Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
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GERHARD FISCHER
Autores
PEDRO JOSÉ ALMANZA-MERCHÁN, JAVIER GIOVANNI ÁLVAREZ, YESID ARANDA, MIGUEL A. BENAVIDES, JOSÉ GABRIEL BONNET,
TARMÍN CAMPOS, JULIÁN FERNANDO CÁRDENAS, CARLOS CARRANZA, FÁNOR CASIERRA-POSADA, JAIRO CASTAÑO-ZAPATA, ÁLVARO
CASTRO, JOSÉ ALEJANDRO CLEVES, JULIANA ANDREA COMBARIZA, DARÍO CORREDOR, GERHARD FISCHER, ALEXY FLÓREZ, JORGE
ARMANDO FONSECA, MANUEL IVÁN GÓMEZ, EUGENIO DE JESÚS GUERRERO, ANÍBAL HERRERA, LILLIANA M. HOYOS-CARVAJAL,
ALFREDO DE JESÚS JARMA, YANETH JIMÉNEZ, GUSTAVO A. LIGARRETO, ALEX MARÍN, ANA MARÍA MARTÍNEZ, EDUARDO MEJÍA,
LUZ MARINA MELGAREJO, DIEGO MIRANDA, HOMERO R. MORA, CARMEN SOLEDAD MORALES, JAVIER O. ORDUZ-RODRÍGUEZ,
MARGARITA PEREA, WILSON PIEDRAHÍTA, GUIDO PLAZA, GLORIA ACENED PUENTES, OMAR CAMILO QUINTERO, FERNANDO
RAMÍREZ, CARLOS REYES, MARLON RODRÍGUEZ, WILMAR E. RUBIO, RUBÉN RUIZ, RAÚL SAAVEDRA, SAÚL HERNÁN SAAVEDRA,
WALTER S. TORRES, HERNEY DARÍO VÁSQUEZ, JAVIER ENRIQUE VÉLEZ, BERNARDO VILLEGAS.
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CONTENIDO
8
4.19 Piña (Ananas comosus L. Merr.)
Herney Darío Vásquez A., Raúl Saavedra O. y Saúl Hernán Saavedra S.
4.20 Pitahaya (Hylocereus megalanthus (K. Schum. ex Vaupel) Ralf Bauer)
Darío Corredor
4.21 Tomate de árbol (Cyphomandra betacea Sendt.)
José Gabriel Bonnet y Julián Fernando Cárdenas
4.22 Uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.)
Gerhard Fischer y Diego Miranda
4.23 Vid (Vitis vinifera L.)
Pedro José Almanza-Merchán
5. Frutales misceláneos
1
Gerhard Fischer, 2Fernando Ramírez y 3Pedro José Almanza-Merchán
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1
PhD, Profesor asociado, Departamento de Agronomía, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.
2
MSc, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá.
3
PhD, Profesor asistente, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja.
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ODÁRUDFLyQVHFRUUHODFLRQDFRQODDSOLFDFLyQGHJLEHUHOLQDVTXHSXHGHQFDXVDUTXHODV\HPDV
IRUPHQEURWHVYHJHWDWLYRVEDMRFRQGLFLRQHVLQGXFWLYDV$PD\RUHVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVGHHVWD
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HQPDQJRVHHVWiQXVDQGRSURGXFWRVTXHUHWDUGDQHOFUHFLPLHQWRFRPRORVWULD]ROHVTXH
LQKLEHQODELRVtQWHVLVGHODVJLEHUHOLQDV8QRGHHVWRVFRPSXHVWRVHVHOSDFOREXWUD]ROTXH
VHGHEHDSOLFDUGHVSXpVGHOUHLQLFLRGHOFUHFLPLHQWRYHJHWDWLYROXHJRGHODSRGDGHXQPHV
DXQPHV\PHGLRGHVSXpVGHpVWDGHSHQGLHQGRGHOFXOWLYDUHVWHFRPSXHVWRDGHODQWDXQ
PHVODÁRUDFLyQ\ODFRVHFKD
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ORJHQHUDOVRQQHFHVDULDVSDUDODLQKLELFLyQSURORQJDGDGHODÁRUDFLyQGXUDQWHSHULRGRV
LQGXFWLYRV HQ FtWULFRV (Q DJXDFDWH HO *$ VH XWLOL]D SDUD HVWLPXODU OD LQLFLDFLyQ \ HO
GHVDUUROOR GH OD ÁRUDFLyQ \ VX HIHFWR GHSHQGH GHO PRPHQWR GH DSOLFDFLyQ \ GHO HVWDGR
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HPEDUJR HQ PDQJR KD\ SRFD UHODFLyQ HQWUH IRWRDVLPLODGRV QLYHOHV GH 1 \ ÁRUDFLyQ
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VREUH HO ÁRUtJHQR* pVWH HV WUDQVSRUWDGR SRU HO ÁRHPD FRQ ORV IRWRDVLPLODGRV (Q HVWH
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FDUERKLGUDWRV QR HVWUXFWXUDOHV HQ OD IRUPD GH DOPLGyQ KDQ VLGR VXJHULGRV SRU YDULRV
LQYHVWLJDGRUHVFRPRXQIDFWRUTXHOLPLWDODIRUPDFLyQÁRUDO6LQHPEDUJRQRH[LVWHXQD
FRUUHODFLyQFRQVLVWHQWHHQWUHORVQLYHOHVGHDOPLGyQHQODVKRMDV\ORVWDOORV\ODLQGXFFLyQ
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VWDWXVGHORVFDUERKLGUDWRVHQUHIHUHQFLDDODÁRUDFLyQHQPDQGDULQD¶:LONLQJ·
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IXHGHODQWHVGHOSHULRGRÁRUDFLyQ\GLVPLQX\yDOFRQODLQGXFFLyQÁRUDO7(Q
HVWHIUXWDOODVKRMDVPiVSUy[LPDVDODVLQÁRUHVFHQFLDVVRQODIXHQWHPiVFHUFDQDGHORV
IRWRDVLPLODGRVTXHVHWUDQVORFDQDORVyUJDQRVYHJHWDWLYRV\UHSURGXFWLYRVHQGHVDUUROOR
FLORACIÓN
Estados fenológicos
/DLGHQWLÀFDFLyQDGHFXDGDGHORVHVWDGLRVIHQROyJLFRVGHODVSODQWDVHVGHYLWDOLPSRUWDQFLD
SDUD OD FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ GH ODV VHOHFFLRQHV YDULHWDOHV HO PDQHMR DJURQyPLFR GH ODV
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FUHFLPLHQWRHWFODSURJUDPDFLyQGHODVFRVHFKDV(OLQLFLRGHHVWRVHVWDGLRVGHSHQGHHQ
SULPHUOXJDUGHODVXVFHSWLELOLGDGGHOPDWHULDOYHJHWDODOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODWHPSHUDWXUD
RDOIRWRSHULRGRDOJXQDVYDULHGDGHVVRQVXVFHSWLEOHVDORVGRVIDFWRUHV
(QFRPSDUDFLyQFRQODVFODYHVIHQROyJLFDVFOiVLFDVXWLOL]DGDVSRU)OHFNLQJHUSDUDIUXWDOHV
\SRU%DJJLROLQLSDUDYLGRFyGLJRDOIDEpWLFRODPiVHPSOHDGDHVODHVFDODGHOD%%&+
DFUyQLPR GH %LRORJLVFKH %XQGHVDQVWDOW %XQGHVVRUWHQDPW DQG &KHPLFDO ,QGXVWU\
DGDSWDGDSRU0HLHU6HWUDWDGHXQDHVFDODGHFLPDOGHGRVGtJLWRVGHORVFXDOHVHO
SULPHURVHUHÀHUHDXQHVWDGRSULQFLSDOGHGHVDUUROOR\HOVHJXQGRWDPELpQDXQ
HVWDGRVHFXQGDULRGHQWURGHOSULQFLSDO
* El florígeno o promotor florigénico (PF) es una sustancia que induce la floración en mango y es sintetizada en las hojas y regulada
por la temperatura.
126
(Q OD PD\RUtD GH IUXWDOHV OD ÁRUDFLyQ VH XELFD HQ ORV HVWDGLRV SULQFLSDOHV GHO FyGLJR
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ODÁRUDFLyQHQYLGVitis vinifera /
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SURJUHVLYDGHVGHOD\HPDODWHQWHKDVWDHOFXDMDGRGHOIUXWRUHVXPLGDHQHVWDGLRVFRQ
VXEHVWDGLRVPRUIROyJLFRV(VWDHVSHFLHHVDXWRFRPSDWLEOHSHURPDQLÀHVWDXQDGLFRJDPtD
VLQFURQL]DGDHVGHFLUODPDGXUDFLyQGHORVyUJDQRVVH[XDOHVIHPHQLQR\PDVFXOLQRGHODÁRU
KHUPDIURGLWDRFXUUHHQPRPHQWRVGLVWLQWRVKDFLpQGRORSULPHURORVyUJDQRVIHPHQLQRV
Factores ambientales
/DVFRQGLFLRQHVDPELHQWDOHVQRVyORGHWHUPLQDQODpSRFDGHEURWDFLyQVLQRTXHWDPELpQ
VRQUHVSRQVDEOHVHQJUDQSDUWHGHODLQWHQVLGDG\ODGLVWULEXFLyQGHODÁRUDFLyQ3RUHMHPSOR
/D\HPDÁRUDOSDUDORJUDUXQDySWLPDGLIHUHQFLDFLyQUHTXLHUHXQEXHQDEDVWHFLPLHQWRGH
DJXDHQHOiUERO\XQGpÀFLWGXUDQWHHVWHSHULRGRSXHGHGHWHUPLQDUTXHpVWDQRVHUHDOLFH
6LQHPEDUJRODSUHVHQFLDGHOOXYLDVHQODpSRFDGHÁRUDFLyQFRQVWLWX\HXQIDFWRUQHJDWLYR
SDUD OD IHFXQGDFLyQ SXHV LPSLGH XQD FRUUHFWD SROLQL]DFLyQ DO LQWHUIHULU OD DFFLyQ GH ORV
SROLQL]DGRUHVODYDUORVHVWLJPDV\UHWDUGDUODDSHUWXUDGHODVDQWHUDV
(QFtWULFRVSDUDTXHRFXUUDODÁRUDFLyQGHEHSUHVHQWDUVHXQGpÀFLWKtGULFRHQWUH\
0Pa8QHMHPSORHVODPDQGDULQD$UUD\DQDHQHOSLHGHPRQWHGHO0HWDTXHSDUDLQGXFLU
ODÁRUDFLyQQHFHVLWDGtDVGHHVWUpVKtGULFR
/D WHPSHUDWXUD MXHJD XQ SDSHO LPSRUWDQWH HQ WRGRV ORV SURFHVRV TXtPLFRV \ ELRItVLFRV
\D TXH VX LQWHQVLGDG JXDUGD UHODFLyQ GLUHFWD FRQ OD YHORFLGDG GH ODV UHDFFLRQHV FXDQGR
HVySWLPDSDUDHOGHVDUUROORYHJHWDOODÁRUDFLyQRFXUUHHQFRUWRWLHPSRSHURVLHVWiSRU
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ySWLPDV SDUD HO FUHFLPLHQWR \ OD ÁRUDFLyQ VRQ UHODWLYDPHQWH HOHYDGDV /DV WHPSHUDWXUDV
DOWDVFRPELQDGDVFRQXQDKXPHGDGUHODWLYDEDMDSXHGHQKDFHUTXHHOOtTXLGRHVWLJPiWLFRVH
VHTXH\ORVJUDQRVGHSROHQQRVHDGKLHUDQRTXHVHSURYRTXHODIRUPDFLyQGHXQD]RQD
GHDEVFLVLyQHQHOSHG~QFXOR\ODÁRUVHGHVSUHQGD
3DUDODPD\RUSDUWHGHODVHVSHFLHVFDGXFDVORVOtPLWHVGHUHVLVWHQFLDGXUDQWHHOSHULRGRGH
ÁRUDFLyQVHXELFDQDSUR[LPDGDPHQWH\HQSURPHGLRGHQWURGHORVVLJXLHQWHVYDORUHV
&HQODIDVHSUHYLDDODDSDULFLyQGHORVSpWDORV&HQODDSDULFLyQGHORVSpWDORV
&HQSOHQDÁRUDFLyQ(QPDQ]DQRODV\HPDVRERWRQHVÁRUDOHVD~QFHUUDGRVHLQLFLDQGR
HOFRORUSODWHDGRSXHGHQ VRSRUWDUKDVWD&\ODVÁRUHV\DDELHUWDVKDVWD&(O
SURFHVRGHIHFXQGDFLyQGHORYDULRGHODVÁRUHVHVDIHFWDGRWDPELpQSRUODWHPSHUDWXUDOD
JHUPLQDFLyQGHOJUDQRGHSROHQ\HOFUHFLPLHQWRGHOWXERSROtQLFRRFXUUHQPiVUiSLGDPHQWH
FRQWHPSHUDWXUDVGH&/DJHUPLQDFLyQGLVPLQX\HDORV&\VHDQXODSRUGHEDMR
GH&(QHOFDVRGHORVIUXWDOHVGHFOLPDIUtRODWHPSHUDWXUDLGHDOSDUDTXHVHSUHVHQWHOD
OLEHUDFLyQGHSROHQHV&
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\HPDVWLHQHLQÁXHQFLDQHJDWLYDVREUHODLQLFLDFLyQÁRUDO\PHUPDHOSRUFHQWDMHGHÁRUDFLyQ
GHDKtODQHFHVLGDGGHXWLOL]DUXQVLVWHPDDGHFXDGRGHFRQGXFFLyQ'HLJXDOIRUPDGXUDQWH
ODSOHQDÁRUDFLyQRDQWHVLVODOXPLQRVLGDGEDMDHYLWDODFDtGDGHOFDSXFKyQGHPDQHUDTXH
no se puede liberar el polen
Factores nutricionales
/D ÁRUDFLyQ VH GLVWULEX\H HQ GLVWLQWRV WLSRV GH EURWHV GH WLSR PL[WR FRQ KRMDV \ GH
WLSRJHQHUDWLYRVLQKRMDVFRPRHQHOFDVRGHOFLUXHORTXHSUHVHQWDODÁRUDFLyQDQWHVGH
OD DSHUWXUD IROLDU /D SUHVHQFLD GH KRMDV VH PXHVWUD FRPR XQ IDFWRU LPSRUWDQWH SDUD HO
FXDMDGRGHIUXWR\VHEDVDHQVXFDSDFLGDGSDUDVLQWHWL]DU\H[SRUWDUPHWDEROLWRVDOIUXWRHQ
128
GHVDUUROOR0LHQWUDVWLHQHOXJDUHOGHVDUUROORGHOEURWHVXVKRMDVDFW~DQFRPRYHUWHGHURVOR
TXHKDFHTXHVHJHQHUHXQÁXMRKDFLDHOODVWRPHQPHWDEROLWRVGHRWUDVSDUWHVGHODSODQWD
UHVHUYDV\DPHGLGDTXHPDGXUDQVHWUDQVIRUPHQHQyUJDQRVIXHQWHIRWRVLQWHWL]DGRUHV
\DSRUWHQORVIRWRVLQWDWRVRIRWRDVLPLODGRVDODVÁRUHVRORVIUXWRVHQIRUPDFLyQORTXH
FRQVWLWX\HXQDHQRUPHYHQWDMDUHVSHFWRDORVEURWHVVLQKRMDV(OSDSHOGHODVKRMDVQRVyOR
VHFHQWUDHQVXFDSDFLGDGGHSURYHHUVDFDURVDDOIUXWRHQODVLQÁRUHVFHQFLDVFRQKRMDVVH
KDGHWHFWDGRXQPD\RUFRQWHQLGRGHJLEHUHOLQDVHQGyJHQDVTXHHQODVTXHQRSRVHHQKRMDV
¶YHJHWDWLYDV·GHPDQHUDTXHODIRUPDFLyQGHORVyUJDQRVÁRUDOHVVHHIHFW~DDH[SHQVDGH
ORVQXWULHQWHVWUDQVIHULGRVGHODVKRMDVDORVPHULVWHPRVÁRUDOHV
/DGLVSRQLELOLGDGGHFDUERKLGUDWRVVHKDVXJHULGRFRPRXQRGHORVIDFWRUHVFRQGLFLRQDQWHV
GHODÁRUDFLyQHQFtWULFRV(QHVWHVHQWLGRODGLVPLQXFLyQGHODLQWHQVLGDGGHÁRUDFLyQ
WUDVXQDFRVHFKDHOHYDGDSRGUtDMXVWLÀFDUVHSRUXQDJRWDPLHQWRGHODVUHVHUYDVGHODSODQWD
(QORViUEROHVIUXWDOHVH[LVWHXQDUHODFLyQFXDQWLWDWLYDLQYHUVDHQWUHODV\HPDVÁRUDOHV\ODV
YHJHWDWLYDV(QJHQHUDOHOQ~PHURGHÁRUHV\ÀQDOPHQWHGHIUXWRVGHXQiUERODGXOWRVHUi
HOUHVXOWDGRGHDMXVWHVSURJUHVLYRVTXHODSODQWDUHDOL]DHQIXQFLyQGHODGLVWULEXFLyQGHORV
QXWULHQWHVTXHSRVHHHQWUHHOFUHFLPLHQWRYHJHWDWLYR\ODSURGXFFLyQ
Factores hormonales
&XDQGR ORV FRQWHQLGRV HQGyJHQRV GH JLEHUHOLQDV VRQ EDMRV VH SURGXFH XQD EURWDFLyQ
PD\RU\HQFRQVHFXHQFLDVHREWLHQHXQDÁRUDFLyQPD\RU&RQORVQLYHOHVDOWRVGHÁRUDFLyQ
VHSURGXFHXQDXPHQWRGHWRGRVORVEURWHV/DSURSRUFLyQGHEURWHVÁRUDOHVHVPD\RUTXH
ODGHEURWHVGHWLSRPL[WR\ODGHpVWRVDVXYH]PD\RUTXHODGHORVEURWHVYHJHWDWLYRV
$PHGLGDTXHODÁRUDFLyQVHUHGXFHDODXPHQWDUORVFRQWHQLGRVHQGyJHQRVGHJLEHUHOLQDV
VHUHGXFHHOQ~PHURGHEURWHVJHQHUDWLYRVSRUORTXHVHDXPHQWDODSURSRUFLyQGHEURWHV
PL[WRV\YHJHWDWLYRVUHVSHFWRDODSURSRUFLyQGHORVEURWHVGHOWLSRJHQHUDWLYR
(OFLUXHORMDSRQpVSURGXFHJUDQFDQWLGDGGHÁRUHV\GHIUXWRVSRUORTXHVHUHTXLHUHDSOLFDUOH
JLEHUHOLQDV(OHIHFWRGHSHQGHGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQHPSOHDGDGHOWLSRGHEURWHGHOJHQRWLSR
\GHODVFRQGLFLRQHVFOLPiWLFDV(QHVWHFDVRHOHIHFWRySWLPRVHHQFRQWUyFRQDSOLFDFLRQHV
GHPJ/GH*$, GtDVGHVSXpVGHODDQWHVLV(VWDWpFQLFDWLHQHFRPRREMHWLYRHYLWDU
DOWHUQDQFLDHQODIUXFWLÀFDFLyQ(QRWUDVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVFRQODDSOLFDFLyQGHLQKLELGRUHV
GH JLEHUHOLQDV VH REWXYR XQ DGHODQWR GH GtDV GH OD ÁRUDFLyQ \ SRU OR WDQWR GH OD
/D ÁRUDFLyQ VH YH DIHFWDGD SRU OD SUHVHQFLD GH IUXWRV HQ HO iUERO (O QLYHO GH FRVHFKD
DQWHULRU DIHFWD OD EURWDFLyQ \ HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD OD ÁRUDFLyQ GH PDQHUD TXH H[LVWH XQ
JUDGLHQWHGHEURWDFLyQTXHGLVPLQX\HFRQODSURGXFWLYLGDG\FXDQWRPD\RUHVpVWDPHQRU
HV HO SRUFHQWDMH GH HVWUXFWXUDV ÁRUDOHV VLQ KRMDV 8Q UHWUDVR HQ OD UHFROHFFLyQ GHO IUXWR
WDPELpQ SXHGH DOWHUDU OD LQWHQVLGDG GH OD ÁRUDFLyQ HVWH IDFWRU HV PXFKR PiV IXHUWH HQ
YDULHGDGHVGHEDMDÁRUDFLyQHQODVTXHVHSXHGHYHUFRPSURPHWLGDODFRVHFKDSRUHOEDMR
QLYHOGHÁRUDFLyQ(OHIHFWRLQKLELWRULRGHORVIUXWRVVREUHODÁRUDFLyQVHKDYLQFXODGR
FRQORVFRQWHQLGRVGHJLEHUHOLQDVSURGXFLGDVSRUHOIUXWRHQGHVDUUROOR
(VWXGLRVVREUHORVHIHFWRVGHOHWLOHQRXQSURGXFWRGHOPHWDEROLVPRQDWXUDOGHODSODQWD
VREUHODÁRUDFLyQHQPDQJR\SLxDKDQGHPRVWUDGRTXHDVSHUVLRQHVGH\PJ/GH
HWKHSKRQiFLGRFORURHWLOIRVIyQLFRSURGXFHQXQHIHFWRSRVLWLYRHQVXLQFUHPHQWR6H
UHFRPLHQGDKDFHUODDSOLFDFLyQGHHWKHSKRQVROR\QRHQPH]FODV
Polinización
&XDQGRODVSDUWHVGHODÁRU\DIRUPDGDVLQLFLDQVXGHVDUUROOR\ODVÁRUHVVHDEUHQVHLQLFLD
XQQXHYRHVWDGLRFUtWLFRGHGHVDUUROORHQODSURGXFFLyQGHOFXOWLYR/DVÁRUHVWLHQHQTXH
SROLQL]DUVHDGHFXDGDPHQWHDQWHVGHTXHHOIUXWRVHIRUPH\VHGHVDUUROOH/DSROLQL]DFLyQ
RFXUUHFXDQGRHOSROHQSURGXFLGRSRUODVDQWHUDVHVWUDQVIHULGRDOHVWLJPD/DVÁRUHVGHORV
iUEROHVIUXWDOHVSRUORJHQHUDOVRQUHFHSWLYDVSDUDODSROLQL]DFLyQGXUDQWHXQRVFLQFRGtDV
GHVSXpVGHTXHVHKD\DQDELHUWR
/DSROLQL]DFLyQHQIUXWDOHVVHUHDOL]DGHGRVIRUPDVODSULPHUDVHGHQRPLQDDORJDPLDR
SROLQL]DFLyQ FUX]DGD HQ OD TXH ORV JDPHWRV SURFHGHQ GH LQGLYLGXRV GLVWLQWRV HVWH WLSR
GHSROLQL]DFLyQHVODPiVIUHFXHQWHHQiUEROHVIUXWDOHV\HQHOODHOSROHQHVWUDQVSRUWDGR
KDVWDRWUDÁRUGHODPLVPDSODQWDRGHXQDGLVWLQWDSRUPHGLRGHHQWRPRJDPLDRVHD
FRQLQVHFWRVRSRUDFFLyQGHOYLHQWRRDQHPRJDPLD/DVHJXQGDIRUPDGHSROLQL]DFLyQHV
ODDXWRJDPLDSROLQL]DFLyQGLUHFWDRDXWRSROLQL]DFLyQHQODTXHORVJDPHWRVTXHVHXQHQ
SURFHGHQGHODPLVPDÁRU/DGLFRJDPLDVHSUHVHQWDFXDQGRORVHVWDPEUHV\HVWLJPDVGH
XQDPLVPDÁRUHVWiQPDGXURVSDUDODSROLQL]DFLyQHQpSRFDVGLIHUHQWHVLPSRVLELOLWDQGR
XQD DXWRIHFXQGDFLyQ HVWH IHQyPHQR HV LQÁXHQFLDGR QRWDEOHPHQWH SRU ODV FRQGLFLRQHV
DJURHFROyJLFDV
3DUDTXHXQDÁRUSXHGDVHUSROLQL]DGDVHUHTXLHUHTXHHOHVWLJPDVHDUHFHSWLYRHVGHFLUTXH
VHSUHVHQWHPDGXUH]GHORVyYXORVHQHORYDULR\TXHKD\DSUHVHQFLDGHOtTXLGRHVWLJPiWLFR
D]XFDUDGR\SHJDMRVR\TXHKD\DOLEHUDFLyQGHSROHQTXHVHDGKLHUDDOHVWLJPD$OJXQDV
HVSHFLHV IUXWtFRODV WLHQHQ UHTXHULPLHQWRV HVSHFtÀFRV SDUD OD SROLQL]DFLyQ FRPR HV HO
FDVR GHO DJXDFDWH SRU OD IDOWD GH PDGXUDFLyQ VLPXOWiQHD GH VXV yUJDQRV VH[XDOHV /RV
130
IUXWLFXOWRUHVGHEHQFRQRFHUORVUHTXHULPLHQWRVGHVXVKXHUWRV\WRPDU SUHYLVLRQHVSDUD
ODDGHFXDGDSROLQL]DFLyQELHQVHDFRQHOHPSOHRGHDJHQWHVSROLQL]DGRUHVRDWUDYpVGHOD
SODQWDFLyQGHYDULHGDGHVTXHDSRUWHQSROHQ
Fecundación
(Q IRUPD VHQFLOODOD IHFXQGDFLyQFRQVLVWHHQOD IXVLyQGHO yYXOR\HOJUDQR GHSROHQ \
RULJLQD FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLDHO FXDMDGR GHOIUXWRHVGHFLU OD IRUPDFLyQ GHOIUXWR\GHOD
VHPLOODHQVXLQWHULRU
(QJHQHUDOHOSROHQGHXQDÁRUQRIHFXQGDFRQODLQWHQVLGDG\HQODSURSRUFLyQSUHFLVD
ORVyYXORVGHHVDPLVPDÁRURORVGHRWUDVÁRUHVGHSODQWDVGHLGpQWLFDYDULHGDG'HDKt
ODQHFHVLGDGGHUHDOL]DUSODQWDFLRQHVHQGRQGHVHLQFOX\DQYDULHGDGHVSROLQL]DQWHVFX\DV
ÁRUHV VH SROLQLFHQ PXWXDPHQWH \ OH DSRUWHQ SROHQ D RWUDV YDULHGDGHV &RPR HMHPSORV
GHVWDFDGRV HQ ORV TXH HV LPSUHVFLQGLEOH OD DVRFLDFLyQ GH GRV R WUHV YDULHGDGHV TXH VH
SROLQLFHQPXWXDPHQWHÀJXUDQODVSODQWDFLRQHVGHPDQ]DQRVSHUDOHV\FLUXHORVPLHQWUDV
TXHSDUDODIHLMRDXQDYDULHGDGSROLQL]DGRUDSXHGHDXPHQWDUHOSHVRGHORVIUXWRV
(Q YDULDV HVSHFLHV GH IUXWDOHV KD\ OD WHQGHQFLD D IRUPDU IUXWRV QR IHFXQGDGRV \ VLQ
VHPLOODVFRPRVXFHGHHQHOEDQDQRODXYDORVFtWULFRVODSLxDHOSHUDO\HOPDQ]DQR
/DSUHVHQFLDGHODVJLEHUHOLQDVSRVLELOLWDHOGHVDUUROORGHHVWRVIUXWRVSDUWHQRFiUSLFRV
(QFtWULFRVVLQVHPLOODVVHHQFRQWUDURQDOWDVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVGHJLEHUHOLQDVVLQWHWL]DGDV
HQ HO RYDULR OR TXH GD OD SRVLELOLGDG GH DSOLFDUODV SDUD DXPHQWDU HO Q~PHUR GH HVWRV
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QXWULFLyQ\SDWURQHVGHFUHFLPLHQWRGpELO$PHQXGRHVWRVIUXWRVSXHGHQPDOIRUPDUVH
FRPR VXFHGH HQ OD SHUD ¶7ULXQIR GH 9LHQD· FXOWLYDGD HQ %R\DFi /DV WHPSHUDWXUDV
HOHYDGDV PD\RUHV GH & \ KXPHGDGHV UHODWLYDV DOWDV SRU HQFLPD GHO SXHGHQ
WDPELpQRULJLQDUIUXWRVSDUWHQRFiUSLFRV
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QDFH GH OD FpOXOD GHO VDFR HPEULRQDULR VLQR GH ODV FpOXODV VRPiWLFDV GLSORLGHV GHO WHMLGR
FLUFXQGDQWHGHODQXFHODRGHORVLQWHJXPHQWRV(VWDIRUPDGHSURSDJDFLyQUHVXOWDHQ
SOiQWXODVLGpQWLFDVDODVGHODYDULHGDGSDUHQWDO\VHSUHVHQWDHQORVJpQHURVVLOYHVWUHVGH
PDQ]DQRFtWULFRV \PDQJR
/DVÁRUHVGHFtWULFRVWLHQHQDOWRVSRUFHQWDMHVGHSROHQ\yYXORVIpUWLOHVSHURHQHOODVQRVH
SURGXFHIHFXQGDFLyQQLODFRQVLJXLHQWHIRUPDFLyQGHVHPLOODVGHQWURGHXQDPLVPDYDULHGDG
DXWRLQFRPSDWLELOLGDGQLHQWUHODVGLVWLQWDVYDULHGDGHVGHOJUXSRLQWHULQFRPSDWLELOLGDG
&XDQGRVRQSROLQL]DGDVSRUYDULHGDGHVGHRWURVJUXSRV²DH[FHSFLyQGHOJUXSR1DYHO\HQ
PHQRUPHGLGDHOJUXSR6DWVXPD²DSDUHFHQVHPLOODV(VWHJUXSRSUHVHQWDSDUWHQRFDUSLD
SHURSDUHFHVHUTXHODDFWLYLGDGGHORVSROLQL]DGRUHVDXPHQWDODSURGXFFLyQ/DVYDULHGDGHV
VRQDXWRHVWpULOHVSRUORTXHVyORIRUPDUiQVHPLOODVHQSUHVHQFLDGHIXHQWHVGHSROHQYLDEOH
SURYHQLHQWHGHRWUDVYDULHGDGHV
MesocarpoHVHOWHMLGRFDUQRVRHQWUHHOH[RFDUSR\HOHQGRFDUSR6HJ~QODHVSHFLHRFXUUHQ
FDPELRVHQVXWH[WXUDHOGHODFLUXHODHVMXJRVRKDVWDODPDGXUH]HOGHODDOPHQGUD\GHO
SLVWDFKRVHYXHOYHVHFR\FRUUHRVR\HOGHOFRFRVHWUDQVIRUPDHQVHFR\ÀEURVR
EndocarpoHVHOWHMLGRPiVLQWHUQRGHOSHULFDUSR\URGHDODVHPLOOD/DPRUIRORJtDGHO
HQGRFDUSRHVXQDFODYHLPSRUWDQWHSDUDGLIHUHQFLDUORVIUXWRVHQED\DVYHUGDGHUDVRHQ
GUXSDVHQODED\DYHUGDGHUDODWH[WXUDGHOHQGRFDUSLRHVLQGLVWLQJXLEOHGHODGHOPHVRFDUSLR
PLHQWUDVTXHHQODGUXSDHOHQGRFDUSRIRUPDHOUHFXEULPLHQWRGXURGHODVHPLOOD
Tipos de frutos
Frutos simples
/RVIUXWRVVLPSOHVFRQVLVWHQGHXQRYDULRDODUJDGR\DOJXQDVRWUDVSDUWHVGHODÁRUSXHGHQ
VHULQFRUSRUDGDVHQpO6HGHVDUUROODQGHXQVRORSLVWLOR\VRQODVIUXWDVPiVFRPXQHV
(QORVIUXWRVFDUQRVRVHOSHULFDUSRHVFDUQRVRFXDQGRPDGXUDQHMHPSORGHHVWHWLSRGH
IUXWRVVRQODVED\DVTXHSXHGHQFRQWHQHUXQDVHPLOODFRPRRFXUUHHQHODJXDFDWH\HO
GiWLO RPXFKDVFRPRHQODXFKXYD(QODVGUXSDVFX\DSDUWHFRPHVWLEOHHVHOPHVRFDUSR
HOHQGRFDUSRHVWiOLJQLÀFDGRRHQGXUHFLGRFRPRHMHPSORÀJXUDQHOGXUD]QRHOFLUXHORHO
PDQJR\ODDFHLWXQD/RVSRPRVFRPRODPDQ]DQDODSHUD\HOPHPEULOORVRQGHULYDGRV
GH YDULRV FDUSHORV IXVLRQDGRV URGHDGRV GH XQ WHMLGR ÁRUDO DFFHVRULR /RV FtWULFRV VRQ
KHVSHULGLRVVXFiVFDUDHVWiFRPSXHVWDSRUHOH[RFDUSR\HOPHVRFDUSR\ODSDUWHFRPHVWLEOH
HVHOHQGRFDUSRFRPSXHVWRGHOyFXORV
132
(QORVIUXWRVVHFRVHOSHULFDUSLRHVVHFRFXDQGRPDGXUDQ(QHOORVVHGLVWLQJXHHQWUHIUXWRV
GHKLVFHQWHVORVTXHVHDEUHQFXDQGRHVWiQPDGXURVFRPRODDUYHMD\IUXWRVLQGHKLVFHQWHV
DTXpOORVTXHQRVHDEUHQFXDQGRPDGXUDQFRPRRFXUUHHQODVQXHFHV
Frutos agregados
(VWH WLSR GH IUXWRV VH GHULYD GH XQD VROD ÁRU FRQ PXFKRV SLVWLORV VLPSOHV R FDUSHORV
FRPRVXFHGHHQODIDPLOLDGHODVURViFHDVFRQIUXWRVFRPRODIUHVDHQODTXHORVSLVWLORV
LQGLYLGXDOHV VREUH OD VXSHUÀFLH GHO UHFHSWiFXOR VH GHVDUUROODQ HQ DTXHQLRV R IUXWRV
YHUGDGHURV(ORYDULRGHFDGDFDUSHORWLHQHXQyYXOR\HORYDULRVHWUDQVIRUPDHQXQIUXWR
VHFRGHXQDVRODVHPLOOD
/D PRUD \ OD IUDPEXHVD TXH VRQ IUXWDV DJUHJDGDV YHUGDGHUDV WLHQHQ HVHQFLDOPHQWH OD
PLVPDHVWUXFWXUDTXHODIUHVDHQVXVÁRUHVPXFKRVGHORVFDUSHORVVHSDUDGRV\DGKHULGRV
DOUHFHSWiFXOR~QLFRVHWUDQVIRUPDQHQSHTXHxDVGUXSDVRGUXSHRODV
Frutos múltiples
6RQIUXWRVIRUPDGRVSRUXQDFDQWLGDGYDULDEOHGHRYDULRVLQGLYLGXDOHVSURYHQLHQWHVGH
YDULDV ÁRUHV R GH XQD LQÁRUHVFHQFLD TXH FUHFHQ PiV R PHQRV MXQWRV IRUPDQGR XQD
PDVDFRPRVXFHGHHQODFKLULPR\DIRUPDGDSRUXQDVXPDGHED\DV2WURHMHPSORHVOD
EUHYDTXHFRQVLVWHGHXQUHFHSWiFXORDJUDQGDGR\FDUQRVRGHULYDGRGHPXFKDVÁRUHV
WRGDVDGKHULGDVDODSDUHGLQWHUQDGHOPLVPRUHFHSWiFXOR(QHOFDVRGHODSLxDODSDUWH
FRPHVWLEOH HV SULQFLSDOPHQWH HO WDOOR FHQWUDO SXOSRVR PX\ HQJURVDGR HQ GRQGH HVWiQ
HPEHELGDVODVED\DV
Cuajamiento
(O FXDMDPLHQWR PDUFD OD WUDQVLFLyQ GHO RYDULR GH OD ÁRU DO IUXWR (VWD IDVH HPSLH]D
FRQ XQ FUHFLPLHQWR UiSLGR GH ORV WHMLGRV GHO RYDULR FXDQGR HVWH FUHFLPLHQWR QR VH GD
R VH LQWHUUXPSH XQD YH] LQLFLDGR HO RYDULR VH GHVSUHQGH \ HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD QR FXDMD
(O GHVDUUROOR SRVWHULRU GHO RYDULR HV UHVXOWDGR GH OD GLYLVLyQ FHOXODU GHO SHULFDUSR 3DUD
TXHVHSUHVHQWHHOFXDMDPLHQWRVHUHTXLHUHODH[LVWHQFLDGH\HPDVÁRUDOHVPDGXUDVELHQ
IRUPDGDV\QXWULGDVXQUpJLPHQGHWHPSHUDWXUDVGXUDQWHODDQWHVLVTXHDVHJXUHXQDEXHQD
SROLQL]DFLyQXQGHVDUUROORGHOWXERSROtQLFR\XQDIHFXQGDFLyQ\XQDSRUWHDGHFXDGRGH
IRWRVLQWDWRVFXDQGRHORYDULRLQLFLHVXGHVDUUROOR
/D FRPSHWHQFLD SRU HOHPHQWRV PLQHUDOHV GXUDQWH HO GHVDUUROOR GHO RYDULR HQ DOJXQDV
YDULHGDGHVSXHGHVHUXQRGHORVIDFWRUHVOLPLWDQWHVGHODSURGXFWLYLGDGVLVHWLHQHHQFXHQWD
OD SpUGLGD GH PDWHULD VHFD \ GH HOHPHQWRV PLQHUDOHV GXUDQWH HVWD IDVH (O FXDMDPLHQWR
GHIUXWRVHVWiUHODFLRQDGRFRQODDFWLYLGDGGHODVÀWRKRUPRQDV\SUREDEOHPHQWHFRQOD
QXWULFLyQ HQ XQD IRUPD PiV LQGLUHFWD (Q IHLMRD VH HQFRQWUy TXH HO IRVIDWR GH SRWDVLR
&RVPRIROLDU®DODSOLFDGRFXDWURYHFHVXQDYH]FDGDGtDVDSDUWLUGHORV
GtDVGHVSXpVGHODSRGDDXPHQWyHOQ~PHURGHIUXWRVFXDMDGRVHQGHVWDFiQGRVH
(Q IUXWDOHV SRPiFHRV FRPR HO PDQ]DQR GH ODV ÁRUHV VH FRQYLHUWH HQ IUXWRV
FRVHFKDEOHVPLHQWUDVTXHHQIUXWDOHVGHKXHVRFRPRFLUXHOR\GXUD]QRORKDFHHO,
HQIHLMRDHO\HQPDQJRVRODPHQWHHO
(QJHQHUDOHOFUHFLPLHQWRDFXPXODGRGHOIUXWRTXHLQFOX\HSHVRWDPDxR\YROXPHQVLJXH
XQFXUYDVLJPRLGH\HQDOJXQRVFDVRVXQDGREOHVLJPRLGHÀJXUD(QODFXUYDVLJPRLGH
VHSXHGHQGLVWLQJXLUWUHVIDVHVODIDVHXQRFDUDFWHUL]DGDSRUODGLYLVLyQFHOXODUODIDVHGRV
HQODTXHVHSUHVHQWDHODODUJDPLHQWRFHOXODU\ODIDVHWUHVHQHOTXHPDGXUDHOIUXWR\KD\
SRFRFUHFLPLHQWR
Incremento del tamaño del fruto
FIGURA 2. (MHPSORV GH FXUYDV GH FUHFLPLHQWR GHO IUXWR GH IRUPD
VLJPRLGH\GREOHVLJPRLGH)XHQWH/RVDXWRUHV
'HQWURGHORVIUXWRVTXHSUHVHQWDQFXUYDVGHVLJPRLGHVLPSOHUHODFLRQDGDVFRQVXWDPDxR
RSHVRIUHVFRVHPHQFLRQDQYDULRVWLSRVGHED\DFRPRDJXDFDWHQDUDQMDPHOyQ\EDQDQR
IUXWRVH[WUDRYiULFRVFRPRPDQ]DQD\SHUD\IUXWRVDJUHJDGRVH[WUDRYiULFRVFRPRIUHVD
WDPELpQODED\DXFKXYDPXHVWUDHVWHFRPSRUWDPLHQWRHQVXFUHFLPLHQWR
(QWUH ODV \ ODV VHPDQDV VLJXLHQWHV D OD ÁRUDFLyQ GHSHQGLHQGR GH OD HVSHFLH \
variedad HO FUHFLPLHQWR GHO IUXWR HV GLULJLGR SRU OD GLYLVLyQ FHOXODU IDVH XQR TXH
134
VHLQWHQVLÀFDFRQHOWLHPSR\UHVXOWDHQXQDIDVHFRQPD\RUSHQGLHQWHÀJXUDHVWD
IDVH VH FDUDFWHUL]D SRU SURFHVRV PHWDEyOLFRV LQWHQVRV /XHJR OD GLYLVLyQ FHOXODU YD
GLVPLQX\HQGRGDQGROXJDUDOHQJURVDPLHQWRFHOXODURIDVHGHFUHFLPLHQWROLQHDOIDVH
GRVFXDQGRHOIUXWRDGTXLHUHXQGHVXWDPDxRÀQDO/DIDVHWUHVLQFOX\HODHWDSD
ÀQDOGHOFUHFLPLHQWR\HOSHULRGRGHPDGXUDFLyQ
/RV IUXWRV GUXSiFHRV TXH WLHQHQ XQ HQGRFDUSLR HQGXUHFLGR \ WDPELpQ DOJXQDV ED\DV
SUHVHQWDQ GRV HWDSDV GH FUHFLPLHQWR UiSLGR LQWHUUXPSLGDV SRU XQD IDVH LQWHUPHGLD
0LHQWUDV TXH HQ OD SULPHUD IDVH GH FUHFLPLHQWR UiSLGR HO RYDULR \ VX FRQWHQLGR FUHFHQ
H[SRQHQFLDOPHQWHH[FHSWRHOHPEULyQ\HOHQGRVSHUPDHQODIDVHGRVRLQWHUPHGLDHO
FUHFLPLHQWRGHOHPEULyQ\HOHQGRVSHUPDHVPDUFDGRHOHQGRFDUSLRVHHQGXUHFH\ODSDUHG
del ovario crece poco(VWHFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGDOXJDUDXQDFXUYDGREOHVLJPRLGHÀJXUD
$OJXQRVDXWRUHVGHVFULEHQODIDVHGHOHQGXUHFLPLHQWRFRPRXQDSURORQJDFLyQGHODIDVH
unoPLHQWUDVTXHRWURVODGHQRPLQDQFRPRIDVHGRVGHPDQHUDTXHHVWHWLSRGHIUXWRV
WHQGUtDFXDWURIDVHVGHGHVDUUROORGHOIUXWR
/DVHVSHFLHVFRQXQFUHFLPLHQWRGREOHVLJPRLGHVRQWDQWRORVIUXWRVVLPSOHVRYiULFRVGXUD]QR
FLUXHORODED\DXYD\ORVH[WUDRYiULFRVIDOVDED\DGHDUiQGDQRFRPRORVIUXWRVDJUHJDGRV
RYiULFRVIUDPEXHVDPRUD\ORVIUXWRVP~OWLSOHVH[WUDRYiULFRVFKLULPR\DEUHYD
(QWUHORVIDFWRUHVDPELHQWDOHVODWHPSHUDWXUDHODJXD\ODOX]MXHJDQHOSDSHOPiVLPSRUWDQWH
HQHOFUHFLPLHQWRGHOIUXWR/DWHPSHUDWXUDLQÁX\HHQODH[SDQVLyQ\ODYHORFLGDGGHIRUPDFLyQ
GHO IUXWR \ GH ODV VHPLOODV DFWXDQGR HQ SULPHU OXJDU VREUH ODV HQ]LPDV \ HO WUDQVSRUWH GH
ORVFDUERKLGUDWRV(QIRUPDJHQHUDOODVWHPSHUDWXUDVDOWDVUHGXFHQODDVLPLODFLyQQHWDSRU
FLHUUHGHORVHVWRPDVLJXDOPHQWHORVDPELHQWHVVHFRV\HOPXFKRYLHQWRGLVPLQX\HQODWDVD
GHFUHFLPLHQWRGHORVIUXWRV/DWHPSHUDWXUDHQWUH\&IDYRUHFHODGLYLVLyQFHOXODU\
ODLQIHULRUD&UHGXFHHQJHQHUDOHOWDPDxRGHOIUXWR/DVWHPSHUDWXUDVPX\HOHYDGDV
FRPR GH & SURYRFDQ DOJ~Q GHVRUGHQ ÀVLROyJLFR FRPR HO HQQHJUHFLPLHQWR GH ORV
duraznos\ODFDtGDGHORVIUXWRV3DUDFtWULFRVHOXPEUDOGHWHPSHUDWXUDSDUDHOFUHFLPLHQWR
HVWiDOUHGHGRUGH&\HOIUXWRFUHFHSDUDOHODPHQWHFRQODVXPDWpUPLFD8QDXPHQWRHQ
ODDOWLWXGGHDPVQPHQ%R\DFiGLVPLQX\yODWHPSHUDWXUDSURPHGLRGH &D
&SURORQJDQGRHOSHULRGRGHGHVDUUROORGHOIUXWRHQXFKXYDGHDGtDV
/D GHÀFLHQFLD GH DJXD GLVPLQX\H HO FUHFLPLHQWR \ OD FDOLGDG GH ORV IUXWRV VL VH WLHQH HQ
FXHQWDTXHHQVXHVWDGRGHPDGXUH]FRQWLHQHQKDVWDRPiVGHDJXD'XUDQWHODIDVH
GHDODUJDPLHQWRGHOIUXWRXQEXHQVXPLQLVWURGHDJXDHVLQGLVSHQVDEOHSDUDVXFUHFLPLHQWR
UHJXODU(QODIDVHGHPDGXUDFLyQHVUHFRPHQGDEOHXQVXPLQLVWURQRPX\DOWRSDUDIDYRUHFHU
ODFDOLGDG\ODFRQVHUYDFLyQHQSRVFRVHFKD/DPD\RUtDGHODJXDOOHJDDOIUXWRDWUDYpVGHO
/RVFDPELRVEUXVFRVHQHOVXPLQLVWURGHDJXDDOIUXWRSXHGHQFDXVDUUXSWXUDVTXHDIHFWDQ
VyORODHSLGHUPLVRTXHLQFOXVRDEUHQODSXOSD8QUHWUDVRHQHOGHVDUUROORGHODFRUWH]DGH
ORVFtWULFRVSXHGHKDFHUTXHQRVRSRUWHODSUHVLyQTXHHMHUFHODSXOSDVREUHHOODSRUXQDOWR
FRQWHQLGRGHDJXDKDFLHQGRTXHHOIUXWRVHDEUD
/DOX]HVVXPDPHQWHLPSRUWDQWHSDUDODSLJPHQWDFLyQFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHODHSLGHUPLVVLQ
HPEDUJRHQDOWDVFDQWLGDGHVSXHGHQFDXVDUHOGHQRPLQDGRJROSHGHOVROSRUORTXHVH
UHFRPLHQGDGHMDUXQDFLHUWDFDQWLGDGGHIROODMHSRUHQFLPDGHOIUXWRHQSDUWLFXODUHQODV
DOWLWXGHVHOHYDGDV/DIRWRVtQWHVLVGHODVKRMDVFHUFDQDVIDYRUHFHHOVXPLQLVWURGHOIUXWR
FRQIRWRDVLPLODGRV3DUDPXFKRVIUXWDOHVHVLPSRUWDQWHTXHORVIUXWRVHVWiQH[SXHVWRV
PiVRPHQRVGLUHFWDPHQWHDODOX]SDUDTXHGHVDUUROOHQVXPHMRUFXDOLGDGJXVWDWLYD
Factores nutricionales
3RU OR JHQHUDO XQ LQFUHPHQWR GH OD IHUWLOL]DFLyQ FRQ 1 LQÁX\H PiV HQ HO FUHFLPLHQWR
YHJHWDWLYR TXH HQ HO UHQGLPLHQWR \ XQ VXPLQLVWUR GHPDVLDGR DOWR GH HVWH HOHPHQWR
GLVPLQX\HODFDOLGDGGHORVIUXWRVHQFXDQWRDVDERUGXUDFLyQHQSRVFRVHFKDWH[WXUD\
FRORUDFLyQ(O1HVPX\LPSRUWDQWHGXUDQWHHOFXDMDPLHQWRGHOIUXWR
(Q HO DEDVWHFLPLHQWR GH ORV QXWULHQWHV HO . MXHJD HO SDSHO PiV LPSRUWDQWH VLHQGR HO
HOHPHQWRDOPDFHQDGRHQPD\RUFDQWLGDGHQHOIUXWRSXGLHQGRGXSOLFDUDO18QDXPHQWRHQ
ODIHUWLOL]DFLyQSRWiVLFDDFW~DSULPHURHQHOWDPDxRGHORVIUXWRV\OXHJRHQHOUHQGLPLHQWR
UHGXFLHQGRVXFDtGD
(O3HVPX\QHFHVDULRSDUDODIRUPDFLyQGHERWRQHVÁRUDOHV\HOFXDMDPLHQWRGHORVIUXWRV
(OIUXWRUHTXLHUH&DSDUDODHVWDELOL]DFLyQGHODVPHPEUDQDV\VXGHÀFLHQFLDFDXVDVtQWRPDV
FRPRODQDUL]EODQGDHQPDQJR\ODSXGULFLyQDSLFDO\HOUDMDGRGHOIUXWRHQODXFKXYDHQWUH
RWURV$GHPiVHO&DDXPHQWDODUHVSLUDFLyQGHOIUXWRHQODSRVFRVHFKD/DFRQFHQWUDFLyQ
GH 0J HQ ODV KRMDV HV PXFKR PiV DOWD TXH HQ ORV IUXWRV HQ ORV TXH XQ H[FHVR SXHGH
DXPHQWDUODLQFLGHQFLDGHGHVyUGHQHVSRUGHÀFLHQFLDGH&D8QVXPLQLVWURHTXLOLEUDGRGH
0JSUHYLHQHODFDtGDSUHPDWXUDGHORVIUXWRV
(QWUHORVROLJRHOHPHQWRVHO%WLHQHODPD\RULPSRUWDQFLDSRUVXSDSHOFRPRHVWDELOL]DGRU
GHODVSDUHGHVFHOXODUHV\SRUORWDQWRHQODGLYLVLyQFHOXODUGHOIUXWRUHFLpQIRUPDGR\HQ
OD GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ GH ORV WHMLGRV 6tQWRPDV GH VX GHÀFLHQFLD VRQ ORV IUXWRV PDOIRUPDGRV
PLHQWUDVTXHXQH[FHVRGH%DFHOHUDODPDGXUDFLyQGHORVIUXWRVFOLPDWpULFRVXQDDFWLYLGDG
DVRFLDGDFRQODUHVSLUDFLyQ
$SDUWHGHODQXWULFLyQHOGHVDUUROORGHORVIUXWRVGHSHQGHDGHPiVGHOHVWDGRÀWRVDQLWDULR
GHODSODQWDXQDWDTXHGHUR\DPLOGHXRiFDURVSXHGHUHGXFLUHOWDPDxRGHORVIUXWRVKDVWD
136
HQXQ7DPELpQODYDULHGDG\HOWLSRGHSDWUyQVHDFORQDORVHPLOODGRLQÁX\HQHQOD
FDOLGDG\ODSURGXFFLyQGHORVIUXWRV
Factores hormonales
/D DFWLYLGDG KRUPRQDO GHO IUXWR GHSHQGH SULQFLSDOPHQWH GH OD SURSLD ELRVtQWHVLV GH ODV
GLIHUHQWHVKRUPRQDV\VXWUDQVSRUWHKDFLDpORKDFLDRWUDVSDUWHVGHODSODQWD3DUDFRPSHWLU
FRQODVUDPDVMyYHQHVORVIUXWRVWLHQHQTXHSRVHHUXQDIXHU]DGHDWUDFFLyQVXÀFLHQWHVREUH
ODVVXVWDQFLDVTXHSURGXFHQODVKRMDVIRWRDVLPLODGRVSDUDORFXDOFRQWLHQHQKRUPRQDV
DX[LQDV JLEHUHOLQDV FLWRTXLQLQDV TXH VRQ SURGXFLGDV HQ PXFKRV FDVRV GXUDQWH OD
JHUPLQDFLyQGHSROHQHOFUHFLPLHQWRGHOWXERSROtQLFRODIHFXQGDFLyQ²HQHOyYXORUHFLpQ
IHFXQGDGR²\HOGHVDUUROORGHODVVHPLOODVORVIUXWRVVHFRQYLHUWHQHQFHQWURVGHDWUDFFLyQ
(OFRQWUROGHOFUHFLPLHQWRGHOIUXWRHVDVXPLGRSRUODVVHPLOODVHQGHVDUUROOR
(QODPD\RUtDGHORVIUXWRVODVDX[LQDVULJHQODH[SDQVLyQFHOXODU(OiFLGRLQGRODFpWLFR
$,$QRWLHQHXQHIHFWRGLUHFWRVREUHHOGHVDUUROORGHOIUXWRGHOWRPDWHVLQRTXHVX
DFFLyQHVWiUHVWULQJLGDDODVVHPLOODVH LPSOLFDGDHQHOFUHFLPLHQWRGHOHPEULyQVREUHHO
TXHFUHDXQSRWHQWHHIHFWRYHUWHGHURGHOTXHVHDSURYHFKDHOSHULFDUSLRSDUDFUHFHU8Q
ÁXMREDVtSHWRIXHUWHGHDX[LQDVOOHYDDTXHHOIUXWRGHVDUUROOHXQDFDSDFLGDGYHUWHGHUR
DOWDGHHOHPHQWRVPLQHUDOHV\IRWRDVLPLODGRVORTXHOHSHUPLWHXQFUHFLPLHQWRPD\RUTXH
HOGHORVIUXWRVFRQSRFDVVHPLOODV
/DV JLEHUHOLQDV FRQWULEX\HQ DO GHVDUUROOR LQLFLDO GHO IUXWR (Q ODV IUXWDV SRPiFHDV ODV
VHPLOODV FXDQGR VH IRUPDQ GHVSXpV GH OD IHFXQGDFLyQ SURGXFHQ *$ TXH HVWLPXOD OD
SURGXFFLyQGH$,$
9DULDVFLWRTXLQLQDVOLEUHVVHKDQGHWHFWDGRHQIUXWRV(QDOJXQRVFDVRVVHKDREVHUYDGRXQD
EXHQDFRUUHODFLyQHQWUHVXFRQFHQWUDFLyQHQGyJHQD\ODLQWHQVLGDGGHODGLYLVLyQFHOXODU
FRPRRFXUUHHQHOPHVRFDUSRGHODJXDFDWHODPDQ]DQD\ODFLUXHOD
/DVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVGHHWLOHQRGXUDQWHHOFUHFLPLHQWRGHOIUXWRVRQEDMDVVLQHPEDUJRVX
FRQFHQWUDFLyQDXPHQWDHQODPDGXUDFLyQHQHVSHFLDOHQORVIUXWRVFOLPDWpULFRV2WURSLFR
GHHVWDKRUPRQDVHGHWHFWyLQPHGLDWDPHQWHGHVSXpVGHODDQWHVLVDVRFLDGRFRQODDEVFLVLyQ
RFDtGDGHORVIUXWRVUHFLpQFXDMDGRV(OiFLGRDEVFtVLFRDXPHQWDVXFRQFHQWUDFLyQHQHO
FHVHGHOFUHFLPLHQWR\HQHOHQYHMHFLPLHQWRGHOIUXWRDGHPiVHVWiLPSOLFDGRHQODFDtGDGH
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Factor Comentario
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SHTXHxDGHIUXWRVVHUHGXFHODWUDQVORFDFLyQGHDVLPLODGRVDFXPXOiQGRVHHQH[FHVRHQ
ODVKRMDV\UHGXFLHQGRODIRWRVtQWHVLV$XQTXHODVKRMDVH[SDQGLGDV\FHUFDQDVDOIUXWR
H[KLEHQXQDPD\RUWDVDIRWRVLQWpWLFDWDPELpQODVKRMDVPiVOHMDQDVSXHGHQVHUYLUFRPR
IXHQWHGHORVDVLPLODGRVSRUHVWDUD]yQHQODODERUGHOUDOHRHVSRVLEOHGHMDUPiVIUXWRVHQ
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TABLA 3. 1~PHURGHKRMDVSDUDODSURGXFFLyQ 6H HVWLPD TXH FP de área foliar es
GHXQIUXWRVHJ~QYDULHGDG\FRQGLFLR QHFHVDULRSDUDODSURGXFFLyQGHJGH
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Especie
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hojas/fruto FRQ FP requeridos (Q JHQHUDO HQ
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Duraznero 15-30 TXH GHPDVLDGDV KRMDV SXHGHQ IDYRUHFHU
Manzano 15-35 XQ FUHFLPLHQWR H[DJHUDGR GHO IUXWR
Peral 25-40
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de la mandarina ‘Arrayana’ (&LWUXVUHWLFXODWD Blanco) en el piedemonte llanero
de Colombia.7HVLVGRFWRUDO%RJRWi8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH&RORPELD
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140