Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Material de Estudio - Parte IA (1 - 40) PDF
Material de Estudio - Parte IA (1 - 40) PDF
METALOGENESIS
SISTEMAS, MINERALIZACION, EVOLUCION
DEL PERU Y SU RELACION CON DEPOSITOS
TRANSPORTE DE LOS
METALES
INTERCADE www.intercade.org
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
2
3
GEMM - (J,O.) - E - TRANSPORTE DE LOS
METALES (T)
En esta sección examinaremos dos mecanismos. El primero
corresponde al transporte en fase neumatolítica,
neumatolítica bajo la forma de
halogenuros volátiles. El segundo es respecto al transporte de los
metales, bajo la forma de iones complejos.
Es muy conocido el hecho de que muchos metales forman
halogenuros volátiles. Incluso esos halogenuros se utilizan en la
separación de los isótopos 235 y 238 del uranio, que se lleva a cabo
bajo la forma (en fase gas) de UF6.
UF6
La misma conducta presentan elementos como el Mo, Sn, Fe, etc.
Por ejemplo, se ha observado, en volcanes activos, la presencia de
abundante CuCI2, el cual es posteriormente lixiviado por las lluvias.
INTERCADE www.intercade.org
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
3
INTERCADE www.intercade.org
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
4
2
METERS
-1
KILOM
-2
-3
-4
METERS
-5
INTERCADE www.intercade.org
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
5
1.Carbonates.
1 Carbonates
2.Argiles (imperméables). Série sédimentaire
3.Conglomérat de base.
4.Socle fissuré.
5.Niveauy hydrostatique.
6.Cirulation de l’eau.
7.Terrain saturé en eau.
Dr. Jorge Oyarzun Muñoz - joyarzun@expo.intercade.org ‐ Consultor Intercade
10
imperméables
Socle Terrains sédimentaires
perméables
p Echelle indéterminée
INTERCADE www.intercade.org
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
6
11
Placers Au, PGE, Sn, REE
Laterites Fe, Al, Au Roll front
Surface Processes Banded Iron Form. Unconformity
Mn nodules + bogs U, V, Cu, PGE
Supergene enrichment
Sedimentary
Seawater/ Basins
Meteoric Stratabound
Water Pb, Zn, Cu, Ag
Marine
Volcanic centers
mal
Massive sulfide
ust
Cu, Zn, Pb,
Wall rock Geothermal
Hydrotherm
Ba, Au, Ag
Ore Fluid
d
Earth’s Cru
Magmatic
Water
Pegmatites Porphyry
Sn, Be, Li, U, B Cu, Mo, Au, Ag,
Exsolution Mica, quartz Sn-W
feldspar Ni-Cu-PGE
Source variations:
water, volatiles
(komatiite,
metals, redox gabbro)
T, P, % melting
Immiscible
Partial Magma
Crystallization
liquid Ti
melting
(anorthosite)
Volatile
rich
Kimberlites Fe-P
Carbonites (diorite,
Cr Diatremes syenite)
(peridotite) Cu, Au, REE, U
12
COMPOSITIONS OF SOME METALLIFEROUS
HYDROTHERMAL WATERS
Composition (mg kg‐1 solution)
Sample (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
T(ºC) 305 60 135 138 102 54 291 2
p
pH 5.5 5.5
55 nr
n.r 6.5
65 51
5.1 5.5 5.9 7.8
Na 52,700 92,600 76,200 38,000 61,700 76,430 10,994 10,790
K 16,500 1,870 970 840 990 560 1,810 395
Ca 26,500 5,150 36,500 9,100 48,600 17,740 1,148 413
Mg 36 764 2,400 660 3,050 3,426 “0.0” 1,280
SiO2 >475 60 34 120 28 n.r. 750 10
Cl 154,000 156,000 193,400 80,600 198,000 161,000 20,850 19,355
Br 99 n.r 1,510 82 649 n.r. n.r. 67
SO4 110 840 3 5.4 64 247 0.0 2,745
H 2S 7 n.r n.r 0.5 <0.09 4.0 n.r. <1
CO2 1,660 140 n.r 365 206 15.8 n.r. 103
Fe 1,550 81 294 62 465 23.8 2.7 <1
Mn 1,390 82 102 25 48.5 n.r. 12.2 <1
Z
Zn 506 5.4 342 1.5 243 5 01
0.1 <1
Cu 6 0.3 n.r. n.r. n.r. 2 <0.01 <1
Pb 95 n.r. 96 1.1 70 <2 0.06 <1
Ba 194 0.9 109 760 60 n.r. <3 <1
Note: n.r., not recorded.; (1) Salton Sea (McKibben et al., 1988b); (2) Red Sea (Shanks and Bischoff, 1977); (3)
Mississippi oil field brine, Raleigh 5 (arpenter et al., 1974); (4) Texas oil field brine, Pleasant Bayou (Kharaka et al.,
1980); (5) Pennsyvania oil well brine, W.M.H. Geiger No. 2-1 (Kharaka et al., 1986); (6) Cheleken geothermal field,
former Soviet Union (Lebedev, 1972); (7) Hydrothermal vent waters, Guaymas Basin, site 2 (von Damm et al.,
1985); (8) Average seawater (Janecky and Seyfried, 1984)
INTERCADE www.intercade.org
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
7
13
14
Ca
normées à l’eau de mer
Teneurs des saummures
1 Na
K
Mg
0.1
HCO3
SO4
Fig. 1-49. Variation de la teneur des éléments principaux DES EAUX DU BASSIN DE
i’Illinois, normalisée par rapport à la teneur en chlorures de l’eau de mer en fonction de la
teneur en chlorures, d’après GRAF et al., (1966).
