3/08/2018

COMUNICATIONS
WAVE PROPAGATION

ONDAS

• Es una perturbación que se propaga

Definición desde el punto en que se produjo hacia
el medio que rodea ese punto.

• Las ondas materiales requieren un

Ondas Ondas medio elástico para propagarse.
Materiales • Las ondas electromagnéticas
propagan en el vacío
se

Que • Una onda transporta energía y cantidad

transporta de movimiento pero no transporta
materia.
Una Onda?

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PROPAGACIÓN DE LAS ONDAS

PROPAGATION means
"movement through a
medium.

WAVE MOTION can be

defined as a recurring
disturbance advancing
through space with or
without the use of a
physical medium.

WAVE MOTION IN WATER

How a falling stone creates wave

motion to the surface of water.

Clasificación de
las ondas

Tipo soporte Como vibran

Mecánicas Transversales

Electromagnéticas Longitudinales

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ONDAS

cómo vibran respecto a la dirección de propagación

• Ondas transversales : si las partículas del medio en el que se

propaga la perturbación vibran perpendicularmente a la dirección
de propagación

ONDAS

cómo vibran respecto a la dirección de propagación

• Ondas longitudinales : si las partículas del medio en el que se

propaga la perturbación vibran en la misma dirección de
propagación.

TERMS USED IN WAVE MOTION

1. CYCLE
2. WAVELENGTH
3. AMPLITUDE
4. FREQUENCY
5. PERIODO
6. CRESTA
7. VALLE

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Elements of a wave.

CARACTERÍSTICAS DE UNA ONDA EN

MOVIMIENTO

CHARACTERISTICS OF WAVE MOTION

• such as frequency, amplitude, and wavelength.

Another important characteristic that these two types
of wave motion share is VELOCITY.

• Velocity of propagation is the rate at which the

disturbance travels through the medium, or the
velocity with which the crest of the wave moves
along.

• The velocity of the wave depends both on the type

of wave (light, sound, or radio) and type of medium
(air, water, or metal).

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When a wave passes through one medium and

encounters a medium having different characteristics,
three things can occur to the wave:

(1) Some of the energy can be reflected back into the

initial medium;

(2) some of the energy can be transmitted into the

second medium where it may continue at a different
velocity; or

(3) some of the energy can be absorbed by the

medium.

In some cases, all three processes (reflection,

transmission, and absorption) may occur to some
degree.

Reflection

This conforms
to the law of
reflection which
states: The
angle of
incidence is
equal to the
angle of
reflection.

Refraction

When a wave passes from

one medium into another
medium that has a different
velocity of propagation, a
change in the direction of the
wave will occur.

This changing of direction as

the wave enters the second
medium is called
REFRACTION.

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Diffraction

DIFFRACTION is the bending of

the wave path when the waves
meet an obstruction. The
amount of diffraction depends
on the wavelength of the wave.

Doppler Effect

The DOPPLER EFFECT is the

apparent change in frequency or
pitch when a sound source
moves either toward or away
from the listener, or when the
listener moves either toward or
away from the sound source.

This principle, discovered by the

Austrian physicist Christian
Doppler, applies to all wave
motion.

ONDAS SONORAS

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SOUND WAVES

• One definition of sound is the

sensation of hearing.

• Another definition refers to a

stimulus that is capable of
producing the sensation of
hearing.

CLASIFICACIÓN DEL SONIDO

Sounds may be
classified into two
general groups.

• One group is NOISE,

• The other group is
musical sounds, or
TONES.

DISTINCIÓN ENTRE EL RUIDO Y EL TONO

The distinction
between noise and
tone is based on:

1. the regularity of the

vibrations,
2. the degree of
damping,
3. components having
a musical
sequence.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND

Sound has three

basic
characteristics:

1. pitch
2. intensity
3. quality.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND

• The pitch depends upon

the frequency of the
waves;

• the intensity depends

upon the amplitude of
the waves;

• and the quality depends

upon the form of the
waves.

ACOUSTICS

Acoustics, like sound, relates to the sense of hearing

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ECHO

An ECHO is the reflection of the original sound wave

REVERBERATION

Is the multiple reflections of sound waves

Interference

Any disturbance, man-made or natural, that causes an undesirable

response or the degradation of a wave is referred to as INTERFERENCE.

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Resonance

• cavity where the sound is amplified.

Noise

• The most complex sound

wave

• Noise has no tonal quality.

• NOISE is generally an
unwanted disturbance caused
by spurious waves originating
from man-made or natural
sources.

AUDIOFRECUENCIA

• Las frecuencias entre 20 cps (Hz) a 20.000 cps (Hz)

se denominan frecuencias audibles, o
audiofrecuencias.

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AUDIOFRECUENCIA
• Por lo general, las frecuencias de audio se conocen como
frecuencias sónicas o de sonido.

• Las frecuencias por debajo de 20cps se les denomina subsónicas

• las que tienen frecuencias más altas que la banda audible se

denominan
• supersónicas,
• ultrasónicas
• hipersónicas.

LIGHT WAVES

LIGHT WAVES

• Light is a form of
energy.

• It can be produced
by various means
(mechanical,
electrical,
chemical, etc.).

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FREQUENCIES AND COLOR

• For our discussion of light wave waves, we will use the millimicron
measurement.

• The wavelength of a light determines the color of the light

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Speed of Light

• The velocity of light, which is the same as the

velocity of other electromagnetic waves, is
considered to be constant, at 186,000 miles per
second. If expressed in meters, it is 300,000,000
meters per second.

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

• Light is one kind of electromagnetic energy.

• There are many other types, including heat

energy and radio energy.

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

• The only difference between the various types of

electromagnetic energy is the frequency of their waves (rate of
vibration).

• The term SPECTRUM is used to designate the entire range of

electromagnetic waves arranged in order of their frequencies.

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RADIOFRECUENCIA

RADIOFRECUENCIA

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COMUNICATIONS
RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION

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RADIO WAVES
• An energy wave generated by a transmitter is called a RADIO
WAVE.

• The radio wave containing both electric and magnetic fields.

• Because of this combination of fields, radio waves are also

referred to as ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION.

NOTE: The term radio wave is not limited to

communications equipment alone.

The term applies to all equipment that generate

signals in the form of electromagnetic energy.

ELEMENTOS BÁSICOS
SISTEMA COMUNICACIÓN

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ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

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POLARIZATION

• For maximum absorption of energy

from the electromagnetic fields, the
receiving antenna must be located in
the plane of polarization.

Right-hand rule for propagation

If you know the directions of the E and H components, you can use the
"right-hand rule“ to determine the direction of wave propagation.

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ATMOSPHERIC
PROPAGATION

THE EFFECT OF THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE ON RADIO

WAVES

The Earth's
atmosphere is divided
into three separate
regions, or layers.
They are the

• TROPOSPHERE,
• STRATOSPHERE,
• IONOSPHERE

Within the atmosphere,

radio waves can be
reflected, refracted, and
diffracted like light and
heat waves.

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Reflection

• Radio waves may be reflected from

various substances or objects.

• The amount of reflection depends on the

reflecting material.

• The surface of the Earth itself is a fairly

good reflector.

• The size of the area required for reflection

to take place depends on the wavelength
of the radio wave and the angle at which
the wave strikes the reflecting substance.

Refraction

Radio wave refraction.

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Diffraction

SOMBRA

RADIO
WAVE TRANSMISSION

RADIO WAVE TRANSMISSION

There are two principal ways in

which electromagnetic (radio)
energy travels from a transmitting
antenna to a receiving antenna.

1. GROUND WAVES
2. SKY WAVES.

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RADIO WAVE TRANSMISSION

• Ground waves
are radio waves
that travel near
the surface of the
Earth

• surface waves
• space waves.

RADIO WAVE TRANSMISSION

• Ground waves
are radio waves
that travel near
the surface of the
Earth
• surface
waves: A surface
wave can follow the
contours of the Earth
because of the
process of diffraction
• space waves.

justo
Llano, arcilloso

Terreno rocoso

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SPACE WAVE

The space wave follows two distinct paths from the

transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna

one through the air directly to the receiving antenna,

the other reflected from the ground to the receiving
antenna

RADIO WAVE TRANSMISSION

• Sky waves are

radio waves
that are
reflected back
to Earth from
the ionosphere

IONOSFERA

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• PROCESSES
• IN THE
IONOSPHERE

• Ionization
• Recombination

REFRACTION IN THE IONOSPHERE

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REFRACTION IN THE IONOSPHERE

• When a radio wave is transmitted into an ionized

layer, refraction, or bending of the wave, occurs.

• The amount of refraction that occurs depends on

three main factors:

1. the density of ionization of the layer,

2. the frequency of the radio wave, and
3. The angle at which the wave enters the layer.

Density of Layer

Frequency

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Angle of Incidence

Effects of frequency on the critical angle.

Skip Distance/Skip Zone

• The SKIP DISTANCE is

the distance from the
transmitter to the point
where the sky wave is first
returned to Earth.

• The size of the skip

distance depends

• the frequency of the

wave,

• the angle of incidence,

• degree of ionization
present.

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PROPAGATION PATHS

The path that a refracted wave follows to the receiver depends on

the angle at which the wave strikes the ionosphere.

You should remember, however, that the RF energy radiated by a

transmitting antenna spreads out with distance.

The energy therefore strikes the ionosphere at many different

angles rather than a single angle.

ABSORPTION IN THE
IONOSPHERE

ABSORPTION IN THE IONOSPHERE

Many factors affect a radio wave in its path between the

transmitting and receiving sites.

The factor that has the greatest adverse effect on radio

waves is ABSORPTION.

Absorption results in the loss of energy of a radio wave

and has a pronounced effect on both the strength of
received signals and the ability to communicate over
long distances.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE
(EMI)

ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE
(EMI)

• The transmission losses just discussed are not the only

factors that interfere with communications.

• An additional factor that can interfere with radio

communications is the presence of
ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE (EMI).

• This interference can result in annoying or impossible

operating conditions.

• Sources of EMI are both

• man-made
• natural.

Man-Made Interference

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Natural Interference

Natural interference
refers to the static that
you often hear when
listening to a radio.

This interference is
generated by natural
phenomena, such as
thunderstorms,
snowstorms, cosmic
sources, and
the sun.

VARIATIONS IN THE IONOSPHERE

These variations are of two general types:

(1) those which are more or less regular and occurin cycles and,
therefore, can be predicted in advance with reasonable
accuracy, and

(2) those which are irregular as a result of abnormal behavior of

the sun and, therefore, cannot be predicted in advance.

Regular Variations

The regular variations

that affect the extent of
ionization in the
ionosphere can be
divided into four main
classes:

1. daily,
2. seasonal,
3. 11-year, and
4. 27-day variations.

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Irregular Variations

• Because these variations

are irregular and
unpredictable, they can
drastically affect
communications
capabilities without any
warning.

• The more common

irregular variations are:

• sporadic E,

• sudden ionospheric
disturbances,

• ionospheric storms.

WEATHER

WEATHER VERSUS PROPAGATION

Weather is an
additional factor that
affects the
propagation of radio
waves.

• Wind,
• air temperature,
• water

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