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Investigaciones Andina 0124-8146: Issn: Investigaciones@funandi - Edu.co
Investigaciones Andina 0124-8146: Issn: Investigaciones@funandi - Edu.co
ISSN: 0124-8146
investigaciones@funandi.edu.co
Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina
Colombia
Pinzón Duque, Oscar Alonso; López-Zapata, Diego Fernando; Giraldo T, José Carlos
Síndrome metabólico: enfoque fisiopatológico
Investigaciones Andina, vol. 17, núm. 31, septiembre, 2015, pp. 1328-1342
Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina
Pereira, Colombia
Artículo de Revisión
Resumen
El Síndrome Metabólico (SM) es una entidad de alta prevalencia mundial y regional,
que frecuentemente se acompaña de complicaciones tanto a nivel cardiovascular
como metabólico; razón por la cual se ha convertido en un gran riesgo para la salud
de nuestra población. A pesar de la controversia existente alrededor de los criterios
para hacer el diagnóstico y su fisiopatología, muchos de estos mecanismos ya han
sido suficientemente estudiados. Con esta revisión se pretende desarrollar algunos
de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos propuestos en la aparición del SM, partiendo de
la resistencia a la insulina como el eje principal.
Palabras clave
Síndrome X Metabólico; Fisiopatología; Resistencia a la Insulina
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INVESTIGACIONES ANDINA. No. 31 Vol. 17 - 170 p.
Review article
Metabolic syndrome:
pathophysiological approach
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a disease of high global and regional prevalence,
which is often associated with complications at both cardiovascular and metabolic
level, becoming into a major health risk for our population. Despite controversy
about the diagnosis criteria and pathophysiology, many of these mechanisms have
been sufficiently studied. The aim of this review is to summarize the proposed
pathophysiological mechanisms to develop MetS, including insulin resistance as
the main axis.
Key words
Metabolic Syndrome X; Pathophysiology; Insulin Resistance
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Artigo de Revisão
Resumo
A Síndrome Metabólica (SM) é uma entidade da mais alta relevância mundial
e regional, frequentemente acompanhada de complicações tanto em nível
cardiovascular como metabólico; por esta razão se tem convertido num grande
risco para a saúde da nossa população. Apesar da controvérsia existente sobre
critérios para efetuar o diagnóstico e sua fisiopatologia, muitos desses mecanismos
já tem sido suficientemente estudados. Com esta revisão se pretendem desenvolver
alguns dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos propostos na aparição do SM, partindo da
resistência à insulina, como eixo principal.
Palavras Chave
Síndrome X Metabólica; Fisiopatologia; Resistencia à Insulina
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INVESTIGACIONES ANDINA. No. 31 Vol. 17 - 170 p.
Interleucina 6 Adiponectina
Leptina Receptor soluble de leptina
Resistina Omentina
Proteína C reactiva
Factor de necrosis tumoral alfa
Angiotensinógeno
Inhibidor del activador del plasminógeno-1
Visfatina
1334 Interleucina 18
INVESTIGACIONES ANDINA. No. 31 Vol. 17 - 170 p.
al género (5, 6). Hay algunos reportes disponible para usar la glucosa y la
que sí muestran diferencias en ciertas fuerza muscular; de tal manera que a
poblaciones en cuanto a género (mayor mayor fuerza muscular menor riesgo
en hombres que en mujeres), y edad de desarrollo del SM (68) y a mayor
(la prevalencia aumenta con la edad), masa muscular hay más sensibilidad a
aunque la frecuencia de cada uno de la insulina y menor riesgo de desarrollar
los componentes del SM puede variar prediabetes (69).
entre individuos como en el caso de la
hipertensión, hiperglicemia en ayunas e h) Sueño:
hipertrigliceridemia, cuyas prevalencias
aumentan con la edad, mientras que el Existe correlación significativa entre SM
colesterol HDL bajo no se relaciona con con los índices objetivos de continuidad,
la misma (63). profundidad del sueño y con trastorno
respiratorio del mismo en mujeres (70).
La disminución de adiponectina es Adicionalmente, una corta duración
mayor en mujeres que en hombres (46) del sueño puede ser un factor de riesgo
y los niveles elevados de PCRhs se significativo para desarrollar SM (71).
asociaron más con riesgo de desarrollar
SM en mujeres que en hombres (64). i) Disfunción del sistema nervioso
simpático:
Con base en lo anterior es claro que la
controversia continúa sobre la influencia Existe un estado de aumento
del género, lo que amerita futuros de liberación simpática central,
estudios para aclarar este aspecto. disminución del aclaramiento de
norepinefrina (tanto a nivel neuronal
f) Aldosterona y glucocorticoides: como plasmático), sumado a respuesta
simpática disminuida ante una carga de
Las anormalidades en la supresión carbohidratos, en pacientes con SM más
y estimulación de la liberación de marcado en aquellos con DM2 que con
aldosterona son un indicador temprano intolerancia a la glucosa (IGT), lo cual
de alteraciones cardiometabólicas como puede favorecer o mantener el estado de
las que representa el SM en su inicio (65). resistencia a la insulina, que como ya se
Además existe un estado de resistencia ha dicho es el eje fisiopatológico del SM
tejido-selectiva a los glucocorticoides (72).
como respuesta al incremento en su
producción por parte del hígado y tejido j) Tipo de ingesta:
adiposo dentro del proceso de desarrollo
hacia el SM (66). Una dieta con alto contenido de frutas,
leche, granos enteros, nueces y semillas,
g) Sedentarismo y masa muscular: se asoció con menor riesgo de desarrollar
SM a 20 años, que una dieta con alto
A menor actividad física hay mayor contenido de comidas rápidas, carne,
riesgo cardiometabólico (67) lo cual pizza y meriendas (73). El consumo
puede estar relacionado con la capacidad elevado de grasas saturadas es un factor
1336 cardiorespiratoria, la masa muscular de riesgo para desarrollar SM (74),
INVESTIGACIONES ANDINA. No. 31 Vol. 17 - 170 p.
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