3RU
HMHPSORVLDOVLQJXODUbayl-o( o)¶KHUUHUR·TXHSURYLHQHGHODEDVHVXE\DFHQWHZDMO
VHOHDxDGHHOPDUFDGRUGHSOXUDOVHFRQVLJXH>ZDMOXȴH@\QR >ZDMOHȴH@WRGRORFXDO
VXJLHUHTXHHVWD~OWLPDQRRFXUUHVLQHVSHFLϧFDUHQVXSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQ
$SDUWLUGHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODVFRQVRQDQWHVFRURQDOHVHQHVWDOHQJXD\HQ
RWUDVTXHGRFXPHQWDQ$YHU\\5LFHVHKDOOHJDGRDODFRQFOXVLyQGHTXHODV
FRQVRQDQWHVFRURQDOHVFXDQGRQRIXQFLRQDQGLVWLQWLYDPHQWHVHSURGXFHQLQHVSHFL
ϧFDGDVHQHOQRGR>FRURQDO@(VSRUHOORTXH3DUDGLV\3UXQHWESURSRQHQ
TXHODVFRURQDOHVFDUHFHQXQLYHUVDOPHQWHGHSXQWRRUDO\UHFLEHQSRUWDQWRDTXHO
UDVJRPHGLDQWHODUHJODGHUHGXQGDQFLDTXHVHRIUHFHHQ
Ejemplo 4-39
>3XQWRRUDO@಩఩಩>FRURQDO@
3XGLPRV SUHVHQWDU SUXHEDV GHO HVSDxRO TXH VXVWHQWDQ SDUFLDOPHQWH VHPHMDQWH

KLSyWHVLV³SRUHMHPSORODDVLPLODFLyQGHODQDOSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQGHODREV
WUX\HQWHVLJXLHQWH6LQHPEDUJRWRGDYtDQRVHKDQSUHVHQWDGRSUXHEDVTXHPXHVWUHQ
GHPRGRLQFRQWURYHUWLEOHTXHODVGHPiVFRURQDOHVFDUH]FDQGHHVSHFLϧFDFLyQSDUDHO
QRGRFRURQDO
/R PLVPR RFXUUH FRQ UHVSHFWR D HVWD QDVDO HQ FDWDOiQ (O FDWDOiQ WDPELpQ GD
PXHVWUDGHDVLPLODFLyQGHODODWHUDOODODREVWUX\HQWHVLJXLHQWH
Ejemplo 4-40
e>O@ ¶HO·DUWtFXORFRQODWHUDODOYHRODUQRDVLPLODGD

e>O@pa ¶HOSDQ·
e>O@foc ¶HOIXHJR·
e>O ૧@dia ¶HOGtD·
e>O@sol ¶HOVRO·
e>O@ric ¶HOULFR·
e>‫@ד‬germá ¶HOKHUPDQR·
e>O@gos ¶HOSHUUR·
>O ૧@ FRQVRQDQWHGHQWDO>‫@ד‬ FRQVRQDQWHODPLQRSDODWDO
(OKHFKRGHTXHODOVHDVLPLOHDODVREVWUX\HQWHVPXHVWUDXQSDUDOHOLVPRHQVXFRP
SRUWDPLHQWRFRQODQDVDOQORFXDOVXJLHUHTXHQRYLHQHHVSHFLϧFDGDSDUD>FRURQDO@
$YHU\\5LFHDGHPiVDUJX\HQTXHODQVHDVLPLODDOSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQ
GHODREVWUX\HQWHVLJXLHQWHHQLQJOpVFRQORFXDOVHGHPXHVWUDTXHHVWDDOYHRODUFDUHFH
GHHVSHFLϧFDFLyQ>FRURQDO@/RPLVPROHDWDxHDODWGHOLQJOpVDPHULFDQR'LFHQHVWRV
DXWRUHVTXHHOKHFKRGHTXHODWDSDUH]FDSURGXFLGDFRQXQJROSHJORWDODOϧQDOGH
VtODEDDQWHFRQVRQDQWHQDVDO\HQOLQGHGHSDODEUDDQWHREVWUX\HQWHSHURQRDVtODVGHPiV
REVWUX\HQWHVHQHOPLVPRFRQWH[WRSUXHEDTXHODWQRSRVHHHVSHFLϧFDFLyQ>FRURQDO@
(QHOGLDOHFWRGHORVDXWRUHVTXHHVHOLQJOpVGH¬7RURQWROD¬WDSDUHFHFRPR>প@
Ejemplo 4-41
bu>প@n ¶ERWyQ· hi>প@>˓@e ¶JROSHDUHO·

ba>প@n ¶PROLGR· cu>প@>I@lowers ¶FRUWDUϩRUHV·
co>প@n ¶DOJRGyQ·
6LELHQODWHRUtDGHODVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQJHQHUDOSDUDODVDOYHRODUHVJR]DGHEDV
WDQWHDFHSWDFLyQHQWUHPXFKRVJHQHUDWLYLVWDVSRUORVQXPHURVRVSURFHVRVTXHDSD
UHQWHPHQWHODDYDODQHOGLDOHFWRSDVLHJRSDUHFHTXHSRQHHQHQWUHGLFKRHOSRGHU
GHJHQHUDOL]DFLyQTXHOHDWULEX\HQ3UXQHW\3DUDGLV9ROYLHQGRDORVHMHPSORVGHO
SDVLHJRTXHRIUHFLPRVHQSXGLPRVYHUTXHHQHIHFWRODDVLPLODFLyQGHOUDVJR
ਮWHQVRGHOVXϧMRࡱVHGDDWUDYpVGHFXDOTXLHUFRQVRQDQWHRJUXSRGHFRQVRQDQ
WHVFRPRHQVLPSDW ૧LNࡱTXHSURGXFH>VԌPਥSlW ૧ԌNࡱ@VHJ~QVHPXHVWUDHQ
'LFKRFRQWH[WRHVEDVWDQWHSDUDOHORDOTXHRIUHFHODOHQJXDIXWDQNRRUHDQWHVPHQ
FLRQDGDFRQHODWHQXDQWHHQSDVLHJRGHTXHHOUDVJR>ਮWHQVR@GHࡱFUX]DQRVyOR
ODW ૧VLQRODN\HOJUXSRQS7DPELpQH[LVWHHQHVWHGLDOHFWRXQSURFHVRGH
HOHYDFLyQYRFiOLFDHQHOTXHODYRFDOVXϧMDODFHQWXDGDtPDUFDGRUDGHSUHWpULWR
WLHQGHDHOHYDUHQJUDGRODVYRFDOHVGHODUDt]9HDPRVDOJXQRVHMHPSORVTXHUHFRJH
3HQQ\FRQHOYHUERcoger>NRਥ[H‫@ޞ‬
Ejemplo 4-42
3UHWpULWR )XWXUR &RQGLFLRQDO
NXਥ[L NR[Hਥ‫ޞ‬H NX[Lਥ‫ޞ‬LD

NXਥ[LVWH NR[Hਥ‫ޞ‬DV NX[Lਥ‫ޞ‬LDV
NXਥ[MR NR[Hਥ‫ޞ‬D NX[Lਥ‫ޞ‬LD
NXਥ[LPXV NR[Hਥ‫ޞ‬HPXV NX[Lਥ‫ޞ‬LDPXV
NXਥ[LVWHV NX[Lਥ‫ޞ‬LLV NX[Lਥ‫ޞ‬LHMV
NXਥ[MH‫ޞ‬RQ NR[Hਥ‫ޞ‬DQ NX[Lਥ‫ޞ‬LDQ
6HSXHGHREVHUYDUTXHHOIXWXURPXHVWUDYRFDOHVPHGLDVHQVXEDVHYHUEDOFXDQGR
DpVWDOHVLJXHXQVXϧMRTXHQRVHLQLFLDFRQਥLGHORFRQWUDULRVLDODEDVHOHVLJXH
ਥLODYRFDORVXEHD>X@\ODHD>L@FODUDPHQWHSRULQϩXHQFLDGHODਥL.3RU
ORYLVWRVHGHVSOLHJDQXHYDPHQWHXQUDVJRDWUDYpVGHFRQVRQDQWHVFRURQDOHVHQHVWH
FDVROD‫\ޞ‬GHQRFRURQDOHVFRPROD['HVHJXLUHOUD]RQDPLHQWRGH¬3DUDGLV
\3UXQHWKDEUtDTXHSUHVXPLUTXHWDPELpQWRGDVODVFRQVRQDQWHVREVWUX\HQWHVVRQ
WUDQVSDUHQWHVSDUDORVUDVJRVDUWLFXODWRULRVTXHODVGHϧQHQSXHVWRTXHODDUPRQtD
YRFiOLFDVHHMHFXWDDWUDYpVGHHOODV9LPRVVLQHPEDUJRTXHHQIXWDQNRRUHODVRWUDV
REVWUX\HQWHVYLHQHQHVSHFLϧFDGDVSDUDVXVUDVJRVFRPRVHPXHVWUDFRQODFRQVRQDQWH
ETXHLPSLGHODDUPRQtDYRFiOLFD
¢+DEUtDHQWRQFHVTXHDEDQGRQDUODWHRUtDGHHVWRVDXWRUHV\ORVLQQXPHUDEOHV
HMHPSORVTXHVXJLHUHQTXHODVDOYHRODUHV\DOYHRSDODWDOHVGHEHQYHQLUXVXDOPHQWHQR
HVSHFLϧFDGDVSDUDHOUDVJR>FRURQDO@"6tVLHPSUH\FXDQGRVHVLJDDOSLHGHODOHWUD
HODQiOLVLVGH¬3DUDGLV\3UXQHW1RVLVHSLHQVDTXHHOGHIHFWRQRUDGLFDHQODWHRUtD
VLQRPiVELHQHQODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHORVVHJPHQWRVHQVt(QHIHFWRYROYDPRVDO
FDStWXOR¬GRQGHWUDWDPRVVREUHODDUTXLWHFWXUDGHORVUDVJRV6LVHSLHQVDTXHORV
UDVJRVTXHGHϧQHQDODVYRFDOHVSDUWHQGHOQRGRYRFiOLFRQRGRTXHQRSRVHHQODV
FRQVRQDQWHVVHFRQFOXLUiTXHFXDQGRODVYRFDOHVSURSDJXHQVXVUDVJRVQRVHYDQD
WRSDUFRQORVUDVJRVDUWLFXODWRULRVGHODVFRQVRQDQWHVSRUORWDQWRVHSURGXFLUiOD
DUPRQtDQRVyORDWUDYpVGHODVFRURQDOHVVLQRWDPELpQDWUDYpVGHODVGHPiVREV
WUX\HQWHV'H¬HVWDPDQHUDODDUTXLWHFWXUDGHNR[LVHUHSUHVHQWDUiGHODVLJXLHQWH
PDQHUDYHU&OHPHQWV\+XPH
Ejemplo 4-43
N R [ L
32 32 32 32
>UHWUDtGR@ • >UHWUDtGR@ •
>YRFiOLFR@ >YRFiOLFR@
DSHUWXUD DSHUWXUD
>DELHUWR@ >ਮDELHUWR@
+D\TXHFRQVLJQDUTXHODDUTXLWHFWXUDJHRPpWULFDTXHRIUHFHQ&OHPHQWV\+XPHOH
VLUYHGH]DSDWDDODWHRUtDGHODVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQUHVWULQJLGDYpDVHODSUy[LPDVHF
FLyQTXHHOORVGHϧHQGHQSXHVWRTXHFRQODFRQϧJXUDFLyQQRLPSRUWDVLHOVHJ
PHQWR>[@YLHQHRQRHVSHFLϧFDGRHQFXDQWRDVXQRGRGRUVDOODDVLPLODFLyQVHGDUiGH
WRGRVPRGRVSRUTXHHOSODQRYRFiOLFRQRFRLQFLGHFRQHOSXQWRRUDOGHODFRQVRQDQWH
6LVHSUHVXPHSXHVTXHODDUTXLWHFWXUDGHODVYRFDOHVHVGLIHUHQWHDOGHODVFRQ
VRQDQWHVVHH[SOLFDSRUTXpSXHGHSURGXFLUVHODDUPRQtDYRFiOLFDDWUDYpVGHpVWDV
(OORVHGHEHDTXHODVFRQVRQDQWHVQRSRVHHQXQQRGRYRFiOLFRHQVXUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
LQWHUQD$OSDUHFHUVLQHPEDUJRODDUPRQtDVHUHDOL]DDOD]DUDXQTXHLQWXLWLYDPHQWH
KHPRVSUHVXPLGRTXHQRHVDVt6HKDVXSXHVWRSRUHMHPSORTXHHQHVWRVFDVRVHO
VHJPHQWRTXHDIHFWDDORWURDPDQHUDGHODUJDGLVWDQFLDTXHGDMXVWDPHQWHDOODGR
GHORWURORTXHJHQHUDOPHQWHVHUHTXLHUHHQORVFDVRVWtSLFRVGHDVLPLODFLyQVHJ~Q
YLPRVHQHOFDStWXOR
5HJUHVHPRV D OD VXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQ <D GLMLPRV PiV DUULED TXH ODV DOYHRODUHV
XVXDOPHQWHQRYLHQHQHVSHFLϧFDGDVSDUDHOUDVJR>FRURQDO@\FRPRHMHPSORFLWDPRV
FDVRVGHDVLPLODFLyQHQYDULDVOHQJXDV'HFtDPRV´XVXDOPHQWHµSRUTXHKD\OHQJXDV
TXH PXHVWUDQ TXH HO UDVJR >FRURQDO@ GHEH YHQLU HVSHFLϧFDGR D QLYHO VXE\DFHQWH
(O¬ViQVFULWRSRUHMHPSORLQFOX\HODVFRQVRQDQWHVGHQWDOHVW ૧G૧\ODVSDODWRDOYHRODUHV
߿ˎTXHDOWHUQDQFRQODVUHWURϩHMDVߺ˅(QHVWDOHQJXDSRUWDQWRODVGHQWDOHV
ODVSDODWRDOYHRODUHV\ODVUHWURϩHMDVHVWiQWRGDVPDUFDGDVFRQ>FRURQDO@FX\RUDVJR
>UHWURϩHMR@HQWRQFHVVLUYHSDUDGLVWLQJXLUODVHQWUHVt3DUHFHTXHORVVHJPHQWRVFRUR
QDOHVTXHVHGLVWLQJXHQHQWUHVt~QLFDPHQWHSRUVXDUWLFXODFLyQVHFXQGDULDHQ¬HVWH
FDVRODGHVHU>UHWURϩHMR@VRQORVTXHGHEHQYHQLUFRQVLJQDGRVFRPR>FRURQDO@D
QLYHO VXE\DFHQWH $YHU\ \ 5LFH 'H OR FRQWUDULR HO FDWDOiQ HO HVSDxRO \ HO
LQJOpVTXHQRSRVHHQODDUWLFXODFLyQVHFXQGDULDUHWURϩHMDQRYHQGUtDQPDUFDGRVFRQ
HOUDVJR>FRURQDO@KHFKRTXHVXSRQGUtDODFRQVLJXLHQWHHOLPLQDFLyQGHHVHUDVJRD
QLYHOVXE\DFHQWH\TXHOXHJRVHKDEUtDGHVXSOLUFRPRVLHPSUHPHGLDQWHUHJODVGH
UHGXQGDQFLD
4.9 La subespecificación restringida
+DVWDDKRUDKHPRVYHQLGRGHVDUUROODQGRODWHRUtDGHODVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQUDGLFDO
HQ¬ODTXHVHSUHVXPHTXHHOUDVJRFRQWUDVWDQWHDSDUHFHLQGLFDGRHQHOOp[LFRPLHQ
WUDVTXHORVTXHQRFRQWUDVWDQVRQUHGXQGDQWHVQRDSDUHFHQHQHOOp[LFR\UHFLEHQVX
YDORUIRQpWLFRPHGLDQWHUHJODVGHUHGXQGDQFLD+D\QRREVWDQWHXQDWHRUtDDOWHUQD
TXHDUWLFXOD6WHULDGHHQODTXHODVUHJODVGHUHGXQGDQFLDWLHQHQODIXQFLyQGH
DVLJQDUYDORUHVGHUDVJRVVRODPHQWHFXDQGRHOUDVJRVLUYHSDUDGLVWLQJXLUVHJPHQWRV
HQXQFRQWH[WRGDGRORVYDORUHVTXHQRFRQWUDVWDQVHGHMDQHQEODQFR'LFKDWHRUtD
VHFRQRFHFRQHOQRPEUHGHsubespeci cación contrastiva o restringida.
3DUD LU GLOXFLGDQGR ORV DVSHFWRV PiV VLJQLϧFDWLYRV GH HVWD WHRUtD HQIRTXHPRV
SULPHUDPHQWHODGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHYDORUHVGHUDVJRVSUHGHFLEOHVTXHQRHVWiQHQOD
IRUPDVXE\DFHQWH\ORVTXHVLUYHQSDUDGLVWLQJXLUTXHELHQVHSXGLHUDQKDOODURQR
HQODVXE\DFHQFLD
&RQVLGHUHPRVSRUHMHPSORODVYRFDOHVGHODOHQJXDHVSDxROD\VXVUDVJRVFRQ
MXQWDPHQWHFRQHO>VRQRUR@
Ejemplo 4-44
5HSUHVHQWDFLyQ 5DVJRV (VSHFLϧFDFLyQ

FRPSOHWD FRQWUDVWLYRV FRQWUDVWLYD
L H D R X L H D R X
DOWR ਮ ਮ ਮ ^LH`^RX` ਮ ਮ
EDMR ਮ ਮ ਮ ਮ ^DR` ਮ
UHWUDtGR ਮ ਮ ^LX`^HR` ਮ ਮ
VRQRUR
3ULPHURGHEHPRVQRWDUTXHDOLJXDOTXHODWHRUtDUDGLFDOVHSDUWHGHXQDUHSUHVHQWD
FLyQFRPSOHWDDOODGRL]TXLHUGRGH\PHGLDQWHDOJRULWPRVHGHWHUPLQDODVXEHV
SHFLϧFDFLyQGHFDGDVHJPHQWR8QDYH]KHFKRHVWRVHWLHQHQORVYDORUHVVXEHVSHFLϧFD
GRVGHODGHUHFKD(QWRQFHVHQODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQORVYDORUHV>DOWR@\>UHWUDtGR@
GHODDHVWiQDXVHQWHVSRUTXHQRFRQWUDVWDQHQHOFRQWH[WRGH>EDMR@(V¬GHFLU
TXHDODDQRVHOHRSRQHXQYDORU>ਮUHWUDtGR@QLWDPSRFR>DOWR@6H¬QHFHVLWDQ
ORVYDORUHVGHOUDVJR>EDMR@SRUTXHHVHVWHUDVJRHOTXHGLVWLQJXHDODDGHODR
/DVRQRULGDGHVHQWHUDPHQWHSUHGHFLEOHHQ(VSUHGHFLEOHSDUDODVYRFDOHV
SXHVWRTXHWRGDVHOODVVRQVRQRUDV\KDEtDPRVYLVWRXQDUHJODHQSiUUDIRVDQWHULRUHV
TXHSUHGLFHHVWHHVWDGRGHFRVDV'LFKRGHRWUDIRUPDVLODYRFDOHVUHVRQDQWHGHPRGR
DXWRPiWLFRVHVDEH\SRUHQGHVHSXHGHSUHGHFLUTXHGHEHVHU>VRQRUD@6HPHMDQWH
SUHGLFFLyQVHLQWHUSUHWyFRQODUHJODEODFXDOUHSURGXFLPRVHQFRQϧQHV
LOXVWUDWLYRV
Ejemplo 4-45
>UHVRQDQWH@಩఩಩>VRQRUR@
$HVWHWLSRGHUHJODVODVFXDOHVVHSXHGHQSUHGHFLUSRULPSOLFDFLyQGHXQLYHUVDOHV
OLQJtVWLFRV 6WHULDGH ODV OODPD UHJODV TXH LQWURGXFHQvalores redundantes. (O YDORU
QXQFDDSDUHFHHQODIRUPDVXE\DFHQWHVHSURGXFHWRWDOPHQWHVLQHVSHFLϧFDFLyQHQ
FXDQWRDOUDVJRHQFXHVWLyQ&XDQGRVHLQWURGXFHPHGLDQWHUHJODQRVLUYHSDUDHIHFWXDU
GLVWLQFLyQSXHVFRPRGLMpUDPRVVLVHVDEHTXHHOVHJPHQWRHVUHVRQDQWHGHEHVHU
HQ~OWLPDLQVWDQFLD>VRQRUR@
$XQTXHLQWURGXFHYDORUHVDXVHQWHVKD\TXHFXLGDUVHGHLQWHUSUHWDUODVGH
PRGRGLIHUHQWHHQDPEDVWHRUtDV(QODVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQUDGLFDOODVUHJODVGHUHGXQ
GDQFLDVRQPD\RUPHQWHGHGRVWLSRV¬ODVUHJODVSRUGHIHFWRFRQODVTXHVHH[SUHVDQ
UHVWULFFLRQHVXQLYHUVDOHVGHOWLSRVLHV>EDMR@HQWRQFHVGHEHVHU>ਮDOWR@R¬VHFDUDFWH
UL]DODLQPDUFDGH]XQLYHUVDOGHUDVJRVGRQGHVHLQWURGXFHHOYDORU>DOWR@SRUHMHPSOR
SDUDHOUDVJR>DOWR@\¬ODVFRPSOHPHQWDULDVTXHOHVRQHVSHFtϧFDVDXQDOHQJXDGDGD
\DGHPiVLQWURGXFHQORVYDORUHVRSXHVWRVTXHQRLQWURGXMHUDQODVUHJODVSRUGHIHFWR
(Q¬FDPELRFRQODVUHJODVGHODVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQUHVWULQJLGDVHWLHQGHDDVLJQDUYDORUHV
DORVUDVJRVIXQFLRQHQHVWRVGLVWLQWLYDPHQWHRQRVLQTXHLPSRUWHVXFDUiFWHUSDUWLFX
ODU6WHULDGH(QODSUy[LPDVHFFLyQLOXVWUDPRVFRQHOHMHPSORGHOODWtQODV
SUHGLFFLRQHVTXHVHFXPSOHQFRQHOHPSOHRGHODVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQUHVWULQJLGD
಩(OODWtQ\ODVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQUHVWULQJLGD
(QHVSDxRODOLJXDOTXHHQLQJOpVQRH[LVWHRSRVLFLyQGLVWLQWLYDSDUDODVUHVRQDQWHV
FRQUHVSHFWRDOUDVJR>ODWHUDO@(VWHUDVJRXVXDOPHQWHGHϧQHODFODVHGHFRQVRQDQ
WHVUHVRQDQWHVHQSDUWLFXODUODVQDVDOHVTXHXQLYHUVDOPHQWHVHFDUDFWHUL]DQSRUVHU
>ਮODWHUDO@6LQHPEDUJRHOUDVJR>ODWHUDO@FDUDFWHUL]DDODVFRQVRQDQWHVOtTXLGDVGH
VXHUWHTXHOVHGLVWLQJXHGH‫ޞ‬SRUVHUODSULPHUD>ODWHUDO@\ODVHJXQGD>ਮODWHUDO@
/DSUHVXQFLyQQDWXUDOTXHJHQHUDOPHQWHVHKDVHJXLGRFRQODWHRUtDUDGLFDOHVTXHODV
OtTXLGDVODWHUDOHVYLHQHQFRQVLJQDGDVSRVLWLYDPHQWHFRQHOUDVJR>ODWHUDO@PLHQWUDV
TXHODVGHPiVUHVRQDQWHVVRQUHGXQGDQWHPHQWHQRPDUFDGDVSDUDGLFKRUDVJR6LVH
SUHVXPHHVWDFDUDFWHUL]DFLyQSDUDHOODWtQQRVHQIUHQWDUHPRVDXQSUREOHPDTXHOD
WHRUtDUHVWULQJLGDUHVXHOYHFRQFLHUWDIDFLOLGDG
(QODWtQKD\XQFRQRFLGRSURFHVRGHGLVLPLODFLyQGHOtTXLGDHQGRQGHODOGHO
VXϧMRDOLVVHFRQYLHUWHHQD‫ޞ‬LVFXDQGRHQODEDVHOHSUHFHGHXQDO.3RUWDQWR
ODVUHVSHFWLYDVVRODOLV¶VRODU·\PLOLWDOLV¶PLOLWDU·SURGXFHQ>VROD‫ޞ‬LV@\>PLOLWD‫ޞ‬LV@
6LQHPEDUJRFXDQGRODEDVHFRQWLHQH‫ޞ‬ODGLVLPLODFLyQQRVHFXPSOHϩR‫ޞ‬DOLV
¶ϩRUDO·OLWR‫ޞ‬DOLV¶OLWRUDO·VHSXOFD‫ޞ‬DOLV¶VHSXOFUDO·1LQJXQDRWUDQRODWHUDOLPSLGH
ODGLVLPLODFLyQ3XHVELHQVLVHSUHVXPHODWHRUtDGHODVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQUHVWULQJLGD
HO¬IHQyPHQRVHH[SOLFDSRUHOKHFKRGHTXHOD‫ޞ‬HVOD~QLFDTXHLPSLGHODGLVLPLOD
FLyQFRQORFXDOVHVXJLHUHTXHGHEHSRVHHUHOUDVJR>ਮODWHUDO@HQODVXE\DFHQFLD\
TXHHIHFWLYDPHQWHEORTXHDODSURSDJDFLyQGHODUHJODGLVLPLODQWH
Ejemplo 4-46
>ODWHUDO@಩఩಩>ਮODWHUDO@>ODWHUDO@@UDt]
,OXVWUHPRVHQFRQ oralis:
Ejemplo 4-47
I O R ‫ޞ‬ D O L V
>ODWHUDO@ >ਮODWHUDO@ >ODWHUDO@
/DUHJODQRVHSXHGHDSOLFDUSRUTXHSDUDHQFRQWUDUVXEODQFRWLHQHTXH

FUX]DUOD‫ޞ‬GH or,FRQORTXHVHTXHEUDQWDHOSULQFLSLRGHFUXFHGHOtQHDV$GHPiV
ODSUHVHQFLDGHOUDVJR>ਮODWHUDO@GHOD‫ޞ‬LPSLGHTXHODUHJODVHFXPSODSXHVHV
QHFHVDULRTXHORVGRVUDVJRVHVWpQDG\DFHQWHV\DOLQWHUYHQLUOD‫ޞ‬VHURPSHVHPH
MDQWHDG\DFHQFLD(VWRQRRFXUUHFXDQGRVHWUDWDGHRWURVVHJPHQWRV7RPHPRVSRU
FDVRmilitaris.
Ejemplo 4-48
P L O L W D O L V
>ODWHUDO@ >ಣ@ >ODWHUDO@

(QODVGRVOtTXLGDVODWHUDOHVVHHQFXHQWUDQDG\DFHQWHV\SRUORWDQWRODUHJOD

VHDSOLFDUtDSDUDFRQVHJXLUODVDOLGDFRUUHFWD
$KRUDELHQVLVHVLJXHODVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQUDGLFDOWHQGUtDPRVTXHSUHVXPLUTXH
OD‫ޞ‬QRWLHQHHVSHFLϧFDFLyQ>ODWHUDO@FRQORTXHODUHJODHQWUDUtDHQDFFLyQ
DIHFWDQGRFRPRUHVXOWDGRODIRUPDTXHGHYHQGUtDHQODIRUPDHTXLYRFDGD
* oraris.
/RVGHIHQVRUHVGHODWHRUtDUDGLFDOSRGUtDQDUJLUTXHHQHOIRQGRHVWDREMHFLyQ
QROHHVWDQGDxLQDVLVHRUGHQDODUHJODGHLQVHUFLyQGHOUDVJRUHGXQGDQWH>ਮODWHUDO@
PXFKRDQWHVGHTXHVHHIHFW~HODUHJODGHGLVLPLODFLyQ$UFKDQJHOL8QD
YH]LQVHUWDGRHVWHUDVJREORTXHDUtDODGLVLPLODFLyQ
3RVLEOHPHQWHOHVHDPiVSUREOHPiWLFDDODWHRUtDUDGLFDOHOSURFHVRGHLQVHUFLyQ
GHYRFDOTXHVHUHDOL]DHQHOYDVFR9HDPRVDOJXQRVGHWDOOHV
಩(OYDVFR\ODVXEHVSHFLϧFDFLyQUHVWULQJLGD
(QHOGLDOHFWRYDVFRGH¬$UEL]XTXHVHKDEODHQ1DYDUUDVHUHDOL]DXQSURFHVRLQWH
UHVDQWHGHLQVHUFLyQGHYRFDO+XDOGHDKDEtDREVHUYDGRTXHHQHVWHGLDOHFWR
KD\XQDVHULHGHVXϧMRVTXHSURYRFDQODFUHDFLyQGHXQDUHJODGHDVLPLODFLyQWRWDOGH
YRFDO(VWDUHJODVHFXPSOHVLVHSUHVXPHODLQVHUFLyQGHXQHVTXHOHWR9VLQUDVJRVTXH
OXHJRUHFLEHORVUDVJRVGHODYRFDOGHODEDVHSRUSURSDJDFLyQ\HQVXGHIHFWRUHFLEH
ORVGHODYRFDOLQPDUFDGDRVHDORVGHHDOLJXDOTXHHQHVSDxRO/RVHMHPSORV
UHϩHMDQHVWDVLWXDFLyQ
Ejemplo 4-49
%DVH *HQLWLYRLQGHϧQLGR *ORVDV
DODED DODEDDQ ¶KLMD·

SDDWH SDDWHHQ ¶SDUHG·
DVWR DVWRRQ ¶EXUUR·
PHQGL PHQGLLQ ¶PRQWDxD·
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JLVRQ JLVRQHQ ¶KRPEUH·
(Q ORV SULPHURV FXDWUR HMHPSORV SRGHPRV YHU TXH OD YRFDO GH OD EDVH VH DODUJD
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WHUPLQDHQFRQVRQDQWHFRPRHQORVGRV~OWLPRVHMHPSORVHOVXϧMRFRQWLHQHODYRFDO
HFRQORTXHVHVXJLHUHTXHHVWDYRFDOHVODLQPDUFDGD3DUDGDUFXHQWDGHHVWDV
UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVKDEUtDTXHSRVWXODUSULPHUDPHQWHODUHJODODFXDOSURSDJD
ORVUDVJRVGHODYRFDOGHODEDVH&RPRVHSURSDJDQWRGRVORVUDVJRVHYLGHQWHPHQWH
HQWRQFHVKD\TXHSURSDJDUODUDt](QDXVHQFLDGHYRFDOHQWUDDIXQFLRQDUSRUGHIHFWR
ODUHJOD
Ejemplo 4-50 Asimilación total de vocal
9 9
UDt]
•
Ejemplo 4-51 Asignación de rasgos por defecto
9಩఩಩>H@
9HDPRVFyPRLQWHUDFW~DQHVWDVUHJODVHQ
Ejemplo 4-52
DVWR9Q СLVRQ9Q
಩DVWRRQ ³ 5HJOD

³ ಩СLVRQHQ 5HJOD
>ಭಭDVWRRQ@ >ಭಭСLVRQHQ@
+DVWDDTXtQRKD\SUREOHPDVFRQODWHRUtDUDGLFDO\DTXHODYRFDOHSRUQRFRQ
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6LQHPEDUJR+XDOGHSXGRGHWHUPLQDUTXHDGHPiVGHREWHQHUVHHVWDHLQPDUFDGD
WDPELpQKD\VXϧMRVTXHFRQWLHQHQHSHURFX\RVUDVJRVGHEHQDSDUHFHUDQLYHOVXE
\DFHQWH2FXUUHHQWRQFHVTXHQRVLHPSUHHVWDHVXϧMDOWLHQHTXHDSDUHFHULQHVSH
FLϧFDGD(QHOSOXUDOGHOJHQLWLYRSRUHMHPSORKD\XQVXϧMRHQTXHFRQWUDVWDFRQ
HOVXϧMRLQPDUFDGR9Q1yWHVHTXHHQDPERVFDVRVODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQIRQpWLFDHVOD
PLVPD>HQ@SHURDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWHOD>H@GHDPERVVXϧMRVQRVHSXHGHUHSUHVHQWDU
FRQ9HVLQHVSHFLϧFDGDV3UXHEDGHORDQWHULRUVHRIUHFHHQORVGDWRVHQ2EVpU
YHVHHVWDYH]TXHODYRFDOGHODEDVHVHPRGLϧFDVLHVEDMDGHVDSDUHFHVLHVPHGLD
VXEHXQJUDGR\VLHVDOWDVHFRQVRQDQWL]D(VWRRFXUUHWDPELpQFRQRWURVVXϧMRVGHO
GLDOHFWRHQFXHVWLyQ
Ejemplo 4-53
%DVH *HQLWLYRSOXUDO *ORVD
DODED DODEHQ ¶KLMDV·

SDDWH SDDWLHQ ¶SDUHGHV·
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PHQGL PHQGLMHQ ¶PRQWDxDV·
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JLVRQ JLVRQHQ ¶KRPEUHV·
1yWHVHTXHHQODVGRV~OWLPDVIRUPDVDSDUHFHQXHYDPHQWHODH6HSURGXFHSXHV
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UHVXOWDVHUH3HURKD\PiV(OHUJDWLYRLQGHϧQLGRVHIRUPDFRQHOVXϧMRNFXDQGR
ODEDVHWHUPLQDHQYRFDOGHORFRQWUDULRVHWLHQHTXHLQVHUWDUH'HODVUHVSHFWLYDV
EDVHValaba, mendi\gisonVHSURGXFHQORVHUJDWLYRValabak, mendik\gisonek.'HQXHYR
HVWD~OWLPDDSDUHFHFRQHFRQORFXDOVHSUHVXPHODLQVHUFLyQGHXQHVTXHOHWR9DO
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GHgisonen,KD\TXHKDFHUFRQVWDUDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWHORVUDVJRVFRQWUDVWLYRV>ਮEDMD
ਮDOWD@GHDTXpOOD
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Ejemplo 4-54
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L D H ̸ L D H ̸
DOWR ਮ ਮ ਮ ^HD` ਮ
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>ਮUHWUDtGR@SHURSDUDOD QROOHYDSDUHVGHUDVJRVFRQWUDVWDQWHV(YLGHQWHPHQWH
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ORLQDSHODEOHHVTXHDQLYHOOp[LFRQRVHQHFHVLWDQWRGRVORVUDVJRVSDUDFDUDFWHUL]DU
IRQHPDV
Ejercicios
1. (QHODSDUWDGRVREUHHSpQWHVLVGHHVHSURSXVRTXHHVWDYRFDOHVOD
SUHIHULGDHQHVSDxROSDUDUHSDUDUDUUDQTXHVTXHVHLQLFLDQFRQODFRPELQDFLyQ
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2. 7DQWRHQ+RQGXUDVFRPRHQ(O6DOYDGRUVHHQFXHQWUDQODVDOWHUQDQFLDV
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Dialecto A Dialecto B Glosas

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La silabificación en español
5.0 Introducción
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YHUVDOGHVRQDQFLDTXHSUHVHQWDPRVHQFI¬&OHPHQWVGHWDOPRGRTXH
[ 196 José Ignacio Hualde
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Ejemplo 5-1
9RFDOHV9
'HVOL]DGDV'
/tTXLGDV/
1DVDOHV1
2EVWUX\HQWHV2
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Ejemplo 5-2
P Z e V W૧ ‫ ޞ‬a Q S e ‫ ޞ‬V S e N W૧ i E a
N ' 9 2 2 L 9 N 2 9 L 2 2 9 2 2 9 2 9
6LDVLJQDPRVXQQ~PHURDORVGLIHUHQWHVVHJPHQWRVVHJ~QVXSRVLFLyQHQODHVFDOD
GHVRQDQFLDSRGHPRVREVHUYDUFyPRHOYDORUGHORVVHJPHQWRVHQHVWDHVFDODGLVPL
QX\HSURJUHVLYDPHQWHVHJ~QQRVDOHMDPRVGHOQ~FOHR
Ejemplo 5-3
a. 9 ' / 1 2
b. P Z e V W૧ ‫ ޞ‬a Q S e ‫ ޞ‬V S e N W૧ i E a
N ' 9 2 2 L 9 N 2 9 L 2 2 9 2 2 9 2 9