INTERCADE www.intercade.org
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
8
15
B
H2O
P CO2
lid liquid
solid
PA gas T
P/105 Pa
(not to scale)
supercritical
liquid water C
221 fluid
ice(l)*
ice(l)
Tm Tb
PA
0.06
T vapour
16
CP
P LIQUID
SOLID VAPOR
T
Figure 2.2a. Schematic P vs T diagram for water. C.P. = critical point.
200
400
600 -10
DEPTH (meters)
800 0 0%
5%
10%
15%
1000 10 20%
25%
0%
1200 20 5%
10%
15%
20%
1400 30 25%
1600 40
90 100 110 120 130 140 150
1800
100 150 200 250 300
TEMPERATURE (ºC)
Figure 2.2b. Bolling-point curves for H2O liquid (0 wt percent) and for brine of constant
composition given in wt percent NaCl. The insert expands the relations between 100º and
150ºC. The temperature at 0 meteres for each curve is the boiling point for the liquid at
1.013 bars (1.0 atm) load pressure which is equivalent to the atmospheric pressure at sea
level. The uncertainty is contained within the width of the lines. (Reproduced with
permission from Haas, 1971)
INTERCADE www.intercade.org
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
9
17
a b
oxidizing
+ 0.8
sulphide
Cu4(OH)6Cl2
dissolved deposits
Cu2+
rain
streams
Cu2(OH)2CO3 sea water
ACIDIC
+ 0.4
(malachite)
CuCl32+ + CuCl2
olt
ALKALINE
A
Eh/vo
di
dissolved
l d
peat
and
bog
waters
0.0
ground
water
-0.4
2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12
pH
Figure 4.1 Eh-pH diagrams, showing a approximate stability fields of copper minerals in equilibrium with watter, S, Cl- and CO2
(simplified fromRose, 1976) Econ. Geol., 71. With malachite data from Garrels and Christ (1965), after J. Anderson (1958)); b.
approximate Eh-pH ranges of some natural aquatic environments: the stippled margins denote conditions beyond those normally
encountered in near-surface waters (Krauskopf, 1979)
18
INTERCADE www.intercade.org
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
10
19
s
m
20
m h
INTERCADE www.intercade.org
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
11
21
h
m
22
INTERCADE www.intercade.org
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
12
23
24
INTERCADE www.intercade.org
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
13
25
A
2,0
S Cl
1,8
Ca
1,6
Rb
b
1,4 O OH
F K Ba
1,2 Pb
Rayon ionique
Sr La
1,0 Ca Th
Na U
Lu
Mn Sc Zr
0,8
Fe V
Co Ti
Ni Fe
Li Mg Cr Mn
0,6
Al Ge
Si
0,4
Be P
S
B Fig. 1-5. Diagramme rayon ionique versus charge
0,2
C N électrique pour un certain nombre d’éléments
chimiques. D’après Mason (1966)
0
‐2 ‐1 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
Charge ionique
26
INTERCADE www.intercade.org
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
14
27
OXY-ANIONS
HYDROLYSATES
5 P Nb Ta
+
4 Si Ti Sn Zr Hf U Th
Normal cation charge
SOLUBLE
Ga V Sc
3 B Aliv Alvi Lu Y La CATIONS
Cr Fe
REE
2 Be Mn Mg Co Fe Ca Eu Sr Pb Ba
Ni Cu Zn
1 Li Na K Rb Cs
1.0 A 2.0 A
0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Ionic radius / nm r
28
INTERCADE www.intercade.org
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
15
29
30
Cesano 13 wt%
Correction to average
equivalent wt%¯NaCl
for CO2
Gold-silver ores Kuroko ores Base metal ores
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
¯
NaCl wt%
Figure 1.8. Distribution of fluid salinities in the earth’s crust in relation to host-rock and crustal
environment. A normal frequency distribution has been assumed for each fluid type in the absence of
evidence for a continuity of compositions. For discussion, see text and Hedenquist and Henley,
1985b.