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La silabificación en español 197 ]
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5.1 Principales generalizaciones acerca de la silabificación en español
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FRQVWLWXLGRVSRURFOXVLYDRIVHJXLGDGHOLTXLGDH[FHSWR G૧O\GLDOHFWDOPHQWHW ૧OVH
VLODELϧFDQFRPRDWDTXHDXQTXHGHQXHYRRWUDVVLODELϧFDFLRQHVSURGXMHUDQHVWUXFWXUDV
ELHQIRUPDGDVGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHORVWLSRVGHVtODEDSHUPLWLGRVHQHVSDxRO$Vt
SRUHMHPSORWHQHPRVsoplo>ਥVRSOR@\QR >VRSOR@1RVUHIHULUHPRVDHVWHIHQyPHQR
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'HQWURGHXQPRGHORWHyULFRFRPRHOJHQHUDWLYRTXHSRVWXODIRUPDVIRQROyJLFDV
VXE\DFHQWHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQODVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVIRUPDVVXSHUϧFLDOHVPHGLDQWHOD
DSOLFDFLyQGHUHJODVRUGHQDGDVHVWHPHFDQLVPRVLUYHWDPELpQSDUDGDUFXHQWDGHOD
VLODELϧFDFLyQFRUUHFWDGHODVGLIHUHQWHVVHFXHQFLDVGHVHJPHQWRV$VtODPD[LPL]DFLyQ
GHDWDTXHVVLOiELFRVVHREWLHQHRUGHQDQGRODIRUPDFLyQGHDWDTXHVDQWHVGHODIRUPD
FLyQGHFRGDV9HDPRVXQDQiOLVLVSRVLEOHGHODVLODELϧFDFLyQHQHVSDxROXWLOL]DQGR
UHJODVRUGHQDGDVSDUDRWURVDQiOLVLVYpDQVH+DUULVE1~xH]&HGHxR
+XDOGHE
(QXQDQiOLVLVGHQWURGHHVWHWLSRGHPRGHORWHyULFRHOSULPHUSDVRKDGHVHUOD
LGHQWLϧFDFLyQGHORVQ~FOHRVVLOiELFRV(OQ~FOHRHVHO~QLFRHOHPHQWRREOLJDWRULRGH
ODVtODED3XHGHKDEHUVtODEDVVLQDUUDQTXHQLFRGDFRPRODSULPHUDVtODEDGHala;
SHURQRVtODEDVVLQQ~FOHR(QHVSDxROHQFRQWUDPRVHOFDVREDVWDQWHVHQFLOORGHTXH
ORV~QLFRVVHJPHQWRVTXHDFW~DQFRPRQ~FOHRVGHVtODEDVRQODVYRFDOHV(VWRHVDO
FRQWUDULR TXH HQ RWUDV OHQJXDV HQ HVSDxRO XQD FRQVRQDQWH QR SXHGH FRQVWLWXLU HO
Q~FOHRGHXQDVtODED,QGLFDPRVHOQ~FOHRFRPR1F
Ejemplo 5-5 Identificación de núcleos silábicos
N D S D D S W૧ R V R S O R
1F 1F 1F 1F 1F 1F
/DVLJXLHQWHRSHUDFLyQHVODDSOLFDFLyQGHODOODPDGDregla CV,TXHVLODELϧFDXQD
FRQVRQDQWHFRPRDWDTXHEDMRHOQRGR$W>DTXH@FRQXQDYRFDOLQPHGLDWDPHQWHDVX
GHUHFKD
Ejemplo 5-6 Regla CV (incorporación de consonantes prevocálicas)
$W 1F $W 1F 1F $W 1F $W 1F $W 1F
‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬
/DDSOLFDFLyQGHODUHJOD&9FRPRSULPHUDUHJODGHDGMXQFLyQSURGXFHHOUHVXO
WDGRGHTXHHQXQDVHFXHQFLD9&9ODFRQVRQDQWHLQWHUYRFiOLFDVHDJUXSHFRQODYRFDO
VLJXLHQWH\QRFRQODSUHFHGHQWHSHM >RVR@HVLPSRVLEOHGHJHQHUDU
/DPD[LPL]DFLyQGHDWDTXHVVLOiELFRVSHM>ਥNRSOD@\QR >ਥNRSOD@VHFRQVLJXH
DSOLFDQGRDFWRVHJXLGRXQDVHJXQGDUHJODGHDGMXQFLyQEDMRHOQRGR$¬TXHVLODELϧFD
XQD VHJXQGD FRQVRQDQWH HQ HO DWDTXH VLHPSUH TXH HO UHVXOWDGR VHD XQ JUXSR GH
DWDTXHDGPLVLEOH(QWUHORVHMHPSORVGDGRVHVWDUHJODVyORWLHQHDSOLFDFLyQHQsoplo,
DGMXQWDQGRODSDODWDTXHGHODVHJXQGDVtODED(Qapto,VLQHPEDUJRODUHJODGH
IRUPDFLyQGHJUXSRVGHDWDTXHQRWLHQHHIHFWRSRUTXHVXDSOLFDFLyQFUHDUtDXQJUXSR
SWTXHQRFRQVWLWXLUtDXQDWDTXHDFHSWDEOHHQHVSDxRO
Ejemplo 5-7 Formación de grupos de ataque
$W 1F $W 1F 1F $W 1F $W 1F $W 1F
‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬
/DDSOLFDFLyQGHHVWDVHJXQGDUHJODGHDGMXQFLyQEDMRHOQRGR$¬UHTXLHUHSXHV
ODGHϧQLFLyQLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHORVJUXSRVGHDWDTXHDGPLVLEOHVHQODOHQJXDRFOXVLYD
RIPiVOtTXLGDH[FHSWRG૧O\GLDOHFWDOPHQWHW ૧O
6RORXQDYH]TXHHVWDVGRVRSHUDFLRQHVGHDGMXQFLyQHQSRVLFLyQGHDWDTXHVH
KD\DQDSOLFDGRVHDSOLFDUiQRWUDVUHJODVDGMXQWDQGRRWURVVHJPHQWRVHQSRVLFLyQGH
FRGDEDMRHOQRGR&G&RGDDxDGLPRVWDPELpQHOQRGR5P5LPDDODUHSUHVHQWD
FLyQHQ>@
Ejemplo 5-8 Adjunción de codas
D S W૧ R
1F &G $W 1F
5P 5P
‫۝‬ ‫۝‬
'DGRHVWHRUGHQGHUHJODVVLODELϧFDFLRQHVLQFRUUHFWDVFRPR >ਥNDSD@\ >ਥVRSOR@

VRQLPSRVLEOHVGHJHQHUDU3DUDTXHHVWRVHDDVtUHVXOWDFUXFLDODSOLFDUODVUHJODVHQ
HORUGHQLQGLFDGR8QFDPELRHQHORUGHQGHRSHUDFLRQHVSURGXFLUtDUHVXOWDGRVQR
GHVHDGRV'HHVWHPRGRLJQRUDQGRSRUHOPRPHQWRHVWUXFWXUDVPiVFRPSOHMDVTXH
QRVOOHYDUtDQDSRVWXODUDOJXQDVUHJODVDGLFLRQDOHVKHPRVUHFRQRFLGRHQFXDWUR
RSHUDFLRQHVRUGHQDGDVGHVLODELϧFDFLyQ
Ejemplo 5-9 Reglas ordenadas de silabificación
1. ,GHQWLϧFDFLyQGHQ~FOHRVVLOiELFRV
2. 5HJOD¬&9
3. 5HJODGHIRUPDFLyQGHJUXSRVGHDWDTXH
4. 5HJODVGHDGMXQFLyQGHFRGDV
&RPRLQGLFDPRVDQWHVPLHQWUDVTXHXQJUXSR&9HVVLHPSUHWDXWRVLOiELFRHQ
HVSDxROLQFOXVRDWUDYpVGHIURQWHUDVGHSDODEUDVODPD[LPL]DFLyQGHDWDTXHVVLOiELFRV
ODDSOLFDFLyQGHODUHJODGHIRUPDFLyQGHJUXSRVGHDWDTXHHQHODQiOLVLVTXHHVWDPRV
FRQVLGHUDQGRVRORWLHQHOXJDUGHQWURGHFLHUWRVGRPLQLRVPRUIROyJLFRV(VWRORSRGH
PRVREVHUYDUFXDQGRFRQVLGHUDPRVODVLODELϧFDFLyQHQHMHPSORVFRPRchef argentino
>ਥ߿HID‫[ޞ‬HQ૧ਥW ૧LQR@IUHQWHDchef latino>ਥ߿HIODਥW ૧LQR@Rsubordinado>VXɕ૊R‫˓ޞ‬૊LਥQD˓૊R@
IUHQWHDsublingual>VXɕ૊OL‫غ‬ਥСZDO@(VWRVHMHPSORVPXHVWUDQTXHHQFLHUWRVFDVRVODV
IURQWHUDVPRUIpPLFDVRGHSDODEUDVHLJQRUDQSDUDHIHFWRVGHODVLODELϧFDFLyQSHUR
HQRWURVFDVRVVHWRPDQHQFXHQWD/DVROXFLyQGDGDHQ+XDOGHEFI¬WDPELpQ
0RUJDQHVTXHODVLODELϧFDFLyQVHSURGXFHLQLFLDOPHQWHHQHOPLVPRGRPLQLR
PRUIROyJLFRHQWRGRVORVHMHPSORVGDGRV(OGRPLQLRLQLFLDOGHVLODELϧFDFLyQHVOD
SDODEUDIRQROyJLFDODFXDOH[FOX\HSUHϧMRVSURGXFWLYRVFRPRsub-
Ejemplo 5-10
>ਥ߿HI@>D‫[ޞ‬HQ૧ਥW ૧LQR@ >ਥ߿HI@>ODਥW ૧LQR@

>VXɕ૊>R‫˓ޞ‬૊LਥQD˓૊R@@ >VXɕ૊>OL‫غ‬ਥСZDO@@
>VXਥɕ૊OLPH@
3RVWOp[LFDPHQWHVLQHPEDUJRKDEUtDXQDVHJXQGDDSOLFDFLyQGHODUHJOD&9SHUR
QRGHRWUDVUHJODVGHVLODELϧFDFLyQHQSDUWLFXODUQRGHODUHJODGHIRUPDFLyQGHJUXSRV
GHDWDTXH/DDSOLFDFLyQGHODUHJOD&9DQLYHOSRVWOp[LFRWHQGUtDOXJDUHQHMHPSORV
FRPRchef argentino,SURGXFLHQGR>ਥ߿HID‫[ޞ‬HQ૧ਥW ૧LQR@\HQsubordinando,PRGLϧFDQGROD
VLODELϧFDFLyQLQLFLDO\SURGXFLHQGR>VXɕ૊R‫˓ޞ‬૊LਥQD˓૊R@SHURQRHQHMHPSORVFRPRchef
latinoRsublingual,GRQGHODIURQWHUDVLOiELFDLQLFLDOQRVHSDUDXQJUXSR&9
Ejemplo 5-11 Resilabificación de grupos CV
>ਥ߿HI@>D‫[ޞ‬HQ૧ਥW ૧LQR@ ఩ >ਥ߿HID‫[ޞ‬HQ૧ਥW ૧LQR@

>VXɕ૊>R‫˓ޞ‬૊LਥQD˓૊R@@ ఩ >VXɕ૊R‫˓ޞ‬૊LਥQD˓૊R@
$Vt SXHV HO RUGHQ GH UHJODV GDGR DUULED HQ GHEHPRV PRGLϧFDUOR GH OD
PDQHUDVLJXLHQWH
Ejemplo 5-12
1LYHOOp[LFR'RPLQLRSDODEUDIRQROyJLFD
1. ,GHQWLϧFDFLyQGHQ~FOHRVVLOiELFRV
2. 5HJOD¬&9
3. 5HJODGHIRUPDFLyQGHJUXSRVGHDWDTXH
4. 5HJODVGHDGMXQFLyQGHFRGDV
1LYHOSRVWOp[LFR'RPLQLRIUDVHIRQROyJLFD
5. 5HJOD&9
(VGHFLUODUHJOD&9VHDSOLFDWDQWROp[LFDFRPRSRVWOp[LFDPHQWH(QHVWHDQiOLVLV
HORUGHQGHODVRSHUDFLRQHVHVWDQFUXFLDOFRPRODVRSHUDFLRQHVPLVPDV
(QHOPRGHORGHODWHRUtDGHODRSWLPLGDGYpDVH&ROLQDE\HOFDSt
WXOR¬ORVPLVPRVUHVXOWDGRVVHREWLHQHQHVWDEOHFLHQGRXQDMHUDUTXtDGHSULQFLSLRV
DSOLFDGRVDODVLODELϧFDFLyQ/DUHJOD&9YLVWDFRPRSULQFLSLRXQLYHUVDO$ཋ೻༩ཟෞ
UHTXLHUHGRWDUDWRGDYRFDOGHXQDWDTXH(VWHSULQFLSLRHVVXϧFLHQWHPHQWHLPSRUWDQWH
HQHVSDxROFRPRSDUDFDXVDUTXHVHLQIULQMDRWURSULQFLSLRGHUHVSHWRDODVIURQWHUDV
GHSDODEUDHQODVLODELϧFDFLyQTXHOODPDUHPRV$ຮ๠ศໍ6LQHPEDUJRHOSULQFLSLRGH
DOLQHDPLHQWRVXSHUDUtDHQODMHUDUTXtDDRWURSULQFLSLRTXHSURKtEHXQDVtODEDFRQ
XQDFRGD &໦෋೻7HQGUtDPRVSXHVODVLJXLHQWHMHUDUTXtDHQWUHHVWRVWUHVSULQFLSLRV
>@HOVtPERORªVLJQLϧFD¶GRPLQDD·R¶HVPiVLPSRUWDQWHTXH·
Ejemplo 5-13 Jerarquía de principios de silabificación
$ཋ೻༩ཟෞª$ຮ๠ศໍª &໦෋೻
(VWDMHUDUTXtDQRVLQGLFDTXHa.zu.los.cu.roHVODPHMRUVLODELϧFDFLyQGHHVWHHMHP
SORDXQTXHQRVHUHVSHWHQORVOtPLWHVGHSDODEUDSDUDODIRUPDFLyQGHVtODEDVGDGR
TXH$ཋ೻༩ཟෞGRPLQDD$ຮ๠ศໍ3RURWUDSDUWHchef.la.ti.noHVPHMRUTXH*che. a.ti.no,
SRUTXHODSULPHUDVLODELϧFDFLyQVDWLVIDFHHODOLQHDPLHQWRGHODIURQWHUDGHSDODEUD
FRQODIURQWHUDVLOiELFDDFRVWDGHQRUHVSHWDUHOSULQFLSLRLQIHULRUGH &໦෋೻
5.2 Estructura moraica
(QODWtQHODFHQWRUHFDtDVREUHODSHQ~OWLPDVtODEDVLHVWDHVWDEDFHUUDGDSRUFRQVR
QDQWHFRPRHQper. fec.tumRFRQWHQtDXQDYRFDOODUJDFRPRHQfor. m .ca(QFDVR
FRQWUDULRHODFHQWRVHVLWXDEDVREUHODDQWHSHQ~OWLPDFRPRHQ ta.bu.la/DUHJODGH

DVLJQDFLyQGHODFHQWRHQODWtQVXSRQHSXHVODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQDGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHGRV
WLSRVGHVtODEDVOLJHUDV\SHVDGDV(VWDGLVWLQFLyQWLHQHWDPELpQXQDJUDQLPSRUWDQFLD
HQHOVLVWHPDUtWPLFRGHOODWtQ\FRQVWLWX\HODEDVHGHODYHUVLϧFDFLyQHQHVWDOHQJXD
(VWHWLSRGHGLVWLQFLyQQRHVDOJRSHFXOLDUGHOODWtQVLQRTXHVHHQFXHQWUDWDPELpQHQ
PXFKDVRWUDVOHQJXDV+D\HV/DRSRVLFLyQQRHVH[DFWDPHQWHLJXDOHQWRGDVODV
OHQJXDVTXHGLVWLQJXHQHQWUHVtODEDVOLJHUDV\SHVDGDV8QDVtODEDGHOWLSR&9VLHP
SUHFXHQWDFRPROLJHUD\XQDVtODEDFRQYRFDOODUJD&9৸FXHQWDFRPRSHVDGD(OWLSR
&9&SRURWUDSDUWHSXHGHFRQWDUFRPRVtODEDSHVDGDRFRPROLJHUDVHJ~QODOHQJXD
8QKHFKRLPSRUWDQWHHVTXHHVDFODVLϧFDFLyQKDFHUHIHUHQFLDHQFXDOTXLHUFDVRDOD
HVWUXFWXUDGHODULPDVLOiELFD(OWLSRGHDWDTXHVLOiELFRHVJHQHUDOPHQWHLUUHOHYDQWH
HQHVWDFRPSXWDFLyQ$VtXQDVtODED9৸FRQYRFDOODUJD\VLQDWDTXHFXHQWDFRPR
SHVDGD\XQDVtODED&&9FRQYRFDOEUHYHFXHQWDFRPROLJHUD3DUDUHϩHMDUHOSHVR
VLOiELFRVHXWLOL]DHOFRQFHSWRGHmora,UHSUHVHQWDGDSRUODOHWUDJULHJDODFXDOVH
SURQXQFLDIRQpWLFDPHQWHFRPR>ਥPMX৸@HQLQJOpVSHUR>ਥPL@HQHVSDxRO'LUHPRVTXH
XQDVtODEDOLJHUDFRPR>WD@FRQWLHQHXQDPRUDDVRFLDGDFRQODYRFDO\XQDVtODED
SHVDGDFRPR>WD৸@FRQWLHQHGRVPRUDV
Ejemplo 5-14

W D W D
6LHQXQDOHQJXDGHWHUPLQDGDXQDVtODEDFRPR>WDQ@FXHQWDFRPRSHVDGDDVLJ
QDUHPRVXQDPRUDDODFRQVRQDQWHHQSRVLFLyQGHFRGDFRPRHQD6LSRUHO
FRQWUDULRWDOVtODEDVHFRPSXWDFRPROLJHUDHQFXDQWRDODDVLJQDFLyQGHODFHQWRX
RWURVSURFHVRVIRQROyJLFRVODFRQVRQDQWHϧQDOFDUHFHUiGHPRUDDVRFLDGDFRPRHQ
E
Ejemplo 5-15
a. b.
W D Q W D Q
$OJXQRVDXWRUHVFRPR+D\HVKDQSURSXHVWRUHPSOD]DUODHVWUXFWXUDVLOiELFD

GDGDHQRHQSRURWUDTXHUHSUHVHQWHGLUHFWDPHQWHODHVWUXFWXUDPRUDLFD
(QXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHHVWHWLSRORVVHJPHQWRVVLQSHVRVLOiELFRVHUHSUHVHQWDQDVR
FLDGRVGLUHFWDPHQWHDOQRGR‫۝‬$VtODVHVWUXFWXUDVSRVLEOHVSDUD>SODQ@GHSHQGLHQGR
GHVLWDOVtODEDFXHQWDFRPROLJHUDRFRPRSHVDGDVRQODVVLJXLHQWHVDE
Ejemplo 5-16
a. ‫۝‬ b. ‫۝‬

S O D Q S O D Q
3RGHPRVQRWDUTXHORVFRQFHSWRVGHDWDTXHQ~FOHRULPD\FRGDVRQWDPELpQGHULYD
EOHVGHHVWDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ(OQ~FOHRHVHOSULPHUR~QLFRHOHPHQWRPRUDLFRGHODVtODED
/DULPDHVWiFRQVWLWXLGDSRUWRGRVORVVHJPHQWRVDVRFLDGRVDXQDPRUD(O¬DWDTXHHVWi
IRUPDGRSRUORVVHJPHQWRVDVRFLDGRVGLUHFWDPHQWHDOQRGR‫۝‬DODL]TXLHUGDGHOQ~FOHR
8QDYHQWDMDGHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQPRUDLFDGHODVtODEDDGHPiVGHODWUDQVSDUHQ
FLDFRQTXHSHUPLWHUHSUHVHQWDUODHVWUXFWXUDUtWPLFD\DFHQWXDOGHOHQJXDVFRPRHO
ODWtQHVTXHRIUHFHXQDPDQHUDVHQFLOODGHGDUFXHQWDGHQXPHURVRVIHQyPHQRVGH
DODUJDPLHQWRFRPSHQVDWRULR+D\HV3DUDGDUXQHMHPSORGHXQGLDOHFWRGHO
HVSDxRO+DPPRQGPDQWLHQHTXHHQFXEDQRDOSHUGHUVHODVHQXQDVtODED
QRϧQDOVHSURGXFHXQDODUJDPLHQWRGHODYRFDOSUHFHGHQWHGHPRGRTXHbusqueVH
SURQXQFLDFRPR>ਥEX৸NH@GLVWLQJXLpQGRVHGHODSDODEUDbuque>ਥEXNH@SRUODGXUDFLyQ
GHODYRFDOWyQLFD8QDPDQHUDGHGDUFXHQWDGHHVWHDODUJDPLHQWRGHODYRFDOFRQWLJXD
DODVHVDVXPLHQGRTXHHVWHHVHOUHVXOWDGRGHUHDVRFLDUODPRUDGHODFRQVRQDQWH
HOLGLGDDOVHJPHQWRSUHFHGHQWHHVWRHVODSpUGLGDGHOVHJPHQWRVQRFRQOOHYDOD
GHVDSDULFLyQGHVXPRUDDVRFLDGD
Ejemplo 5-17
఩
E X V N H E X N H
8QDSUHGLFFLyQGHHVWHPRGHORVLOiELFRHVTXHODHOLVLyQGHVHJPHQWRVHQSRVLFLyQ
GHDWDTXHQRGDUiQXQFDOXJDUDSURFHVRVGHDODUJDPLHQWRFRPSHQVDWRULRGDGRTXH
WDOHVVHJPHQWRVQRVRQPRUDLFRVHQQLQJXQDOHQJXD
5.3 Hiatos y diptongos
+DVWDDKRUDKHPRVRPLWLGRFDVLFRPSOHWDPHQWHWRGDGLVFXVLyQVREUHODVLODELϧFDFLyQGH
ODVGHVOL]DGDV\PiVJHQHUDOPHQWHVREUHGLSWRQJRVHKLDWRV(VWRHVSRUTXHHVWDVVHFXHQ
FLDVSUHVHQWDQSUREOHPDVHVSHFLDOHVHQHVSDxROTXHH[DPLQDUHPRVHQHVWDVHFFLyQ
3DUDGDUFXHQWDGHODVLODELϧFDFLyQGHVHFXHQFLDVYRFiOLFDVQHFHVLWDPRVPRGLϧFDU
ODHVFDODGHVRQDQFLDGDGDHQDVLJQDQGRYDORUHVGLIHUHQWHVDGLVWLQWDVYRFDOHV
VHJ~QVXJUDGRGHDSHUWXUD
Ejemplo 5-18
9RFDOHVEDMDVD /tTXLGDV‫ޞ‬UOु

9RFDOHVPHGLDVHR 1DVDOHVPQ‫ ص‬
9RFDOHVDOWDVLX 2EVWUX\HQWHVSW ૧NEG૧СI‫ۏ‬V߿թ[
'RVHOHPHQWRVYRFiOLFRVVHJXLGRVSXHGHQSURQXQFLDUVHMXQWRVHQXQDVRODVtODED
IRUPDQGRGLSWRQJRFRPRioHQMario,RHQVtODEDVVHSDUDGDVHQKLDWRFRPRiaHQ
María.
(QHVSDxROWHQHPRVGRVWLSRVGHGLSWRQJRV+D\GLSWRQJRVGHVRQDQFLDFUHFLHQWH
FRPR>MD@>ZH@\GLSWRQJRVGHFUHFLHQWHVFRPR>DM@>HZ@$VLPLVPRSRGHPRVWHQHU
KLDWRVGHVRQDQFLDFUHFLHQWHFRPR>LD@>XH@\GHVRQDQFLDGHFUHFLHQWHFRPR>DL@
>HX@
&XDQGRQLQJXQDGHODVGRVYRFDOHVHQODVHFXHQFLDHVDOWDWHQHPRVVLHPSUHXQ
KLDWRDOPHQRVDQLYHOOp[LFRRHQSURQXQFLDFLyQFXLGDGDpoeta>SRਥHW ૧D@maestro
>PDਥHVW ૧‫ޞ‬R@teatro>W ૧HਥDW ૧‫ޞ‬R@vaho>ਥEDR@lee>ਥOHH@moho>ਥPRR@&RPRYHUHPRV
GHVSXpVHQHOKDEODUiSLGDVLQHPEDUJRHVWDVVHFXHQFLDVSXHGHQUHGXFLUVHWDPELpQ
DGLSWRQJR
/DVVHFXHQFLDVTXHDQLYHOOp[LFRSXHGHQIRUPDUGLSWRQJRHQHVSDxROVRQODVTXH
HMHPSOLϧFDPRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
Ejemplo 5-19 Los diptongos del español
'LSWRQJRVFUHFLHQWHV
>MD@ aciago >ZD@ cual

>MH@ tiene >ZH@ suelo
>MR@ adiós >ZR@ cuota
>MX@ viuda >ZL@ cuida
'LSWRQJRVGHFUHFLHQWHV
>DM@ baile >DZ@ pausa

>HM@ reina >HZ@ neura
>RM@ oigo >RZ@ Sousa, bou
>XM@ muy >LZ@ ³
$OJXQRVGHHVWRVGLSWRQJRVVRQPX\SRFRIUHFXHQWHVHQHVSDxRO>ZR@RFXUUHHQ
PX\SRFDVSDODEUDV\>RZ@RFXUUHVyORHQQRPEUHVGHRULJHQJDOOHJRSRUWXJXpVFRPR
Sousa,HQVLJODVFRPRCOU,HQDOJ~QSUpVWDPRGHOFDWDOiQFRPRbou
*HQHUDOPHQWHODVVHFXHQFLDV iu, ui,GHGRVYRFRLGHVDOWRVVHSURQXQFLDQFRPR
GLSWRQJRVFUHFLHQWHV>MX@>ZL@HQYH]GHGHFUHFLHQWHV(QUHDOLGDGHVWDVGRVUHDOL]D
FLRQHVVRQGLItFLOPHQWHGLVWLQJXLEOHV\SDUHFHKDEHUSUHIHUHQFLDVGLIHUHQWHVHQDOJXQRV
GLDOHFWRV/RJHQHUDOVLQHPEDUJRHVTXHviudaULPHFRQsuda\QRFRQvida,SRUOR
TXHFRQFOXLPRVTXHHQHOGLSWRQJRiuODYRFDOHV>X@PLHQWUDVTXHcuidaULPDFRQ
vida,ORTXHLQGLFDTXHHQuiODYRFDOHV>L@(QODSDODEUDmuyVLQHPEDUJRHOSULPHU
HOHPHQWRHVHOQXFOHDUSXHVHVHOTXHUHFLEHPD\RUGXUDFLyQVLHQIDWL]DPRVODSDODEUD
muuuy buenoPiVTXHmuyyyy bueno
/DVPLVPDVVHFXHQFLDVTXHSXHGHQIRUPDUGLSWRQJRDSDUHFHQWDPELpQHQKLDWR
HQRWUDVSDODEUDV>@HOHMHPSORHQSDUpQWHVLVVHVLODELϧFDFRQKLDWRHQDOJXQRV
GLDOHFWRVSHURQRQHFHVDULDPHQWHHQWRGRV
Ejemplo 5-20 Hiatos
>LD@ quería >XD@ púa

>LH@ ríe >XH@ adecúe
>LR@ desvío >XR@ búho
>LX@ (diurno) >XL@ huida
>DL@ caída >DX@ aúlla
>HL@ reímos >HX@ reúne
>RL@ oímos >RX@ coúso
7DPELpQIRUPDQKLDWRODVVHFXHQFLDVGHGRVYRFDOHVDOWDVLJXDOHVHQORVSRFRV
HMHPSORVHQTXHRFXUUHQFRPRdiítaGLPLQXWLYRGHdía
/RVKLDWRVVHPDUFDQRUWRJUiϧFDPHQWHFRQXQDFHQWRFXDQGRODYRFDODOWDOOHYDHO
DFHQWRSURVyGLFR\FRPRHQMaría, navío, oído,HWF6LQHPEDUJRHODFHQWRQRVXHOH
HVFULELUVHHQ´SVHXGRPRQRVtODERVµFRPR(él) rió>ULਥR@TXHIUHFXHQWHPHQWHHVELVt
ODER\FRQWUDVWDFRQORVPRQRVtODERVdio>ਥGMR@\vio>ਥEMR@GRQGHHODFHQWRRUWRJUiϧFR
QRHVQHFHVDULRVHJ~QODVUHJODVGHOD5HDO$FDGHPLDSUHFLVDPHQWHSRUWUDWDUVHGH
PRQRVtODERV(ODFHQWRWDPSRFRVHGLVWLQJXHRUWRJUiϧFDPHQWHGHOGLSWRQJRFXDQGRODV
GRVYRFDOHVVRQDOWDVFRPRHQhuida, huimos,TXHVLQHPEDUJRSDUDPXFKRVKDEODQWHV
WLHQHQXQDVHFXHQFLDFRQKLDWRTXHFRQWUDVWDIRQROyJLFDPHQWHFRQHOGLSWRQJRGH
cuida, fuimos.(VWRHVhuida,SRUHMHPSORWLHQHWUHVVtODEDVH[DFWDPHQWHFRPRoído,
PLHQWUDVTXHcuidaWLHQHVyORGRV
/DVVHFXHQFLDVGHVRQDQFLDFUHFLHQWHFRQDFHQWRSURVyGLFRVREUHODYRFDOQRDOWD
FRPRLਥDLਥHLਥRXਥDHWFVHVLODELϧFDQJHQHUDOPHQWHFRPRGLSWRQJRV6LQ
HPEDUJR SDUD DOJXQRV KDEODQWHV KD\ XQ FRQWUDVWH HQWUH SRU HMHPSORriendo, FRQ
KLDWR\siendo,FRQGLSWRQJRDPERVFRQDFHQWRSURVyGLFRHQODYRFDO>H@>ULਥHQ૧G૧R@
>ਥVMHQ૧G૧R@TXHQRVHPDUFDRUWRJUiϧFDPHQWHDOQRVHUODYRFDODOWDODTXHWLHQHDFHQWR
SURVyGLFRRdueto\duelo([LVWHEDVWDQWHYDULDFLyQGLDOHFWDOHLQFOXVRLGLROHFWDOHQ
ODVLODELϧFDFLyQGHHVWDVVHFXHQFLDV
/RVFDVRVFRQKLDWRGRQGHODYRFDODOWDQRHVODDFHQWXDGDSURVyGLFDPHQWHVRQOD
H[FHSFLyQ\JHQHUDOPHQWHFRUUHVSRQGHQDSDODEUDVUHODFLRQDGDVPRUIROyJLFDPHQWH
FRQRWUDVGRQGHODYRFDODOWDOOHYDHODFHQWR³SRUHMHPSORriendo,TXHSHUWHQHFHDO
PLVPRYHUERTXHríe,GRQGHOD>L@OOHYDHODFHQWRriada>ULਥD˓૊D@UHODFLRQDGDFRQ
río; viable>ELਥDɕ૊OH@UHODFLRQDGDFRQvía; (yo) pie>SLਥH@FRQ(yo) pío,HWF7DPELpQ
SRGHPRVHQFRQWUDUKLDWRVHQFDVRVGHSUHϧMDFLyQFRPRHQbienio>ELpQMR@.)LQDO
PHQWHSDUDDOJXQRVKDEODQWHVKD\SDODEUDVTXHH[FHSFLRQDOPHQWHWLHQHQKLDWRVLQ
TXHH[LVWDQLQJXQDH[SOLFDFLyQPRUIROyJLFDSDUDHOOR3RUHMHPSORdiente, mientras,
vientre, siente, tieneFRQWLHQHQXQGLSWRQJR>MH@SHURKD\KDEODQWHVSDUDTXLHQHVOD
SDODEUDclienteHVGLIHUHQWHGHODVRWUDV\FRQWLHQHXQKLDWR>NOLਥHQ૧W ૧H@'HOPLVPR
PRGR OD VLWXDFLyQ PiV FRP~Q HV TXH LਥD XਥD IRUPHQ XQ GLSWRQJR FRPR HQ
San>ਥW ૧MD@go, a>ਥ‫ۏ‬MD@go, li>ਥɕ૊MD@no,>ਥNZD@ndo,HWFSHURHQSDODEUDVFRPRd>LਥD@blo\
R>XਥD@ndaSRGHPRVHQFRQWUDUXQKLDWRFRQVWLWX\HQGRHVWDVSDODEUDVODH[FHSFLyQD
ODQRUPDJHQHUDOSDUDDTXHOORVKDEODQWHVTXHKDFHQHVWHFRQWUDVWH
/DGLVWULEXFLyQGHHVWHFRQWUDVWHVHKDHVWXGLDGRPiVSDUDHOHVSDxROSHQLQVXODU
TXHSDUDYDULHGDGHVODWLQRDPHULFDQDVYpDVH1DYDUUR7RPiV>@5HDO$FD
GHPLD(VSDxROD²+XDOGH²&DEUp\3ULHWR(QVH
DQRWDQDOJXQDVSDODEUDVTXHHMHPSOLϧFDQHOFRQWUDVWHGLSWRQJRKLDWRSDUDKDEODQWHV
GHYDULHGDGHVSHQLQVXODUHV
Ejemplo 5-21
'LSWRQJR +LDWR
>ਥMD@ asiático >LਥD@ piano

mediante Viana
>ਥMH@ miel >LਥH@ riel
diente cliente
barriendo riendo
pie pie (piar)
>ਥMR@ dio >LਥR@ rio
precioso biombo
radiólogo biólogo
>ਥMX@ viuda >LਥX@ diurno
multiuso
>ਥZD@ cuando >XਥD@ Ruanda
Juana ruana
>ਥZH@ duelo >XਥH@ dueto
puente
>ਥZR@ cuota >XਥR@ presuntuoso
>ਥZL@ fuimos >XਥL@ huimos
cuita jesuita
/DH[LVWHQFLDGHHVWRVFRQWUDVWHVHLQFOXVRSDUHVPtQLPRVFRPR>ਥSMH@\>SLਥH@
QRVSODQWHDQSUREOHPDVDFHUFDGHOSRVLEOHFRQWUDVWHIRQpPLFRHQWUHYRFDOHVDOWDV\
GHVOL]DGDVHQHVSDxRO
(Q HO PRGHOR PRUDLFR WDQWR ODV YRFDOHV DOWDV >L@ >X@ FRPR ODV GHVOL]DGDV >M@
>Z@WLHQHQORVPLVPRVUDVJRVVHJPHQWDOHV\GLϧHUHQHQTXH>L@>X@WLHQHQXQDPRUD
DVRFLDGDPLHQWUDVTXH>M@>Z@QRODWLHQHQ3RUHMHPSOR>ਥG૧MH@nte\cl>LਥH@nteWLHQHQ
GLIHUHQWHHVWUXFWXUDPRUDLFD\FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWHVLOiELFDSDUDKDEODQWHVFRQHVWH
FRQWUDVWHOp[LFR
Ejemplo 5-22 Segmentos moraicos y no moraicos

G૧ L H Q૧ W૧ H N O L H Q૧ W૧ H
&RPRKHPRVGLFKRODVLWXDFLyQJHQHUDORQRPDUFDGDHVTXHXQHOHPHQWRYRFiOLFR
ÝRFRLGHµDOWRQRDFHQWXDGRHQFRQWDFWRFRQRWUDYRFDOQRVHDPRUDLFRHVGHFLU
TXHVHDXQDGHVOL]DGDPLHQWUDVTXHODPRULϧFDFLyQGDGDHQSDUDclienteHV
XQDHVWUXFWXUDH[FHSFLRQDO/DPHMRUVROXFLyQHVSRVWXODUXQDUHJODJHQHUDOSRUODFXDO
ODVYRFDOHVDOWDVLXSLHUGHQVXPRUDDVRFLDGDFXDQGRHVWiQHQFRQWDFWRFRQRWUD
YRFDO\QROOHYDQHODFHQWRYpDQVH+DUULV\.DLVVH5RFD+XDOGH

Ejemplo 5-23 Desmorificación
఩
G૧ L H Q૧ W૧ H G૧ L H Q૧ W૧ H
3DODEUDVFRPRclienteSDUDORVKDEODQWHVTXHODVLODELϧFDQHQWUHVVtODEDVFRQVWLWX
\HQH[FHSFLRQHVOp[LFDVDHVWDUHJOD(QFDVRVFRPRhuimosWDPELpQHQWUHVVtODEDV
LQWHUYLHQHQIDFWRUHVSDUDGLJPiWLFRVTXHMXVWLϧFDQVXH[FHSFLRQDOLGDG
&RPRDFDEDPRVGHGHFLUFDVRVFRPR>NOLਥHQ૧W ૧H@HQTXHXQDYRFDODOWDHQHOFRQ
WH[WRGHGHVPRULϧFDFLyQVHPDQWLHQHFRPRPRUDLFDVRQH[FHSFLRQDOHV/DWHQGHQFLDD
HYLWDUORVKLDWRVHVXQDPDQLIHVWDFLyQGHOSULQFLSLRGHDUUDQTXHREOLJDWRULRGDGRTXH
XQDVHFXHQFLDHQKLDWRVXSRQHODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQDVtODEDVLQDUUDQTXH(VWDWHQGHQFLD
KDRSHUDGRGLDFUyQLFDPHQWHHQHVSDxROUHGXFLHQGRDGLSWRQJRPXFKDVVHFXHQFLDV
TXHDQWHULRUPHQWHVHSURQXQFLDEDQHQKLDWRPXFKDVYHFHVFRQFDPELRHQODSRVLFLyQ
GHODFHQWRFRPRHQreg na!r>HਥL@na!r>ਥHM@naHWF
5.4 Resilabificación de grupos vocálicos: sinalefa y sinéresis
8QDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHOHVSDxROHVODH[LVWHQFLDGHSURFHVRVGHUHVLODELϧFDFLyQDWUDYpV
GHIURQWHUDVGHSDODEUDV<DKHPRVYLVWRTXHXQDFRQVRQDQWHϧQDOGHSDODEUDVXHOH
UHVLODELϧFDUVHFRPRXQDWDTXHFXDQGRYDVHJXLGDSRURWUDSDODEUDTXHHPSLH]DSRU
YRFDO$GHPiVGHHVWHSURFHVRGHUHVLODELϧFDFLyQGHVHFXHQFLDV&9WHQHPRVWDPELpQ
UHVLODELϧFDFLyQ HQ VHFXHQFLDV YRFiOLFDV HQ HO GLVFXUVR VHJXLGR (VWH IHQyPHQR VH
FRQRFHFRPRsinalefa,\SRGHPRVREVHUYDUORHQHMHPSORVFRPRORVVLJXLHQWHV
Ejemplo 5-24 Sinalefa
a. >MD@ mi amigo >ZD@ tu amigo

>DM@ esa italiana >DZ@ esa unidad
>DH੓@ casa enorme >DR੓@ cosa horrible
>H੓D@ ese acueducto >R੓D@ lo aguardaba
b. >MX@ bici usada >ZL@ espíritu insaciable
>H੓R@ este osito >R੓H@ lo esperaba
c. >D@ estaba hablando >R@ otroosito
>H@ monte enorme >L@ mi idea
&RPRVHPXHVWUDHQORVHMHPSORVDQWHULRUHVGRVYRFDOHVVHJXLGDVSXHGHQIRUPDU
XQDVRODVtODEDDXQTXHVHHQFXHQWUHQHQSDODEUDVGLIHUHQWHV/DVLQDOHIDHVHVSHFLDO
PHQWH IUHFXHQWH FXDQGR QLQJXQD GH ODV GRV YRFDOHV DIHFWDGDV OOHYD DFHQWR 6L ODV
YRFDOHVWLHQHQGLIHUHQWHDOWXUDODPiVDOWDGHODVGRVVHFRQYLHUWHHQVHPLYRFDOFRPR
HQD$¬QLYHOSRVWOp[LFRWHQHPRVWDQWRVHPLYRFDOHVDOWDVFRPRPHGLDV6LODV
GRVYRFDOHVVRQGHODPLVPDDOWXUDODSULPHUDGHODVGRVHVODTXHSLHUGHVXVLODELFL
GDGFRPRVHLOXVWUDHQE)LQDOPHQWHVLODVGRVYRFDOHVVRQLGpQWLFDVSXHGHQ
UHGXFLUVHDODGXUDFLyQGHXQDVRODYRFDOFRPRHQF
(QHOKDEODUiSLGDORVPLVPRVIHQyPHQRVSXHGHQSURGXFLUVHWDPELpQHQVHFXHQ
FLDVLQWHULRUHVGHSDODEUDHQFX\RFDVRHOIHQyPHQRVHGHQRPLQDsinéresis.$VtDXQTXH
DQLYHOOp[LFRWHQHPRVSRUHMHPSORem.pe.o.ra.ba, to.a.lla, le.e.re.mos, pe.le.ar,FRQ
YRFDOHVDG\DFHQWHVSURQXQFLDGDVHQKLDWRHQHOKDEODUiSLGDSRGHPRVSURQXQFLDU
em.peo.ra.ba, toa.lla, le.re.mos, pe.lear.(QPXFKRVGLDOHFWRVODVHPLYRFDOPHGLDSXHGH
KDFHUVHDOWDFUHDQGRXQGLSWRQJRPiVFRP~QFRPRHQ>ਥW ૧MD@tro,>ਥSZH@taemp>MR@raba,
pe>ਥOMD@r./DVLQDOHIDHQWUHSDODEUDV\VLQpUHVLVUHGXFFLyQGHKLDWRVGHQWURGHOD
SDODEUDVHSXHGHQFRQFHSWXDOL]DUFRPRXQ~QLFRSURFHVRGHHOLVLyQGHPRUDVXQD
YRFDOSLHUGHVXPRUDDVRFLDGDHQFRQWDFWRFRQRWUDYRFDOHQODVFRQGLFLRQHVTXHKHPRV
HVSHFLϧFDGR
Ejemplo 5-25
఩
P L D P L ࣢૊ R P j D P L ࣢૊ R
2EYLDPHQWHQRKD\VLQDOHIDVLLQWHUYLHQHXQDFRQVRQDQWHHQWUHODVGRVYRFDOHV
8QKHFKRLQWHUHVDQWHHVTXHHQDQGDOX]RULHQWDOGRQGHODVϧQDOGHSDODEUDJHQH
UDOPHQWHVHHOLGHFRPSOHWDPHQWHSRGHPRVHQFRQWUDUFRQWUDVWHVFRPRHOVLJXLHQWH
la entrada>ODH੓Q૧ਥW ૧‫ޞ‬D@las entradas>ODHQ૧ਥW ૧‫ޞ‬D@(VGHFLUODVϧQDOVXE\DFHQWHEORTXHD

HOSURFHVRGHVLQDOHIDDXQTXHQRVHSURQXQFLHGHPRGRTXHHOFRQWUDVWHHQWUHVLQJXODU
\SOXUDOVHPDQWLHQHSRUPHGLRGHXQDGLIHUHQFLDHQODVLODELϧFDFLyQFI¬+XDOGH
*DOLQGR
'HDFXHUGRFRQ1DYDUUR7RPiV>@²FLHUWDVVHFXHQFLDVGHWUHV
\PiVYRFDOHVSXHGHQUHGXFLUVHWDPELpQDXQDVRODVtODED(VGHFLUDOJXQRVGHHVWRV
JUXSRV SXHGHQ MXQWDUVH HQ XQD VROD VtODED \ RWURV QR &RQVLGpUHQVH ORV HMHPSORV
VLJXLHQWHV
Ejemplo 5-26 Secuencias vocálicas
a. *UXSRVUHGXFLEOHVDXQDVRODVtODED1DYDUUR7RPiV

>@²
>H੓DM@ muerte airada >H੓DZ@ frente augusta
>MRZ@ sitio umbroso >ZRZ@ monstruo humano
>H੓DH੓@ áurea espada >R੓DR੓@ dispuesto a obedecer
b. *UXSRVLUUHGXFLEOHVDXQDVRODVtODED1DYDUUR7RPiV>@
>DHZ@ culta europa >HZH@ parece hueco
>DR੓D@ esta o aquella >DH੓D@ ya he hablado
>DMH@ apaga y enciende >HZR@ siete u ocho
/RVJUXSRVTXHSXHGHQSURQXQFLDUVHFRPRWDXWRVLOiELFRVVRQDTXHOORVTXHFRQ
WLHQHQXQD~QLFDFLPDGHVRQDQFLDPLHQWUDVTXHORVJUXSRVLUUHGXFWLEOHVDXQDVROD
VtODEDFRQWLHQHQGRVFLPDVGHVRQDQFLD
&RPRYLPRVHQXQDVtODEDHOJUDGRGHVRQDQFLDDVFLHQGHKDVWDHOQ~FOHR\GHV
FLHQGHDSDUWLUGHpO/RVHMHPSORVHQDFRQVWLWX\HQVHFXHQFLDVDJUXSDEOHVHQ
WRUQRDXQVRORQ~FOHR3RUHOFRQWUDULRORVHMHPSORVHQEWLHQHQSHUϧOHVGH
VRQDQFLDTXHQRVRQFRPSDWLEOHVFRQXQDVRODVtODED
$XQTXHFRQPHQRVIUHFXHQFLDODFRQWUDFFLyQVLOiELFDSXHGHRFDVLRQDULQFOXVRHO
GHVOL]DPLHQWRGHXQDYRFDODOWDRPHGLDDFHQWXDGDVREUHWRGRVLODSDODEUDHVWiHQ
SRVLFLyQPHGLDHQODIUDVH\QROOHYDUHOLHYHWRQDOFRPRHQ>VHਥ‫ޞ‬MD@JoséSRUsería José.
(VWDFRQWUDFFLyQHVFRP~QHQQRPEUHVFRPSXHVWRVMaría Rosa఩>ਤPD‫ޞ‬MD@Rosa, José
Antonio఩>ਤ[RVH੓D@ntonio.
5.5 Contacto silábico
6LELHQODPD\RUSDUWHGHODVJHQHUDOL]DFLRQHVSRVLEOHVDFHUFDGHODVVHFXHQFLDVGH
VHJPHQWRVTXHSRGHPRVHQFRQWUDUHQXQDSDODEUDVRQODVTXHGHULYDQGHODHVWUXFWXUD
VLOiELFDGHODOHQJXDXQDSDODEUDKDGHFRQVLVWLUHQXQFRQMXQWRGHVtODEDVELHQIRUPD
GDVKD\WDPELpQFLHUWDVUHVWULFFLRQHVTXHVHUHϧHUHQDODVVHFXHQFLDVKHWHURVLOiELFDV
8QDUHVWULFFLyQLPSRUWDQWHHQHVSDxROHVTXHHQJHQHUDOQRHQFRQWUDPRVVHFXHQFLDVGH
GRVFRQVRQDQWHVLGpQWLFDVGHQWURGHOGRPLQLRGHVLODELϧFDFLyQHVGHFLUDOFRQWUDULR
TXHSRUHMHPSORHQLWDOLDQRHQHVSDxROQRWHQHPRVJHPLQDGDV1R¬HQFRQWUDPRV
SDODEUDVFRPR >HVVR@ >DW ૧W ૧R@ >DOOD@HWF/DVH[FHSFLRQHVDHVWDUHJODVRQHVFDVDV
perenne, obvio
$GHPiVGHHVWDUHVWULFFLyQFRQWUDODVJHPLQDGDVHQVHFXHQFLDVGHGRVRFOXVLYDV
KHWHURVLOiELFDVHQFRQWUDPRVRWUDUHVWULFFLyQTXHKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDOSXQWRGHDUWLFX
ODFLyQ(QFRQFUHWRHQVHFXHQFLDVGHGRVRFOXVLYDVHQXQDSDODEUDODVHJXQGDVyOR
SXHGHVHUFRURQDO\ODSULPHUDQRSXHGHVHUOR(QFRQWUDPRVSXHV>ਥDNW ૧R@>ਥDSW ૧R@
SHURQR >ਥDW ૧SR@ >ਥDW ૧NR@ >ਥDSNR@QL >ਥDNSR@/DV~QLFDVH[FHSFLRQHVDHVWDUHJOD
VRQH[WUDQMHULVPRVFRPRfútbol, rugby\básquetbol\SDODEUDVFRQSUHϧMRVFRPRadpo-
sición, subcomisión\subcultura,SHURFRPRKHPRVYLVWRHVWDV~OWLPDVFRQWLHQHQGRV
GRPLQLRVGHVLODELϧFDFLyQLQGHSHQGLHQWHV&DVRVFRPRadquirir, adverbio\advertir
SXHGHQLQWHUSUHWDUVHWDPELpQFRPRSDODEUDVFRQSUHϧMRVIRUPDOHV1RKD\QLQJXQD
RWUDH[FHSFLyQ
(QFRQWUDPRV XQD VLWXDFLyQ VHPHMDQWH HQ VHFXHQFLDV GH QDVDOHV /D ODELDO >P@
SXHGHSUHFHGHUDODFRURQDO>Q@FRPRHQhimno, alumno;SHURQRRFXUUHODVHFXHQFLD
LQYHUVD >QP@/DVHFXHQFLDVHSURGXFHHQWUHSUHϧMR\UDt]HQSDODEUDVFRPRinmortal,
inmaculada, inmenso,HWFSHURHQHVWHFDVRODSULPHUDQDVDOVHDVLPLODDODVHJXQGD
VHJ~QODUHJODJHQHUDOGHDVLPLODFLyQGHQDVDOHVFI¬+DUULVD
8QUHSDVRGHOGLFFLRQDULRPXHVWUDTXHWDPSRFRKD\SDODEUDVFRQñRllHQSRVLFLyQ
SRVWFRQVRQiQWLFDFRQH[FHSFLyQGHDOJXQDSDODEUDFRQSUHϧMRFRPRconllevar.+D\
DOJXQDVSDODEUDVFRQyHQHVWDSRVLFLyQWDOHVFRPRcónyugeHinyectar,TXHHQWUDUtDQ
HQODFDWHJRUtDGHSDODEUDVFRQSUHϧMRVIRUPDOHV(VWDUHVWULFFLyQHQFRQWUDGHODV
FRQVRQDQWHVSDODWDOHVSRVWFRQVRQiQWLFDVQRDIHFWDVLQHPEDUJRDODSUHSDODWDOch
(concha, hinchar,HWF
'HFXDOTXLHUIRUPDODDXVHQFLDGHXQDVHFXHQFLDKHWHURVLOiELFDHVSHFtϧFDSXHGH
GHEHUVH D XQ VLPSOH DFFLGHQWH \ QR D XQD UHVWULFFLyQ IRQROyJLFD VLVWHPiWLFD $Vt
6DSRUWD \ &RQWUHUDV ² DGYLHUWHQ TXH OD VHFXHQFLD GH WUHV VHJPHQWRV
VEOQRVHHQFXHQWUDHQQLQJXQDSDODEUDHQHVSDxROSHURFRQVLGHUDQTXHHVWDHVXQD
DXVHQFLDDFFLGHQWDO
Ejercicios
1. /DSDODEUDmonopolioDGPLWHVRORXQDVLODELϧFDFLyQPLHQWUDVTXHpetróleoSXHGH
UHFLELUVLODELϧFDFLRQHVGLIHUHQWHVVHJ~QHOHVWLORGHKDEOD([SOLTXHSRU¬TXp
2. 3DODEUDVFRPRguion\SionVHHVFULEtDQKDVWDKDFHSRFRFRQDFHQWRRUWRJUiϧFR
SHURHQODV~OWLPDVQRUPDVGHOD5HDO$FDGHPLD(VSDxRODVHHOLPLQDODWLOGH
¢$¬TXpSXHGHVHUGHELGRHVWR"
3. ¢6RQODVGHVOL]DGDVIRQHPDVLQGHSHQGLHQWHVHQHVSDxRO"([SOLTXH
4. ¢&yPRVHH[SOLFDTXHHQDOJXQDVYDULHGDGHVGHOHVSDxROVHDVSLUHODVHQ
desarmar\nosotrosSHURQRSRUHMHPSORHQresaca\posada?
5. 6LODELϧTXHODSDODEUDinstructorHPSOHDQGRHOVLVWHPDGHUHJODVRUGHQDGDVTXH
VHUHVXPHHQ
6. ¢(VਥXLHXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQIRQROyJLFDDGHFXDGDSDUDhuye?([SOLTXHFyPRVH
GHWHUPLQDVXSURQXQFLDFLyQ
&OHPHQWVHVXQWUDEDMRFOiVLFRVREUHHOSDSHOGHOFLFORGHVRQDQFLDHQOD
VLODELϧFDFLyQ
1DP*ROGVWHLQ\6DOW]PDQGHVDUUROODQODKLSyWHVLVGHODFRRUGLQDFLyQJHV
WXDOGHQWURGHODVtODEDHQHOPDUFRGHODIRQRORJtDDUWLFXODWRULD
&ROLQDERIUHFHXQHVWXGLRSRUPHQRUL]DGRGHORVSULQFLSDOHVSURFHVRVIRQROy
JLFRVGHOHVSDxROTXHHVWiQFRQGLFLRQDGRVSRUODSRVLFLyQGHOVHJPHQWRGHQWUR
GHODVtODEDHQHOPDUFRGHODWHRUtDGHODRSWLPLGDG
(Q+XDOGHVHH[DPLQDQODVDOWHUQDQFLDVTXHDIHFWDQDODYRFDOL\VHGLVFXWH
ODSRVLELOLGDGGHTXHHVWHIRQHPDSXHGDWHQHUDOyIRQRVWDQWRYRFiOLFRVFRPR
FRQVRQiQWLFRVVHJ~QODSRVLFLyQTXHRFXSDHQODVtODED
(OWUDEDMRGH¬+XDOGH\3ULHWRHVXQHVWXGLRDF~VWLFR\SHUFHSWLYRGHODV
VHFXHQFLDVGHYRFRLGHVTXHFRQWUDVWDQHQVLODELϧFDFLyQHQHVSDxROSHQLQVXODU
\HQ+XDOGHFDS¬VHGDXQDH[SOLFDFLyQGHWDOODGDGHORVFRQWH[WRVTXH
IDYRUHFHQHOKLDWRHQHVWDYDULHGDG
Notas
1. /DQRFLyQGHHVFDODGHVRQDQFLDWLHQHXQDODUJDWUDGLFLyQ$VtVHHQFXHQWUDQSURSXHV
WDVHQHVWHVHQWLGRHQODREUDGH¬6DXVVXUH\-HVSHUVHQFI¬+RRSHU²
&OHPHQWV6REUHORVDVSHFWRVXQLYHUVDOHVGHODRUJDQL]DFLyQVLOiELFD\ODVH[FHSFLRQHV
TXHVHHQFXHQWUDQYpDVH%HOO\+RRSHU
2. 9RFDOHV\GHVOL]DGDVIRUPDQODFODVHGHORVYRFRLGHV
3. 'HMDQGRDXQODGRDSHOOLGRV\WRSyQLPRVGHRULJHQYDVFRFRPRBeriain.
4. &RPRQRVVHxDODUD-RUJH*XLWDUWHQSRVLFLyQLQLFLDOGHVtODEDHQFRQWUDPRVODVHFXHQ
FLD>բL@HQSUpVWDPRVFRPRjeep,DSHOOLGRVGHRULJHQFDWDOiQFRPRLlinás y LliterasHQOD
SURQXQFLDFLyQ\HtVWDKR\HQGtDLPSHUDQWHHQODPD\RUSDUWHGHOPXQGRKLVSiQLFR\DOJXQRV
QRPEUHVFRPRGina.
5. 8QDDSOLFDFLyQGHOPRGHORPRUDLFRDYDULRVDVSHFWRVGHODHVWUXFWXUDIRQROyJLFDGHO
HVSDxROVHHQFXHQWUDHQ'XQODS
6. (VWHHVXQWHPDTXHUHFLELyEDVWDQWHDWHQFLyQGHQWURGHOPDUFRWHyULFRGHOHVWUXFWX
UDOLVPRWDQWRDPHULFDQR%RZHQ\6WRFNZHOO6DSRUWD6WRFNZHOO%RZHQ\
6LOYD)XHQ]DOLGDFRPRHXURSHR$ODUFRV>@²3DUDXQDFRQVLGHUDFLyQ
PiVUHFLHQWHGHOWHPDFRQXQHQIRTXHJHQHUDWLYRSXHGHFRQVXOWDUVH0RUJDQ9pDVH
WDPELpQ+DUD
7. /DSDODEUDcoúso,FRQHOVLJQLϧFDGRGH¶XVRFRPSDUWLGR·QRHVWiHQHODiccionario de la
lengua españolaGHOD5HDO$FDGHPLD(VSDxROD
8. 6REUHODUHDOL]DFLyQDF~VWLFDGHOFRQWUDVWHYpDVH$JXLODU+XDOGH\3ULHWR
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6 ]
La fonología léxica
Pilar Prieto
6.0 Introducción
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[ 218 Pilar Prieto
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6.1 SPE: reglas cíclicas y no cíclicas
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La fonología léxica 219 ]
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pensationVXIUHUHGXFFLyQYRFiOLFDSRUTXHODUHJODGHDVLJQDFLyQGHDFHQWRSULPDULR
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PHQFLRQDURQHQHOFDStWXORGHGLFDGRDODVtODED
Ejemplo 6-1
u. ir a. u. ente, con u. encia, in. u. ir, u.i. dez, u. i.do

. ar . an.za, a. .an. zar.se, a. .an. za.do, .a
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¶UXLQRVR·WDPELpQVHSXHGHH[SOLFDUSRUODSUHVHQFLDEORTXHDQWHGHODFHQWRDVLJQDGR
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[ 220 Pilar Prieto
Ejemplo 6-2
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3ULPHUFLFOR
³ M 'HVOL]DPLHQWRGHYRFDOHVDOWDV
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6.2 El Principio de Ciclicidad Estricta (Mascaró 1976)
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GHOFDWDOiQ\SURSXVRTXHHVDSURSLHGDGVHH[SOLFDEDDVXPLHQGRTXHODVUHJODVFtFOL
FDVFXPSOHQODSURSLHGDGGHODciclicidad estricta.&RPRVHREVHUYDHQODGHULYDFLyQ
GHODDSOLFDFLyQGHODUHJODGHHOLPLQDFLyQGHDFHQWRGHEHVHUDQWHULRUDOD
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SURSLHGDGTXH0DVFDUyOODPDHOPrincipio de Ciclicidad Estricta,VHH[SUHVDHQ
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(OORHYLWDTXHUHJODVSRVWHULRUHVGHVKDJDQORTXHRWURFLFORDQWHULRUKDFUHDGR
Ejemplo 6-3 Principio de Ciclicidad Estricta
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a. &VHDSOLFDDOGRPLQLRM jGHVSXpVGHKDEHUVHDSOLFDGRDOGRPLQLR

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b. 3DUDTXHXQDUHJODFtFOLFDVHDSOLTXHSURSLDPHQWHHQFXDOTXLHUFLFORGDGR
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HQHVWHFDVR\QRHQHOFDVRGHno instar?/DGLIHUHQFLDFUXFLDOHQWUHORVGRVFDVRVHVTXH
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6.3 Los sufijos del inglés y los estratos morfológicos (Siegel 1974)
(OUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODGLYLVLyQGHOFRPSRQHQWHPRUIROyJLFRHQGLIHUHQWHVQLYHOHV
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GHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHODFHQWR(-ity, -al, -ous)\VXϧMRVTXHSUHVHUYDQHODFHQWRGHODUDt]
(-ness, -hood, -ly)&ODVH¬,\&ODVH¬,,UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH(QVHPXHVWUDQHMHPSORV
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[ 222 Pilar Prieto
Ejemplo 6-4
&ODVH¬,(-ity) &ODVH¬,,(-ness)
curious ¶FXULRVR· curi osity ¶FXULRVLGDG· curiousness ¶FDOLGDGGH

FXULRVR·
lucid ¶O~FLGR· lu cidity ¶OXFLGH]· lucidness ¶FDOLGDGGH
O~FLGR·
6LHJHOGHVFXEULyTXHDOJXQDVUHJODVIRQROyJLFDVGHOLQJOpVFRPRODHOLVLyQGH

СRHOOODPDGRTrisyllabic ShorteningVLJOD766ÚHGXFFLyQWULVLOiELFDµHQHVSDxRO
VHDSOLFDEDQWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDVLORVVXϧMRVVRQGHOD&ODVH¬,RGHOD&ODVH¬,,¬$Vt
ORVVXϧMRVGHOD&ODVH¬,SURYRFDQXQDFRUWDPLHQWR\OD[LWXGGHODYRFDODFHQWXDGDGHO
UDGLFDO(n>HM@tion, n> @tional),PLHQWUDVTXHORVGHOD&ODVH¬,,QRDIHFWDQODFDOLGDGGH
GLFKDYRFDO&XULRVDPHQWHDGHPiVHORUGHQGHDSDULFLyQGHORVPRUIHPDVGHOLQJOpV
HVWiUHODFLRQDGRFRQODSHUWHQHQFLDGHHVRVPRUIHPDVDXQDGHODVGRVFODVHVDQWHULR
UHVGHIRUPDTXHORVVXϧMRVGHOD&ODVH¬,VHDGMXQWDQDODUDt]DQWHVTXHORVVXϧMRVGH
OD&ODVH¬,,¬'HWDOPRGRXQVXϧMRFRPR-nessVHSXHGHDxDGLUDXQDIRUPDTXH\DFRQ
WHQJDHOVXϧMR-al,SHURQRDOUHYpVFI¬ODVSDODEUDV[[parent]al]ness\ [[happy]ness]al).
&RQVHFXHQWHPHQWH 6LHJHO SODQWHy OD SRVLELOLGDG GH TXH HO FRPSRQHQWH Op[LFR
GHOLQJOpVVHGLYLGLHUDHQGRVQLYHOHVRUGHQDGRV1LYHO\1LYHOFDUDFWHUL]DGRV
SRUVHUHOGRPLQLRGHUHJODVPRUIROyJLFDV\IRQROyJLFDVGLIHUHQWHV\FRQSURSLHGDGHV
GLVWLQWDV(QVHHMHPSOLϧFDHOWLSRGHRSHUDFLRQHVPRUIROyJLFDV\IRQROyJLFDV
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV
Ejemplo 6-5
2SHUDFLRQHVPRUIROyJLFDV 2SHUDFLRQHVIRQROyJLFDV
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1LYHO LQϩH[LyQ\GHULYDFLyQ HOLVLyQGHС
6.4 La fonología léxica
.LSDUVN\DE\0RKDQDQVLQWHWL]DURQYDULDVGHODVLGHDV

DQWHULRUHV\GHVDUUROODURQODWHRUtDTXHVHGLRHQOODPDUfonología léxica.3URSXHVWDV
FRPRODVGH¬0DVFDUy\6LHJHOVREUHODRUGHQDFLyQPRUIROyJLFDHQHVWUDWRV\ODQRFLyQ
GHODIRQRORJtDFtFOLFDHQWUHRWUDVVLUYLHURQGHEDVHSDUDVHQWDUORVIXQGDPHQWRVGH
ODIRQRORJtDOp[LFD/DPD\RUtDGHODVYDULDQWHVGHODIRQRORJtDOp[LFDSURSRQHQOD
GLYLVLyQGHODIRQRORJtDHQGRVFRPSRQHQWHVODIRQRORJtDOp[LFD\ODIRQRORJtDGHOD
IUDVHRSRVWOp[LFD0LHQWUDVTXHHQHOSULPHUFRPSRQHQWHODVUHJODVVyORVHDSOLFDQ
GHQWURGHORVOtPLWHVGHSDODEUD\VRQGHSHQGLHQWHVGHODLQIRUPDFLyQPRUIROyJLFD
/LVWDGHSDODEUDVPRUIHPDV
5HJODV 5HJODV
PRUIROyJLFDV IRQROyJLFDV
&RPSRQHQWHVLQWiFWLFR
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5HJODVSRVWOp[LFDV
Figura 6-1 El modelo de la fonología léxica.
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VXSHUDGRHOFRPSRQHQWHVLQWiFWLFR
(OPRGHORGHODIRQRORJtDOp[LFD\ODPD\RUSDUWHGHVXVYDULDQWHVHVTXHPDWL
]DGRHQOD)LJXUDSURSRQHODGLYLVLyQGHOFRPSRQHQWHIRQROyJLFRHQGRVSDUWHV
DXWyQRPDVODfonología léxica\ODfonología postléxica.$VtHOFRPSRQHQWHIRQROyJLFR
UHSDUWHVXVRSHUDFLRQHVHQGRVSDUWHVGHODJUDPiWLFDODVUHJODVIRQROyJLFDVléxicas,
TXHVHDSOLFDQHQHOOp[LFR\ODVUHJODVIRQROyJLFDVpostléxicas,TXHVHDSOLFDQVREUH
ODVDOLGDGHOFRPSRQHQWHVLQWiFWLFR&RPRYHPRVHQODϧJXUDODVUHJODVOp[LFDVVH
DSOLFDQHQHOLQWHULRUGHOOtPLWHGHSDODEUDHLQWHUDFFLRQDQFRQODVUHJODVGHIRUPDFLyQ
GHSDODEUD\ODVSRVWOp[LFDVVHDSOLFDQFDVLVLHPSUHDQLYHOGHIUDVHXQDYH]VXSHUDGR
HOFRPSRQHQWHVLQWiFWLFR(VHYLGHQWHSXHVTXHHQHOPRGHORGHODIRQRORJtDOp[LFD
ODPRUIRORJtDFRQVWLWX\HXQPyGXORJUDPDWLFDOLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHODIRQRORJtD\GHOD
VLQWD[LV
(O PRGHOR DQWHULRU FRQWUDVWD FRQ OD SURSXHVWD GH¬ The Sound Pattern of English
YpDVH>@HQODTXHWRGDVODVUHJODVIRQROyJLFDVVHDSOLFDEDQXQDYH]VXSHUDGR
HO FRPSRQHQWH VLQWiFWLFR 8QD GH ODV UD]RQHV TXH FRQGXMHURQ D LQFOXLU ODV UHJODV
IRQROyJLFDVDQLYHOOp[LFRIXHHOSUREOHPDTXHFUHDEDODHOLPLQDFLyQGHODVIURQWHUDV
PRUIROyJLFDV3URSXHVWDVDQWHULRUHVLQFOXLGDODGH¬63(VXSRQtDQTXHDPHGLGDTXH
VH LEDQ DxDGLHQGR QLYHOHV PRUIROyJLFRV WDPELpQ VH LEDQ HOLPLQDQGR ORV FRUFKHWHV
GHGLYLVLyQPRUIHPiWLFD7DO\FRPRDSXQWy3HVHWVN\XQRGHORVSUREOHPDV
RULJLQDGRVSRUODHOLPLQDFLyQGHFRUFKHWHVHUDODFRQVHFXHQWHGHVDSDULFLyQGHODV
IURQWHUDVVREUHODVFXDOHVGHEtDQGHDSOLFDUVHODVUHJODVIRQROyJLFDV&RQHOϧQGH
[ 224 Pilar Prieto
UHVROYHUHVWHSUREOHPD3HVHWVN\SURSXVRTXHODVUHJODVFtFOLFDVVHDSOLFDUDQHQHO
FRPSRQHQWHOp[LFRRUGHQDGDVFRQODVUHJODVIRQROyJLFDV3DUWLHQGRGHHVWDKLSyWHVLV
ODIRQRORJtDOp[LFDDVXPHTXHODVDOLGDGHFDGDRSHUDFLyQPRUIROyJLFDUHSUHVHQWDXQD
HQWUDGDSDUDODDSOLFDFLyQGHODVUHJODVIRQROyJLFDV'HHVHPHFDQLVPRVHGHGXFHTXH
WRGDUHJODOp[LFDVHUiFtFOLFDSXHVWRTXHLQWHUDFFLRQDFRQODVUHJODVGHIRUPDFLyQGH
SDODEUDV\TXHWRGDUHJODSRVWOp[LFDVHUiQRFtFOLFD
&RPRDSXQWDQ%RRLM\5XEDFKXQRGHORVDUJXPHQWRVPiVFODURVDIDYRU
GHODLQWHUDFFLyQHQWUHSURFHVRVIRQROyJLFRV\PRUIROyJLFRVUDGLFDHQXQDFODVHGH
SURFHVRVPRUIROyJLFRVTXHSDUHFHQGHSHQGHUGHODSUHYLDDSOLFDFLyQGHXQSURFHVR
IRQROyJLFR8QRGHORVHMHPSORVFRQRFLGRVHVHOSURFHVRGHDGMXQFLyQGHORVGRVVXϧ
MRVQRPLQDOHV-isch\-iefHQKRODQGpV/DGHFLVLyQHQWUHXQRXRWURDORPRUIRGHSHQGH
GHOSDWUyQDFHQWXDOGHORVQRPEUHVGHEDVH/RVQRPEUHVTXHWHUPLQDQHQXQDVtODED
DFHQWXDGDWRPDQHOVXϧMR-ischD\ORVTXHWHUPLQDQHQXQDVtODEDLQDFHQWXDGD
WRPDQ-iefE
Ejemplo 6-6
a. psycholo gie ¶SVLFRORJtD· psychologisch ¶SVLFROyJLFR·

hyste rie ¶KLVWHULD· hysterisch ¶KLVWpULFR·
analo gie ¶DQDORJtD· analogisch ¶DQDOyJLFR·
b. a gressie ¶DJUHVLyQ· agressief ¶DJUHVLYR·
in ventie ¶LQYHQFLyQ· inventief ¶LQYHQWLYR·
actie ¶DFFLyQ· actief ¶DFWLYR·
(OVXϧMR-alGHOLQJOpVVHFRPSRUWDGHIRUPDSDUHFLGDDORVGRVVXϧMRVGHOKRODQGpV\D
TXHVHDGMXQWDVRODPHQWHDYHUERVFX\DVtODEDDFHQWXDGDϧQDOVHIRUPDSRUXQDYRFDO
VHJXLGDGHXQDFRQVRQDQWHUHVRQDQWHRSFLRQDO\XQDFRQVRQDQWHDQWHULRURSFLRQDO
re hearsal¶HQVD\R·re fusal¶UHFKD]R·* organizal;YpDVH6LHJHO/DDGMXQFLyQ
GHORVDORPRUIRVGHGLPLQXWLYRHQHVSDxROSHQLQVXODULWRVLWFRQVWLWX\HRWUR
FDVRSDUHFLGR/DDGMXQFLyQGHHVRVDORPRUIRVSDUHFHGHSHQGHUGHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
IRQROyJLFDV\SURVyGLFDVGHODUDt]*HQHUDOPHQWHVLODSDODEUDWHUPLQDHQDXR
HOPRUIHPDTXHVHDGMXQWDHVLW (casa఩cas+it+a);VLODSDODEUDWHUPLQDHQHR
HQFRQVRQDQWHHOVXϧMRHVVLW (corazón఩corazon+cit+o, clase఩clas+e+cit+a)
YpDVH3ULHWR&URZKXUVW
/DGLYLVLyQHQWUHUHJODVOp[LFDV\SRVWOp[LFDVKDVLGRFRUURERUDGDSRUHOKHFKRGH
TXHDPERVJUXSRVGHUHJODVVHGLIHUHQFLDQVLVWHPiWLFDPHQWHSRUXQDVHULHGHSURSLH
GDGHV(VGHFLUODVUHJODVTXHVHDSOLFDQHQHOFRPSRQHQWHOp[LFRWLHQHQFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
GLVWLQWDVGHODVTXHVHDSOLFDQHQHOFRPSRQHQWHSRVWOp[LFR$¬FRQWLQXDFLyQFLWDPRV
DOJXQDVGHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVWtSLFDVTXHGLIHUHQFLDQODVUHJODVOp[LFDVGHODVSRVWOp[L
FDVYpDVH.LSDUVN\E.DLVVH\6KDZ
Reglas léxicas Reglas postléxicas

$SOLFDFLyQDOLQWHULRUGHSDODEUDV $SOLFDFLyQHQWUHSDODEUDV
3XHGHKDEHUH[FHSFLRQHV 1RKD\H[FHSFLRQHV
&LFOLFLGDGHVWULFWD 1RFLFOLFLGDG
3UHVHUYDFLyQGHHVWUXFWXUD &UHDFLyQGHVRQLGRVQRFRQWUDVWLYRV
3UHFHGHQDUHJODVSRVWOp[LFDV 6LJXHQDUHJODVOp[LFDV
8QDGHODVSURSLHGDGHVWtSLFDVGHODVUHJODVOp[LFDVHVODOODPDGDCondición de Pre-
servación de Estructura,PHQFLRQDGDHQFDStWXORVDQWHULRUHV(VWDFRQGLFLyQHVWLSXOD
TXHODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVOp[LFDVVyORSXHGHQFRQWHQHUHOHPHQWRVTXHVHHQFXHQWUHQ
HQ HO LQYHQWDULR IRQROyJLFR GH OD OHQJXD \ SRU FRQVLJXLHQWHFXDOTXLHU UHJOD TXH
LQWURGX]FDVRQLGRVQRGLVWLQWLYRVGHEHVHUSRVWOp[LFD/DVIRUPDVGHPXHVWUDQ
FyPRQ\VHQSRVLFLyQGHFRGDVLOiELFDVHWUDQVIRUPDQHQ>‫\@غ‬HQ>K@HQPXFKRV
GLDOHFWRVFDULEHxRVGHOHVSDxRO$VtODVUHJODVGHYHODUL]DFLyQ\DVSLUDFLyQLQWURGXFHQ
DOyIRQRVQRFRQWUDVWLYRVSHM>‫>\@غ‬K@LQGLFDQGRTXHHVDVUHJODVGHEHQDSOLFDUVH
HQHOFRPSRQHQWHSRVWOp[LFR
Ejemplo 6-7
'LDOHFWRVYHODUL]DQWHV
2UWRJUDItD
\TXHDVSLUDQ
sientan sie>‫@غ‬ta>‫@غ‬
siestas sie>K@ta>K@
/D &RQGLFLyQ GH¬ 3UHVHUYDFLyQ GH¬ (VWUXFWXUD SHUPLWH GHGXFLU ODV SURSLHGDGHV TXH
GHEHUiWHQHUXQDUHJODTXHVHDSOLTXHOp[LFDRSRVWOp[LFDPHQWH/DVUHJODVGHYHODUL]D
FLyQ\DVSLUDFLyQVHGHEHQDSOLFDUDQLYHOSRVWOp[LFRSXHVWRTXHLQWURGXFHQVHJPHQWRV
QRFRQWUDVWLYRVFI¬.HQVWRZLF](IHFWLYDPHQWHHVWDVUHJODVQRVHDSOLFDQ
DQWHVGHOVXϧMRGHSOXUDODQWHVGHODUHVLODELϧFDFLyQHQWUHGRPLQLRVFRPRSXHGH
DSUHFLDUVHHQORVHMHPSORVVLJXLHQWHV
Ejemplo 6-8
'LDOHFWRVYHODUL]DQWHV
2UWRJUDItD
\TXHDVSLUDQ
pan pa>‫@غ‬
panes pa>Q@e>K@ pa>‫@غ‬e>K@
mes me>K@
meses me>V@e>K@ me>K@e>K@
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(QLQJOpVVHKDQGLVWLQJXLGRGRVWLSRVGHUHJODVGHDVLPLODFLyQGHQDVDOHVXQD
Op[LFD\ODRWUDSRVWOp[LFD.LSDUVN\(QODUHJODGHDVLPLODFLyQGHQDVDOHVOp[LFD
TXHHVGHFDUiFWHUREOLJDWRULRODVQDVDOHVVyORDGTXLHUHQORVSXQWRVGHDUWLFXODFLyQ
TXHFRLQFLGHQFRQORVSXQWRVGHDUWLFXODFLyQGLVWLQWLYRVGHDFXHUGRFRQOD&RQGLFLyQ
GH¬3UHVHUYDFLyQGH¬(VWUXFWXUD/DUHJODGHDVLPLODFLyQSRVWOp[LFDTXHHVRSFLRQDO
WUDQVϧHUHWRGRVORVSXQWRVGHDUWLFXODFLyQDODQDVDOSUHFHGHQWHFUHDQGRDOyIRQRV
FRPR>‫@غ‬TXHQRSHUWHQHFHQDOLQYHQWDULRIRQROyJLFRGHOLQJOpV(QFDWDOiQODUHJODGH
DVLPLODFLyQGHQDVDOHVWLHQHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVVLPLODUHVDODVGHOLQJOpV.LSDUVN\
(QSULQFLSLRFXDQGRVHDSOLFDHVDUHJOD\DVHDHQHOLQWHULRUGHOtPLWHVGHSDODEUD
FRPRHQWUHIURQWHUDVGHSDODEUDVFXDOTXLHUQDVDOSDUHFHDGRSWDUHOSXQWRGHDUWLFX
ODFLyQGHODFRQVRQDQWHVLJXLHQWHFRPRVHSXHGHREVHUYDUHQORVHMHPSORVGH
Ejemplo 6-9
,QWHULRUGHSDODEUDV (QWUHSDODEUDV
QRDVLPLODGD ³ so>Q@amics
ODELDO e>P@viar so>P@pocs
ODELRGHQWDO e>؇@fadar-se so>؇@feliços
GHQWDO e>Q૧@tranyable so>Q૧@dos
DOYHRODU e>Q@sumar so>Q@sincers
DOYHRSDODWDO e>‫ئ‬թ@egar so>‫>@ئ‬թ@ermans
SDODWDO e>‫@ुص‬umenar so>‫@ु>@ص‬iures
YHODU e>‫@غ‬gatar so>‫@غ‬grans
6LQHPEDUJRODVQDVDOHVTXHIRUPDQSDUWHGHXQJUXSRGHFRQVRQDQWHVKRPRUJi
QLFDVGHϧQDOGHSDODEUDFRQVWLWXLGRSRUODQDVDOVHJXLGDGHXQDFRQVRQDQWHRFOXVLYD
SRUHMHPSORQRDGRSWDQVLHPSUHHOSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQGHODFRQVRQDQWHVLJXLHQWH
&RPRREVHUYDPRVHQXQDQDVDOHVELODELDO\RYHODUFXDQGRVHHQFXHQWUDDQWH
XQDRFOXVLYDELODELDO\YHODUUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHFI>ਥNDP@\>ਥED‫@غ‬6LQHPEDUJRHQHO
FDVRGHਥSX1W ૧OD1QDVDOVXE\DFHQWHVLQSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQQRVHDVLPLODDOD
HVSHFLϧFDFLyQGHQWDOGHODRFOXVLYDW ૧GHOFDWDOiQ >ਥSXQ૧@VLQRTXHVHUHDOL]DFRPR
XQDQDVDODOYHRODU>ਥSXQ@/DSUHVHQFLDIRQROyJLFDGHODVRFOXVLYDVϧQDOHVSW ૧N
VHGHPXHVWUDFRQODVIRUPDVGHGLPLQXWLYR
Ejemplo 6-10
2UWRJUDItD )RUPDIRQROyJLFD )RUPDIRQpWLFD 'LPLQXWLYR
camp ਥND1S >ਥNDP@ >N̸PਥS͑W ૧@

punt ਥSX1W ૧ >ਥSXQ@ >ਥSXQ૧@ >SXQ૧ਥW ૧͑W ૧@
banc ਥED1N >ਥED‫@غ‬ >E̸‫غ‬ਥN͑W ૧@
.LSDUVN\ SURSRQH TXH XQD SRVLEOH VROXFLyQ D HVWD VLWXDFLyQ VXSRQH TXH HO
FDWDOiQSRVHHFRPRHOLQJOpVGRVUHJODVGHDVLPLODFLyQGHQDVDOHVODXQDOp[LFDTXH
VRODPHQWHDGRSWDORVSXQWRVGHDUWLFXODFLyQPD\RUHVYpDVH>@\ODRWUDSRVWOp
[LFDTXHWUDQVϧHUHORVSXQWRVGHDUWLFXODFLyQPD\RUHV\PHQRUHVXQDYH]pVWRVKDQ
VLGRHVSHFLϧFDGRVYpDVH>@3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHHOPRGHORGHODIRQRORJtDOp[LFD
HVFDSD]GHPRWLYDUODVSURSLHGDGHVGHODVUHJODVGHDVLPLODFLyQGHOSXQWRGHDUWLFX
ODFLyQGHODVQDVDOHVHQFDWDOiQHVWDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVVHGHULYDQGLUHFWDPHQWHGHOD
SURSXHVWDGHGLYLVLyQGHOFRPSRQHQWHIRQROyJLFRHQGRVFRPSRQHQWHVVHSDUDGRVFRQ
XQIXQFLRQDPLHQWRDXWyQRPR\FRQXQDVSURSLHGDGHVTXHORVFDUDFWHUL]DQ
6.5 Los estratos léxicos y las reglas postcíclicas
/DIRQRORJtDOp[LFDDGRSWyODFRQFHSFLyQGH¬6LHJHODFHUFDGHXQFRPSRQHQWH

PRUIROyJLFRHVWUDWLϧFDGR\GLYLGLGRHQYDULRVQLYHOHV.LSDUVN\DSDUWLHQGR
GHORVGDWRVGHOLQJOpVSURSXVRTXHHOFRPSRQHQWHOp[LFRGHODJUDPiWLFDSRGtDVHU
GLYLGLGRHQestratos léxicos.&DGDXQRGHORVHVWUDWRVOp[LFRVVHDVRFLDFRQGHWHUPLQD
GDVRSHUDFLRQHVPRUIROyJLFDV\IRQROyJLFDV\HVWDV~OWLPDVVHDSOLFDQFtFOLFDPHQWH
(Q¬JHQHUDOODFRQGLFLyQGHFLFOLFLGDGGHODVUHJODVIRQROyJLFDV\ODVSURSLHGDGHVGHORV
HVWUDWRVOp[LFRVKDQVLGRGRVGHORVWHPDVPiVGLVFXWLGRVHQHOPDUFRGHODIRQRORJtD
Op[LFDVREUHWRGRXWLOL]DQGRGDWRVGHOLQJOpV.LSDUVN\5XEDFK%RRLM
\5XEDFK+DOOH\0RKDQDQ+DOOH\9HUJQDXGD%RURZVN\

.LSDUVN\ 5XEDFK \ %RRLM \ 5XEDFK UHϧQDURQ HO
PRGHORSDUDLQFRUSRUDUODVUHJODVTXHVHDSOLFDQVRODPHQWHDQLYHOGHSDODEUD\QR
FtFOLFDPHQWHSURSRQLHQGRODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQHVWUDWROp[LFRTXHFRQWLHQHODVUHJODV
postcíclicas./RVGRVJUiϧFRVGHOD)LJXUDFRPSDUDQODRUJDQL]DFLyQOp[LFDSUR
SXHVWDHQ.LSDUVN\DFRQODGH¬.LSDUVN\\%RRLM\5XEDFK3RUXQODGR
ODGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHORVSURFHVRVIRQROyJLFRVOp[LFRV\ORVSRVWOp[LFRVFRQWLQ~DVLHQGR
XQDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDFRP~QDDPERVPRGHORV3RURWURODGRREVHUYDPRVODLQWURGXFFLyQ
GHODGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHUHJODVFtFOLFDV\SRVWFtFOLFDVPLHQWUDVTXHODVUHJODVFtFOLFDV
LQWHUDFW~DQFRQORVSURFHVRVPRUIROyJLFRVODVUHJODVSRVWFtFOLFDVVHDSOLFDQGHVSXpV
GHOFRPSRQHQWHPRUIROyJLFR\DQWHVGHOFRPSRQHQWHVLQWiFWLFR
8QRGHORVSURFHVRVIRQROyJLFRVTXHHMHPSOLϧFDHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODVUHJODV
SRVWFtFOLFDVHVODOODPDGDLey de PosiciónGHOIUDQFpVHXURSHR´/RLGH¬3RVLWLRQµHQ
IUDQFpV%RRLM\5XEDFK/D/H\GH¬3RVLFLyQFRQYLHUWHODVYRFDOHVPHGLDVWHQ
VDVH¡RHQYRFDOHVOD[DV>͑±ɬ@UHVSHFWLYDPHQWHFXDQGRDSDUHFHQHQXQDVtODED
FHUUDGDRHQVtODEDDELHUWDVHJXLGDGHRWUDVtODEDFRQVFKZDXQFRQWH[WRTXHQR
VHFRQVLGHUDDTXt&RPSiUHQVHODVVLJXLHQWHVIRUPDVIRQpWLFDVHQODVTXH>H¡R@HQ
VtODEDVDELHUWDVDDOWHUQDQFRQ>͑±ɬ@HQVtODEDVFHUUDGDVE
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Ejemplo 6-11
a. nous cédons >VeਥGɬ੻@ b. je cède >ਥV G@ ¶QRVRWURVFHGH

PRV\RFHGR·
nous cueillons >NøਥMɬ੻@ je cueille >ਥNœM@ ¶QRVRWURVUHFRJH
PRV\RUHFRMR·
nous donnons >GoਥQɬ੻@ je donne >ਥG Q@ ¶QRVRWURVGDPRV\R
GR\·
mauvais >ਥPRYe@ mauvaise >PRਥY ]@ ¶PDORPDOD·
heureux >ਥ¡޶ø@ heureuse >¡ਥ޶œ]@ ¶DOHJUH·PDVFIHP
sot >ਥVo@ sotte >ਥV W@ ¶WRQWRWRQWD·
/D/H\GH¬3RVLFLyQVHDSOLFDHQHOGRPLQLRGHSDODEUD\DQWHVGHODDSOLFDFLyQGHOD
UHVLODELϧFDFLyQ SRVWOp[LFD FRPR GHPXHVWUDQ ORV HMHPSORV GH /DV SDODEUDV
chose, cette\bonneHYLGHQFLDQTXHGHEHDSOLFDUVHHQXQQLYHOSRVWFtFOLFR\QRSRVW
Op[LFRSXHVWRTXHODDSOLFDFLyQGHHVDUHJODGHEHVHUDQWHULRUDODGHODUHJODGH
UHVLODELϧFDFLyQSRVWOp[LFD6LVHDSOLFDUDODUHVLODELϧFDFLyQSULPHURVHGHVKDUtDHO
.LSDUVN\ .LSDUVN\%RRLM\5XEDFK
/LVWDGHSDODEUDVPRUIHPDV /LVWDGHSDODEUDVPRUIHPDV
5HJODV 5HJODV 5HJODV 5HJODV

PRUIROyJLFDV IRQROyJLFDV PRUIROyJLFDV IRQROyJLFDV
5HJODVIRQROyJLFDV
SRVWFtFOLFDV
5HJODVSRVWOp[LFDV
5HJODVSRVWOp[LFDV
Figura 6-2 Dos modelos de la fonología léxica.

FRQWH[WRGHOD/H\GH¬3RVLFLyQODFXDOUHTXLHUHXQDVtODEDFHUUDGD\HOUHVXOWDGRVHUtD
LQFRUUHFWRSRUHMHPSOR >ߑo]͑੻WH޶HਥVŶW@
Ejemplo 6-12
chose intéressante >ߑ ]͑੻WH޶HਥVŶW@ ¶FRVDLQWHUHVDQWH·

>ߑo]͑੻WH޶HਥVŶW@
cette amie >V WDਥPL@ ¶HVWDDPLJD·
>VeWDਥPL@
bonne amie >E QDਥPL@ ¶EXHQDDPLJD·
>EoQDਥPL@
7DO FRPR DSXQWDQ %RRLM \ 5XEDFK HQ HO IUDQFpV FDQDGLHQVH OD /H\
GH¬3RVLFLyQFUHDXQWLSRGHVHJPHQWRVYRFDOHVOD[DV\DOWDVTXHQRDSDUHFHQHQHO
LQYHQWDULRLQLFLDOGHIRQHPDV(VDSURSLHGDGQRVLQGLFDTXHODVUHJODVSRVWFtFOLFDVDVt
FRPRODVSRVWOp[LFDVQRUHVSHWDQOD&RQGLFLyQGH¬3UHVHUYDFLyQGH¬(VWUXFWXUD
)LQDOPHQWH+DOOH\0RKDQDQVRVWLHQHQTXHODSURSLHGDGGHODFLFOLFLGDG
GHEHGHVHUXQDSURSLHGDGGHORVHVWUDWRVOp[LFRVQRGHODVUHJODVHQFRQVHFXHQFLD
VHJ~QHOORVORVHVWUDWRVOp[LFRVSXHGHQVHUFtFOLFRV\QRFtFOLFRV\FXDOTXLHUHVWUDWR
SXHGHRQRWHQHUHVDSURSLHGDG0LHQWUDVTXHHQORVHVWUDWRVFtFOLFRVODVUHJODVIRQR
OyJLFDVVHDSOLFDQGHVSXpVGHODDSOLFDFLyQGHFDGDUHJODPRUIROyJLFDHQORVHVWUDWRV
QR FtFOLFRV ORV SURFHVRV PRUIROyJLFRV VH DSOLFDQ HQ EORTXH VHJXLGRV GH ODV UHJODV
IRQROyJLFDVSHUWHQHFLHQWHVDHVHHVWUDWR
6.6 Los estratos léxicos del español
9DULRVOLQJLVWDVKDQFRLQFLGLGRHQSURSRQHUODH[LVWHQFLDGHGRVHVWUDWRVHO(VWUDWR¬
R¬GRPLQLRTXHLQFOX\HODUDt]Op[LFDPiVORVVXϧMRV\HO(VWUDWRRGRPLQLRTXHLQFOX\H
ORVSUHϧMRV\ORVFRPSXHVWRV+DUULV+XDOGHFE(OJUiϧFRHQ
UHSURGXFHHOPRGHORPRUIRIRQROyJLFRGHOHVSDxROSURSXHVWRSRU+XDOGHFXQD
YH]UHDOL]DGDODDGMXQFLyQGHVXϧMRV(VWUDWRVHDSOLFDQUHJODVIRQROyJLFDVFRPRODV
GHVLODELϧFDFLyQODIULFDWLYL]DFLyQGHGHVOL]DGDVODYHODUL]DFLyQGHQDVDOHV\ODDVSL
UDFLyQGHV'HVSXpVGHODDGMXQFLyQGHSUHϧMRV\FRPSXHVWRVVHDSOLFDQODVUHJODV
GHUHVLODELϧFDFLyQGHFRQVRQDQWHVϧQDOHV\ODUHVLODELϧFDFLyQGHJUXSRVYRFiOLFRV
Ejemplo 6-13
0RUIRORJtD )RQRORJtD
(VWUDWR 6XϧMDFLyQ ఩ 6LODELϧFDFLyQ

)ULFDWLYL]DFLyQGHGHVOL]DGDV
9HODUL]DFLyQGHQDVDOHV
$VSLUDFLyQGHV
[ 230 Pilar Prieto
0RUIRORJtD )RQRORJtD
(VWUDWR 3UHϧMDFLyQ\ ఩ 5HVLODELϧFDFLyQGHFRQVRQDQWHVϧQDOHV

FRPSRVLFLyQ 5HVLODELϧFDFLyQGHJUXSRVYRFiOLFRV
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VHFXQGDULRQRSXHGHVHU>ਮDFHQWR@RODDXVHQFLDGHOUDVJRSRUTXHODVtODEDWLHQH
XQJUDGRGHSURPLQHQFLDDFHQWXDO6LQHPEDUJRWDPSRFRSXHGHVHUVLPSOHPHQWH
>DFHQWR@SRUTXHHOQLYHOGHSURPLQHQFLDHVPHQRUTXHHOGHODVtODEDHQODTXH
UHFDHHODFHQWRSULPDULR7HQLHQGRWDPELpQHQFXHQWDTXHODDFHQWXDFLyQDQLYHOGH
IUDVHWLHQHXQQLYHOGHSURPLQHQFLDPD\RUTXHHOGHODFHQWRSULPDULRHVIiFLOYHUTXH
HOUDVJR>DFHQWR@HVLQVXϧFLHQWHDODKRUDGHFDSWDUWRGRVORVJUDGRVGHSURPLQHQFLD
QHFHVDULRV
6LJXLHQGRODSUiFWLFDGHORVHVWUXFWXUDOLVWDVDPHULFDQRVHQHO63(&KRPVN\\
+DOOHHODFHQWRVHPDUFDEDFRQtQGLFHVQXPpULFRV3DUDLOXVWUDUHOIXQFLRQD
PLHQWRGHHVWHVLVWHPDXVDUHPRVHOWRSyQLPRDPHULFDQRApalachicola.(QHVWDSDODEUD
HQLQJOpVVXHOHKDEHUXQDFHQWRSULPDULRHQODSHQ~OWLPDVtODEDXQDFHQWRVHFXQGDULR
HQODVtODEDLQLFLDO\XQDFHQWRWHUFLDULRHQODWHUFHUDVtODED(VWRVHPDUFDEDHQHO
63(FRQQ~PHURVHQFLPDGHODVYRFDOHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV
Ejemplo 7-1

A p a l a c h i c o l a
7UDVHVWDVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVVHVRVWHQtDD~QODKLSyWHVLVGHTXHHODFHQWRHVXQ
UDVJRPiVGHQWURGHODPDWUL]VHJPHQWDO6LQHPEDUJRGLFKRUDVJRUHVXOWDEDXQWDQWR
DQyPDOR\DTXHWHQtDXQDVHULHGHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSHFXOLDUHV
$GLIHUHQFLDGHRWURVUDVJRVHODFHQWRQRHVELQDULRSXHVVHQHFHVLWDUtDQ
P~OWLSOHVHVSHFLϧFDFLRQHV>DFHQWR@>DFHQWR@>DFHQWR@
7DPELpQDGLIHUHQFLDGHRWURVUDVJRVVXHVSHFLϧFDFLyQQRVHUtDLQKHUHQWH
\DTXHHVQRUPDOPHQWHSUHGHFLEOHSRUHOFRQWH[WR3RUHMHPSORVLXQD
VtODEDHVWyQLFDODVVtODEDVDG\DFHQWHVQRORVRQ
'HQWURGHOGRPLQLRDFHQWXDOGHODSDODEUDVyORXQDVtODEDSXHGHOOHYDU
DFHQWRSULPDULR(VWRQRSDVDFRQORVGHPiVUDVJRVIRQROyJLFRV
)LQDOPHQWHGHQXHYRHQFRQWUDVWHFRQORVGHPiVUDVJRVVHWUDWDGHXQ
UDVJRTXHQXQFDVHYHLQYROXFUDGRHQSURFHVRVGHDVLPLODFLyQ
/DWHRUtDPpWULFD/LEHUPDQ/LEHUPDQ\3ULQFHIXHXQDUHVSXHVWD

DHVWRV\RWURVDVSHFWRVDQyPDORVHQHOWUDWDPLHQWRGHODFHQWRHQHO63(¬/DWHRUtD
PpWULFDDVXPHTXHHODFHQWRQRHVXQUDVJRGLVWLQWLYRVLQRXQDHVWUXFWXUDUtWPLFD³XQD
PDQLIHVWDFLyQOLQJtVWLFDGHOULWPRHTXLYDOHQWHDODTXHVHPDQLϧHVWDHQODP~VLFDR
HOYHUVR(VWDLGHQWLϧFDFLyQGHODFHQWRFRPRPDQLIHVWDFLyQUtWPLFDH[SOLFDEDVWDQWH
ELHQSRUTXpQRKD\XQFRUUHODWRIRQpWLFR~QLFRGHODFHQWR(OULWPRHVXQDDEVWUDF
FLyQPHQWDO\FRPRWDOXQDHQWLGDGIRQROyJLFDDQWHVTXHIRQpWLFD(ODFHQWRUtWPLFR
H[SOLFDWDPELpQSRUTXpODDFHQWXDFLyQQRGHSHQGHQRUPDOPHQWHGHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
LQKHUHQWHVDORVVHJPHQWRVVLQRGHVXSRVLFLyQGHQWURGHXQDVHFXHQFLD
7.2 Formalización
(Q OD WHRUtD PpWULFD ODV DOWHUQDQFLDV DFHQWXDOHV VH UHSUHVHQWDQ FRQ SLHV PpWULFRV
HVWUXFWXUDVELQDULDVFRQVWUXLGDVVREUHVHFXHQFLDVGHVtODEDVRPRUDV(QFDGDSLHELQD
ULRORVFRQVWLWX\HQWHVLQPHGLDWRVVRQXQRIXHUWH\HORWURGpELO(OHOHPHQWRIXHUWHVH
FRQVLGHUDHOQ~FOHRGHODHVWUXFWXUD/DVGRVSULQFLSDOHVSURSXHVWDVGHIRUPDOL]DFLyQ
SDUDHOULWPRIRUPDGRSRUXQDVHFXHQFLDGHSLHVVRQODSDUULOODPpWULFD/LEHUPDQ
3ULQFH6HONLUN\HOiUEROPpWULFR/LEHUPDQ\3ULQFH+D\HV
0¬+DPPRQG
El acento 239 ]
(QODSDUULOODPpWULFDFDGDVtODEDODXQLGDGSRUWDGRUDGHODFHQWRWLHQHXQDVHULH

GHSUR\HFFLRQHVHQWLUDVTXHPDUFDQHOQLYHOGHSURPLQHQFLD(OHMHPSORDQWHULRU
H[SUHVDGRDKRUDHQWpUPLQRVGHODSDUULOODPpWULFDVHUtD
Ejemplo 7-2
* OtQHD
* * * OtQHD
* * * * * * OtQHD
A pa la chi co la
/RVDVWHULVFRVHQFDGDQLYHOPDUFDQXQDSUR\HFFLyQGHFDGDVtODEDHQXQQLYHOGHSUR
PLQHQFLDIRQROyJLFD(QHVWHHMHPSORODSHQ~OWLPDVtODEDHVODPiVSURPLQHQWHSRUTXH
KDVLGRSUR\HFWDGDHQWUHVQLYHOHV(VWDQXHYDIRUPXODFLyQGHODSURPLQHQFLDDFHQWXDO
WLHQHODYHQWDMDDGLFLRQDOGHSRGHUFDSWDUGHXQDIRUPDYLVXDOHOIHQyPHQRGHDFHQWRV
TXHVHUHSHOHQ(VWDDYHUVLyQHQWUHDFHQWRVWLHQGHDRFXUULUFXDQGRGRVVtODEDVDG\DFHQWHV
WLHQHQXQPLVPRQLYHOGHSURPLQHQFLDHQODOtQHD$¬HVWHQLYHOGRVFLPDVDG\DFHQWHV
VRQDUUtWPLFDVSRUTXHURPSHQODVXFHVLyQDUPyQLFDGHFLPDV\YDOOHVGHSURPLQHQFLD
/DIRUPDGHVROXFLRQDUHVWDGLVWULEXFLyQSUREOHPiWLFDGHDFHQWRVDG\DFHQWHVHVPRYHU
DVWHULVFRVDSRVLFLRQHVGRQGHQRHQWUHQHQFRQϩLFWRWDO\FRPRVHHMHPSOLϧFDHQ
Ejemplo 7-3
* * * ఩ * * *
* * * * * * * * * *
‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬
/RTXHKHPRVYLVWRKDVWDDTXtGHODSDUULOODPpWULFDQRVyORQRVSHUPLWHFDSWDU
QLYHOHVGHSURPLQHQFLDVLQRTXHWDPELpQQRVVLUYHSDUDH[SUHVDUODPHORGtDUtWPLFD
HQWHQGLGDFRPRVXELGDV\EDMDGDVGHSURPLQHQFLD6LQHPEDUJRGHMDPRVIXHUDGH
ODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQORVFRQVWLWX\HQWHVLQPHGLDWRVTXHIRUPDQHVDVHFXHQFLDUtWPLFD
/D¬UHSUHVHQWDFLyQDUEyUHDHVXQDSURSXHVWDTXHLQWHQWDLQFOXLUHQODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ¬OD
H[LVWHQFLDGHFRQVWLWX\HQWHVPpWULFRVGLVSXHVWRVHQHVWUXFWXUDVMHUiUTXLFDVpVWHHVHO
WLSRGHiUEROTXHHQFRQWUDPRVHQ+DUULVSRUHMHPSOR$UEyUHDPHQWHApala-
chicolaVHUHSUHVHQWDUtDFRPRLOXVWUDPRVHQ
Ejemplo 7-4
IXHUWH
GpELO GpELO IXHUWH
IXHUWH GpELO IXHUWH GpELO IXHUWH GpELO

A pa la chi co la
(ODVSHFWRDGHVWDFDUHQHVWDQRWDFLyQHVODSUHVHQFLDGHFRQVWLWX\HQWHVELQDULRV
TXHSXHGHQVHUIXHUWHVRGpELOHV(OJUDGRGHSURPLQHQFLDWDPELpQSXHGHFDOFXODUVH
DEDVHGHFRPSDUDUHOQ~PHURGHQRGRVIXHUWHVTXHGRPLQDXQGHWHUPLQDGRQRGR
&XDQWRVPiVQRGRVIXHUWHVVHGRPLQHPD\RUHVHOJUDGRGHSURPLQHQFLD(VWHWLSRGH
IRUPDOLVPRHVPX\FRQYHQLHQWHSDUDHODQiOLVLVGHSURFHVRVTXHXVDQGHIRUPDGLUHFWD
ORVFRQVWLWX\HQWHVPpWULFRVSHMODDUPRQtDYRFiOLFD8QDGHVYHQWDMDVLQHPEDUJR
HVTXHUHVXOWDPiVGLItFLOH[SUHVDUODLQFRPSDWLELOLGDGGHSURPLQHQFLDVDG\DFHQWHV\
VXFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHPRYLPLHQWR'DGRTXHHQODSDUULOODHVWRHVXQDYHQWDMDOD¬SUR
SXHVWD HQ 0¬ +DPPRQG \ +DOOH \ 9HUJQDXG D GH FRPELQDU ODV GRV
IRUPDOL]DFLRQHVKDVLGRDPSOLDPHQWHDFHSWDGD(QHVWHVLVWHPDGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
$SDODFKLFRODVHIRUPDOL]DFRPRPRVWUDPRVHQ
Ejemplo 7-5
ಧಭಭ OtQHD
ಧಭಭ ಩ಪ OtQHD
OtQHD
A pa la chi co la
(QFDGDOtQHDGHODSDUULOODORVSDUpQWHVLVUHSUHVHQWDQFRQVWLWX\HQWHV\VXQ~FOHR
VHUHSUHVHQWDFRPRXQDVWHULVFRHQHOQLYHOGHSURPLQHQFLDVLJXLHQWH(QODOtQHD
VHPDUFDQWRGRVORVHOHPHQWRVTXHSXHGHQOOHYDUDFHQWR(QODOtQHDVHPDUFDQORV
Q~FOHRVGHFDGDFRQVWLWX\HQWHHQODOtQHDORVSLHV(QODOtQHDVHPDUFDQORV
Q~FOHRVGHORVFRQVWLWX\HQWHVHQODOtQHD
(OWLSRGHSLHPiVFRP~QHQODVOHQJXDVQDWXUDOHVHVHOWURTXHRVLOiELFRXQSLH
ELVLOiELFRFRQHOQ~FOHRDODL]TXLHUGD
Ejemplo 7-6
7URTXHR
‫۝‬ ‫۝‬
6LDQDOL]DPRVXQDVHFXHQFLDGHVtODEDVHQWURTXHRVGHULYDPRVXQDDOWHUQDQFLD
UtWPLFD
Ejemplo 7-7

‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬
(QXQSDUGHWUDEDMRVTXHWXYLHURQJUDQLQϩXHQFLDHQODWHRUtDPpWULFD+D\HV
0F&DUWK\\3ULQFHVHSURSRQHXQDWLSRORJtDTXHOLPLWDODVSRVLELOLGDGHV
XQLYHUVDOHVDEiVLFDPHQWHWUHVWLSRVGHSLHV
El acento 241 ]
Ejemplo 7-8
3LHVGHJHQHUDGRV
a. 7URTXHRVLOiELFR
‫۝ ۝‬ ‫۝‬
b. 7URTXHRPRUDLFR
‫۝ ۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬
c. <DPER
‫۝ ۝‬ ‫۝ ۝‬ ‫۝‬ ‫۝‬
(OWURTXHRPRUDLFRHQEHVHTXLYDOHQWHDOWURTXHRVLOiELFRFRQODVRODGLIHUHQFLD

GHTXHFXHQWDPRUDVHQOXJDUGHVtODEDV/DVPRUDVVRQXQLGDGHVGHSHVRTXHVLUYHQ
SDUDGLVWLQJXLUVtODEDVSHVDGDVGHVtODEDVOLJHUDVYpDVHODVHFFLyQGHOFDStWXOR¬
(OQ~FOHRGHXQDVtODEDHVVLHPSUHPRUDLFR/DVFRQVRQDQWHVHQXQDFRGDSXHGHQ
VHUORRQRGHSHQGLHQGRGHODOHQJXDHVXQSDUiPHWUR/DVFRQVRQDQWHVHQXQDWDTXH
QXQFDFRQWULEX\HQDOSHVRVLOiELFR\HVRLQGLFDTXHQRSXHGHQVHUPRUDLFDV
+D\HV\.DJHUFRQVLGHUDQODSRVLELOLGDGGHIXVLRQDUORVGRVSUL
PHURVWLSRVHQORTXHVHGHQRPLQDXQtroqueo generalizado.(VWHWLSRGHWURTXHRVH
FDUDFWHUL]DSRUWHQHUGRVFRQVWLWX\HQWHVLQPHGLDWRVVtODEDVRPRUDVFRQSURPLQHQFLD
LQLFLDO2WURWLSRGHSLHTXHDSDUHFHHQPXFKRVWUDEDMRVGHIRQRORJtDPpWULFDHVHO
SLHLOLPLWDGR(QWHQHPRVXQHMHPSORGHSLHLOLPLWDGRHQODOtQHD(VWHWLSRGH
SLHWLHQHXQQ~PHURLOLPLWDGRGHVtODEDV\HOQ~FOHRSXHGHWDPELpQHVWDUHQXQRGH
VXVGRVH[WUHPRV)LQDOPHQWHHQHQFRQWUDPRVSLHVGHJHQHUDGRVTXHGRPLQDQ
XQDVRODVtODEDRXQDVRODPRUD(VWRVXFHGHFXDQGRXQDOHQJXDSRVHHPRQRVtODERV
TXHQRVRQFOtWLFRVRHQFDVRVHQTXHODSDODEUDWLHQHXQQ~PHURLPSDUGHPRUDVR
VtODEDV\WRGDVHVWiQREOLJDWRULDPHQWHGRPLQDGDVSRUSLHVPpWULFRV6HWUDWDSXHV
GHSLHVXQDULRV/RVSLHVGHJHQHUDGRVDSDUHFHQVyORFRPR~OWLPRUHFXUVRFXDQGRHV
LPSRVLEOHDQDOL]DUXQDVHFXHQFLDHQSLHVELQDULRV
಩3DUDPHWUL]DFLyQGHODFHQWR
2WUDLPSRUWDQWHDSRUWDFLyQGHODWHRUtDPpWULFDHVODFRQVWDWDFLyQGHTXHORVVLVWH
PDVDFHQWXDOHVGHODVOHQJXDVQDWXUDOHVSXHGHQGHULYDUVHGHXQDIRUPDSDUDPpWULFD
/D¬OLVWDGHSDUiPHWURVTXHSUHVHQWDPRVHQODWRPDPRVGH¬+D\HVTXLHQ
DVXYH]KDFHXQDUHFRSLODFLyQGHDSRUWDFLRQHVGHSURFHGHQFLDGLYHUVD
Ejemplo 7-9
a. 7LSRGHSLH
i. 7DPDxRGHOSLHELQDULRLOLPLWDGR
ii. 6HQVLELOLGDGDOSHVRVLOiELFRXQDVLODEDSHVDGDSXHGHQRSXHGH
DSDUHFHUHQODSRVLFLyQGpELOHQXQSLH
iii. 1~FOHRHOQ~FOHRVHHQFXHQWUDDODL]TXLHUGDGHUHFKDGHOSLH

iv. 5DPLϧFDFLyQREOLJDWRULDHOQ~FOHRGHXQSLHGHEHVHUSXHGHQRVHU
XQDVLODEDSHVDGD
b. 'LUHFFLRQDOLGDGHQODIRUPDFLyQGHSLHVGHGHUHFKDDL]TXLHUGDGH
L]TXLHUGDDGHUHFKD
c. ,WHUDWLYLGDGODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHSLHVHVLWHUDWLYDVyORXQDYH]
&DGDOHQJXDWLHQHXQDGLVSRVLFLyQHVSHFtϧFDGHFDGDXQRGHHVWRVSDUiPHWURV
\¬HVDGLVSRVLFLyQFRQVWLWX\HXQDUHJOD3RUHMHPSORODUHJODGHDFHQWXDFLyQGHOODWtQ
HVODVLJXLHQWH
Ejemplo 7-10
a. /D~OWLPDVtODEDHVH[WUDPpWULFDLJQyUHVHOD~OWLPDVtODED

b. /RVSLHVVRQPi[LPDPHQWHELQDULRVHQODOtQHDHLOLPLWDGRVHQODOtQHD
c. (OQ~FOHRVHHQFXHQWUDDODL]TXLHUGDHQORVSLHVGHODOtQHD\DODGHUH
FKDHQORVSLHVGHODOtQHD
d. 8QDVtODEDSHVDGDQRSXHGHDSDUHFHUHQODSRVLFLyQGpELOHQXQSLH
e. (OQ~FOHRGHXQSLHSXHGHQRVHUXQDVtODEDSHVDGD
9DULDQGRHVWRVSDUiPHWURVREWHQHPRVORVGLVWLQWRVVLVWHPDVDFHQWXDOHVUtWPLFRV
TXHH[LVWHQHQODVOHQJXDVQDWXUDOHV+D\HVFXHVWLRQDODYDOLGH]
GHHVWRVSDUiPHWURVSRUTXHSUHGLFHQODH[LVWHQFLDGHDOWHUQDQFLDVGHSLHVTXHQRVH
GDQRDOPHQRVTXHVRQH[WUHPDGDPHQWHPDUFDGRV/RVSDUiPHWURVSHUPLWHQSRU
HMHPSORODIRUPDFLyQGHSLHVFRQHOQ~FOHRDODGHUHFKDHQXQVLVWHPDQRVHQVLEOHDO
SHVRVLOiELFR6LQHPEDUJRORTXHVHHQFXHQWUDHVTXHORVVLVWHPDVGHSLHVFRQQ~FOHR
DODGHUHFKDVRQHQVXLQPHQVDPD\RUtDVHQVLEOHVDOSHVRVLOiELFR%DViQGRVHHQHVWD
VREUHJHQHUDFLyQWLSROyJLFD+D\HVSURSRQHUHHPSOD]DUODFRQVWUXFFLyQSDUDPpWULFD
GHSLHVSRUHOUHGXFLGRLQYHQWDULRGHSLHVTXHSUHVHQWDPRVDUULEDHQ
7.3 Aspectos problemáticos de la acentuación en español
಩(OSDWUyQQRPDUFDGR
(OWLSRPiVIUHFXHQWHGHDFHQWXDFLyQDQLYHOGHSDODEUDHQHVSDxROHVHOTXHVLW~DOD
SURPLQHQFLDHQODSHQ~OWLPDVtODED(VIiFLOFRPSUREDUTXHHVWDJHQHUDOL]DFLyQVH
PDQWLHQHVHDFXDOVHDHOQ~PHURGHVtODEDVGHODSDODEUDDPHQRVTXHVHWUDWHGH
PRQRVtODERVHQFX\RFDVRHODFHQWRUHFDHHQOD~QLFDVtODEDGLVSRQLEOH
El acento 243 ]
Ejemplo 7-11
fa >ਥID@
libro >ਥOLɕ૊‫ޞ‬R@
espero >HVਥSH‫ޞ‬R@
Pirineos >SL‫ޞ‬LਥQHRV@
recibimiento >UH‫ۏ‬Lɕ૊LਥPMHQ૧W ૧R@
equivocaciones >HNLɕ૊RNDਥ‫ۏ‬MRQHV@
Nabucodonosorcito >QDɕ૊XNR˓૊RQRVR‫ޞ‬ਥ‫ۏ‬LW ૧R@
esternocleidomastoideo >HVW ૧H‫ޞ‬QRNOHM˓૊RPDVW ૧RMਥ˓૊HR@
6LELHQHOQ~PHURGHVtODEDVQRFXHQWDVXHVWUXFWXUDVLOiELFDVtSDUHFHVHUUHOH
YDQWH&RQODPLVPDIUHFXHQFLDFRQTXHXQDSDODEUDDSDUHFHFRPROODQDVLOD~OWLPD
VtODEDHVDELHUWDHQFRQWUDPRVDFHQWXDFLyQDJXGDFXDQGROD~OWLPDVtODEDHVFHUUDGD

Ejemplo 7-12
papel >SDਥSHO@
soledad >VROHਥ˓૊D˓૊@
canturrear >NDQ૧W ૧XUHਥD‫@ޞ‬
Nabucodonosor >QDɕ૊XNR˓૊RQRਥVR‫@ޞ‬
(VWiIXHUDGHWRGDGLVFXVLyQTXHHOSDWUyQHQGHEHFRQVLGHUDUVHQRPDU

FDGR6LQHPEDUJRODDϧUPDFLyQGHTXHHOUHVWRGHORVSDWURQHVVRQPDUFDGRVHVPiV
GHEDWLEOH +D\ SURSXHVWDV TXH VXJLHUHQ TXH DOJXQRV SDWURQHV VH KDQ FRQVLGHUDGR
PDUFDGRVFXDQGRHQUHDOLGDGQRORVRQ(Q+RRSHU\7HUUHOO2WHUR5RFD
+DUULVDE\0RUDOHV)URQWVHFRQVLGHUD
TXHODVDJXGDVWHUPLQDGDVHQFRQVRQDQWHHQ\ODVDJXGDVWHUPLQDGDVHQYRFDO
HQVRQWDPELpQPDQLIHVWDFLyQGHODDFHQWXDFLyQQRPDUFDGD
Ejemplo 7-13
café >NDਥIH@ (cafe-ter-o)

sofá >VRਥID@ (sofa-cit-o)
Perú >SHਥ‫ޞ‬X@ (Peru-an-o)
colibrí >NROLਥɕ૊‫ޞ‬L@ (colibri-cit-o)
(OHOHPHQWRFODYHSDUDODGLYHUJHQFLDHVWiHQHOSDSHOTXHMXHJDODHVWUXFWXUD
PRUIROyJLFDHQODDVLJQDFLyQGHODFHQWR(QYHPRVTXHDGLIHUHQFLDGHORTXH
SDVDSRUHMHPSORHQcas-a~cas-it-a,HQSDODEUDVFRPRsofá~sofa-cit-oODDDOϧQDO
GHODUDt]QRVHGHVSOD]DDOϧQDOGHODSDODEUD6HJ~QORVFLWDGRVDQiOLVLVORVHMHPSORV
HQ GHPXHVWUDQ TXH QR HV OD HVWUXFWXUD VLOiELFD OR TXH HV UHOHYDQWH VLQR OD
HVWUXFWXUDPRUIROyJLFD7RGDVODVSDODEUDVHQ\VHFDUDFWHUL]DQSRUQR
WHQHUXQelemento terminal(7/DJHQHUDOL]DFLyQEiVLFDFRPSDUWLGDSRUORVWUDEDMRV
FLWDGRVHVTXHHODFHQWRVHHQFXHQWUDHQOD~OWLPDVtODEDGHODSDODEUDVLQTXHVHSXHGD
DFHQWXDUHO(7¬&RQVHFXHQWHPHQWHVHSURSRQHQPHFDQLVPRVRUHJODVTXHDVLJQHQXQ
DFHQWRDOD~OWLPDXQLGDGPpWULFDDFHQWXDEOH%DMRHVWHVXSXHVWRWRGRVORVHMHPSORV
HQDFDHQGHQWURGHOPDQWRGHORTXHSRGHPRVFRQVLGHUDUDFHQWXDFLyQ
QRPDUFDGD
(QRWURVWUDEDMRVS¬HM¬+DUULV'XQODSVHVXSRQHTXHODDFHQWXDFLyQ
QRPDUFDGDHVHOUHVXOWDGRGHFRQVWUXLUXQSLHWURFDLFRVLOiELFRRPRUDLFRVHJ~Q
ODSURSXHVWDVREUHHOPDUJHQGHUHFKRGHODSDODEUDSURVyGLFD(QHVWRVDQiOLVLVOD
DFHQWXDFLyQHQOD~OWLPDVtODEDWDQWRVLODSDODEUDWHUPLQDHQFRQVRQDQWHFRPRVL
WHUPLQDHQYRFDOHVPDUFDGD\WLHQHTXHGHULYDUVHFRQUHJODVHVSHFtϧFDV
0iVDOOiGHFRQVLGHUDFLRQHVWHyULFDVODGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHTXpHVRQRHVPDUFDGR
SXHGHHVWDEOHFHUVHWDPELpQDEDVHGHFiOFXORVGHIUHFXHQFLDV(QFiOFXORVDEVROXWRV
EDVDGRVVREUHXQOLVWDGRHOHFWUyQLFRGHSDODEUDVSRGHPRVREVHUYDUXQUDQJR

Ejemplo 7-14
/ODQDVWHUPLQDGDVHQYRFDO

$JXGDVWHUPLQDGDVHQFRQVRQDQWH
(VGU~MXODVWHUPLQDGDVHQYRFDO
$JXGDVWHUPLQDGDVHQYRFDO
/ODQDVWHUPLQDGDVHQFRQVRQDQWH
(VGU~MXODVWHUPLQDGDVHQFRQVRQDQWH
7RWDO
(OPDUJHQGHIUHFXHQFLDTXHVHSDUDDOSULPHUSDWUyQGHOUHVWRHVVLJQLϧFDWLYR
6HJ~QHVWHUDQJRDEVROXWRSDUHFHYLDEOHFRQVLGHUDUWRGRVORVSDWURQHVH[FHSWRHO
SULPHURFRPRPDUFDGRV(VWRFRQϧUPDUtDODSRVLFLyQWHyULFDGHTXHHOWURTXHRHVHO
SLHQRPDUFDGR8QLQFRQYHQLHQWHHVTXHHVWDSRVLFLyQQRVGHMDFRQXQGH
FDVRVTXHWLHQHQTXHGHULYDUVHFRQUHJODVHVSHFLDOHV
(VWRVGDWRVDEVROXWRVGHEHQWRPDUVHFRQFLHUWDFDXWHODSXHVQRWLHQHQHQFXHQWD
ODGHVSURSRUFLyQTXHKD\HQHOOp[LFRHQWUHSDODEUDVWHUPLQDGDVHQYRFDO\SDODEUDV
WHUPLQDGDVHQFRQVRQDQWH6LWRPDPRVHVWHDVSHFWRHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQHQFRQWUDPRV
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El acento 245 ]
Ejemplo 7-15
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Ejemplo 7-16
cámara préstamo topónimo parábola

sábana cuévano sépalo sacrílega
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Ejemplo 7-17
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El acento 249 ]
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Ejemplo 7-18
túnel
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Ejemplo 7-19
a.ní.ba¢O² a.ni.mál
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GHUDPRVTXHKLVWyULFDPHQWHODVOODQDVWHUPLQDGDVHQYRFDOGHULYDQFRQIUHFXHQFLD
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XQDSDODEUDFRPRángel\XQDSDODEUDFRPRnúmeroUDGLFDHQTXHángelKDSHUGLGROD
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Ejemplo 7-20
ángelus Arquímedes asíndeton Atlántidas dé cit

Demóstenes efemérides épsilon espécimen exégesis
hipérbaton ínterin intríngulis isósceles Júpiter
lejísimos Leónidas máximum mínimum miércoles
ómicron ómnibus Pléyades régimen Sócrates
El acento 251 ]
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ventana trisilábica./RVHMHPSORVWtSLFRVTXHVHDSRUWDQSDUDUHVSDOGDUHVWDDϧUPDFLyQ
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Ejemplo 7-21
6LQJXODU 3OXUDO
Régimen regímen-es
ómicron omicrón-es
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Ejemplo 7-22
6LQJXODU 3OXUDO
péra péra-s
tabú tabú-es
camión camión-es
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Ejemplo 7-23
péra per-ál
camión camion-ér-o
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Ejemplo 7-24
tatatata(ta ta)¢WD²
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El acento 253 ]
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Ejemplo 7-25
a. mi .cus ¶DPLJR· SHUR fe.mi.na ¶KHPEUD·

pe. per.ci ¶SHUGRQp· in.te.ger ¶HQWHUR·
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Ejemplo 7-26
a. ‫۝‬ b. ‫۝‬ c. ‫۝‬
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1F 1F &G 1F
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Ejemplo 7-27
a. ‫۝‬ b. ‫۝‬ c. ‫۝‬

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Ejemplo 7-29
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5Dt] 97 7$0 31 5Dt] 97 7$0 31
SHUVVLQJ
D
cant -o cant -e
beb -o beb -a
viv -o viv -a
El acento 261 ]
3UHVHQWHLQGLFDWLYR 3UHVHQWHVXEMXQWLYR
5Dt] 97 7$0 31 5Dt] 97 7$0 31
DSHUVVLQJ cant -o cant -e

beb -o beb -a
viv -o viv -a
DSHUVVLQJ cant -a -s cant -e -s

beb -e -s beb -a -s
viv -e -s viv -a -s
DSHUVVLQJ cant -a cant -e

beb -e beb -a
viv -e viv -a
DSHUVSO cant -a -mos cant -e -mos

beb -e -mos beb -a -mos
viv -i -mos viv -a -mos
DSHUVSO cant -a -is cant -e -is

beb -e -is beb -a -is
viv -i -is viv -a -is
DSHUVSO cant -a -n cant -e -n

beb -e -n beb -a -n
vív -e -n viv -a -n
(QHOLQGLFDWLYRHODFHQWRUHFDHVLVWHPiWLFDPHQWHHQODUDt]FRQODH[FHSFLyQGH
ODD\DSHUVRQDGHOSOXUDO(VWDH[FHSFLRQDOLGDGFRUUHODFLRQDFODUDPHQWHFRQOD
SUHVHQFLDGHXQDYRFDOWHPiWLFD1yWHVHTXHHQHOLQGLFDWLYRVRODPHQWHHQODD\D
SHUVRQDGHOSOXUDOODVYRFDOHVHQWUHODUDt]\HO31VHFRUUHVSRQGHQFRQODYRFDOWHPi
WLFDDGHFXDGD-aHQODSULPHUD-eHQODVHJXQGDH-iHQODWHUFHUD$VtSXHVSXHGH
OOHJDUVHDODJHQHUDOL]DFLyQGHTXHHQHVWHWLHPSRYHUEDOHODFHQWRUHFDHHQOD~OWLPD
VtODEDGHODUDt]HQDTXHOODVIRUPDVTXHQRWLHQHQXQDYRFDOWHPiWLFD\HQODYRFDO
WHPiWLFDHQODVRWUDVGRV(VWDJHQHUDOL]DFLyQHVFRKHUHQWHFRQODSRVLFLyQTXHVXSRQH
TXHODYRFDOWHPiWLFDHVWiOp[LFDPHQWHDFHQWXDGD6LQHPEDUJRFXDQGRFRQVLGHUDPRV
HOSUHVHQWHGHVXEMXQWLYRHQODVHJXQGDFROXPQDREVHUYDPRVTXHODGLVWULEXFLyQ
DFHQWXDOHVH[DFWDPHQWHODPLVPDDXQTXHDTXtQRKD\QLXQDYRFDOWHPiWLFDQLXQ
7$0GLIHUHQWHSDUDODD\DSHUVRQDGHOSOXUDO6LELHQUHVXOWDFODURTXHORVPRUIHPDV
YHUEDOHVLQϩX\HQHQODDFHQWXDFLyQHVRQRVLJQLϧFDTXHODDFHQWXDFLyQYHUEDOVHDVLJQH
SDUDGLJPiWLFDPHQWH\TXHSRUWDQWRVHDLQKHUHQWHPHQWHGLIHUHQWHGHODQRPLQDO
8Q ~OWLPR DVSHFWR TXH LPSLGH OD DSOLFDFLyQ JHQHUDOL]DGD GHO DFHQWR QRPL
QDO D ODV IRUPDV YHUEDOHV HV OD REVHUYDFLyQ GH TXH HVWDV ~OWLPDV QR DGPLWHQ TXH
OD UDt]WHQJDH[FHSFLRQHV Op[LFDV(QODDFHQWXDFLyQQRPLQDO YLPRVFRQWUDVWHVGHO
WLSRsábana/sabanaTXHVyORSXHGHQDWULEXLUVHDLQIRUPDFLyQOp[LFDHVSHFtϧFDGHOD
UDt](QODDFHQWXDFLyQYHUEDOQRVHUHJLVWUDQHMHPSORVVHPHMDQWHV/DSULPHUDSHU
VRQDGHOSUHVHQWHGHLQGLFDWLYRSRUHMHPSORWLHQHVLHPSUHDFHQWXDFLyQSHQ~OWLPD
૊ @1RH[LVWHQLQJ~QYHUERLUUHJXODUTXHDFHQW~HOD SHUVRQDGHO
S¬HM¬>HQ૧ਥW ૧‫ޞ‬H࣢R D
VLQJXODUGHOSUHVHQWHGHLQGLFDWLYRHQODDQWHSHQ~OWLPDR~OWLPDVtODED$XQTXHXQD
UDt]VHDSRUWDGRUDGHXQDH[FHSFLyQOp[LFDHVWDH[FHSFLyQVHSLHUGHHQODIRUPDYHU
EDO&RQVLGHUHPRVSRUHMHPSORODSDODEUDoxígeno.&RPRYLPRVPiVDUULEDWRGRVORV
DQiOLVLVGHODDFHQWXDFLyQQRPLQDOFRLQFLGHQHQTXHODVHVGU~MXODVVRQH[FHSFLRQHV
Op[LFDV/DIRUPDYHUEDOFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHSDUDODDSHUVRQDVLQJXODUGHOSUHVHQWHGH
LQGLFDWLYRHVoxigeno./D¬PDUFDH[FHSFLRQDOQRWLHQHDTXtXQHIHFWR(VWRFUHDORV
SHFXOLDUHVFRQWUDVWHVGHOWLSRTXHYHPRVHQ
Ejemplo 7-30
1RPEUHDGMHWLYR 9HUERSUHVHQWH 9HUERSUHWpULWR
oxígeno oxigeno oxigenó

solícito solicito solicitó
rótulo rotulo rotuló
estímulo estimulo estimuló
ámplia amplío amplió
líquido liquido liquidó
página pagino paginó
péndulo pendulo penduló
(QWRGRVHVWRVHMHPSORVODUDt]OOHYDXQDPDUFDGHH[FHSFLRQDOLGDGTXHVHPDQLϧHVWD
HQODVIRUPDVQRPLQDOHVSHURVHLJQRUDHQODVIRUPDVYHUEDOHV
6HJ~Q+DUULVDHOFRQWUDVWHHQWUHoxígeno\oxigenoUDGLFDHQODFRPSRVLFLyQ
PRUIROyJLFDGHFDGDPLHPEURGHOSDU
Ejemplo 7-31
QRPEUH YHUER
UDt] (7 UDt] 97 31
oxígen ¢o² oxigen a ¢o²
/DGLIHUHQFLDHVWULEDHQTXHHOYHUERWLHQHXQD97¬(QHODQiOLVLVGH¬+DUULVORV
VXϧMRVϩH[LRQDOHVHQHVWHFDVRHO(7\HOPRUIHPDGH¬31VRQH[WUDPpWULFRV/DUHJOD
JHQHUDOIRUPDSLHVLOLPLWDGRVFRQQ~FOHRDODGHUHFKD6LXQDIRUPDYLHQHPDUFDGD
El acento 263 ]
FRPRH[FHSFLyQDHVWDUHJODDSOLFDXQDVHJXQGDUHJODTXHIRUPDSLHVELQDULRVFRQ
Q~FOHRDODL]TXLHUGDGHGHUHFKDDL]TXLHUGD(QHVWHDQiOLVLVHVFUXFLDOGDUSRUVHQ
WDGRTXHODYRFDOWHPiWLFDGHOYHUERDSHVDUGHQRDSDUHFHUHQODVXSHUϧFLHHVWi
SUHVHQWHHQHOPRPHQWRHQTXHVHDVLJQDHODFHQWR(QORVGRVHMHPSORVHQOD
VHJXQGDUHJODJHQHUDHOUHVXOWDGRGHVHDGR
/DHYLGHQFLDGHTXHHQODDFHQWXDFLyQYHUEDOORVPRUIHPDVMXHJDQXQSDSHOLPSRU
WDQWHHVFODUDSHURHVRQRODGLVWLQJXHGHODDFHQWXDFLyQQRPLQDOGRQGHORVPRU
IHPDVϩH[LRQDOHVGHWHUPLQDQWDPELpQODSRVLFLyQGHODFHQWR3RGHPRVSXHVFHUUDU
HVWDUHYLVLyQGHORVFRQWUDVWHVHQWUHDFHQWXDFLyQYHUEDO\QRPLQDOFRQHOEDODQFHGH
TXHODVGLIHUHQFLDVVRQVDOYDEOHV/RTXHKHPRVYLVWRKDVWDDTXtQRVGHEHVHUYLUSDUD
FRQFOXLUTXHODDSOLFDFLyQGHXQVRORVLVWHPDDFHQWXDOH[WHQVLEOHDWRGDVODVSDODEUDV
VLQGLVWLQFLRQHVGHFDWHJRUtDOp[LFDHVGHVHDEOH\SRVLEOH
Ejercicios
1. $SRUWHDOPHQRVFLQFRHMHPSORVGHSDODEUDVTXHSHUWHQH]FDQDXQSDWUyQPDU
FDGR\FLQFRTXHSHUWHQH]FDQDXQSDWUyQQRPDUFDGR([SOLTXHTXpKDFHTXH
SHUWHQH]FDQDXQWLSRXRWUR
2. 0DUTXHODVVtODEDVWyQLFDVHQODVVLJXLHQWHVSDODEUDV
sal
sala
salada
ensalada
ensaladera
la ensaladera
en la ensaladera
3. *UDEHHQ3UDDW%RHUVPD\:HHQLQNFDGDXQDGHHVWDVSDODEUDVWUHV

YHFHV3XHGHHQFRQWUDUXQDJXtDGHFyPRXVDUHOSURJUDPDHQKWWSOLFHXXDE
HVaMRDTXLPSKRQHWLFVIRQB3UDDW3UDDWKWPO
4. 0LGDHOWRQRODLQWHQVLGDG\ODGXUDFLyQGHODVYRFDOHV\H[SOLTXHTXpGLIHUHQ
FLDV\VHPHMDQ]DVVHHQFXHQWUDQDOFRPSDUDUODVVtODEDVWyQLFDVFRPRJUXSRFRQ
ODViWRQDV
5. ([SOLTXHTXpHIHFWRWLHQHODSRVLFLyQLQLFLDOϧQDOPHGLDSULPHUDRVHJXQGD
WyQLFDHQODVPHGLFLRQHVTXHKDREWHQLGR
6. &RQODVPLVPDVSDODEUDVTXHKDXVDGRDUULEDJUDEHDKRUDDRWUDVGRVSHUVRQDV
&RQWUDVWHORVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVSDUDFDGDKDEODQWHLQFOX\HQGRORVVX\RV
&RPSDUHSULPHURORVYDORUHVGHODVWyQLFDVGHFDGDKDEODQWHVHJXLGDPHQWH
ORVYDORUHVGHODViWRQDVϧQDOPHQWHFRPSDUHODUHODFLyQHQWUHWyQLFDV\iWRQDV
SDUDWRGRVORVKDEODQWHV
7. ¢4XpSDWURQHVDFHQWXDOHVGHOHVSDxROVHGHULYDUtDQVLQSUREOHPDVVLDVXPLPRV
TXHHOVLVWHPDDFHQWXDOGHOODWtQVHPDQWLHQHLQWDFWRHQHVSDxRO"¢4XpSDWURQHV
QRSRGUtDQGHULYDUVH"¢&yPRSRGUtDPRGLϧFDUVHHOVLVWHPDGHOODWtQSDUDGDU
FXHQWDGHORVSDWURQHVGHOHVSDxRO"
(Q+XDOGHKD\XQDSUHVHQWDFLyQJHQHUDO\VXFLQWDGHORVWHPDVIXQGDPHQWD

OHVGHODDFHQWXDFLyQGHOHVSDxRO
+XDOGHRIUHFHXQDYLVLyQPiVGHWDOODGD\VHDGHQWUDHQWHPDVFRPSOHPHQWD
ULRVFRPRODDFHQWXDFLyQGHDGYHUELRVSUHSRVLFLRQHVFRQMXQFLRQHV\SDODEUDV
FRPSXHVWDVHQWUHRWURVWHPDV
5RFDRIUHFHXQDUHYLVLyQFDVLFRPSOHWDGHODVGLIHUHQWHVSURSXHVWDVGHDQiOL
VLVTXHKDQLQWHQWDGRGDUFXHQWDGHODVSHFXOLDULGDGHVGHODFHQWRHQHVSDxRO
(GGLQJWRQGDXQDYLVLyQDOWHUQDWLYDGHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDDQDOyJLFD
\SXHGHVHUYLUFRPRFRQWUDSXQWRDODYLVLyQJHQHUDWLYDEDVDGDHQUHJODVR
UHVWULFFLRQHV
Notas
1. (QHOWHUUHQRGHODIRQRORJtDGHMyGHGLVWLQJXLUVHHQWUHDFHQWRVVHFXQGDULRV\WHUFLDULRV
DORVSRFRVDxRVGHODSXEOLFDFLyQGHO63(
2. 2EYLDPHQWHVHUtDSRVLEOHGDUXQWUDWDPLHQWRGHODJUDGDFLyQDFHQWXDOVLPLODUDOGHOD
JUDGDFLyQHQDOWXUDYRFiOLFDGRQGHXQJUDGRPHGLRGHDOWXUDVHUHSUHVHQWDFRPRODFRPEL
QDFLyQGH>ਮDOWR@\>ਮEDMR@(QHOFDVRGHODFHQWRSRGUtDPRVDFHSWDUTXHKD\GRVUDVJRV
>WyQLFR@\>iWRQR@\TXHODFRPELQDFLyQGHHVWRVUDVJRVGHVFULEHWUHVJUDGRVGHDOWXUD6LQ
HPEDUJRHVWRVHJXLUtDVLQFDSWDUODHVHQFLDUtWPLFDGHODVVHFXHQFLDVGHDFHQWRV
3. (OFRQFHSWRGHextrametricalidadVHSURSXVRSRUSULPHUDYH]HQ/LEHUPDQ\3ULQFH
\IXHGHVDUUROODGRVHJXLGDPHQWHHQ+D\HV/DH[WUDPHWULFDOLGDGSHUPLWHTXHFLHUWDVVtOD
EDVHVWpQH[HQWDVHQHOPRPHQWRGHFRQVWUXLUSLHVPpWULFRV2EYLDPHQWHVLFXDOTXLHUVtODED
RFXDOTXLHUQ~PHURGHVtODEDVSXGLHUDQVHUH[WUDPpWULFDVVHSHUPLWLUtDODJHQHUDFLyQGHFDVL
FXDOTXLHUWLSRGHHVWUXFWXUD\ODWHRUtDPpWULFDVHUtDFODUDPHQWHLQDSURSLDGD(OHVWXGLRGH
ORVVLVWHPDVDFHQWXDOHVGHPXFKDVOHQJXDVKDSHUPLWLGRTXHVHOOHJXHDFRQVWDWDUTXHWDOHV
VtODEDV´LQYLVLEOHVµSDUDHODOJRULWPRPpWULFRDSDUHFHQLQYDULDEOHPHQWHHQXQH[WUHPRGHO
GRPLQLRDFHQWXDO(VWDREVHUYDFLyQVHIRUPDOL]DHQOD&RQGLFLyQGHOD3HULIHULFLGDG6HJ~Q
HVWDFRQGLFLyQXQHOHPHQWRH[WUDPpWULFRVyORSXHGHVHUORVLHVSHULIpULFRHQVXGRPLQLR
El acento 265 ]
(QRWURVWUDEDMRVQRUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODDFHQWXDFLyQVHKDGHPRVWUDGRTXHHVDSURSLDGR
H[WHQGHUHOFRQFHSWRGHHOHPHQWRVSHULIpULFRVH[HQWRVDODKRUDGHFRQVWUXLUHVWUXFWXUDSUR
VyGLFD,WR,QNHODV.LSDUVN\3RUHVHPRWLYRVHKDDFXxDGRHOWpUPLQRGH
elementos extraprosódicos.3XOOH\EODQNHVWXGLDFDVRVGHH[WUDWRQDOLGDG3RVHU
KDEODGHPRUDVLQYLVLEOHV+D\HV\+DUULVSURSRQHQTXHODVSRVLFLRQHVFRQVR
QiQWLFDVGHOHVTXHOHWRRODVULPDVVLOiELFDVSXHGHQVHUH[WUDPpWULFDV3DUD6HONLUNWRGD
XQDVtODEDSXHGHVHUH[WUDPpWULFD,QFOXVRPRUIHPDVFRPSOHWRV\WRQRVϩRWDQWHVSXHGHQHVWDU
PDUFDGRVOp[LFDPHQWHFRPRH[WUDPpWULFRV,QNHODV
4. 3RUVXSXHVWRHVWDIUHFXHQFLDHVUHODWLYD/DDϧUPDFLyQHVTXHHOSRUFHQWDMHGHSDODEUDV
DJXGDVHQWUHODVSDODEUDVWHUPLQDGDVHQFRQVRQDQWHHVVLPLODUDOSRUFHQWDMHGHSDODEUDVOODQDV
HQWUHODVSDODEUDVWHUPLQDGDVHQYRFDO
5. Elemento terminalHVHOWpUPLQRDFXxDGRSRU+DUULVSDUDUHIHULUVHDORVPRUIHPDVQRPL
QDOHVTXHDSDUHFHQDOϧQDOGHODSDODEUD7DPELpQVHOHVSXHGHOODPDUmarcadores de palabra
YpDVH+DUULVFRdesinencias5RFD6HFDUDFWHUL]DQSRUQRWHQHUXQFRQWHQLGR
VHPiQWLFRϧMR\SRURUGHQDUVHDODGHUHFKDGHORVRWURVVXϧMRV1RUPDOPHQWHVHWUDWDGHVXϧ
MRVϩH[LYRV
6. (OSUREOHPDHVWULEDHQTXHVLXQGLDFUtWLFRQRHVXQDXQLGDGOLQJtVWLFDHQWRQFHV
SXHGHVHUFXDOTXLHUFRVD(VWDLQGHWHUPLQDFLyQKDFHTXHFXDOTXLHUWLSRGHLQIRUPDFLyQVHD
VXVFHSWLEOHGHDSDUHFHUHQHOOp[LFR2EYLDPHQWHHVPHMRUPDQWHQHUXQDSRVLFLyQPiVUHVWULF
WLYDVREUHTXpSXHGHDSDUHFHUHQHOOp[LFR(OSUHVXSXHVWRGHTXHHOOp[LFRHVWiFRQVWLWXLGR
VyORSRUXQLGDGHVOLQJtVWLFDVUDVJRVVHJPHQWRVPRUIHPDVHWFHVXQDIRUPDGHHYLWDUHVWH
SUREOHPD
7. (QXQDDSUR[LPDFLyQEDVDGDHQUHJODVHVWRVHGHULYDGHO3ULQFLSLRGHOD$OWHUDFLyQ
0tQLPD´PLQLPDOWDPSHULQJµHQLQJOpV.LSDUVN\
8. 6XSRQHPRVTXHODPDUFDGH]GHlápizIUHQWHDOFDUiFWHUQRPDUFDGRGHcamiónUHVXOWD
GHODWHQGHQFLDGHODFHQWRDDSDUHFHUORPiVFHUFDSRVLEOHGHOPDUJHQGHUHFKRGHOGRPLQLR
DFHQWXDOODSDODEUDSURVyGLFD\QRGHOFDUiFWHUSHVDGRGHOD~OWLPDULPD
8 ]
La entonación
8.0 Introducción
(QWHQGHPRV SRU entonación OD PRGXODFLyQ GHO WRQR GXUDFLyQ H LQWHQVLGDG GH ODV
VtODEDVTXHHPSOHDPRVSDUDLQGLFDUHOYDORUSUDJPiWLFRGHORVHQXQFLDGRV/RVFLQFR
HQXQFLDGRVTXHWHQHPRVHQSRUHMHPSORVHGLIHUHQFLDUtDQHQVXYDORUSUDJPi
WLFRHQFXDQWRDVXIXQFLyQHQHOGLVFXUVR(VWDVGLIHUHQFLDVHQHOVLJQLϧFDGRGLVFXUVLYR
ODVH[SUHVDPRVSRUPHGLRGHODHQWRQDFLyQHQHOKDEOD(QODSiJLQDHVFULWDUHSUR
GXFLPRVSDUFLDOPHQWHORVFRQWUDVWHVHQWRQDWLYRVSRUPHGLRGHODSXQWXDFLyQ&RQOD
SXQWXDFLyQHVWDPRVLQGLFDQGRTXHDHVXQHQXQFLDGRGHFODUDWLYRFRPSOHWRTXH
SRGHPRVHPSOHDUHQWUHRWURVSURSyVLWRVSDUDRIUHFHULQIRUPDFLyQTXHQRFRQRFH
HOR\HQWH3XHGHVHUSRUHMHPSORXQDUHVSXHVWDDXQDSUHJXQWDFRPR¿Quién llegó
anoche?RWDOYH]¿Qué pasó anoche que había tanto revuelo?3RURWUDSDUWHEHV
XQDSUHJXQWDSRUPHGLRGHODFXDOHOKDEODQWHSLGHLQIRUPDFLyQRTXL]iFRQϧUPDFLyQ
GHXQDVRVSHFKD/RVSXQWRVVXVSHQVLYRVFRPRHQFVHXVDQSDUDLQGLFDUTXHVH
WUDWDGHXQSHQVDPLHQWRLQFRPSOHWRTXHVHDVXPHTXHHOR\HQWHRHOOHFWRUGHOWH[WR
HVFULWRSXHGHFRPSOHWDU\XQDIXQFLyQVLPLODUGHLQGLFDUXQHQXQFLDGRLQFRPSOHWR
HVODTXHWLHQHODFRPDHQG3RU~OWLPRHOVLJQRGHH[FODPDFLyQRDGPLUDFLyQ
HQHVHHPSOHDSDUDVHxDODUDOJ~QWLSRGHpQIDVLVTXHSXHGHLQFOXLUVRUSUHVD
\¬WDPELpQHQyUGHQHVHQWUHRWURVXVRV6LOHHORVHQXQFLDGRVGHOHMHPSORHQYR]
DOWDQRWDUiTXHVHSURGXFHQFRQHQWRQDFLRQHVGLIHUHQWHV
Ejemplo 8-1
a. Llegaron mis amigos.

b. ¿Llegaron mis amigos?
c. Llegaron mis amigos . . .
d. Llegaron mis amigos, pero no me avisaron.
e. ¡Llegaron mis amigos!
/DSXQWXDFLyQQRVRIUHFHVRORXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQPX\LPSHUIHFWDGHODHQWRQD
FLyQ(OSXQWRODFRPDORVSXQWRVVXVSHQVLYRV\ORVVLJQRVGHLQWHUURJDFLyQ\GH
H[FODPDFLyQSXHGHQXVDUVHSDUDLQGLFDUORVSULQFLSDOHVFRQWUDVWHVH[SUHVDGRVSRUOD
HQWRQDFLyQFRPRKHPRVYLVWRHQORVHMHPSORVHQ'HPDQHUDLQIRUPDOWDPELpQ
SRGHPRVXVDUUHFXUVRVFRPRODUHSHWLFLyQGHXQDOHWUDSDUDLQGLFDUODPD\RUGXUDFLyQ
GHOVRQLGRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHFRPRHQ
Ejemplo 8-2
a. bueeeno
b. buenooo
(QLQJOpVXQDOHQJXDHQTXHHVPXFKRPiVQRUPDOTXHHQHVSDxROGDUfoco estre-
cho,RFRQWUDVWLYRDXQDSDODEUDHQFXDOTXLHUOXJDUGHODRUDFLyQVHXVDQDYHFHV
UHFXUVRVFRPRODVPD\~VFXODVRODVFXUVLYDVSDUDLQGLFDUTXHODSDODEUDUHFLEHWDO
IRFR\KDGHSURQXQFLDUVHFRQODHQWRQDFLyQFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHFRPRHQORVHMHPSORV
LQYHQWDGRVHQ
Ejemplo 8-3
a. John ATE the pizza.

b. JOHN ate the pizza.
c. John ate the PIZZA.
&RPRYHPRVHQHQLQJOpVHODFHQWRPiVLPSRUWDQWHRnuclear,VHSXHGH

FRORFDUVREUHGLYHUVDVSDODEUDVHQODPLVPDRUDFLyQ(OFDPELDUODSRVLFLyQGHODFHQWR
QXFOHDUHVXQUHFXUVRUHWyULFRLPSRUWDQWHHQLQJOpVTXHDYHFHVYHPRVUHϩHMDGRHQ
ODSiJLQDHVFULWDFRPRYHPRVHQHOHMHPSORWRPDGRGHXQDQRYHODHQHOTXH
HODXWRUTXLHUHUHSURGXFLUODRUDWRULDGHXQSUHGLFDGRU
Ejemplo 8-4
¶¶%XWWKHJDWHVRI+HOOwillQRWSUHYDLO7KH\ZLOOnotSUHYDLO7KH\ZLOOQRWpre-
vailDQGWKDW·VWKHSURPLVHRI-HVXV&KULVWµ'RQ.XUW]Churchgoers>0LQQHD
SROLV@
La entonación 269 ]
(QHVSDxROHVWHUHFXUVRSURVyGLFRQRHVIUHFXHQWHSRUORTXHWDPSRFRHQFRQ
WUDPRVFRQYHQFLRQHVJUiϧFDVSDUDH[SUHVDUOR'HKHFKRFRPRYHUHPRVHVWDHVXQD
GLIHUHQFLDPX\LPSRUWDQWHHQWUHHOLQJOpV\HOHVSDxRODQLYHOSURVyGLFR
(QFXDOTXLHUFDVRODFDSDFLGDGGHLQGLFDUODHQWRQDFLyQGHORVHQXQFLDGRVRUDOHV
TXHQRVRIUHFHODSXQWXDFLyQ\HOXVRGHGLVWLQWRVWLSRVGHOHWUDFRPRODVPD\~VFXODV
HVPX\OLPLWDGD8QDQiOLVLVIRQROyJLFRPiVGHWDOODGRGHODHQWRQDFLyQUHTXLHUHXQD
QRWDFLyQPiVSUHFLVD6LELHQH[LVWHQYDULDVSURSXHVWDVGHDQiOLVLVGHODHQWRQDFLyQ
ODVFRQYHQFLRQHVTXHXWLOL]DUHPRVHQHVWHFDStWXORVRQODVGHOOODPDGRmodelo métrico-
autosegmental3LHUUHKXPEHUW/DGG>@(VWHPRGHORKDVLGR\DDSOL
FDGRDODQiOLVLVGHORVFRQWRUQRVEiVLFRVGHOHVSDxROHQWUDEDMRVWDQWRGHHVWHDXWRU
+XDOGHFDS¬FRPRGHPXFKRVRWURVDXWRUHVSHM%HFNPDQ
HW¬DO¬(VWHEDV9LODSODQD\3ULHWR3ULHWR\5RVHDQR$TXtHQOXJDU
GHUHSHWLUODLQIRUPDFLyQTXHSXHGHHQFRQWUDUVHHQRWURVOXJDUHVYpDVH2·5RXUNH
SDUDXQUHVXPHQUHFLHQWHFRQELEOLRJUDItDSXHVWDDOGtDDGRSWDUHPRVXQDFHU
FDPLHQWRSUiFWLFRSHUPLWLHQGRHQEXHQDPHGLGDDOOHFWRUGHVFXEULUORVKHFKRVSRU
VtPLVPR'HMHPRVFODURSDUDHOOHFWRUTXHVHDFHUFDDOWHPDSRUSULPHUDYH]TXH
DXQTXHODVDVXQFLRQHVEiVLFDVGHWRGRVORVDQiOLVLVGHODHQWRQDFLyQGHOHVSDxROHQHO
PRGHORPpWULFRDXWRVHJPHQWDOVRQODVPLVPDVORVGLIHUHQWHVDQiOLVLVYDUtDQHQVXV
SURSXHVWDVFRQFUHWDVSRUORTXHODVHWLTXHWDVTXHDTXtVHVXJLHUHQWDPSRFRYDQDVHU
H[DFWDPHQWHODVPLVPDVTXHHOOHFWRUHQFRQWUDUiHQODVUHIHUHQFLDVPHQFLRQDGDV
3RGHPRVDϧUPDUTXHHODQiOLVLVGHODHQWRQDFLyQQRVHKDOODWDQDYDQ]DGRFRPRHO
GHODIRQRORJtDVHJPHQWDO(VWRVHGHEHHQEXHQDSDUWHDOKHFKRGHTXHORVVLJQLϧFDGRV
SUDJPiWLFRVTXHVRQORVTXHVHH[SUHVDQSRUPHGLRGHODHQWRQDFLyQQRVRQWDQQtWL
GDPHQWHGLVWLQJXLEOHVHQWUHVtFRPRORVVLJQLϧFDGRVOp[LFRV$¬QLYHOVHJPHQWDOQR¬KD\
GXGDGHTXHHQHVSDxROKD\SRUHMHPSORXQFRQWUDVWHHQWUHS\E8QDFRVD
HVpeso\RWUDFRVDHVbeso3RGHPRVWHQHUVHxDOHVDF~VWLFDPHQWHLQWHUPHGLDVHQWUH
>SHVR@\>EHVR@SHURQRKD\QDGDLQWHUPHGLRHQWUHORVGRVVLJQLϧFDGRVH[SUHVDGRV
SRUHVWDVGRVSDODEUDV(VXQDFRVDRODRWUD/RPLVPRRFXUUHFRQHODFHQWROp[LFR
XQDFRVDHVhablo\RWUDHVhabló(QFXDQWRDORVVLJQLϧFDGRVH[SUHVDGRVSRUPHGLRGH
ODHQWRQDFLyQHVWiPXFKRPHQRVFODURSRURWUDSDUWHFXiQGRWHQHPRVXQPDQGDWR
\FXiQGRXQDSHWLFLyQSRUHMHPSOR\SRGHPRVFLHUWDPHQWHWHQHUDOJRLQWHUPHGLR
HQWUHPDQGDWR\SHWLFLyQ'HODPLVPDPDQHUDXQHQXQFLDGRTXHVHLQWHUSUHWDUtD
FRPRGHFODUDWLYRHQXQFRQWH[WRSXHGHWHQHUHOYDORUGHSUHJXQWDRGHPDQGDWRHQ
RWURFRQWH[WR/DGXGDODLQFUHGXOLGDGODVRUSUHVDHOpQIDVLVHOHQIDGRODWULVWH]D
ODDOHJUtDODEXUODODDGPLUDFLyQ\RWURVVLJQLϧFDGRV\HPRFLRQHVTXHVHLQGLFDQSRU
PHGLRGHODHQWRQDFLyQSXHGHQH[SUHVDUVHGHPDQHUDJUDGXDOPiVRPHQRVpQIDVLV
PiVRPHQRVGXGDPiVRPHQRVDOHJUtD\ODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQSXHGHGHSHQGHUWDPELpQ
HQEXHQDSDUWHGHOFRQWH[WRFRQYHUVDFLRQDO/RVSUREOHPDVTXHH[LVWHQDODKRUDGH
HVWDEOHFHUSDUHVPtQLPRVVRQSXHVDOJRTXHGLϧFXOWDHQRUPHPHQWHHOHVWXGLRGHOD
HQWRQDFLyQ
+DVWDKDFHUHODWLYDPHQWHSRFRWLHPSRRWURSUREOHPDSDUDHOHVWXGLRGHODSUR
VRGLD KD VLGR OD GLϧFXOWDG GH KDFHU DQiOLVLV SXUDPHQWH DXGLWLYR GH ORV FRQWRUQRV
HQWRQDWLYRVVLQD\XGDLQVWUXPHQWDO6LQHPEDUJRHVWHREVWiFXORVHHQFXHQWUDKR\
HQGtDVXSHUDGRFRQHOGHVDUUROORGHSURJUDPDVSDUDHODQiOLVLVDF~VWLFRGHOKDEODDO
DOFDQFHGHFXDOTXLHUDTXHWHQJDDFFHVRDXQDFRPSXWDGRUDXRUGHQDGRUSHUVRQDO
'HHVWRVSURJUDPDVHOPiVXWLOL]DGRHQODDFWXDOLGDGHV3UDDWGHVDUUROODGRSRU3DXO
%RHUVPD\'DYLG:HHQLQNYpDVH%RHUVPDTXHVHSXHGHGHVFDUJDUGHPDQHUD
JUDWXLWDGHVGHKWWSZZZSUDDWRUJ%RHUVPD\:HHQLQN(QHVWHFDStWXOR
YDPRVDDVXPLUTXHHOOHFWRUKDGHVFDUJDGRHLQVWDODGR3UDDW\KDDSUHQGLGRDXVDUOR
8.1 Tonos de frontera
&RPHQFHPRVSXHVFRQHOHVWXGLRGHORVFRQWRUQRVHQWRQDWLYRVGHOHVSDxRO(QOD
)LJXUDVHRIUHFHHOFRQWRUQRGHIUHFXHQFLDIXQGDPHQWDO)GHXQDSURGXFFLyQ
GH¬Emilio me dio el dinero(QODOtQHDGHWH[WR´7H[W*ULGµHQ3UDDWKHPRVGLYLGLGRHO
HQXQFLDGRHQVtODEDV3RGHPRVGHHVWDPDQHUDREVHUYDUORVPRYLPLHQWRVWRQDOHVTXH
FRUUHVSRQGHQDFDGDVtODEDDVtFRPRODGXUDFLyQGHFDGDXQDGHHOODV3DUDIDFLOLWDU
ODLQVSHFFLyQYLVXDOKHPRVPDUFDGRFRQXQDFHQWRDJXGRODVtODEDFRQDFHQWROp[LFR
GHWRGDVODVSDODEUDVQRVRORODVTXHORUHTXLHUHQVHJ~QODVFRQYHQFLRQHVRUWRJUiϧFDV
GHOHVSDxRO\HQORVSLHVGHϧJXUDVXEUD\DPRVHVWDVPLVPDVVtODEDV(QHOHMHYHUWLFDO
Tiempo (seg.)
Figura 8-1 Onda sonora y contorno entonativo (frecuencia fundamental) de un enunciado declarativo
dividido en sílabas, Emilio me dio el dinero.
KHPRVSXHVWRXQDHVFDODGH+]D+]¬(VWDHVFDODODSRGHPRVFDPELDUVHJ~Q
ODWHVLWXUDGHOKDEODQWH
(QHOHQXQFLDGRKHPRVHYLWDGRODVFRQVRQDQWHVVRUGDV\HQJHQHUDODVtORKDUH
PRVHQRWURVHMHPSORVHQHVWHFDStWXOR/DUD]yQHVTXHDOSURGXFLUVHVLQYLEUDFLyQ
GHODVFXHUGDVYRFDOHVODVFRQVRQDQWHVVRUGDVFDUHFHQGHIUHFXHQFLDIXQGDPHQWDO
LQWHUUXPSLHQGRHOFRQWRUQR5HFRUGHPRVTXHHOWRQRGHFDGDVtODEDFRUUHVSRQGHDOD
IUHFXHQFLDIXQGDPHQWDOGHYLEUDFLyQGHODVFXHUGDVYRFDOHVFXDQWRPiVUiSLGDPHQWH
YLEUHQPiVDOWRVHUiHOWRQR3DUDFRPSUHQGHUHVWHSXQWRVHSLGHDOOHFWRUTXHJUDEH
RWUDRUDFLyQFRQPXFKDVFRQVRQDQWHVVRUGDVFRPRRosa te trajo tus cosas,\REVHUYH
ODFXUYDGHIUHFXHQFLDIXQGDPHQWDO(ORtGRFHUHEURKXPDQRLQWHUSRODHQWUHORVVHJ
PHQWRVVLQWRQRSHURSDUDHODQiOLVLVYLVXDOGHODVFXUYDVHQWRQDWLYDVHVREYLDPHQWH
SUHIHULEOHHYLWDUORV
(OVLJXLHQWHHMHUFLFLRTXHVHSURSRQHDKRUDDOOHFWRUHVTXHJUDEHORVVLJXLHQWHV
HMHPSORVFRQODHQWRQDFLyQTXHVXJLHUHODSXQWXDFLyQ\GHVFULEDODVGLIHUHQFLDV
TXHREVHUYDHQORVWUD]DGRVGHIUHFXHQFLDIXQGDPHQWDO
Ejemplo 8-5
a. Vino Mariano.

b. ¿Vino Mariano?
c. Vino Mariano, pero no Ana.
3DVHPRVDODQiOLVLV3DUDHVWDEOHFHUFRQWUDVWHVHQWRQDWLYRVSRGHPRVKDFHUXVRGH
GRVSXQWRVGHUHIHUHQFLDSULQFLSDOHVODVVtODEDVFRQDFHQWROp[LFROODPDGDVWUDGLFLR
QDOPHQWHtónicasODVRWUDVVHOODPDQátonas\ODVVtODEDVϧQDOHVGHIUDVH'HFLPRV
TXHHVWDVVtODEDVVHDVRFLDQRSXHGHQDVRFLDUVHUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHFRQacentos tonales
\FRQtonos de frontera(VWDVPLVPDVVtODEDVWyQLFDV\ϧQDOHVGHIUDVHSXHGHQWDP
ELpQDODUJDUVHFRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH3RUFRQYHQFLyQXWLOL]DUHPRVODVHWLTXHWDV/SDUD
WRQREDMR(low)\+SDUDWRQRDOWR(high).8QDVWHULVFRTXHVLJXHDXQDOHWUDLQGLFD
TXHHVHHVHOWRQRGHODVtODEDFRQDFHQWROp[LFR$VtSRUHMHPSOR/ LQGLFDUtDTXHOD
VtODEDWyQLFDVHUHDOL]DFRQXQWRQREDMR3DUDLQGLFDUORVWRQRVGHIURQWHUDVHXWLOL]D
HOVtPERORGHOWDQWRSRUFLHQWRHOFXDOVLJXHDODOHWUDPD\~VFXODTXHLQGLFDHO
WRQR$Vt/TXLHUHGHFLUTXHODIUDVHWHUPLQDHQWRQREDMR
(QODV)LJXUDVDVHRIUHFHQFRQWRUQRVGHSURGXFFLRQHVSRUHODXWRUGH
ODVIUDVHVHQHOHMHPSOR6LQRVϧMDPRVSULPHURHQHOWRQRϧQDOYHPRVTXHOD
GHFODUDWLYDFRPSOHWDWHUPLQDHQXQWRQREDMR/\ODLQWHUURJDWLYDHQXQWRQRDOWR
+3DUDODGHFODUDWLYDLQFRPSOHWDRVXVSHQVLYDVHGDXQDYHUVLyQHQTXHKD\XQD
VXELGDLQFRPSOHWDGHVSXpVGHXQDEDMDGDWDPELpQLQFRPSOHWDDPEDVHQODVtODED
ϧQDO/+ EDMDGD\GHVSXpVVXELGDHQOD>V@VtODED>V@SRVWyQLFD>V@(QODVϧJXUDV
DSDUHFHQWDPELpQDQRWDGRVORVPRYLPLHQWRVWRQDOHVTXHVHDVRFLDQFRQODVVtODEDV
WyQLFDV HV GHFLU ORV DFHQWRV WRQDOHV 'H PRPHQWR ϧMpPRQRV VROR HQ ORV WRQRV GH
IURQWHUDϧQDO/RVDFHQWRVWRQDOHVORVGLVFXWLUHPRVHQODVHFFLyQVLJXLHQWH
L%
Tiempo (seg.)
Figura 8-2 Onda sonora y contorno entonativo de un enunciado declarativo neutro con tono de
frontera final L%, Vino Mariano.
H%
Tiempo (seg.)
Figura 8-3 Onda sonora y contorno entonativo de un enunciado interrogativo con tono de frontera
final H%, ¿Vino Mariano?
LH%
Tiempo (seg.)
Figura 8-4 Onda sonora y contorno entonativo de un enunciado suspensivo de continuación con
tono de frontera final LH%, Vino Mariano . . .
(QHQXQFLDGRVPiVH[WHQVRVORVWRQRVGHIURQWHUDSXHGHQVHUYLUSDUDLQGLFDUOD
GLYLVLyQHQIUDVHVPXFKDVYHFHVVHxDODGDRUWRJUiϧFDPHQWHSRUPHGLRGHODFRPD
\RWURVVLJQRVGHSXQWXDFLyQ$¬YHFHVODGLYLVLyQFRUUHFWDSXHGHVHUFUXFLDOSDUDOD
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQFRPRHQHOHMHPSOR
Ejemplo 8-6
a. Cuando llegó Manolo, abrió la ventana.

b. Cuando llegó, Manolo abrió la ventana.
(QDTXLHQDEULyODYHQWDQDSXHGHVHU0DQRORXRWUDSHUVRQDGLIHUHQWHSRU

HMHPSORSRGUtDVHUTXHFXDQGROOHJy0DQRORDEULyODYHQWDQD-XDQPLHQWUDVTXH
HQEManoloHVQHFHVDULDPHQWHHOVXMHWRGHabrió(QOD)LJXUDVHPXHVWUD
XQFRQWRUQRGHEGRQGHFRPRYHPRVWHQHPRVXQWRQRGHIURQWHUDGHFRQWLQXD
FLyQ/+FRQEDMDGD\VXELGDGHOWRQRGRQGHRUWRJUiϧFDPHQWHWHQHPRVXQDFRPD
3RUFLHUWRHQSULQFLSLRHQXQDQiOLVLVDOWHUQDWLYRSRGUtDPRVDWULEXLUODEDMDGD/DO
LH% L%
Tiempo (seg.)
Figura 8-5 Onda sonora y contorno entonativo de un enunciado con tono de frontera de
continuación LH%, Cuando llegó, Manolo abrió la ventana.
DFHQWRWRQDOGHllegóGDGRTXHODVtODEDWyQLFDHVWDPELpQOD~OWLPDGHODIUDVH3DUD
GHPRVWUDUTXHHODQiOLVLVFRUUHFWRHV/+HQHOTXHORVGRVWRQRVIRUPDQXQDXQLGDG
FRQHOYDOOH\VXELGDϧQDOUHDOL]DGRVDPERVVREUHOD~OWLPDVtODEDEDVWDUtDVXVWLWXLU
llegóFRQllegabaRllegábamosGHMDQGRDVtPiVHVSDFLRHQWUHODWyQLFD\HOϧQDOGHOD
SDODEUD
8.2 Acentos tonales
2EVHUYHPRVDKRUDOD)LJXUDTXHLOXVWUDODRUDFLyQLe dieron la moneda de oroFRQ

HQWRQDFLyQGHFODUDWLYDϧQDO3RGHPRVQRWDUTXHWHQHPRVXQDFXPEUHHQFDGDXQD
GHODVWUHVSDODEUDV7HQHPRVWUHVFXPEUHVSRUTXHWHQHPRVWUHVSDODEUDVDFHQWXDGDV
(V GHFLU WHQHPRV WUHV DFHQWRV DOWRV + (Q VX UHDOL]DFLyQ IRQpWLFD VLQ HPEDUJR
HVWRVWUHVWRQRVDOWRVSUHVHQWDQGLIHUHQFLDV1RWHPRVTXHWDQWRHQdieronFRPRHQ
monedaKD\XQDVXELGDWRQDOGXUDQWHODVtODEDWyQLFDSHURHOSLFRVRORVHDOFDQ]DHQ
ODSRVWyQLFD8QDHWLTXHWDTXHVHKDXWLOL]DGRSDUDHVWHWLSRGHFRQWRUQRHV/!+
L%
Tiempo (seg.)
Figura 8-6 Onda sonora y contorno entonativo de un enunciado declarativo con tres acentos altos y
desplazamiento de la cumbre acentual en los acentos altos prenucleares, Le dieron la moneda de oro.
3ULHWR\5RVHDQRGRQGHODVHFXHQFLD/+ EDMRDOWRQRVGLFHTXHKD\XQ

DVFHQVRWRQDOHQODWyQLFD\HOGLDFUtWLFR!LQGLFDTXHHOWRQRDOWRVHKDGHVSOD]DGRD
XQDVtODEDSRVWHULRU(QOD~OWLPDSDODEUDGHODIUDVHoro,QRVHSURGXFHWDOGHVSOD]D
PLHQWRSRUORFXDOXWLOL]DPRVODHWLTXHWD/+ VLQHOGLDFUtWLFRGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWR
FRPRORPXHVWUDHOHMHPSOR
Ejemplo 8-7
le dieron la moneda de oro @
/!+ /!+ /+ /
8QDFHQWRWRQDOQRVHUHDOL]DVLHPSUHFRPRWRQRDOWRDVRFLDGRFRQODVtODEDWyQLFD
3RGHPRVWHQHUWDPELpQXQWRQREDMR/ 8QHMHPSORORWHQHPRVHQHOFRQWRUQRLQWH
UURJDWLYRGHVFHQGHQWHDVFHQGHQWHGHOD)LJXUD¿Vino Mariano?,GRQGHODHQWRQD
FLyQEDMDHQODVtODEDWyQLFDFRQDFHQWRQXFOHDUDQWHVGHFRPHQ]DUHODVFHQVRϧQDO
L%
Tiempo (seg.)
Figura 8-7 Onda sonora y contorno entonativo de un enunciado interrogativo con acento bajo
descendente H+L*, ¿Quién le dio la moneda?
(QFLHUWRVFRQWH[WRVXQDFHQWRGHWRQREDMRSXHGHUHDOL]DUVHFRPRXQDEDMDGD
GHVGHODSUHWyQLFD3DUDLQGLFDUHVWHWLSRGHPRYLPLHQWRGHVFHQGHQWHHQODVtODED
WyQLFDVHSXHGHHPSOHDUODQRWDFLyQ+/ 8QHMHPSORORWHQHPRVHQODSUHJXQWD
SDUFLDOTXHVHLOXVWUDHQOD)LJXUD¿Quién le dio la moneda?
+D\TXHWHQHUHQFXHQWDWDPELpQTXHXQDVtODEDFRQDFHQWROp[LFRQRWLHQHSRUTXp
DVRFLDUVHQHFHVDULDPHQWHFRQXQDFHQWRWRQDO/DSURPLQHQFLDGHHVWDVtODEDSXHGH
YHQLULQGLFDGDSRUVXPD\RUGXUDFLyQHQFX\RFDVRSRGHPRVLQGLFDUHVWHDFHQWRGH
GXUDFLyQVLPSOHPHQWHFRQXQDVWHULVFRVLQFRQWRUQRWRQDODVRFLDGR0X\IUHFXHQ
WHPHQWHOD~OWLPDSDODEUDHQXQDGHFODUDWLYDWLHQHXQDFHQWRGHHVWHWLSR$OJXQRV
DXWRUHVXWLOL]DQODHWLTXHWD/ WDPELpQSDUDHVWHFDVR
3DUDUHVXPLUSRGHPRVWHQHUFLQFRWLSRVGHDFHQWRWRQDOVHJ~QODVGHVFULSFLRQHV
GHOHMHPSOR
Ejemplo 8-8 Tipos de acento tonal
a. $FHQWRVGHWRQRDOWR
+ &XPEUHWRQDOHQODVtODEDWyQLFD
/+ 9DOOHWRQDODOSULQFLSLRGHODVtODEDWyQLFDFRQVXELGDTXH
FXOPLQDGHQWURGHODPLVPDVtODED
/!+ 9DOOHWRQDODOSULQFLSLRGHODVtODEDWyQLFDFRQVXELGDTXH
FXOPLQDHQODVtODEDVLJXLHQWH
b. $FHQWRVGHWRQREDMR
L* 9DOOHWRQDOHQODVtODEDWyQLFD
+/ 'HVFHQVRHQODVtODEDWyQLFDGHVGHXQDFXPEUHHQOD
SUHWyQLFD
8.3 Acento nuclear y orden de palabras
(QHVSDxROSRGHPRVH[SUHVDUGLIHUHQFLDVHQODUHOHYDQFLDLQIRUPDWLYDGHGLVWLQWRVFRQV
WLWX\HQWHVSRUPHGLRGHFDPELRVHQHORUGHQGHSDODEUDVPLHQWUDVTXHHQLQJOpVHQHO
TXHHORUGHQGHSDODEUDVHVPiVUtJLGRHVWRVVLJQLϧFDGRVSUDJPiWLFRVPXFKDVYHFHVVH
H[SUHVDQFDPELDQGRODSRVLFLyQGHODFHQWRQXFOHDU(QHVSDxROHODFHQWRQXFOHDUFDVL
VLHPSUHYDVREUHOD~OWLPDSDODEUDH[FHSWRHQFRQWH[WRVHQIiWLFRV(V¬GHFLUHO¬HIHFWR
GHFRORFDUHODFHQWRQXFOHDUHQSRVLFLyQQRϧQDOQRHVHOPLVPRHQHVSDxROTXHHQ
LQJOpVGDGDODSRVLELOLGDGTXHWHQHPRVHQHVSDxROGHFDPELDUHORUGHQGHVXMHWR\
YHUER$Vt%ROLQJHUQRWDTXHHOFRQWUDVWHHQWUHHOLQJOpVThe phone RINGS\The
PHONE ringsFRUUHVSRQGHDOHVSDxROEl teléfono suena\Suena el teléfono3RURWUDSDUWH
SDUDEl TELÉFONO suena%ROLQJHUVXJLHUHODWUDGXFFLyQDOLQJOpV´7KHFRQIRXQGHG
SKRQHKDVWRJRRQDQGULQJµ(VWRHVFRORFDUHODFHQWRQXFOHDUVREUHXQDSDODEUDHQ
SRVLFLyQQRϧQDOHQODIUDVHHQWRQDWLYDSURGXFHXQUHVXOWDGRPX\HQIiWLFRHQHVSDxRO
(QRUDFLRQHVVLQpQIDVLVHVSHFLDOVREUHQLQJXQDSDODEUDHODFHQWRQXFOHDUVXHOH
LU VREUH OD ~OWLPD VtODED WDQWR HQ LQJOpV FRPR HQ HVSDxRO: I want COFFEE/quiero
CAFÉ 6LQHPEDUJRLQFOXVRHQHVWHFDVRVLQIRFRHVWUHFKRVREUHQLQJXQDSDODEUD
KD\XQDVHULHGHFRQVWUXFFLRQHVHQTXHHQLQJOpVVHSUHϧHUHVLWXDUHODFHQWRQXFOHDU
VREUHXQDSDODEUDQRϧQDO(VWRQRRFXUUHHQHVSDxROHQHOTXHHODFHQWRQXFOHDUVH
FRORFDVLVWHPiWLFDPHQWHVREUHOD~OWLPDSDODEUDGHODIUDVHHQWRQDWLYD&RPSiUHQVH
SRUHMHPSORThe MACHINE broke/Se rompió la MÁQUINAWhat type of TEA do you
want?/¿Qué tipo de té QUIERES?YHU=XEL]DUUHWD\1DYD
&RPSDUHPRVDKRUDORVHMHPSORVHQD\EFRQyUGHQHVGHSDODEUDVGLIH
UHQWHVSDUDORVTXHGDPRVXQDSRVLEOHWUDGXFFLyQHQLQJOpV&RPRDFDEDPRVGHGHFLU
HQHVSDxROWHQHPRVWDPELpQODSRVLELOLGDGGHDOWHUDUODSRVLFLyQGHODFHQWRQXFOHDU
FRPRHQF\GSDUDH[SUHVDUDYHFHVIRFRFRQWUDVWLYRRLQVLVWHQFLDGHXQD
PDQHUDHQIiWLFD6HxDODPRVHQYHUVDOLWDODSRVLFLyQGHODFHQWRQXFOHDU
Ejemplo 8-9
a. La nena ¶WKHJLUOZDVය༬ྞ๠ໍศ·
b. Lloraba la ¶WKHศ๠༬ຮZDVFU\LQJ·
c. La lloraba ¶WKHศ๠༬ຮZDVFU\LQJ·
d. la nena ¶WKHJLUOZDVය༬ྞ๠ໍศ·
6LJUDEDODVIUDVHVHQE\GSRUHMHPSORSUREDEOHPHQWHODVtODEDWyQLFD

WHQGUiPD\RULQWHQVLGDGHQODIUDVHFRQIRFRFRQWUDVWLYRTXHHQODRWUDIUDVH6LVH
ϧMDHQODFXUYDWRQDOORPiVSUREDEOHHVTXHHQFXHQWUHWDPELpQXQDGLIHUHQFLDHQ
ODSRVLFLyQUHODWLYDGHODFXPEUHWRQDODVRFLDGDFRQODVtODEDDFHQWXDGDHQlloraba.
¢(QFXiOGHORVGRVHMHPSORVRFXUUHGLFKDFXPEUHDQWHVHQUHODFLyQFRQHOϧQDOGHOD
VtODEDWyQLFD"
7RPHPRVHOHMHPSORHQOD)LJXUDLloraba la nena(QODSDODEUDllorabaWHQH
PRVXQDVXELGDDWUDYpVGHODVtODEDWyQLFDFRQHOSLFRGHVSOD]DGRDODSRVWyQLFD
&RPR KHPRV YLVWR HVWH FRQWRUQR DFHQWXDO VH UHSUHVHQWD FRPR /!+ HV GHFLU
XQ¬PRYLPLHQWRGHVGHXQSXQWREDMR/DOSULQFLSLRGHODVtODEDWyQLFDDXQSXQWRDOWR
+GRQGHHOVtPEROR!LQGLFDTXHDXQTXHHOWRQRDOWRSHUWHQHFHIRQROyJLFDPHQWH
DODVtODEDFRQDFHQWROp[LFRVHHQFXHQWUDGHVSOD]DGRDXQDVtODEDSRVWHULRU(Qnena
TXHWLHQHDFHQWRQXFOHDUSRURWUDSDUWHQRKD\GHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHODFXPEUHWRQDO
(VWDϧJXUDFRUUHVSRQGHDODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQHQHOHMHPSORE
(QHOFRQWRUQRGHOD)LJXUDSRURWUDSDUWH¢DTXpVLJQLϧFDGRFRUUHVSRQGH"
HOSXQWRGHPi[LPDDOWXUDWRQDOVHDOFDQ]DHQODWyQLFDGHlloraba\KD\XQGHVFHQVR
LQPHGLDWR 1RWH TXH OD VtODED WyQLFD GH OD SDODEUDlloraba WLHQH WDPELpQ EDVWDQWH
PD\RUGXUDFLyQTXHHQOD)LJXUDDVtFRPRPD\RULQWHQVLGDGFRPRSXHGHREVHU
YDUVHSRUODDPSOLWXGGHODRQGDVRQRUD
/D)LJXUDFRUUHVSRQGHDOHMHPSORG3RGHPRVDWULEXLUODIDOWDGHGHV
SOD]DPLHQWRGHOSLFRDFHQWXDOGHODSULPHUDVtODEDDODSUHVHQFLDGHXQWRQREDMRGH
IURQWHUDHQHVWHFDVRGHIURQWHUDPHQRULQGLFDGDFRQ/ਮDVRFLDGRFRQHOϧQDOGH
ODSDODEUDIRFDOL]DGDllorabaYpDVH+XDOGH/DGG>@
Ejemplo 8-10
Lloraba @ la nena @
/+ /ਮ /+ /
L%
Tiempo (seg.)
Figura 8-8 Onda sonora y contorno entonativo del enunciado declarativo Lloraba la nena.
L%
Tiempo (seg.)
Figura 8-9 Onda sonora y contorno entonativo del enunciado declarativo lloraba la nena.
de ma de ma de mar de ma
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
Tiempo (seg.)
Figura 8-10 Onda sonora y contorno entonativo de tres realizaciones de la secuencia de Mariano: (i) una
producción natural con entonación declarativa neutra, (ii) una manipulación con la curva estilizada,
(iii) otra con la altura del pico acentual aumentada y (iv) otra con la altura aumentada aún más.
&RPRYHPRVHQHOHMHPSORHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHOWRQRDOWRDODSRVWyQLFD

HVWiFRQGLFLRQDGRHQSDUWHSRUHOFRQWH[WRVLJXLHQWH1RKD\GHVSOD]DPLHQWRFXDQGR
ODSDODEUDSRUWDHODFHQWRQXFOHDU*HQHUDOPHQWHHVWDHVOD~OWLPDSDODEUDGHODIUDVH
HQWRQDWLYDSRUORTXHHODFHQWRYDVHJXLGRGHXQWRQRGHIURQWHUDϧQDOFRPR/
(QFDVRVHQIiWLFRVHQTXHVHFRORFDHODFHQWRQXFOHDUVREUHXQDSDODEUDQRϧQDOHQ
HOHQXQFLDGRWHQHPRVXQDIURQWHUDGHIUDVHLQWHUPHGLD/ਮTXHWDPELpQLPSLGHHO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHOWRQRDOWRDFHQWXDO+D\WDPELpQRWURVIDFWRUHVTXHFRQGLFLRQDQHO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHODFXPEUHDFHQWXDO3RUHMHPSORHVPHQRVFRP~QHQODVSDODEUDV
DJXGDV\WDPELpQHQODVQRLQLFLDOHVGHIUDVH
8.4 Escalonamiento y campo tonal
9ROYDPRV D OD )LJXUD 2EVHUYHPRV DKRUD TXH ORV WUHV SLFRV WRQDOHV DVRFLDGRV
IRQROyJLFDPHQWHFRQODVWUHVVtODEDVWyQLFDVGHHVWHHQXQFLDGRQRHVWiQDODPLVPD
DOWXUD3RUHOFRQWUDULRORVWUHVSLFRVDFHQWXDOHVHVWiQHVFDORQDGRVGHPDQHUDSUR
JUHVLYDPHQWHGHVFHQGHQWH(VWHHVHOWLSRGHHVFDORQDPLHQWRTXHHQFRQWUDPRVQRU
PDOPHQWHHQODVGHFODUDWLYDVϧQDOHV3RGHPRVLQGLFDUHOHVFDORQDPLHQWRGHVFHQGHQWH
´GRZQVWHSµHQLQJOpVSRUPHGLRGHOVLJQRGHH[FODPDFLyQTXHSUHFHGHDOWRQRDOWR
$Vt+ LQGLFDXQDFHQWRDOWRHVFDORQDGRDXQDDOWXUDLQIHULRUFRQUHVSHFWRDRWUR
SLFRDFHQWXDOSUHFHGHQWH
(OFRQWRUQRGHOD)LJXUDSRGUtDPRVHQWRQFHVDQDOL]DUORGHODPDQHUDSUHVHQ
WDGDHQHOHMHPSORVLVHWLHQHHQFXHQWDHOWRQRGHIURQWHUDϧQDO\ODIRUPD\
HVFDORQDPLHQWRGHORVDFHQWRVWRQDOHV
Ejemplo 8-11 Análisis del contorno entonativo de la Figura 8-1
Emilio me dio el dinero @
/!+ /+ /+ /
5HFRUGHPRVTXHHOGLDFUtWLFRDxDGLGRDOSULPHUDFHQWRWRQDO/+ LQGLFDTXHHO
SLFRVHHQFXHQWUDGHVSOD]DGRDODVtODEDSRVWyQLFDPLHQWUDVTXHHOGLDFUtWLFRGHORV
RWURVGRVDFHQWRVWRQDOHVLQGLFDTXHFDGDXQRGHHVWRVGRVSLFRVWRQDOHVHVPiVEDMR
TXHHOSLFRWRQDODQWHULRU
3RURWUDSDUWHHQOD)LJXUDSRGHPRVREVHUYDUTXHHOVHJXQGRDFHQWRWRQDO
DOFDQ]DXQDPD\RUDOWXUDTXHHOSUHFHGHQWH(VGHFLUHQHVWHFDVRWHQHPRVHVFDOR
QDPLHQWRDVFHQGHQWH´XSVWHSµHQLQJOpV(OHVFDORQDPLHQWRDVFHQGHQWHSRGHPRV
LQGLFDUORFRQHOGLDFUtWLFRRSXHVWRHOVLJQR£TXHHQHVSDxROHPSOHDPRVDOSULQFLSLR
GHXQDH[FODPDWLYDRWURGLDFUtWLFRHTXLYDOHQWHPiVIiFLOGHHQFRQWUDUHQDOJXQRV
WHFODGRVHVA$VtHODQiOLVLVGHOFRQWRUQRWRQDOGHOD)LJXUDVHUtDHOTXHVHPXHVWUD
HQHOHMHPSOR
Ejemplo 8-12 Análisis del contorno entonativo de la Figura 8-4
Vino Mariano @
/!+ /!£+ /+
(OHVFDORQDPLHQWRDVFHQGHQWHGHXQDFHQWRWRQDOLQGLFDTXHHVWDPRVHQIDWL]DQGRHVD
SDODEUD
,QGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHORVHIHFWRVTXHVHSURGXFHQSRUPHGLRGHOHVFDORQDPLHQWR
GHXQDFHQWRFRQUHVSHFWRDDFHQWRVSUHFHGHQWHVHOFDPSRWRQDOSRUVtPLVPRSXHGH
WHQHUHIHFWRVFRPXQLFDWLYRV(QOD)LJXUDODVHFFLyQL¬HVXQDSURGXFFLyQQDWXUDO
GHXQHQXQFLDGRGHFODUDWLYRQHXWURde¬Mariano/DVWUHVVLJXLHQWHVVRQWUDQVIRUPDFLR
QHVFRQ3UDDWGRQGHKHPRVPDQLSXODGRODFXUYDGH¬)(QODVHFFLyQLLVRORKHPRV
SURGXFLGRXQDHVWLOL]DFLyQGHODFXUYDRULJLQDOPLHQWUDVTXHHQLLLKHPRVVXELGRHO
L%
Tiempo (seg.)
Figura 8-11 Onda sonora y contorno entonativo del enunciado imperativo ¡Lava la lana!
WRQRGHODFXPEUHDFHQWXDO\HQLY¬ORKHPRVVXELGRD~QPiV/RPiVSUREDEOHHV
TXHFRQODFXUYDWHUFHUDSHUFLEDPRVHOHQXQFLDGRFRPRPiVHQIiWLFR¡de Mariano!
HVSHUDEOHHQXQFRQWH[WRFRPR³Esto es tuyo ¿verdad?—¡No, de Mariano!, ¡Cómo va a
ser mío!),\FRQODFXUYDFXDUWDSHUFLEDPRVXQDH[SUHVLyQGHVRUSUHVD¿¡de Mariano!?
TXL]iHVSHUDEOHHQXQGLiORJRFRPR³Juan es hijo de Mariano.³¿¡de Mariano!?¡Nunca
me lo habría imaginado!)YpDVH%RUUjV&RPHV9DQUHOO\3ULHWR>@HQTXLHQHVQRV
LQVSLUDPRV
8.5 Entonación y actos de habla
&RPRGHFtDPRVDOSULQFLSLRGHOFDStWXORODVGLIHUHQFLDVGHHQWRQDFLyQMXHJDQXQSDSHO
IXQGDPHQWDOSDUDGLVWLQJXLUHQWUHDFWRVGHKDEODFRPRODSUHVHQWDFLyQGHLQIRUPD
FLyQGHFODUDWLYDVODVSUHJXQWDV\ORVPDQGDWRV(QODV)LJXUDVDSRGHPRV
REVHUYDUORVFRQWRUQRVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D ORVWUHVHQXQFLDGRV GHOHMHPSOR
UHDOL]DGRFRPRRUDFLyQLPSHUDWLYDGHFODUDWLYDHLQWHUURJDWLYDUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
L%
Tiempo (seg.)
Figura 8-12 Onda sonora y contorno entonativo del enunciado declarativo Lava la lana.
H%
Tiempo (seg.)
Figura 8-13 Onda sonora y contorno entonativo del enunciado interrogativo ¿Lava la lana?
Ejemplo 8-13
a. ¡Lava la lana!

b. Lava la lana.
c. ¿Lava la lana?
&RPRYHPRVWDQWRHOHQXQFLDGRLPSHUDWLYR)LJ¬FRPRHOGHFODUDWLYRFRP

SOHWR)LJ¬VHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUXQDEDMDGDϧQDOXQWRQRGHIURQWHUD//D¬SUH
JXQWDGHVLKD\XQDGLIHUHQFLDVLVWHPiWLFDHQWUHRUDFLRQHVTXHH[SUHVDQHVWRVGRV
GLVWLQWRVDFWRVGHKDEODHQHVSDxROWLHQHXQDUHVSXHVWDQHJDWLYD.YDYLN:LOOLV
5REOHV3XHQWH(QODVGRVϧJXUDVYHPRVXQDGLIHUHQFLDSRUTXHHQOD
LPSHUDWLYDVHKDSXHVWRPD\RUpQIDVLVVREUHHOYHUERlavaSHURHOpQIDVLVSRGUtDKDEHU
HVWDGRVREUHlana
3DUDODVLQWHUURJDWLYDVVtTXHWHQHPRVXQFRQWRUQRHVSHFLDOFRQXQDVXELGDϧQDO
+ GHVGH XQ YDOOH HQ OD WyQLFD GH OD SDODEUD FRQ DFHQWR QXFOHDU 3RGHPRV VLQ
HPEDUJRWHQHUWDPELpQLQWHUURJDWLYDVFRQEDMDGDϧQDOFRPRHQHOFRQWRUQRGHOD
¡H* L%
Tiempo (seg.)
Figura 8-14 Onda sonora y contorno entonativo de una pregunta confirmatoria o insistente, ¿Lava la
lana?
¡H* L%
Tiempo (seg.)
Figura 8-15 Onda sonora y contorno entonativo de una pregunta que pide confirmación, ¿Llegará
Manolo mañana?
)LJXUDTXHHQODYDULHGDGGHOHVSDxROTXHVHDQDOL]DDTXtSRGUtDFRUUHVSRQGHU
DXQDSUHJXQWDFRQϧUPDWRULDRLQVLVWHQWH
/D)LJXUDSXHGHWHQHUHOYDORUSUDJPiWLFRTXHKHPRVLQGLFDGRHQHOGLDOHFWR
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UDWLYDVQHXWUDV(VWRORLQGLFDPRVFRQXQGLDFUtWLFRHQHODFHQWRQXFOHDU£+ SDUD
GDUDHQWHQGHUTXHDOFDQ]DXQSXQWRPiVDOWRTXHORVDFHQWRVSUHFHGHQWHV(Q¬HQXQ
FLDGRVPiVODUJRVHODVFHQVRGHWRQRVHSURGXFHDORODUJRGHOHQXQFLDGRGHVGHHO
SULPHUDFHQWRUHGXFLpQGRVHSRUFRQVLJXLHQWHODVVXELGDV\EDMDGDVFRPRYHPRVHQ
OD)LJXUD¬
$GHPiVGHODGLVWLQFLyQEiVLFDTXHSRGHPRVWHQHUHQWUHGHFODUDWLYDVLQWHUURJD
WLYDV\H[FODPDWLYDVKD\RWURVPDWLFHVTXHSRGHPRVH[SUHVDUFRPRODREYLHGDG
OD¬FRQWUDGLFFLyQODLQFUHGXOLGDGODVRUSUHVDHWFFX\DH[SUHVLyQVHUHϩHMDWDPELpQ
Tiempo (seg.)
Figura 8-16 Onda sonora y contorno entonativo de una expresión de tristeza, Emilio viene mañana.
HQORVFRQWRUQRVHQWRQDWLYRV(VLPSRUWDQWHWHQHUHQFXHQWDTXHQRKD\XQDUHODFLyQ
XQtYRFDHQWUHFRQWRUQRVWRQDOHV\VLJQLϧFDGRVSUDJPiWLFRV3RUHOFRQWUDULRXQPLVPR
FRQWRUQRWRQDOSXHGHUHFLELULQWHUSUHWDFLRQHVGLIHUHQWHVVHJ~QHOFRQWH[WRHQTXHVH
HQFXHQWUH\HOPLVPRVLJQLϧFDGRSUDJPiWLFRSXHGHH[SUHVDUVHWDPELpQFRQFRQWRUQRV
WRQDOHVGLIHUHQWHV
8.6 Expresión de la emoción
+HPRVYLVWRTXHODVGLIHUHQFLDVHQWRQDWLYDVVHHPSOHDQSDUDLQGLFDUDFWRVGHOKDEOD
FRPR LQIRUPDU SUHJXQWDU \ PDQGDU \ WDPELpQ HQ OD H[SUHVLyQ GH OD DFWLWXG GHO
KDEODQWH DFHUFD GHO FRQWHQLGR GHO HQXQFLDGR TXH SXHGH LQFOXLUDVSHFWRV FRPR OD
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FRPRPRGXODFLyQGHOtempoGHODHORFXFLyQFDPSRWRQDOLQWHQVLGDG\GXUDFLyQWLHQH
XQSDSHOIXQGDPHQWDOHQODH[SUHVLyQGHODVHPRFLRQHV+DELWXDOPHQWHHVWRVHIHFWRV
SURVyGLFRVYDQDFRPSDxDGRVGHJHVWRVIDFLDOHV\PDQXDOHV
Tiempo (seg.)
Figura 8-17 Onda sonora y contorno entonativo de una expresión de alegría, ¡Emilio viene mañana!
(QODV)LJXUDV\VHRIUHFHQFRQWRUQRVHQWRQDWLYRVGHOHMHPSOR
SURQXQFLDGRVSRUHODXWRUWUDWDQGRGHH[SUHVDUHPRFLRQHVGLIHUHQWHV(QOD)LJXUD
ODHPRFLyQTXHVHH[SUHVDHVGHWULVWH]D1yWHVHTXHHOFDPSRWRQDOHVPX\UHGX
FLGR+D\XQSLFRDFHQWXDOVREUHODSULPHUDSDODEUDFX\RYDORUHVLQIHULRUD+]
$¬SDUWLUGHHVWHSXQWRHOFDPSRWRQDOVHFRQWUDHSRUGHEDMRGHORV+]VLQDSHQDV
YDULDFLyQ(QOD)LJXUDSRURWUDSDUWHWHQHPRVXQDSURGXFFLyQGHOPLVPRWH[WR
WUDWDQGRGHH[SUHVDUDOHJUtD1RWHPRVTXHHOFDPSRWRQDOHVPXFKRPiVDPSOLRFRQ
HVFDORQDPLHQWRDVFHQGHQWHGHO~OWLPRDFHQWRTXHDOFDQ]DORV+]FRPRSRGHPRV
YHUHQHOHMHYHUWLFDOKHPRVFDPELDGRHOPi[LPRD+]HQOXJDUGHR¬+]
TXHSRQHPRVHQFDVLWRGDVODVRWUDVϧJXUDVGHHVWHFDStWXORSDUDSRGHULQFOXLUHO
FDPSRWRQDOGHOFRQWRUQR$VtSXHVODDPSOLWXGGHOFDPSRWRQDOSDUDXQPLVPR
KDEODQWHSXHGHFRUUHODFLRQDUVHFRQVXHVWDGRGHiQLPRWULVWHRDOHJUHODDOHJUtDFRQ
PRYLPLHQWRVWRQDOHVPiVDPSOLRV\ODWULVWH]DFRQHVFDVDYDULDFLyQWRQDO
Ejemplo 8-14
Emilio viene mañana.

Ejercicios
1. $OYRUGGHVFULEHGRVWLSRVGHFRQWRUQRVLQWHUURJDWLYRVSDUDHOHVSDxRO

FXEDQRKDEODGRHQ0LDPL8QRGHHVWRVFRQWRUQRVWLHQHGHVFHQVRϧQDO\FRUUHV
SRQGHDOHVTXHPDTXHGDPRVHQD(VWHFRQWRUQRHVPX\SDUHFLGRDOGHODV
GHFODUDWLYDVHVTXHPDWL]DGRHQE
a. ¿Le dá ba mos el nú me ro?
b. Le dá ba mos el nú me ro.
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2. &RQVLGHUHPRVORVWUHVPLQLGLiORJRVVLJXLHQWHV
a. ¿Qué pasaba cuando llegaste?
—Manolo bailaba un bolero.
b. ¿Quién bailaba un bolero?, ¿María?
—No, Manolo bailaba un bolero.
c. ¿Qué estaban haciendo Manolo y María cuando llegaste a la esta?
—Manolo bailaba un bolero; María estaba preparando la comida.
*UDEHHVWRVHMHPSORVFRQHOVLJQLϧFDGRDSURSLDGRSDUDHOFRQWH[WRTXHVH
SURSRQH\DQDOLFHORVFRQWRUQRVHQWRQDWLYRVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDODIUDVHManolo
bailaba un boleroSRUPHGLRGHWRQRVGHIURQWHUD\DFHQWRVWRQDOHV
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4. /DHQWRQDFLyQHVSURGXFWLYDHLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHOOp[LFRSRUTXHSRGHPRVVREUH
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GLIHUHQWHGLVWULEXFLyQGHDFHQWRVOp[LFRV&RQVLGHUHPRVHOGLiORJRVLJXLHQWHFRQ
HOFRQWH[WRTXHVHxDODPRV
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-XDQTXHFRQRFHPX\ELHQD0DULDQD\VDEHTXHHVYHJHWD
ULDQD\TXHYDDYHQLUDODϧHVWDYHTXHKD\XQDSHUVRQDSDUD
ODTXHKDVSUHSDUDGRFRPLGDHVSHFLDO\WHSUHJXQWD
uan ¿Para quién es ese plato vegetariano?
Tú ¡Para Mariana!REYLDPHQWH
*UDEHODIUDVHPara MarianaFRQXQDHQWRQDFLyQDSURSLDGDSDUDHOFRQWH[WR
TXHVHLQGLFD'HVSXpVKDJDORPLVPRUHPSOD]DQGRODUHVSXHVWDFRQ
¡Para Manuel!
¡Para Bárbara!
¡Para el hermano de Mariana!
¡Para el hermano de Manuel!
¡Para el hermano de Bárbara!
¡Para el hermano menor de Mariana!
¡Para el hermano menor de Manuel!
¡Para el hermano menor de Bárbara
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WRGRVORVHMHPSORV¢4XpJHQHUDOL]DFLRQHVSXHGHKDFHUVREUHODHVWUXFWXUDGHO
FRQWRUQR"
5. *UDEHHOHMHPSORHQWUDWDQGRGHH[SUHVDUODVVLJXLHQWHVHPRFLRQHV

a. DOHJUtD
b. WULVWH]D
c. UDELD
d. EXUOD
e. PLHGR
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/DGG>@>@HVXQDH[FHOHQWHLQWURGXFFLyQDOHVWDGRGHODFXHVWLyQHQHO

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DSOLFDGDDOHVSDxRO
6HUHFRPLHQGDWDPELpQFRQVXOWDUHQHOLQWHUQHWHOAtlas interactivo de la entonación
del español3LODU3ULHWR\3DROR5RVHDQRFRRUGV²GRQGHHOXVXDULR
SXHGHHVFXFKDUHMHPSORVGHFRQWRUQRVHQWRQDWLYRVHQGLYHUVDVYDULHGDGHVGHO
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Nota
1. (QODGHϧQLFLyQGHRWURVDXWRUHVHOHVWXGLRGHODHQWRQDFLyQVHOLPLWDDOXVRGHOWRQRD
QLYHOGHOHQXQFLDGR
9 ]
La teoría de la optimidad en
la fonología del español
Sonia Colina
9.1 La teoría de la optimidad: modelo no derivacional
಩&RQFHSWRVEiVLFRV.DJHU0F&DUWK\
/DLGHDSULQFLSDOGHODWHRUtDGHODRSWLPLGDG7RSHVTXHODIRUPDVXSHUϧFLDO(educto)

VHREWLHQHPHGLDQWHXQSURFHVRGHVHOHFFLyQHQWUHWRGRVORVHGXFWRVSRVLEOHV(candi-
datos)FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDXQaductoFRQFUHWR(OaductoHVORTXHWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHVH
FRQRFHFRPRUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVXE\DFHQWHDXQTXHHVLPSRUWDQWHDGYHUWLUTXHHQOD7RS
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/DVHOHFFLyQGHOHGXFWRRFDQGLGDWRySWLPRHVXQSURFHVRQRGHULYDFLRQDOSDUD
OHOROOHYDGRDFDERHQXQVRORSDVR1RKD\RSHUDFLRQHVQLUHJODVFRPRVHKDLOXV
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QRHVUHVXOWDGRGHXQDWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVXE\DFHQWHVLQRTXHVH
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[ 292 Sonia Colina
Ejemplo 9-1 Algunos eductos posibles contenidos en la forma subyacente /ala/
>DOD@
>W ૧DOD@
>DOD@
>OD@
3DUWLHQGRGHODGXFWRODIXQFLyQGen´*HQHUDWRUµHVUHVSRQVDEOHGHJHQHUDUWRGRV

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IXQFLyQTXHVHHQFDUJDGHODHYDOXDFLyQGHORVPLVPRV\ODFRQVHFXHQWHVHOHFFLyQGHO
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1. 8QFRQMXQWRGHrestricciones´FRQVWUDLQWVµXQLYHUVDOHVSUHVHQWHVHQWRGDV

ODVOHQJXDVKXPDQDVTXHH[LJHQTXHHOHGXFWRRODUHODFLyQHQWUHHODGXFWR
\HOHGXFWRFXPSODFLHUWDVFRQGLFLRQHV
Ejemplos de restricciones:
$ཋ೻༩ཟෞ 7RGDVODVVtODEDVGHEHQWHQHUDUUDQTXH
'ෞ༝,2 7RGRHOHPHQWRSUHVHQWHHQHOeducto´RXWSXWµFRQODVLJOD
2GHEHWHQHUXQHOHPHQWRTXHOHFRUUHVSRQGDHQHOaducto
´LQSXWµ,SURKLELFLyQHQFRQWUDGHODHSpQWHVLV
0೻ྗ,2 7RGRHOHPHQWRSUHVHQWHHQHODGXFWR,GHEHWHQHUXQHOH
PHQWRTXHOHFRUUHVSRQGDHQHOHGXFWR2SURKLELFLyQHQ
FRQWUDGHODHOLVLyQ
2. 8QDMHUDUTXtDGHUHVWULFFLRQHVpropia de cada lengua/DVUHVWULFFLRQHVSXHGHQ

VHUFRQWUDGLFWRULDVSRUHMHPSOR$ཋ೻༩ཟෞH[LJHTXHWRGDVODVVtODEDVWHQJDQ
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WRVQRSUHVHQWHVHQODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVXE\DFHQWH6LQRH[LVWHXQDUUDQTXH
HQXQDVtODEDHQODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVXE\DFHQWH\DOPLVPRWLHPSRQRSRGH
PRVLQVHUWDUORVHSUHVHQWDXQFRQϩLFWR(Ocon ictoVHVROXFLRQDSRUPHGLR
GHODMHUDUTXL]DFLyQGHODVUHVWULFFLRQHVVHREHGHFHODUHVWULFFLyQFRQPD\RU
SULRULGDGFRQXQUDQJRPiVDOWRHQODMHUDUTXtDDFRVWDGHGHVREHGHFHUXQD
LQIHULRURFRQPHQRUSULRULGDG/DUHVROXFLyQGHQXHVWURHMHPSORGHSHQGHUi
SRUORWDQWRGHFyPRHVWpQRUGHQDGDV'ෞ༝,2\$ཋ೻༩ཟෞ(QHVSDxROGDGR
TXHQRKD\HSpQWHVLVVHSXHGHGHGXFLUTXH'ෞ༝,2GRPLQDD$ཋ೻༩ཟෞ
La teoría de la optimidad en la fonología del español 293 ]
Ejemplo (el símbolo signi ca domina a’ o es más importante que’):

'ෞ༝,2ª$ཋ೻༩ཟෞ
(QYLVWDGHHVWRVGRVSULQFLSLRVIXQGDPHQWDOHVODVUHVWULFFLRQHVWLHQHQODVVLJXLHQ
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Ejemplo 9-2
a. DOD
b. DOD
c. OD
d. W ૧DOD
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Ejemplo 9-3
a. $ཋ೻༩ཟෞª'ෞ༝,2ª0೻ྗ,2
b. $ཋ೻༩ཟෞª0೻ྗ,2ª'ෞ༝,2
c. 'ෞ༝,20೻ྗ,2ª$ཋ೻༩ཟෞ
d. 0೻ྗ,2ª$ཋ೻༩ཟෞª'ෞ༝,2
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Ejemplo 9-4
DOD 'ෞ༝,2 0೻ྗ,2 $ཋ೻༩ཟෞ
a. DOD
b. OD
c. W ૧DOD
d. DOD *
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Ejemplo 9-5 Relaciones de correspondencia
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Ejemplo 9-6
ERਥOL࣢‫ޞ‬૊ DIR bolígrafo ਥEROL boli

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Ejemplo 9-7 Base sin reducción en la forma no hipocorística
k istina 'ෞ༝,2 0೻ྗ,2 ਥ‫۝۝‬ 'ෞ༝22 0೻ྗ22
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b. ਥN‫ޞ‬LVW ૧L
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Ejemplo 9-8 Reducción de bases en hipocorísticos
N‫ޞ‬LVW ૧LQD
'ෞ༝,2 0೻ྗ,2 ਥ‫۝۝‬ 'ෞ༝22 0೻ྗ22
>N‫ޞ‬LVਥW ૧LQD@
a. N‫ޞ‬LVਥW ૧LQD
b. ਥN‫ޞ‬LVW ૧L **
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WLSR22QR,2¬9HPRVTXHHOFDQGLGDWRSUHIHULGRHVHOTXHHOLGHXQDVtODEDE
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0೻ྗ22HVWiGRPLQDGRSRUਥ‫۝۝‬UHVWULFFLyQYLRODGDSRUHOFDQGLGDWRSHUGHGRUD
Ejemplo 9-9 Retención de codas en la forma no hipocorística
[HVXV 'ෞ༝,2 0೻ྗ,2 ਥ‫۝۝‬ &໦෋೻ 'ෞ༝22 0೻ྗ22
a. [HਥVXV * *
b. ਥ[HVX
(QHOFDQGLGDWRSUHIHULGRHVHOTXHPDQWLHQHWRGRVORVVHJPHQWRVSUHVHQWHVHQOD

UHSUHVHQWDFLyQVXE\DFHQWHD\DTXHXQRFRQHOLVLyQGHODFRGDVELQFXUUH
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Ejemplo 9-10 Eliminación de codas en hipocorísticos
[HVXV
'ෞ༝,2 0೻ྗ,2 ਥ‫۝۝‬ &໦෋೻ 'ෞ༝22 0೻ྗ22
>[HਥVXV@
a. [HਥVXV
b. ਥ[HVX *
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UHVWULFFLyQTXHSHQDOL]DORVnúcleos complejos 1འය&໦໅༝VLJQLϧFDTXHHQHOHGXFWR
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Ejemplo 9-11 Diptongo en la forma no hipocorística
G૧DQLHO 'ෞ༝,2 0೻ྗ,2 $ཋ೻༩ཟෞ 1འය&໦໅༝
a. G૧DਥQMHO *
b. G૧DਥQHO
c. G૧DQLਥHO
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Ejemplo 9-12 Simplificación de diptongos en hipocorísticos
G૧DQLHO 'ෞ༝ 0೻ྗ 1འය 0೻ྗ 'ෞ༝22

$ཋ೻༩ཟෞ ਥ‫۝۝‬
>G૧DਥQMHO@ ,2 ,2 &໦໅༝ 22 6ཋ5໦ຮෞ
a. G૧DਥQMHO *
b. G૧DਥQHO *
c. G૧DQLਥHO * *
d. ਥG૧DQMHO
e. ਥG૧DQMH *
. ਥG૧DQL ** *
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Ejemplo 9-13
a. 6༝೻යෞ'ཟ༬ /RVSDUHVPtQLPRVTXHFRQWUDVWDQFRQUHVSHFWRDOUDVJR
>YLEUDQWHP~OWLSOH@GHEHQGLIHULUDOPHQRVWDQWRFRPRXQD
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b. ,෋ෞໍཋ'ཟ༬ /DVYLEUDQWHVHQHOHGXFWRWLHQHQODPLVPDGXUDFLyQTXHODV
GHODGXFWR
c. ‫۝‬
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\GHHVWDPDQHUDVRQHOLPLQDGRV
Ejemplo 9-14
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a. 9U9 9‫ޞ‬9 *
b. 9U9
c. 9‫ޞ‬9 *
/DWDEODHQUHSUHVHQWDODSRVLFLyQLQLFLDOGHSDODEUDHQODTXHXQDYLEUDQWH

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ODV GRV YLEUDQWHV (O FRQWUDVWH QR HV ySWLPR GHELGR D TXH QR HV SHUFHSWXDOPHQWH
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SOHQODUHVWULFFLyQGHLGHQWLGDGTXHWLHQHXQDSULRULGDGPHQRU(OFDQGLGDWRE
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Ejemplo 9-15
U9 ‫ޞ‬9 6༝೻යෞ'ཟ༬ ,෋ෞໍཋ'ཟ༬ ‫۝‬

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a. U9 ‫ޞ‬9 *
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Ejemplo 9-16
ODVDODV఩ODVDODV las alas
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Ejemplo 9-17
a. >ODV@>DODV@ /DVtODED\ODSDODEUDFRLQFLGHQ³HVWiQDOLQHDGDV³SHUR
KD\XQDVtODEDVLQDUUDQTXH
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SHURWRGDVODVVtODEDVWLHQHQDUUDQTXH
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VtODED\ODSDODEUDHVSUHIHULEOHLHLQFXPSOHXQDUHVWULFFLyQPHQRVLPSRUWDQWHTXH
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Ejemplo 9-18
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Ejemplo 9-19
ODVDODV $ཋ೻༩ཟෞ $ຮ๠ศໍ &໦෋೻
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b. ODV_DODV **
Ejemplo 9-20
DEOD‫ޞ‬ $ཋ೻༩ཟෞ $ຮ๠ศໍ &໦෋೻
a. Dɕ૊OD‫ޞ‬ * *
b. Dɕ૊OD‫ޞ‬ *
Ejemplo 9-21
SXEOLQG૧R $ཋ೻༩ཟෞ $ຮ๠ศໍ &໦෋೻
a. SXɕ૊_OLQ૧G૧R **
b. SXɕ૊_OLQ૧G૧R *
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Ejemplo 9-22
SE ఩ >Z@ ap.to a>Z@.to

W ૧G૧ ఩ >M@ ét.ni.co é>M@.ni.co
NС ఩ >M@R>Z@ ac.to a>M@.to
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Ejemplo 9-23
po>Z@.re
ma>M@.re
vina>M@.re
le.>S@ra *le>Z@.ra
so.>S@lar *so>Z@.lar
le.>W ૧@ra *le>M@.ra
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Ejemplo 9-24
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la>˓૊@ro.ga *la>M@ro.ga
la>ɕ૊@ro.ma *la>Z@ro.ma
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de Sonancia´0LQLPDO6RQRULW\'LVWDQFHµR06'HQORVJUXSRVFRQVRQiQWLFRVGHO
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Ejemplo 9-25
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WLHQHTXHLUGHVSXpVGHXQDUHJODSRVWOp[LFDHVSLUDQWL]DFLyQFRQODFRQVLJXLHQWHSDUDGRMD
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UULUHQODSDUDGRMD5HVXPLPRVDTXtORVDVSHFWRVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVGHHVWDSURSXHVWD/DV
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Ejemplo 9-26
$ຮ๠ศໍ (OH[WUHPRL]TXLHUGRGHODSDODEUDPRUIROyJLFDGHEHFRLQ
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LH¬XQDREVWUX\HQWHQRSXHGHDSDUHFHUHQODFRGD
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,෋ෞໍཋFRQV /DHVSHFLϧFDFLyQGHOUDVJR>FRQVRQiQWLFR@HQHODGXFWR
GHEHFRUUHVSRQGHUDOGHOHGXFWR
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Ejemplo 9-27
$ຮ๠ศໍ6༝๠༬&໦෋೻/๠ය0೻ྗ,2ª06'ª,෋ෞໍཋFRQV
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&໦෋೻ 0೻ྗ
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Ejemplo 9-30 Niños de mayor edad y grupo socioeconómico más bajo: menor probabilidad de
elisión
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0೻ྗ˓૊ 9˓૊9
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Fonología de laboratorio
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VHUiODHVWUXFWXUDIRUPiQWLFDHQHOHVSHFWURJUDPD(VWDYDULDFLyQDUWLFXODWRULDHVWi
FRQGLFLRQDGDSRUIDFWRUHVSURVyGLFRV\VHJPHQWDOHV3RUHMHPSORORVDOyIRQRV>ɕ૊˓૊࣢@૊
LQWHUYRFiOLFRVWLHQGHQDSURQXQFLDUVHPiVDELHUWRVGHVSXpVGHXQDYRFDOWyQLFDTXH
HQHODUUDQTXHGHXQDVtODEDWyQLFD$GHPiV>࣢૊@VXHOHWHQHUXQDDUWLFXODFLyQPiV
DELHUWDHQFRQWDFWRFRQODVYRFDOHVXR\PiVFHUUDGDHQFRQWDFWRFRQLHD(VWRV
SDWURQHVKDQSDVDGRGHVDSHUFLELGRVHQORVDQiOLVLVJHQHUDWLYRVTXHDVXPHQUHVWULF
FLRQHVRUHJODVIRQROyJLFDVEDVDGDVHQXQDGLVWLQFLyQFDWHJyULFDGHϧQLGDSRUHOUDVJR
ELQDULR>FRQWLQXR@8QDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQPiVSUHFLVDGHODVREVWUX\HQWHVVRQRUDVKDGH
EDVDUVHHQXQDHVFDODGHUHDOL]DFLRQHVDORIyQLFDVTXHYDGHVGHODRFOXVLyQFRPSOHWD
KDVWDODHOLVLyQHQIXQFLyQGHORVIDFWRUHVIRQpWLFRVFRQGLFLRQDQWHV(VWDUHSUHVHQ
WDFLyQLQFRUSRUDPD\RUGHWDOOHIRQpWLFR\HVFRQWLQXDHQHOVHQWLGRGHTXHHOJUDGR
GHFRQVWULFFLyQFDPELDJUDGXDOPHQWHGHDFXHUGRDODUHDOL]DFLyQDORIyQLFD3DUDXQ
DQiOLVLVTXHLQFRUSRUDWDOUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDGHODIRQRORJtDDUWLFX
ODWRULDYpDVHODVHFFLyQ
಩9LEUDQWHVFRQYR]PXUPXUDGD
(OHVSDxROGRPLQLFDQRSUHVHQWDXQDUHDOL]DFLyQGHODYLEUDQWHUP~OWLSOHTXHHVSRFR
FRP~QHQODGLDOHFWRORJtDKLVSiQLFD7UDGLFLRQDOPHQWHHVWHDOyIRQRVHKDGHVFULWRFRPR
YLEUDQWHSUHDVSLUDGDHQVRUGHFLGDSRUHMHPSORpe>K‫ޞ‬લ@o < perro, ca>K‫ޞ‬લ@eta < carreta
-LPpQH]6DEDWHU/LSVNL1~xH]&HGHxREE6LQHPEDUJR
HVWXGLRVUHFLHQWHVGHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDGHODIRQRORJtDGHODERUDWRULRSRQHQHQGXGD
ODGHVFULSFLyQWUDGLFLRQDO\GDQSUXHEDHPStULFDGHTXHHOIHQyPHQRYHUGDGHURHQ
HOKDEODFRQWHPSRUiQHDQRHVSUHDVSLUDFLyQVLQRvoz murmurada precedente,R¬´SUH
EUHDWK\YRLFLQJµ:LOOLV:LOOLV\%UDGOH\/DYR]PXUPXUDGDVH
GHϧQHIRQpWLFDPHQWHFRPRXQSXQWRLQWHUPHGLRHQWUHODDVSLUDFLyQVRUGD\ODYLEUDFLyQ
GHODVFXHUGDVYRFDOHVRVHDTXHFRPELQDHOUXLGRJORWDODSHULyGLFRFRQODIRQDFLyQ
PRGDOGHODVRQRULGDG/RVGDWRVSURYLHQHQGHXQDQiOLVLVDF~VWLFRGHODVYLEUDQWHV
LQLFLDOHVGHVtODEDSURGXFLGDVSRUGRFHKDEODQWHVGHOHVSDxROGRPLQLFDQRHQXQDWDUHD
JXLDGDGHKDEODVHPLHVSRQWiQHD([LVWHQYDULRVDOyIRQRVGHODYLEUDQWHP~OWLSOHOR
FXDOVXJLHUHTXHpVWDHVXQVHJPHQWRLQHVWDEOHGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDDUWLFXODWRULR6LQ
HPEDUJRODUHDOL]DFLyQPiVFRP~QHVODTXHSUHVHQWDXQSHULRGRGHYR]PXUPXUDGD
VHJXLGRGHXQRRPiVFRQWDFWRVOLQJXDOHV:LOOLVSURSRQHXQDWUDQVFULSFLyQHVWUHFKD
HQHO$OIDEHWR)RQpWLFR,QWHUQDFLRQDOTXHUHϩHMDPHMRUORVFRPSRQHQWHVDF~VWLFRVGH
HVWDVYLEUDQWHV>ѓ‫@ޞ‬R>ѓU@GRQGHHOVtPEROR>ѓ@GHQRWDODDVSLUDFLyQVRQRUD
/RVHMHPSORVTXHVHSUHVHQWDQDTXtSURYLHQHQGHOPLVPRFRUSXVGHOHVSDxROGRPL
QLFDQRDQDOL]DGRSRU:LOOLV\%UDGOH\(QOD)LJXUDODULQWHUYRFiOLFD
VH UHDOL]D FRPR >ѓ‫ @ޞ‬XQD YLEUDQWH FRQ XQ VROR FRQWDFWR OLQJXDO SUHFHGLGR GH XQ
SHULRGRGHYR]PXUPXUDGD/DYDULDQWH>ѓU@TXHDSDUHFHDSULQFLSLRGHSDODEUDHQOD
)LJXUD¬SUHVHQWDWUHVFRQWDFWRVOLQJXDOHVGHVSXpVGHXQSHULRGRGHYR]PXUPX
UDGD(Q¬FRQWUDVWHFRQODGHVFULSFLyQWUDGLFLRQDODTXtVHSXHGHREVHUYDUTXHWDQWROD
IULFDFLyQODUtQJHDFRPRORVFRQWDFWRVOLQJXDOHVVHDUWLFXODQFRQSOHQDVRQRULGDG
/DV 7DEODV \ SURSRUFLRQDQ GDWRV FXDQWLWDWLYRV VREUH ODV UHDOL]DFLR
QHVGHODYLEUDQWHUP~OWLSOHFRQYR]PXUPXUDGDHQHOHVSDxROGRPLQLFDQRGHOD
UHJLyQGHO&LEDR:LOOLV²'HXQWRWDOGHFDVRVHOFDVRV
GRFXPHQWDGRVHQODVGRVWDEODVVHUHDOL]DURQFRQXQDIDVHPXUPXUDGDSUHFHGHQWH
$XQTXHHODOyIRQR>ѓU@HVPHQRVIUHFXHQWHTXH>ѓ‫@ޞ‬YV¬FDVRVHQODV7DEODV
\UHVSHFWLYDPHQWHVHSXHGHYHUTXHHQJHQHUDOODYR]PXUPXUDGDHVWDQ
FRQVLVWHQWHHQSRVLFLyQLQWHUYRFiOLFDGHQWURGHSDODEUDFRPRHQSRVLFLyQLQLFLDOGH
SDODEUD/DPHGLDGHODGXUDFLyQGHODIDVHPXUPXUDGDYDUtDGHVGHORVKDVWDORV
PLOLVHJXQGRVPV
5500
Frequency (Hz)
i e l p e ˈ ɦ ɾ i t̪ o
0 1.11
Time (s)
Figura 10-2 Onda sonora y espectrograma de la secuencia y el perrito (hablante de Santiago,
República Dominicana).
5500
Frequency (Hz)
l a ɦ r a ˈ n i t̪ a
0 0.762
Time (s)
Figura 10-3 Onda sonora y espectrograma de la secuencia la ranita (hablante de Santiago, República
Dominicana).
Tabla 10-1 Duración de la fase murmurada del alófono [ɦɾ] en el español cibaeño (Willis 2007:40)
Inicial Intervocálico Combinados
Media Desviaci n Media Desviaci n Media Desviaci n

Casos Casos Casos
ms estándar ms estándar ms estándar
)HP
0DVF
7RWDOHV
Tabla 10-2 Duración de la fase murmurada del alófono [ɦr] en el español cibaeño (Willis 2007:41)
Inicial Intervocálico Combinados
Media Desviaci n Media Desviaci n Media Desviaci n

Casos Casos Casos
ms estándar ms estándar ms estándar
)HP
0DVF
7RWDOHV
325 ]
$GHPiVGHORVFRQWH[WRVLQWHUYRFiOLFRVGHQWURGHSDODEUDHLQLFLDOGHSDODEUD
VHKDQGRFXPHQWDGRUHDOL]DFLRQHVHVSRUiGLFDVFRQYR]PXUPXUDGDSUHFHGHQWHHQ
SRVLFLyQLQLFLDODEVROXWD:LOOLV\GHVSXpVGHXQDFRQVRQDQWHVHJXLGDGH
XQD EUHYH SDXVD :LOOLV &RPR TXHGD LOXVWUDGR HQ OD )LJXUD HVWD
UHDOL]DFLyQFRQVWDGHXQDIDVHGHDVSLUDFLyQXQSHULRGRGHHQHUJtDYRFiOLFD\OXHJR
XQVRORFRQWDFWROLQJXDO(OSULPHUFRPSRQHQWHDF~VWLFRPDQWLHQHFLHUWRJUDGRGH
HVWUXFWXUDIRUPiQWLFDSHURVXEDUUDGHVRQRULGDGHVPXFKRPHQRVLQWHQVDTXHOD
GH¬ORVDOyIRQRVLQWHUYRFiOLFRVHQODV)LJXUDV\(VWRVXJLHUHODSRVLELOLGDG
GHHQVRUGHFLPLHQWRSDUFLDOHOFXDOVHLQGLFDHQOD)LJXUDFRQHOGLDFUtWLFR> લ@
EDMRHOVtPERORGHODDVSLUDFLyQVRQRUD3XHVWRTXHODYR]PXUPXUDGDHVPiVHVSR
UiGLFDGHVSXpVGHSDXVDTXHHQWUHYRFDOHVHVGLItFLOVDEHUVLVHWUDWDGHGLIHUHQFLDV
VLVWHPiWLFDVHQWUHORVGRVFRQWH[WRV
3RURWURODGRODYLEUDQWHVLPSOH‫ޞ‬LQWHUYRFiOLFDQXQFDVHUHDOL]DFRQYR]PXU
PXUDGDVLQRTXHPXHVWUDDOyIRQRVRFOXVLYRDSUR[LPDQWH\KDVWDUHGXFLGRRHOLGLGR
/DVTXHVHUHDOL]DQFRQXQFRQWDFWROLQJXDOPHGLEOHVRQORVXϧFLHQWHPHQWHFRUWDV
FRPRSDUDPDQWHQHUXQDGLIHUHQFLDDF~VWLFDFRQORVDOyIRQRVGHODULQWHUYRFiOLFD
TXHVXHOHQWHQHUPD\RUGXUDFLyQJUDFLDVDOSHULRGRGHYR]PXUPXUDGDSUHFHGHQWH
&RPRKHPRVYLVWRODYR]PXUPXUDGDQRVHOLPLWDDOFRQWH[WRLQWHUYRFiOLFRGHQWUR
GHSDODEUDVLQRTXHHQWHRUtDSXHGHGDUVHHQFXDOTXLHUFRQWH[WRLQLFLDOGHVtODEDGRQGH
DSDUH]FDODYLEUDQWHP~OWLSOHLQFOXVRSRVLFLyQLQLFLDOGHSDODEUD\HVSRUiGLFDPHQWH
SRVLFLyQLQLFLDOGHIUDVH(VWDJHQHUDOL]DFLyQHPStULFDVXJLHUHODSUREDELOLGDGGHTXH
HOIHQyPHQRQRVHDUHVXOWDGRGHXQDUHJODIRQROyJLFDGHDVSLUDFLyQGH‫ޞ‬SRVQXFOHDU
DQWHFRQVRQDQWHVUHVRQDQWHV³SHMcarne>ਥNDKQH@YpDVH1~xH]&HGHxR\HO
FDStWXOR³VLQRTXHVHWUDWDGHGRVDOWHUQDQFLDVGLVWLQWDVHLQGHSHQGLHQWHV8QD
H[SOLFDFLyQIRQpWLFDGHODYR]PXUPXUDGDSURYLHQHGHOKHFKRGHTXHODYLEUDQWHP~O
WLSOHVRQRUDHVXQVHJPHQWREDVWDQWHGLItFLOGHDUWLFXODUSRUUD]RQHVDHURGLQiPLFDV
&XHVWDPXFKRLQLFLDU\PDQWHQHUODYLEUDFLyQSURORQJDGDGHOiSLFHGHODOHQJXDDO
PLVPRWLHPSRTXHYLEUDQODVFXHUGDVYRFDOHV6ROp/DSUHVHQFLDGHYR]PXU
PXUDGDDOSULQFLSLRGHODUSUHQXFOHDUVHSXHGHLQWHUSUHWDUFRPRXQDHVWUDWHJLD
DUWLFXODWRULDTXHDXPHQWDODSUHVLyQGHODLUHDWUDYpVGHODJORWLVSDUDIDFLOLWDUHOLQLFLR
GHODYLEUDFLyQDSLFDOODFXDOVHSXHGHUHGXFLUD~QPiVDXQVRORFRQWDFWRHQHOFDVR
GH>ѓ‫@ޞ‬9pDVHODVHFFLyQSDUDXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQJHVWXDOGHOFDPELRGHVGH
ODSHUVSHFWLYDGHODIRQRORJtDDUWLFXODWRULD
/DIDOWDGHYR]PXUPXUDGDHQOD‫ޞ‬LQWHUYRFiOLFDWLHQHXQDH[SOLFDFLyQWDQWR
DUWLFXODWRULDFRPRSHUFHSWLYD<DTXHVHHMHFXWDPHGLDQWHXQEUHYtVLPRJROSHEDOtVWLFR
GHOiSLFHFRQWUDODFUHVWDDOYHRODUODYLEUDQWHVLPSOHQRWLHQHORVPLVPRVUHTXLVLWRV
DHURGLQiPLFRVTXHODP~OWLSOHODFXDOUHVXOWDGHXQDDUWLFXODFLyQSURORQJDEOH3RU
WDQWRODYR]PXUPXUDGDQROHDSRUWDUtDQLQJXQDYHQWDMDDUWLFXODWRULDDOD‫(ޞ‬QWRGR
FDVRVXSUHVHQFLDDXPHQWDUtDODGXUDFLyQWRWDOGHODYLEUDQWHVLPSOHUHGXFLHQGRDVt
ODGLVWDQFLDSHUFHSWLYDHQWUHpVWD\ODP~OWLSOHFRQODTXHFRQWUDVWDIRQROyJLFDPHQWH
HQHOFRQWH[WRLQWHUYRFiOLFRGHQWURGHSDODEUD(VWRTXLHUHGHFLUTXHHQHOHVSDxRO
GRPLQLFDQRVHPDQWLHQHHOFRQWUDVWHHQWUH>ѓ‫@ޞ‬U\‫ޞ‬EDVDGRQRHQHOQ~PHUR
9500
Frequency (Hz)
p o ɾ e l ˈ ɦ ᵊ ɾ i o
0 1.179
Time (s)
Figura 10-4 Onda sonora y espectrograma de la secuencia por el . . . río (hablante de Santiago,
República Dominicana).
GH FRQWDFWRV OLQJXDOHV VLQR HQ OD GXUDFLyQ WRWDO GH ORV VHJPHQWRV YpDVH WDPELpQ
%UDGOH\\:LOOLVVREUHHOHVSDxROGH¬9HUDFUX]0p[LFRHQHOTXHODGXUDFLyQ
VHJPHQWDOVLUYHSDUDFRQVHUYDUHOFRQWUDVWHUyWLFR
಩(SpQWHVLVXOWUDFRUUHFWLYDGHV
2WUR IHQyPHQR TXH VH REVHUYD HQ HO HVSDxRO GRPLQLFDQR HV OD HSpQWHVLV XOWUDFR
UUHFWLYDGHV(VWHGLDOHFWRVHSXHGHFODVLϧFDUFRPRUDGLFDOFRQUHVSHFWRDODSUR
QXQFLDFLyQGHODVϧQDOGHVtODEDODFXDOWLHQGHDUHDOL]DUVHFRPRIULFDWLYDJORWDO
>K@RHOLGLUVHSRUFRPSOHWR&RPR\DVHQRWyHQHOFDStWXORKD\KDEODQWHVGHODV
FODVHVSRSXODUHVTXHWLHQGHQDLQVHUWDUXQDVϧQDOGHVtODEDHQSDODEUDVGRQGHQR
H[LVWHDQLYHOVXE\DFHQWHetúspido < estúpido, invistado < invitado/DHSpQWHVLVVH
KDIRUPDOL]DGRHQODIRQRORJtDGHULYDFLRQDO\HQOD7RSFRPRXQSURFHVRVHJPHQWDO
TXHVHGDEiVLFDPHQWHDOD]DUHQFXDOTXLHUFRGDVLOiELFDSHUREDMRFLHUWDVUHVWULFFLR
QHVSURVyGLFDV\IRQRWiFWLFDV/RVWUDEDMRVGHFDPSRKDQWHQLGRXQLPSDFWRGLUHFWR
HQODWHRUtDIRQROyJLFDDOUHYHODUHVWDVUHVWULFFLRQHVODVFXDOHVVHKDQLQWHUSUHWDGR
FRPRHYLGHQFLDHQDSR\RGHYDULDVSURSXHVWDVWHyULFDVHQODOLWHUDWXUDJHQHUDWLYLVWD
/D¬DXVHQFLDGHIRUPDVDWHVWLJXDGDVFRPR*casrreta < carreta\*amasrro < amarro
KDVLGRFLWDGDSRU1XxH]&HGHxREEFRPRDUJXPHQWRDIDYRUGH
XQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQJHPLQDGDGHODYLEUDQWHP~OWLSOHLQWHUYRFiOLFDGHQWURGHSDODEUD
\SRU%UDGOH\EGFRPRHYLGHQFLDGHXQDUHVWULFFLyQGHPDUFDGH]GHQWURGHOD
7RSTXHSHQDOL]DORVJUXSRVFRQVRQiQWLFRVGHIULFDWLYDHVWULGHQWHVHJXLGDGHYLEUDQWH
/DVXOWUDFRUUHFWLYDϧJXUDWDPELpQHQORVGHEDWHVVREUHODHVWUXFWXUDVLOiELFDGHOD
ULPD\ODVHQVLELOLGDGDOSHVRVLOiELFRYpDVHHOFDStWXOR
8QDFUtWLFDTXHVHSXHGHKDFHUHVTXHDOJXQRVGHORVGDWRVTXHVHXWLOL]DQHQOD
GRFXPHQWDFLyQ GH OD HSpQWHVLV XOWUDFRUUHFWLYD SDUHFHQ SURYHQLU GH REVHUYDFLRQHV
LPSUHVLRQLVWDV\KDVWDHMHPSORVLQYHQWDGRV6HDSUHFLDHVWDWHQGHQFLDHQXQHVWXGLR
GH¬+DUULVTXLHQDϧUPDTXHORVKDEODQWHVHQFXHVWLyQ´QRHVWiQVHJXURV
GHGyQGHVHHQFXHQWUDQODVVHQORVGLDOHFWRVHVWiQGDUDVtTXHVXV¶FRUUHFFLRQHV·
VRQEiVLFDPHQWHDOHDWRULDV\IDOODQHOEODQFRWDQDPHQXGRFRPRDFLHUWDQHQpO3RU
HMHPSORhipopótamoSXHGHSURQXQFLDUVHFRPRhispopótamo, hipospótamo, hipopóstamo,
hipopótamos,RLQFOXVRhispospóstamos>WUDGXFFLyQPtD@µ6LQGXGDTXHVHWUDWDDTXtGH
SDODEUDVKLSRWpWLFDVTXHVLUYHQGHLOXVWUDFLyQ\DTXHQLQJXQDGHHVWDVIRUPDVDSDUHFH
HQODVGHVFULSFLRQHVH[LVWHQWHVGHOIHQyPHQR+D\TXHWHQHUHQFXHQWDTXHORVIRQy
ORJRVWHyULFRVTXLHUHQGDUFXHQWDGHORTXHHVSRWHQFLDOPHQWHDGPLVLEOHDXQTXHQR
RFXUUD+DUULVLQYHQWDFRPRPDQHUDGHSUREDUORTXHSXGLHUDVHUIDFWLEOHQR¬FRPR
KHFKRHQVt6LQHPEDUJRODGLϧFXOWDGSULQFLSDOTXHVXUJHHQODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGH
HMHPSORVFXDOLWDWLYRVHKLSRWpWLFRVHVTXHQRVHVDEHODYHUGDGHUDIUHFXHQFLDGHDSDUL
FLyQGHOVHJPHQWRHSHQWpWLFRQLVXGLVWULEXFLyQFRQWH[WXDOSUHFLVDHQHOKDEODQDWXUDO
%XOORFN\7RULELRSUHVHQWDQORVUHVXOWDGRVGHXQHVWXGLRFXDQWLWDWLYRGHOD
VXOWUDFRUUHFWLYDEDVDGRHQHQWUHYLVWDVQDWXUDOLVWDV\VHPLHVWUXFWXUDGDVFRQ¬DGXO
WRV\QLxRVUHVLGHQWHVGHODUHJLyQGHO&LEDR/DVXOWUDFRUUHFWLYDVHPDQLIHVWyHQ
VyORGHSDODEUDVHQWRWDOORFXDOGHPXHVWUDTXHVHWUDWDGHXQIHQyPHQR
HVSRUiGLFRHQHOFRUSXV(QJHQHUDOODHSpQWHVLVVHDVRFLDFRQYDULRVIDFWRUHVVRFLR
OLQJtVWLFRVFRPRHOVH[R\HODOIDEHWLVPR6XHOHRFXUULUFRQPD\RUIUHFXHQFLDHQHO
KDEODGHPXMHUHVRGHDGXOWRV\QLxRVDQDOIDEHWRVRVHPLDQDOIDEHWRV&RPRVHYHHQ
OD7DEODHOVHJPHQWRHSHQWpWLFRDSDUHFHHQSRVLFLyQϧQDOGHIUDVHHQHOFRQWH[WR
GHXQWRQRϧQDOGHVFHQGHQWH(QSRVLFLyQϧQDOGHSDODEUDGHQWURGHIUDVH\HQSRVLFLyQ
LQWHULRUGHSDODEUDDSDUHFHFRQPD\RUIUHFXHQFLDDQWHVGHODVRFOXVLYDVVRUGDV
3DUHFHTXHODLQVHUFLyQQRVHUHDOL]DDOD]DUHQFXDOTXLHUFRGDVLOiELFDVLQRTXH
HVWiPXFKRPiVUHVWULQJLGD(VWRVUHVXOWDGRVWLHQHQLPSOLFDFLRQHVSDUDORVDQiOLVLV
JHQHUDWLYRVTXHVHDSR\DQHQHOIHQyPHQRGHODHSpQWHVLVXOWUDFRUUHFWLYD/DIDOWDGH
HMHPSORVWDOHVFRPR*casrreta\*amasrroVHSXHGHH[SOLFDUQRSRUODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
IRQROyJLFD GH OD YLEUDQWH VLQR SRU HO KHFKR GH TXH OD HSpQWHVLV VXHOH GDUVH HQ OD
PD\RUtDGHORVFDVRVRDϧQDOGHIUDVHRDQWHVGHRFOXVLYDVVRUGDV(VPiVHOFRUSXV
GH¬%XOORFN\7RULELRFRQWLHQHSRUORPHQRVXQFDVRGHHSpQWHVLVHQSRVLFLyQ
LQLFLDOGHIUDVHDQWHVGHXQDRFOXVLYDVRUGD>ਡV@tampoco,ORFXDOVXJLHUHODSRVLELOLGDG
GHTXHODHSpQWHVLVQRRFXUUDQHFHVDULDPHQWHHQODFRGDVLOiELFD6LQHPEDUJRHVWD
REVHUYDFLyQ GHEH LQWHUSUHWDUVH FRQ FXLGDGR SRUTXH XQ VROR HMHPSOR GH >V@ LQLFLDO
GHIUDVHQRSUXHEDTXHODLQVHUFLyQQRVHGDHQODFRGD$GHPiVORVGRVFRQWH[WRV
TXHSUHVHQWDQODPD\RUtDGHORVFDVRVGHHSpQWHVLV³HVGHFLUϧQDOGHIUDVH\DQWH
Tabla 10-3 Distribución de la /s/ultracorrectiva en el español dominicano (Bullock y Toribio 2010:20).
(T denota una consonante oclusiva sorda y V una vocal)
Final de palabra Dentro de palabra Total
Final de rase Dentro de rase
Demás Demás
T V T
conte tos conte tos
&DVRV
3RUFHQWDMH
329 ]
FRQVRQDQWH VRUGD³VRQ SRVLFLRQHV GH FRGD OR FXDO VXJLHUH LQGLUHFWDPHQWH TXH OD
JHQHUDOL]DFLyQPiVVHQFLOODHVTXHHOIHQyPHQRVHGDHQODFRGDVLOiELFD
¢'H GyQGH YLHQH OD V XOWUDFRUUHFWLYD VL QR VXUJH GH XQD UHJOD IRQROyJLFD GH
HSpQWHVLVHQODFRGD"%XOORFN\7RULELRVXJLHUHQXQDH[SOLFDFLyQIRQpWLFD
EDVDGDHQODSHUFHSFLyQHTXLYRFDGDSRUSDUWHGHORVR\HQWHV2KDOD2KDOD\
6ROp6LHQODSURGXFFLyQGHOKDEODODDEGXFFLyQRVHSDUDFLyQGHODVFXHUGDV
YRFDOHVHQSRVLFLyQϧQDOGHIUDVHRDQWHVGHXQDRFOXVLYDVRUGDJHQHUDXQSHULRGRGH
WXUEXOHQFLDDF~VWLFDSXHGHTXHVHLQWHUSUHWHHUUyQHDPHQWHFRPRVHQODSHUFHS
FLyQ3RUHMHPSORYDPRVDLPDJLQDUTXHXQKDEODQWHSURQXQFLDODIUDVHun gritoFRPR
>X‫غ‬ਥС‫ޞ‬LфW ૧R@FRQVRUGH]DQWLFLSDWRULDHLQFLGHQWDOHQHOPDUJHQGHUHFKRGHODYRFDO
DQWHVGHODW ૧(VSRVLEOHTXHRWURLQWHUORFXWRUSHUFLEDODIUDVHHUUyQHDPHQWHFRPR
XQС‫ޞ‬LVW ૧R\TXHODSURQXQFLHFRQOD>V@ϧQDOGHVtODEDHQODSURGXFFLyQVXEVLJXLHQWH
6LHVWDH[SOLFDFLyQHVFRUUHFWDHQWRQFHVVHJ~QODGHVFULSFLyQWUDGLFLRQDOGHODV
YLEUDQWHVGRPLQLFDQDVFRPRSUHDVSLUDGDVHQVRUGHFLGDVVHHVSHUDUtDTXHODUHLQWHUSUH
WDFLyQIXHUDSRVLEOHHQHOFRQWH[WRGH*ca>V‫ޞ‬લ@eta < ca>K‫ޞ‬લ@eta < carreta.1RRFXUUHDVt
MXVWDPHQWHSRUTXHVHWUDWDQRGHSUHDVSLUDFLyQVLQRGHYR]PXUPXUDGDSUHFHGHQWHFRQ
SOHQDVRQRULGDGFRPRVHKDGHPRVWUDGRHQODVHFFLyQ6LQHPEDUJRVHSXHGH
SUHJXQWDUSRUTXp>ѓ‫@ޞ‬QRVHUHLQWHUSUHWDFRPR>]‫@ޞ‬FRQXQDIULFDWLYDFRURQDOVRQRUD
ODFXDOFRUUHVSRQGHUtDDODDVSLUDFLyQVRQRUDHQODSURQXQFLDFLyQGHOKDEODQWH6LHO
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Figura 10-7 Partituras gestuales de tres realizaciones de /nb/:

(a) [nb], (b) [nmb] y (c) [nn͡mmb].
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Figura 10-8 Partituras gestuales de dos realizaciones de /ara/: (a) [aɦra] y

(b) [aɦɾa].
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a. H[SORVLyQ FRPLHQ]RWHPSUDQRGHODVRQRULGDG
7 9
927PiVFRUWR
b. H[SORVLyQ FRPLHQ]RWDUGtRGHODVRQRULGDG
7 K 9
927PiVODUJR
Figura 10-9 Representación esquemática de la diferencia de VOT entre (a) las oclusivas sordas no
aspiradas y (b) las postaspiradas (T denota una consonante oclusiva sorda, h aspiración y V una vocal).
9500
Frequency (Hz)
e ˈ t̪ ʰ a ˈ t̪ ˹ o ð̞ o
0 0.436
Time (s)
Figura 10-10 Onda sonora y espectrograma de la secuencia está todo (hablante de Sevilla, España;
h
denota el periodo de postaspiración y ೷ la explosión de la oclusiva).
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OtQHDGHSXQWRV/DRFOXVLYDGHODVHJXQGDSDODEUDSUHVHQWDVyORXQDEDUUDGHH[SOR
VLyQFRQXQ927UHODWLYDPHQWHPiVFRUWR6LQHPEDUJRODGXUDFLyQGHODRFOXVLyQ
HQODSRVWDVSLUDGDHVPHQRUTXHODGHODRFOXVLYDQRDVSLUDGDORFXDOVXJLHUHTXHOD
SRVWDVSLUDFLyQQRLPSOLFDQHFHVDULDPHQWHXQDODUJDPLHQWRGHODRFOXVLyQ
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YDULHGDGHVTXHVHKDEODQHQ3XHUWR¬5LFR\HQ%XHQRV$LUHVSUHVHQWDQDVSLUDFLyQGH
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GHULYDFLRQDOHQWUHORVGRVFRPSRQHQWHVGHQWURGHODJUDPiWLFDWDOFRPRVHLOXVWUD
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PDVFRPRpa.ta\pat.aQRHVFRQWUDVWLYDHQQLQJXQDOHQJXDKXPDQD(OHGXFWRGHO
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Figura 10-11 Partituras gestuales de tres realizaciones de /ast̪ a/: (a) [ast̪ a],
(b) [aht̪ a] y (c) [at̪ ːha].
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WUDGXFHQDJHVWRVDUWLFXODWRULRVHQHOFRPSRQHQWHIRQpWLFRHOFXDOFRUUHVSRQGHEiVL
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Figura 10-12 Un modelo derivacional de la interfaz entre fonética y fonología (basado en Kirchner
1998:60).
pVWD/DSDODWDOL]DFLyQIRQpWLFDconfess>N̸QਥI͑V@~ confess your>N̸QਥI͑Vਗ਼ߑM͎@¶FRQIHVDU

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Figura 10-14 Onda sonora y espectrograma de la secuencia tractores (hablante de La Paz, Bolivia).
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Ejemplo 10-1 Consonantes que desencadenan la intrusión vocálica
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Ejemplo 10-3
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Ejemplo 10-4
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Ejemplo 10-6
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6WDPSH'DYLG¬/A¬Dissertation on Natural Phonology.1HZ¬<RUN*DUODQG3UHVV
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LFDQ6SDQLVK'DWDDQG$QDO\VLVµ(QSelected Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Labora-
tory Approaches to Spanish Phonology,²/DXUD&RODQWRQL\-HϱUH\6WHHOHHGLWRUHV
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Colaboradores
Ra ael A. ú e Cede oHV3URIHVRU7LWXODUGHOLQJtVWLFDKLVSiQLFDHQHO'HSDUWD

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(V¬DXWRUGH¬La fonología moderna y el español de Santo Domingo\Morfología de
la su jación españolaFRHGLWRUGH¬Estudios sobre la fonología del español del Caribe
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la lengua españolaUDHGLFLyQ\A¬Romance Perspective on Language Knowledge
and Use)XHFRIXQGDGRU\HVFRHGLWRUGH¬Probus: International Journal of Latin
and Romance LinguisticsGH¬$OHPDQLD\HVPLHPEURGHODMXQWDHGLWRULDOGH¬Signos
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xRO\3RUWXJXpVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH¬$UL]RQD(VDXWRUDGH¬Spanish Phonology
FRHGLWRUDGH¬Romance Linguistics 2009\¬Optimality-Theoretic Studies in Spanish
Phonology¬\KDFRQWULEXLGRDODHGLFLyQHVSDxRODGH¬Los sonidos del español
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WDVFRPRLingua, LinguisticsStudies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics\Southwest
Journal of Linguistics,HQWUHRWURV
Travis G. Bradle HV3URIHVRU$VRFLDGRGHOLQJtVWLFDKLVSiQLFDHQHO'HSDUWDPHQWR

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Probus, Lingua, Estudios de fonética experimental, Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Lin-
guistics, Southwest Journal of Linguistics, Lingua(gem)\Journal of Educational Computing
Research.+DFRQWULEXLGRFDStWXORVDYDULRVOLEURVFonética y fonología descriptivas de
la lengua española, Optimality-Theoretic Studies in Spanish Phonology, Historical Romance
Linguistics: Retrospective and Perspectives, Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonology,
Experimental and Theoretical Approaches to Romance Linguistics\Romance Linguistics
2007,HQWUHRWURV
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tuerakThe Sounds of Spanish\ODHGLFLyQHVSDxRODGHLos sonidos del
españolFRDXWRUGH¬The Basque Dialect of LekeitioHIntroducción a la
ling ística hispánicaHG¬\FRHGLWRUGH¬Generative Studies in Basque Lin-
guisticsTowards a History of the Basque LanguageA¬Grammar of Basque
\The Handbook of Hispanic Linguistics+DSXEOLFDGRWDPELpQQXPHURVRV
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Al onso Morales-FrontIRUPDSDUWHGHODSODQWLOODGHSURIHVRUHVGHO'HSDUWDPHQWR
GH¬(VSDxRO\3RUWXJXpVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH¬*HRUJHWRZQ\HV3URIHVRU$VRFLDGRGHO
'HSDUWDPHQWRGH¬/LQJtVWLFDHQHVDPLVPDXQLYHUVLGDG(VFRHGLWRUGH¬Issues in the
Phonology and Morphology of the Major Iberian Languages\Fonología generativa
contemporánea de la lengua españolaUDHGLFLyQ6XVQXPHURVRVDUWtFXORVKDQ
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\GHSUy[LPDDSDULFLyQL’entonació dels dialectesHIntonationalVariation in Romance.
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Fonologia Generativa Contemporanea de La Lengua Española

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Fonologia Generativa Contemporanea de La Lengua Española

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Fonología generativa contemporánea de la lengua española

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Rafael A. Núñez Cedeño,

Georgetown University Press | Washington, DC

Hoy me sonríen Yulissa, Yakaira, Ysatris y Seihla

A mis padres y hermanos

Prólogo a la segunda edición xiii

1 De la fonética descriptiva a los rasgos distintivos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

3 Modelo autosegmental jerárquico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4 Teoría de la subespecificación . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

5 La silabificación en español . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

6 La fonología léxica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

9 La teoría de la optimidad en la fonología del español . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

10 Fonología de laboratorio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

(VWDVHJXQGDHGLFLyQGH¬Fonología generativa contemporánea de la lengua españolaHV

+ Alta [i] [u]

+ Anterior – Anterior ∗ = + ESTRIDENTE

[F] ∗ [f] [T] ∗[ „s ] [ s ] ∗ [S] [x] [X] [h]

Nasales [m] [M] [n] [ n” ] [n] [ ń ] [ñ] [N]

Fonología: fonemas y alófonos

Breve historia de la fonología

SRUHMHPSOR&KRPVN\  SURSXVRXQDVHULHGHSULQFLSLRVXQLYHUVDOHVRSHUDQWHV

Principios de organización de la fonología

(OVLVWHPDGH¬The Sound Pattern of English 63(

'HVGHTXH-DNREVRQSURSXVRODOODPDGDteoría de los rasgos distintivos,VHKDQXVDGR

Tabla 0-1 Los rasgos mayores

Silábico Consonántico Resonante

Tabla 0-2 Los rasgos de punto de articulación vocálico

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Alveopalatal Palatal Velar

Tabla 0-4 Los rasgos de modo de articulación consonántico

Oclusiva Oclusiva A ricada Fricativa Fricativa Apro imante

Reglas y procesos fonológicos

GHOFRQWH[WRHQODUHJOD \XQcambio estructural RHVSHFLϧFDFLyQGHOWLSRGHFDPELR

>YRFDO@ ఩ >ODUJR@ ಣಣ ਑ FRQVRQiQWLFR ਔ

>QDVDO@ ఩ ਑ ਮFRURQDO ਔ ಣಣ  & 

Ejemplo 0-6 Regla de asimilación de nasales en español peninsular (Harris 1969:12)

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La fonología autosegmental y la fonología métrica

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Ejemplo 0-7 (Clements 1985)

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Ejemplo 0-8 Desasociación del nodo SL en la variedad andaluza del español

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Ejemplo 0-9 Extensión del nodo PA

Ejemplo 0-10 Velarización

Ejemplo 0-11 Aspiración

Ejemplo 0-12 Español

Ejemplo 0-13 Quechua

Ejemplo 0-14 Especificaciones de sonoridad para resonantes y obstruyentes en español

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Ejemplo 0-15 Especificaciones de sonoridad para resonantes y obstruyentes en quechua

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5HJODVGHUHGXQGDQFLD >UHVRQDQWH@ ఩ >VRQRUR@

Propuestas recientes: optimidad y fonología de laboratorio

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1.1 Fonética articulatoria

Figura 1-1 Los órganos del habla.

1.2. Clasificación de los sonidos

Frontal Central Posterior

Figura 1 2 Las vocales del español sobre el triángulo de las vocales

1.2.2.2.1 Grado de constricción

1.2.2.2.2 Punto de articulación

1 De la fonética descriptiva a los rasgos distintivos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Modelo autosegmental jerárquico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 Teoría de la subespecificación . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 La silabificación en español . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 La fonología léxica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 La teoría de la optimidad en la fonología del español . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10 Fonología de laboratorio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(OVLVWHPDGH¬The Sound Pattern of English63(

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& 9 E 9 &

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/DVGRVSULPHUDVSDUWHVVHUtDQPRGLϧFDGDVPiVWDUGHYpDVHODVHFFLyQHQSULPHU

6LVHDSOLFDDODIRUPDVXE\DFHQWHFtEDVHFRQVLJXHHOUHVXOWDGR

&XDQGR*ROGVPLWK²LQWHQWyH[SOLFDUHOFDVRGHQDVDOL]DFLyQTXHVHGD

/DUHJODTXHVHHQFDUJDUtDGHH[WHQGHUODQDVDOLGDGVHUtDFDVLLJXDODOD

QRURhenduL ఩ Q}U੻}h nduL

(QUHDOLGDGHVXQFDVRWtSLFRGHDUPRQtDSHURHVWDYH]GHQDVDOL]DFLyQ

PRਥQRW ૧RQR PɬਥQɬW ૧ɬQɬK

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'HKHFKRIXHHOSURSLR*ROGVPLWKTXLHQQRVRIUHFLyXQHMHPSORDOHFFLRQDGRU

(OIHQyPHQRHVLGpQWLFR\VHSXHGHH[SOLFDUPHGLDQWHODFRQϧJXUDFLyQHQ

> @‫۝‬ > @

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