INTERCADE www.intercade.org
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
16
31
Table 1. Summary of Fluid Inclusion Compositions and Pressure Estimates (from Baker and Lang, unpub, data)
1 Data reported in McCoy et al. (1997) 2Data reported in Smith et al. (1999)
32
P TEMPERATURE (ºC)
(BAR) 200 250 300
450
(1)
350
(2) Figure 5.12. Room temperature (25ºC) phase
relations of H2O-CO2 fluid inclusions trapped at
temperature of 200ºC, 250ºC and 300ºC and
pressures of 100, 200, 250, 350 and 450 bars,
250 corresponding to points 1-5 on Figure 5.11. The
(3) innermost phase in each inclusion (black)
represents a CO2-rich vapor and the outer
phase (white) represents an H2O liquid. The
phase between the CO2-rich vapor and the
H2O-rich liquid in the inclusions trapped at
200
200ºC and 250 and 350 bars ((stippled
pp pattern))
p
(4)
represents a CO2-rich liquid. Room
temperature phase relations of thes inclusions
were calculated using the method described in
the text and are listed along with calculated
400 temperatures of various phase changes in
(5) Table 5.2.
INTERCADE www.intercade.org
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
17
33
SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATIONS
Relative fluid abundance
Deposit Paleodepth Setting Fluid inclusion Low salinity
Low salinity Brine
& Style (km) types H2O‐(CO2)
CO2‐(H2O)
0
Early immiscible CO2‐bearing
vapour and brine, abundant
Epithermal
Dyke/sill/dome
later low salinity H2O inclusions
Kori Kollo
Brewery Creek
Donlin Creek
Immiscible CO2‐bearing
vapour and brine
Breccia/stockwork
Porphyry
Shotgun
Kidston
~5
Early CO2‐rich inclusions,
Sheeted
later moderate to high salinity
Fort Knox
inclusions, decreasing CO2
Dublin Gulch
Mokrsko
mesothermal
Jilau
Vasilkovskoe
Abundant CO2‐rich inclusions,
Disseminated
Plutonic/m
Commonly immiscible
Timbarra
Salave
Flat veins
Pogo Fluid inclusion legend
CO2‐rich Halite‐bearing
H2O‐rich Halite+syvite
‐10 ‐bearing
Fig. 1. Schematic geological model showing the relationship between intrusion‐related gold styles, paleodepth, and hydrothermal fluid types
(derived from a combination of Lanf et al., 2000; Baker and lang 2001; Lang and Baker, 2001).
34
D% EAU “METAMORPHIQUE” (300‐600ºC)
0 SMOW
CALIFORNIA 300ºC
MARCASSA
MACASSA 200º KERR‐ADDISON 250ºC 380‐490ºC
‐50 EAUX METEORIQUES
EAU “JUVENILE”
‐100 JUNGWON, COREE
BORYEON
TAECHANG
‐150
INTERCADE www.intercade.org
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
18
35
Wairakei
Larderello
‐50 The Geysers
Iceland Hekla
D (%о)
Niland
Lassen Park
‐100
Steamboat Springs
‐150
‐15 ‐10 ‐5 0 5
180 (%о)
Fig. 1-42. Comparaison entre les compositions isotopiques des fluides géothermaux chlorurés
(cercles blancs) et les eaux météoriques locales (cercles pleins), d’après CRAIG (1963).
36
INTERCADE www.intercade.org
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
19
37
18Oо/оо
‐20 ‐10 0 +10 +20
‐20
TF
Magmatic
Walrakel/Broadlands Water
‐40
Larderello
WC CP
Geysers
‐60
Iceland
TU
Salton Sea
‐80
Dо/оо
Mt. Lassen
T BU TE H
B
‐100
G
IB
M Steamboat Springs
‐120 R
A Geothermal H2O
CO
CL
Surface
J, W, TD
‐140 Subsurface
Yellowstone CA Hydrothermal H2O
‐160 Epithermal
5.4. Fraccionamientos isotópicos en fuentes termales y depósitos epitermales.
38
34Sо/оо
Environment ‐20 ‐10 0 +10 +20 +30 +40
Meteorites
Igneous Rocks: total-S
Cu-Fe-Ni sulfides of
layered mafic intr.
Volcanic Emanations
SO2
native sulfur
H2S
Sea Water SO-4
Sedimentary Rocks
sulfates
sulfides ‐50 +50
Mississippi Valley Deposits
sulfates
sulfides
Hydrothermal Deposits
Cordilleran: sulfates
sulfides
Volc. Mass: sulfates
sulfides
Ocean Ridge: sulfates
sulfides
5.6. Valores de isótopos de S para varias muestras.
INTERCADE www.intercade.org
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
20
39
línea de
condensación S
‐6
‐10
Log ƒS2 HSO4 ‐
S = SO4 =
‐14
18
‐18
‐42 ‐38 ‐34 ‐30
Log ƒO2
2.6. Diagrama de campos de las especies sulfuradas en solución. Líneas delgadas corresponden a las del diagrama 1.5.
40
Predomini Predomini
o de vapor o de agua
Agua
Paso termal Agua
geotérmic superficia
o l
Impermeabl Roca
e
Fractura
s
rellenas
de vapor Roca
almacé
Roca n de
cristali agua
na calient
e
Fuente de calor
(magma)
(A) (B)
Figure 6.36. (A) La energía geotérmica se pone de manifiesto géiseres naturales, como los del Parque de Yellowstone, en
Wyoming (cortesía de J.D. Rimstidt). (B) Diagrama esquemático que muestra las características geológicas de campos
geotérmicos de vapor seco y vapor húmedo.
INTERCADE www.intercade.org
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING