Libro Electro Ejerciciosresueltos Garrido Narrias I1 PDF

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~ = N cos(π/3)î + N sin(π/3)ĵ
N
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;* <=> ?*(#& 6'*
mg
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r
mg cot(π/3)
q = ±R
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d2 x kq 2 kq 2 x −2 ∼ kq 2 x
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dt2 (x0 + x)2 x0 2 x0 x0 2 x0
kq 2
K"/' &" LM= #"%")'( 0," mg = x0 2
d2 x ∼ −2kq 2 x
=⇒ m =
dt2 x0 3
d2 x 2kq 2 x
=⇒ + · =0
dt2 mx0 2 x0
kq 2
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d2 x 2g
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q π π q x̂ 3
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L 3 3 L 2 2
q 2
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L
32 A.,(B2 (,%.#)2"), ,%
√ √
3 q 2 3 q 2 √ q 2 3 ŷ √ q2 π π
F~ = F~1 + F~2 = k 2 x̂ − k 2 ŷ = 3 · k 2 · ( x̂ − ) = 3 · k 2 · (cos( )x̂ − sen( )ŷ)
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= 2π =⇒ r =
√
sen( π6 ) sen( 3 ) 3
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√ q2 qQ 1
3·k 2
= k L 2 =⇒ Q = √ · q
L ( √3 ) 3
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2kqQR
= 3 · (cos(θ)x̂ + sen(θ)ŷ) .
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~
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I&.(-@-25& *$ ,%#&-7# 1,-*-D$#05 &1& .52)5#%#,%& (%.,$#/1*$(%&F
T~ = −T sin(θ)î + T cos(θ)ĵ
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8)'$.% '0 :7 X
FY = T cos(θ) − mg = 0 (2)
;' <=>7
mg
T =
cos(θ)
?''+(,%.%0*# '0 < >7
mg
qE − sin(θ) = 0
cos(θ)
;' '&1#@ $'&),1% 5)'7
mg tan(θ)
q=
E
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B
C#+# θ ≪ 1 1'0'+#& 5)' tan(θ) ≈
E
θB D#$ ,# 1%01#@ (#*'+#& '&/$363$ ,% /%$E% '0 -)0/340 *', 13'+(# /#+#7
mgθ(t)
q(t) =
E
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=
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dθ αE
=
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k(−q)Q(xî + d/2ĵ)
F~1 =
l3
0'$+*$" 1% F~2/
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k(−q)Q(xî − d/2ĵ)
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l3
") )$,& *&+)'&; 7& D0)'>& ')$07,&+,) $#?') 7& %&'(& −q $)'FA
−2kqQx
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l3
!
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d/2
= cos(θ)
ℓ
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2/#0# '(#8
−16kqQx
F~ = (2)
d3
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2
&%<+# #, #G# x @ )%+ ,% 2-02% m~a = m ddt2x î
H# #&2- $-0#+- &# 2#0*+5 '(#
−16kqQx d2 x
3
=m 2
d dt
d2 x 16kqQx
=⇒ + =0
dt2 md3
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&#+5 #02%0.#&8
r
kqQ
w=4
md3
A, )#+/%*% *# %&./,-./40 &#+5 #02%0.#&
s
2π π md3
T = =
w 2 kqQ
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#) 95+*-+) (* 0+62# (*70.)&0# ($ (* *:6&.( ($ ;-( P (%.+ 6-< +*(=+'# '(* %&%.(6+
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~ 1 = 2kq ĵ
E
r2
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F+ 0#62#$($.( ($ y '(* 0+62# (*70.)&0# %()? Ey = E cos(θ)@ 9* 6#'-*# '(* 0+62# (*70.)&0#B
E B (% 2#) '(E$&0&1$3
kq
E=
d2 + r 2
!
"#$%&'( $' )&*+, -$. /0$ cos(θ) = √ r

d2 +r2
1 2$ $'34 %45$.4 3$5$%6' /0$
kq r kqr
Ey = ( ·√ )ĵ = 2
d2 +r 2 2
d +r 2 (d + r2 )3/2
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*6%6
~y = − kqr
E ĵ
(d2 + r2 )3/2
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$5 $, 90536 P '$.& 96. 9.+5*+9+6 #$ '09$.96'+*+>5
~ =E
E ~y + E
~y + E
~1
?$$%9,4@45#6 ,6' -4,6.$' A4 6:3$5+#6'
~ = ( 2kq −
E
2kqr
)ĵ
r 2 (d + r2 )3/2
2
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$5 4D ,6 96#$%6' $'*.+:+. #$ )6.%4 %4' .$#0*+#4 *6%6E
~ = 2qk( 1 −
E
r
)
r2 (r2 + d2 ) 32
;'36 ,6 96#$%6' $'*.+:+. #$ )6.%4 $/0+-4,$53$ *6%6E
~ = 2qk( 1 −
E
1
)
r 2 d2 32
r2 (1 + r2
)
2qk d2 − 3
= (1 − (1 + ) 2)
r2 r2
;5 8$5$.4,( ,4 )05*+>5 (1 + x)α '$ 90$#$ 49.6F+%4. 96. 34A,6.( *045#6 x ≈ 0 4E
(1 + x)α = 1 + αx
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*4%96 96#$%6' G4*$. ,4 '+80+$53$ 49.6F+%4*+>5E
d2 − 3 3 d2
(1 + ) 2 ≈ (1 − )
r2 2 r2
;-4,045#6 $'3$ .$'0,34#6 $5 ,4 $F9.$'+>5 6:3$5+#4 94.4 $, *4%96( '$ 3+$5$ /0$E
2
~ = 3qkd ĵ
E
r4
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τ = −F a sin(θ) + −F a sin(θ) = −2F a sin(θ) = −2qE sin(θ)
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τ = Iα
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!
d2 θ
−2qEaθ = I
dt2
"#$% &'(%')*+ ,)-&.&+')%/ /% 01,&21# &#'.)3). '1214
d2 θ 2qEaθ
+ =0
dt2 I
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r
2qEa
w=
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: 01. /1 $%+$1 /% -.&'(%+')% #&.94
r
w 1 2qEa
f= =
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7 !$ )( 3&'#/#=$ ~r %!+#%& ( 0$( %#'",#+0/#=$ %! /(,-( Ω !'
Z ~
dq(~r − r‘)
F~ = q ·
Ω ~ 3
4πǫ0 |~r − r‘|
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)&' >!/"&,!' 3&'#/#=$ %! /(%( ()(*+,!4
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dq1 (r~2 − r~1 )

Z
dF~21 = dq2 ·
Ω1 4πǫ0 |r~2 − r~1 |3
L
λ1 dx1 (x2 − x1 )x̂
Z
= dq2 ·
0 4πǫ0 |x2 − x1 |3
Z L
λ1 dx1
= dq2 · · x̂ · 2
4πǫ0 0 (x2 − x1 )
L
λ1 1
= dq2 · · x̂ ·
4πǫ0 x2 − x1 0
λ1 x̂ 1 1
= · dq2 · ( − )
4πǫ0 x2 − L x2
λ1 λ2 x̂ 1 1
= · dx2 · ( − )
4πǫ0 x2 − L x2
@B
! !"#$%&' () *+$,-.!&,/ 0, '%&'12
Z 2L+d
λ1 λ2 x̂ 1 1
=⇒ F~21 = · − dx2
4πǫ0 L+d x2 − L x2
λ1 λ2 x̂ 2L+d
= · (ln(x2 − L) − ln(x2 ))|L+d
4πǫ0
x2 − L 2L+d

λ1 λ2 x̂
= · ln( )
4πǫ0 x2 L+d
(L + d)2

λ1 λ2
=⇒ F~21 = · ln · x̂
4πǫ0 d(2L + d)
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q
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(#(4.'340 A,( 1'0),4( -('<G
!"#$%&' () *+$,-.!&,/ 0, '%&'12
~1 = ( kdq kλ1 dx
dE 2
)î = ( )î
x x2
!"#$%&'"() ($*($ x = −3R +'*#' x = −R
1 −R

1
Z
~ 1 = k(λ1
E dx)î = (kλ1 ( − 2 ))î
x2 x −3R
,) -.$ &$*./#'0
~ 1 = 2kλ1 î
E
3R
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2 5
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2q
λ2 =
πR
2q
λ3 = −
πR
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kdq
dE =
R2
6'* !8-(! (# $! (#*&/(!( (# %!"3! λ2 .'(#+'& #&%"/:/" dq = λ2 ds7 ('*(# ds #& -* .#,-#?'
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ds = Rdθ
!
"#$%&#' %()#(*%' %'*+,-,+ %. */&0# *#&#
kλ2 Rdθ kλ2 dθ

dE2 = =
R2 R
12%3#4 ./ *#&0#(%()% %( x $%. */&0# dE2 '%+/
kλ2 cos(θ)dθ
dEx2 = dE2 cos(θ) =
R
5()%3+/($# $%'$% θ = 0 6/')/ θ = π2 7
π
kλ2 kλ2
Z
2
Ex2 = cos(θ)dθ =
R 0 R
8%*)#+,/.&%()%
E~ x2 = kλ2 î
R
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/. /()%+,#+4 $% %')/ &/(%+/7
~ x3 = kλ2 î
E
R
~2 + E
=', '% )%($+/ >2% E ~3 = 2kλ2
R î
'!#(# %)&
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q′
λ4 =
R
12%3#4 0+#*%$,%($# $% ,32/. C#+&/ >2% 0/+/ %. )+#@# AB ;%&#' >2%
2R
1 −kλ4
Z
~ 4 = (kλ4
E dx)î = ( )î
x2 2R
R
?2&/($# )#$#' .#' */&0#' */.*2./$#' % ,32/./($# / *%+#7
~1 + E
E ~2 + E ~ 4 = 2kλ1 î + 2kλ2 î + ( −kλ4 )î = 0
~3 + E
3R R 2R
! !"#$%&' () *+$,-.!&,/ 0, '%&'12
"#$%#&'()* λ4 +
2
λ4 = (2λ1 + 6λ2 )
3
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7'18' 9:$7')'+
2 12
q ′ = q(1 + )
3 π
;5 7*($5)#1'-*$ π ≈ 3 +
10
q′ = q
3
!
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%#()* '$+%,-.%* <.'0' /#/* )*-
dq(~r − r~1 )
Z Z
~
E(~r) =
r − r~1 |3
Ω 4πǫ0 |~
%*0 r~1 '$ <'%,*- )*2.%.60 /' $# /.2,-.:&%.60 /' %#-3# Ω ;&' 3'0'-# '$ %#()* '$+%,-.%* '0 ~r5
='0'(*2 ;&' ~r = xx̂ + y ŷ + z ẑ > r~1 = x1 x̂ + y1 ŷ 8 |~r − r~1 |2 = (x − x1 )2 + (y − y1 )2 + z 2 5
Z +∞ Z +∞
~ σdx1 dy1 ((x − x1 )x̂ + (y − y1 )ŷ + z ẑ)
=⇒ E(~r) = 3
−∞ −∞ 4πǫ0 ((x − x1 )2 + (y − y1 )2 + z 2 ) 2
?#3#(*2 %#(:.* /' <#-.#:$'25 w = x − x1 > v = y − y1 =⇒ x1 = x − w, y1 = y − v 5 @$
A#%*:.#0* /' $# ,-#024*-(#%.60 '2

(x1 )w (x1 )v −1 0
J = = =1
(y1 )w (y1 )v 0 −1
+∞ Z +∞
σdwdv(wx̂ + v ŷ + z ẑ)
Z
~ r) =
=⇒ E(~ 3
−∞ −∞ 4πǫ0 (w2 + v2 + z2) 2
+∞ Z +∞
σ dwdv · (z ẑ)
Z
= 3
4πǫ0 −∞ −∞ (w2 + v 2 + z 2 ) 2
B&'<#('0,' C#3#(*2 %#(:.* /' <#-.#:$'25

w = rcos(θ)
v = rsen(θ)

wr wθ cos(θ) −rsen(θ)
J =
= =r
vr vθ sen(θ) rcos(θ)
2π +∞
σ rdrdθ · (z ẑ)
Z Z
~ r) =
=⇒ E(~ 3
4πǫ0 0 0 (r2 + z 2 ) 2
Z +∞
σ rdr
= · 2πz ẑ 3 pero u = r2 + z 2 → du = 2rdr
4πǫ0 0 (r2 + z 2 ) 2
Z +∞
σ du
= · z ẑ 3
4ǫ0 z2 (u) 2
σ 2
1 z
= · z ẑ 2u− 2
4ǫ0 +∞
σ z
= · ẑ
2ǫ0 |z|
σ
= · sign(z)ẑ
2ǫ0
! !"#$%&' () *+$,-.!&,/ 0, '%&'12
~ r) = σ · sign(z)ẑ
=⇒ E(~
2ǫ0
"#$% &'% %( )*($# +% +,)-#.$,.',+*+ +%( /0+'(# +%( -*/1# %(2-$3,-# 4&'% %) .#3/*( *( 1(*.#5
%) + ǫσ0 6
!
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(, +,-$# ($ 0*(%/&@$ > (, (:( A (, (:( ($ 0*(%/&@$6
G( ,#% &/(3% -$/()&#)(%4 /($(3#% 9*( (, 0-3+# (,80/)&0# 1($()-'# +#) (, +,-$# (%
σ
E~1 (~r) = · sign(x)x̂
2ǫ0
> (, 0-3+# (,80/)&0# 1($()-'# +#) (, '&%0# (%

−σ x
E~2 (~r) = · x̂ sign(x) − √
2ǫ0 R2 + x2
6

~ = E~1 + E~2 = σ ·
=⇒ E √
x
x̂
2ǫ0 R + x2
2
;7 H($(3#% 9*( ,- 2*()C- (,80/)&0- 9*( (A+()&3($/- *$ (,(3($/# dx '(, -,-3;)( '(;&'# -,
! !"#$%&' () *+$,-.!&,/ 0, '%&'12
"#$%& '&% (# &)*+'*& (,-. /$/$ "&) dF~ = dq E
~0
Z d+a
=⇒ F~ = ~
dq E
con dq = λdx
d
Z d+a
σ x
= λdx · √ x̂
d 2ǫ0 R2 + x2
Z d+a
λσ xdx
= · √ · x̂
2ǫ0 d R2 + x2
λσ p 2 d+a
= · R + x2 · x̂

2ǫ0 d
λσ p 2 p
= · R + (d + a)2 − R2 + d2 · x̂
2ǫ0
!
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&'13%* /% &1$216 7*)1 3%; #.* /'&% (1$1 %*)% &1*. =0%
kdq(~r − r~′ )
Z
~ ~0) =
E(
k~r − r~′ k3
>.+. ;1 ,%+.* 9'*).? %3 %3%+%#). /% &1$21 3. (./%+.* %*&$'4'$ &.+. dq = σdA? /.#/% σ %*
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γ
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ds1 = R sin(γ)θ6 H.$ .)$. 31/. 13 ,1&%$ 0#1 (%=0%G1 91$'1&'E# /%3 C#203. γ *% $%&.$$% 0# 1$&.
/% 3.#2')0/ ds2 = Rdγ 6 B% %*)1 +1#%$1 %3 %3%+%#). /% C$%1 /% 31 &'$&0#-%$%#&'1 3. (./%+.*
%*&$'4'$ &.+.
dA = ds1 · ds2 = R2 sin(γ)dγdθ
B% %*)1 +1#%$1 (./%+.* %*&$'4'$ %3 %3%+%#). /% &1$21 &.+.
dq = σR2 sin(γ)dγdθ
! !"#$%&' () *+$,-.!&,/ 0, '%&'12
"#$ #%$# &'(#) (*+*,#- (*%*$,./'$ &#- 0*1%#$*- r~′ 2 ~r3 4&'$',*/%* r~′ = ~0 2 5#$ #%$# &'6
(#7,.$'/(# &' 89:$'; 0*$*,#- <:*
~r = R sin(γ) cos(θ)î + R sin(γ) sin(θ)ĵ + R cos(γ)k̂
=# *- (.>?1.& 0*$ <:* k~r − r~′ k = R

@* *-%' ,'/*$' *-5*1.81'/(# &#- $*1#$$.(#- (* &'- 0'$.'+&*- 5'$' <:* $*1#$$'/ *& $*1.5.*/%* -*
%.*/* <:*
3π
2π
kσ(−R sin(γ) cos(θ)î − R sin(γ) sin(θ)ĵ − R cos(γ)k̂) 2
Z Z
2
~ ~0) =
E( R sin(γ)dγdθ
0 π R3
2
"#$ -.,*%$?' -'+*,#- <:* *& 1',5# *&A1%$.1# $*-:&%'/%* *-%'$B */ (.$*11.C/ k̂ 2 5#$ &# %'/%#)
(* &' ./%*9$'& '/%*$.#$) /# 1#/-.(*$',#- &'- 1#,5#/*/%*- $*-%'/%*-D
Z 2π Z π Z 2π Z π Z π
~ ~0) =
E( kσ(− cos(γ)k̂) sin(γ)dγdθ = kσ dθ (− cos(γ)k̂) sin(γ)dγ = πkσ (− sin(2θ)k̂))dγ
π π π
0 2
0 2 2
@* *-%' ,'/*$'
π
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2 π 2
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Z Z
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Z
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p
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2
x + y d2
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Z
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!
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1 1
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0
  q  
2
1 + 1 + ( b+d )

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2πǫ0 x→+∞ d 2 d
1 + 1 + (x)

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= · ln
2πǫ0 b+d
dF~21

λσ ŷ d
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dE =
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+∞
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E (1)
S ǫ0
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Z
φe = ~ · dS
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Se
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E 2
r̂ · n̂dS = dS
4πǫ0 R 4πǫ0 R2
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1 q 1 q
Z Z Z
φe = ~ ~
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R R
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φe = 2
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q
φc =
2ǫ0
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)#;2*'
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~ · n̂dS = Qint
I
E
Ω ǫ0
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~ = ρ
~ ·E
∇
ǫ0
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~ · n̂dS = Qint = 0
I
E
Ω ǫ0
C #2I$;
I Z Z
~ · n̂dS =
E E(r)r̂ · n̂dS + E(r)r̂ · n̂dS
Ω manto tapas
Z
= E(r) dS
manto
= E(r)(2πr)h
~ = ~0
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I
E
Ω ǫ0 ǫ0 r
A!( 0&"0!;
~0

~ r<R
E(r) = σ R

ǫ0 r · ρ̂ R ≤ r
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B()2 <'# 6( )%*$+%,'-%.& )# -(+1( #* *%;0$+%-( #*/0+%-(;#&$# 4 $(;,%0& 6( )#&*%)() )# -(+1(
$%#&# *%;#$+:( #*/0+%-(A ( 7+%2+% *(,#;2* <'# #6 -(;72 #60-$+%-2 $%#&# *%;#$+:( #*/0+%-(A #* )#-%+A
~ r) = E(r)r̂A )2&)# r #* 6( )%*$(&-%( )#6 -#&$+2 )# 6( #*/#+( (6 7'&$2 #& -'#*$%.& 4 r̂ #* #6
E(~
5#-$2+ '&%$(+%2 )%+%1%)2 )#6 -#&$+2 )# 6( #*/#+( (6 7'&$28
@2)#;2* )%5%)%+ #6 7+2,6#;( #& )2* +#1%2&#*
(> r < R 92&*%)#+#;2* -2;2 *'7#+C-%# )# %&$#1+(-%.& '&( -?*-(+( #*/0+%-( )# +()%2 + -2&
;%*;2 -#&$+2 <'# 6( )%*$+%,'-%.& )# -(+1( Θ8 @2+ 6( 6#4 )# D('** $#&#;2*
Qint
I
~ · n̂dS =
E
Ω ǫ0
1
I Z
E(r)r̂ · n̂dS = ρd3 x
Ω ǫ0 Θ
1 2π π r 3
Z Z Z
E(r)4πr2 = αr sen(ϕ)drdϕdθ
ǫ0 0
Z r 0 0
4π
E(r)4πr2 = αr3 dr
ǫ0 0
παr4
E(r)4πr2 =
ǫ0
α 2
=⇒ E(r) = r
4ǫ0
,> R ≤ r 92&*%)#+#;2* &'#5(;#&$# -2;2 *'7#+C-%# )# %&$#1+(-%.& '&( -?*-(+( #*/0+%-( )#

+()%2 + -2& ;%*;2 -#&$+2 <'# 6( )%*$+%,'-%.& )# -(+1( Θ8 @2+ 6( 6#4 )# D('** $#&#;2*
Qint
I
~ · n̂dS =
E
Ω ǫ0
4π R 3
Z
2
E(r)4πr = αr dr
ǫ0 0
παR4
E(r)4πr2 =
ǫ0
α R 2 2

=⇒ E(r) = R
4ǫ0 r
!
"#$ %&'%#( %)')*#+ ,-)

(
α 2
~ 4ǫ0 r r̂ r<R
E(r) = α R 2 2

4ǫ0 r R r̂ R≤r
./#$& ,-) 0#'#0)*#+ )1 0&*2# )130%$40# )' %#5# )1 )+2&04#( 2#5)*#+ 0&10-1&$ 1& )')$67&
2#%)'04&1 &0-*-1&5& )' 1& 54+%$48-049' 5) 0&$6& Θ:
ǫ0
Z
U = ~ 2 d3 x
E
2 R3
ǫ0 2π π +∞
Z Z Z
= E(r)2 r2 sen(ϕ)drdϕdθ
2 0 0 0
4πǫ0 +∞
Z
= E(r)2 r2 dr
2 0
Z R 2 Z +∞ 2 8
4πǫ0 α 6 α R
= 2 r dr + dr
2 0 16ǫ0 R 16ǫ20 r2
! R +∞ "
πα2 r7 1
8

= · − R
8ǫ0 7 0 r R
πα2 R7

= · + R7
8ǫ0 7
πα2 7
= R
7ǫ0
! !"#$%&' () &*+ ,* -!%..
!"#$%&' ()
"#$%&'()(*#% '#% (%+(),% $# -#$-.$/)&-,% '( ),'&# R0 -#$ '($%&','(% '( -,)1, 2#34*./)&5
-,% ρ 6 −ρ 4$&+#)*(%7 8#% -($/)#% '( ,*9,% (%+(),% (%/:$ , 4$, '&%/,$-&, *($#) ;4(
2R7 <(, d~ (3 2(-/#) ;4( 2, '(3 -($/)# '( 3, (%+(), =#%&/&2, ,3 -($/)# '( 3, (%+(), $(1,/&2,7
>)4(9( ;4( (3 -,*=# (3.-/)&-# ($ 3, &$/()%(--&?$ '( 3,% (%+(),% (% -#$%/,$/( 6 ($-4($/)(
%4 2,3#)7
*"$+,-./0
@(3 =)#93(*, !A0 %,9(*#% ;4( (3 -,*=# (3.-/)&-# ($ (3 &$/()&#) '( 4$, (%+(), *,-&B, '(
~
'($%&',' '( -,)1, 4$&+#)*( ρ (% E(r) ρr
= 3ǫ · r̂7
0
@( 3, %&*(/)C, '( 3, '&%/)&94-&?$0 , =)&#)& %,9(*#% ;4( ,'(*:% =,), R ≤ r (3 -,*=#
~ r) = E(r)r̂7 <& 9&($ $# (% $(-(%,)&# =,), 3, )(%#34-&?$ '(3 =)#93(*, -#$#-() (3
-4*=3( E(~
-,*=# (3.-/)&-# +4(), '( 3, (%+(),0 ($-#$/).*#%3# 4%,$'# 3, 3(6 '( D,4%%7
"#$%&'()(*#% -#*# %4=()E-&( '( &$/(1),-&?$ 4$, -:%-,), (%+.)&-, '( ),'&# r > R7 F($5
(*#% ;4(
~ · n̂dS = Qint
I
E
Ω ǫ0
4πR3 ρ
E(r)4πr2 =
3ǫ0
3
=⇒ ~ r) = R ρ r̂
E(~
3ǫ0 r2
>#) /,$/#0 /($(*#% ;4( (3 -,*=# (3.-/)&-# 1($(),'# =#) 3, (%+(), *,-&B, (%
( ρr
~ 3ǫ0 · r̂ r < R
E(r) = R3 ρ
3ǫ0 r 2
r̂ R ≤ r
>#$1,*#% (3 #)&1($ '( -##)'($,',% ($ (3 -($/)# '( 3, (%+(), '( '($%&',' '( -,)1, ρ7 G%C0
/($(*#% ;4( 3#% -,*=#% (3.-/)&-#% ($ 3#% &$/()&#)(% '( -,', (%+(), (%/:$ ','#% =#)
ρ
E~1 (r) = · ~r para |~r| < R
3ǫ0
ρ ~ para |~r − d|
~ <R
E~2 (r) = − · (~r − d)
3ǫ0
8#% 2(-/#)(% ($ 3, &$/()%(--&?$ '( ,*9,% (%+(),% %,/&%+,-($ %&*43/:$(,*($/(
~ < R 6 |~r| < R7 G%C0 =#) (3 =)&$-&=&# '( %4=()=#%&-&?$0 (3 -,*=# (3.-/)&-# ($ 3,
|~r − d|
&$/()%(--&?$ '( ,*9,% (%+(),% (%
~ r) = E~1 (~r) + E~2 (~r) = ρ · ~r − ρ · (~r − d)

E(~ ~ = ρ · d~
3ǫ0 3ǫ0 3ǫ0
(3 -4,3 (% -#$%/,$/(0 /,3 -#*# %( ;4()C, =)#9,)7
!
!"#$%&' ()
"#$ %&'()&*+,&-# %. ,$)/$ 012+34()&,$ 56$ %. %.#'&%$% +#&71)3. ρ > 0 1,+8$ +# 012+3.#
.'74)&,1 %. )$%&1 9:
$; <$2,+2. .2 ,$381 .24,()&,1 .# (1%1 .2 .'8$,&1 =+'$#%1 2.> %. ?$+'';:
*; @. ,121,$ +#$ ,$)/$ 8+#(+$2 −Q < 0 .# .2 ,.#()1 %. 2$ .'7.)$A > '. 2$ %.6$ 2&*).: BC+.%$
1 #1 .# .D+&2&*)&1 2$ ,$)/$ .# .2 ,.#()1E @& .' $5)3$(&0$ 2$ ).'8+.'($A B.' .'($*2. 1
&#.'($*2.E
@& 2$ ,$)/$ (&.#. +#$ 3$'$ m > '. %.'82$F$ %.2 ,.#()1 %. 2$ .'7.)$A 8.)1 '&.38). D+.%$#%1
%.#()1 %. .22$A ,$2,+2. 2$ 7+.)F$ D+. 2$ ,$)/$ .G8.)&3.#($ > 8)+.*. D+. '+ 310&3&.#(1
.' +# 310&3&.#(1 $)3-#&,1 '&382.: H#,+.#(). '+ 8.)I1%1 %. 1',&2$,&-#:
,; @+81#/$31' D+. 2$ ,$)/$ '-21 8+.%. 310.)'. .# .2 .6. G: @& $%.3J' '. $82&,$ +# ,$381
.24,()&,1 .G(.)#1 E~0 = E0 x̂A E0 > 0A ,$2,+2. 2$' #+.0$' 81'&,&1#.' %. .D+&2&*)&1 %. 2$
,$)/$ > %.(.)3&#. ,+J2.' %. .22$' '1# .'($*2.' 1 &#.'($*2.': K&',+($ D+. ,1#%&,&1#.' %.*.
,+382&) E0 8$)$ 2$ .G&'(.#,&$ %. ($2.' 81'&,&1#.' %. .D+&2&*)&1 > '+ #L3.)1:
*"$+,-./0
$; M1#/$31' .2 1)&/.# ,11)%.#$%1 .# .2 ,.#()1 %. 2$ .'7.)$: K.2 &(43 $#(.)&1)A $2 +'$) 2$ 2.>
%. ?$+''A '$*.31' D+. .2 ,$381 .24,()&,1 /.#.)$%1 81) 2$ .'7.)$ .'
( ρr
~ 3ǫ0 · r̂ r < R
E(r) = R3 ρ
3ǫ0 r 2
r̂ R ≤ r
*; N.#.31' D+. .2 ,$381 .# .2 ,.#()1 %. 2$ .'7.)$ .' E( ~ ~0) = ~0A 81) 21 ,+$2 .2 ,.#()1 .'
+# 8+#(1 %. .D+&2&*)&1: @& 310.31' +# 81D+&(1 2$ ,$)/$A .'($ .G8.)&3.#($ +#$ 7+.)F$
F~ = −Q 3ǫ
ρr
0
· r̂A 2$ ,+$2 $8+#($ O$,&$ .2 ,.#()1 %. 2$ .'7.)$ ='&# &381)($) .# D+4 %&).,,&-#
'. O$>$ 310&%1 2$ ,$)/$;A 81) 21 ,+$2 .' +# 8+#(1 %. .D+&2&*)&1 .'($*2.:
@& 310.31' 2$ ,$)/$ D+.%$#%1 '&.38). %.#()1 %. 2$ .'7.)$A (.#.31' D+. '+ .,+$,&-# %.
310&3&.#(1 .'
ρr
m~a = F~ = −Q · r̂
3ǫ0
ρr
~a + Q · r̂ = ~0
3mǫ0
ρ
=⇒ r̈ + Q ·r =0
3mǫ0
r̈ + w2 · r = 0
M1) ($#(1A .2 310&3&.#(1 %.

q 2$ ,$)/$ .' +# 310&3&.#(1 $)3-#&,1 '&382. > '+ 8.)I1%1 %.
1',&2$,&-# .' T = w = 2π 3mǫ
2π
Qρ
0
,; M1) .2 8)&#,&8&1 %. '+8.)81'&,&-#A .2 ,$381 .24,()&,1 ).'+2($#(. .'

( ρr
~ 3ǫ0 · r̂ + E0 x̂ r < R
E(r) = R3 ρ
3ǫ0 r 2
r̂ + E0 x̂ R ≤ r
!"#$%&' () &*+ ,* -!%..
!""#$%&'&"()* "+ $,-.* "+/$0%&$* , +* +,%1* )"+ "2" 34 %"#5+0,
 ρx
 ( 3ǫ30 + E0 ) · x̂
 −R < x < R
~
E(r) = ( 3ǫR0 xρ2 + E0 ) · x̂ R≤x
3
(E0 − 3ǫR0 xρ2 ) · x̂

x ≤ −R

6($*(0%"-*# +,# (5"7,# .*#&$&*("# )" "85&+&'%&*9
&: −R < x < R ;5"%"-*# 85"
ρx −3ǫ0 E0
+ E0 = 0 =⇒ x1 =
3ǫ0 ρ
<,%, 85" x1 "3&#0"4 #" )"'" $5-.+&% 85"
−3ǫ0 E0 Rρ
x1 = > −R =⇒ E0 <
ρ 3ǫ0
6#0, $*()&$&=( )"'" $5-.+&% E0 .,%, 85" >,?, 5( .5(0* )" "85&+&'%&* )"(0%* )" +,
"#@"%,9
A,'"-*# 85" #& "+ +,.+,$&,(* )" +, "("%1B, .*0"($&,+ "+/$0%&$, ∇2 U "( "+ .5(0*
)" "85&+&'%&* "# -,?*% 85" $"%*4 "(0*($"# 0,+ .5(0* "# "#0,'+"C #& "# -"(*% 85"
$"%*4 "(0*($"# 0,+ .5(0* "# &("#0,'+"4 ? 85" U = −qV 4 )*()" D "# +, )&@"%"($&, )"
.*0"($&,+ "+/$0%&$*9 E#B4 0"("-*# 85"
Z
V (x) = − ~
E(x) · x̂dx + c
Z
ρx
= − + E0 dx + c
3ǫ0
ρx2
= −E0 x − +c
6ǫ0
U (x) = −QV (x)

ρx2
= QE0 x + Q − Qc
6ǫ0
d2 U Qρ
=⇒ ∇2 U = = >0
dx2 3ǫ0
<*% +* 0,(0*4 "# .5(0* )" "85&+&'%&* "#0,'+"9

&&: R ≤ x ;5"%"-*# 85"
R3 ρ
+ E0 = 0 =⇒ x2 imaginario
3ǫ0 x2
.*% +* 85" (* >,? .*#&$&=( )" "85&+&'%&* .,%, R ≤ x9

!
"""# x ≤ −R $%&'&()* +%&
R3 ρ
r
ρR
E0 − = 0 =⇒ x3 = −R
3ǫ0 x2 3ǫ0 E0
,-'- +%& x1 &."*/&0 *& 1&2& 3%(45"' +%&
r r
ρR ρR Rρ
x3 = −R < −R =⇒ > 1 =⇒ E0 <
3ǫ0 E0 3ǫ0 E0 3ǫ0
+%& &* 5- ("*(- 3)61"3"76 +%& &63)6/'-()* -6/&'")'(&6/& 4-'- +%& 8%2"&'- &+%"9
5"2'"): ;*/& 4%6/) 1& &+%"5"2'") &* "6&*/-25&0 *& 1&<- -5 5&3/)' =&'">3-'5):
Rρ
?- 4'%&2- 1& 5) *"@%"&6/& *& 1&<- -5 5&3/)': A&()* ="*/) +%& 4-'- E0 < 3ǫ 0
&."*/&6 1)* 4%6/)*
1& &+%"5"2'")0 %6) &*/-25& B &5 )/') "6&*/-25&: ,-'- E0 = 0 &."*/& %6- *)5- 4)*"3"76 1& &+%"5"2'")0
Rρ
&6 &5 3&6/') 1& 5- &*C&'- B &* &*/-25&: ,-'- E0 = 3ǫ 0
&."*/& %6- *)5- 4)*"3"76 1& &+%"5"2'")0 &*
Rρ
&6 x = −R B &* "6&*/-25&: D 4-'- E0 > 3ǫ0 6) 8-B 4)*"3")6&* 1& &+%"5"2'"): E)1) &*/) *& 4%&1&
=&' 35-'-(&6/& 8-3"&61) %6 @'F>3) 1& ;G.# =&'*%* . G*& 1&<- -5 5&3/)'#:
! !"#$%&' () &*+ ,* -!%..
!"#$%&' ((
"#$%&'()( *$ +&,&$')# -*. ,/)0# '( )/'&# R 1*( %( +/)0/ ($ %* &$2()&#) +#$ *$/ '($%&'/'
ρ = ρ0 (1 − Rr )3 '#$'( ρ0 (% *$/ +#$%2/$2( 4#%&2&5/3 %&($'# r ,/ '&%2/$+&/ -('&'/ '(%'( (, (6(
'(, +&,&$')#7 8$+*($2)( / 1*( '&%2/$+&/ '(, (6( (, +/-4# (,9+2)&+# (% -:;&-# . +/,+*,( (%2/
-/0$&2*' -:;&-/7
)"$*+,-./
</'# 1*( (, +&,&$')# (% -*. ,/)0#3 (, +/-4# (,9+2)&+# (%2/): ($ '&)(++&=$ )/'&/, ($ +##)'($/'/%
+&,>$')&+/%7 "#$ (%2# 4#'(-#% +#$%&'()/) +#-# %*4()?+&( '( 0/*%% *$ +&,&$')# '( )/'&# r < R3
+#$ &0*/, (6( 1*( (, +&,&$')# '( )/'&# R7 8%2# %( 4*('( /4)(+&/) ($ ,/ %&0*&($2( ?0*)/@
A#'(-#% ($2#$+(% (%+)&B&) (, +/-4# (,9+2)&+# +#-# E ~ = E r̂3 '#$'( r̂ (% (, 5(+2#) *$&2/)&#
)/'&/, ($ +##)'($/'/% +&,>$')&+/%7 A#) ,/ ,(. '( 0/*%% %( 2($'): 1*(@
~ · n̂dS = qinterior
Z Z Z
~
E · n̂dS = ~
E · n̂dS + E (1)
S tapas manto ǫ0
8, 5(+2#) $#)-/, n̂ '( ,/% 2/4/% (% 4()4($'&+*,/) / r̂7 "#$ (%2# %( 2($'): 1*( r̂ · n̂ = 0 . 4#)
,# 2/$2# Z Z
~ · n̂dS =
E E r̂ · n̂dS = 0 (2)
tapas tapas
8, 5(+2#) n̂3 $#)-/, /, -/$2#3 %(): 4/)/,(,# / r̂ . 4#) ,# 2/$2# r̂ · n̂ = 1 ,# 1*( &-4,&+/ 1*(@
Z Z Z
~ · n̂dS =
E E r̂ · n̂dS = E · dS
manto manto manto
C/ &$2(0)/, manto dS +#))(%4#$'( /, :)(/ '(, -/$2#@ manto dS = 2πrL7 A#) ,# 2/$2#@
R R
Z
~ · n̂dS = E · 2πrL
E (3)
manto
D((-4,/E/$'# FGH . FIH ($ FJH )(%*,2/ 1*(@
qinterior
E · 2πrL = (4)
ǫ0
!
"# $%& '()*( +(,( ,&-#).&, &-*& +,#/)&0( &- 1()1%)(, )( 1(,2( $%& 3(4 &5 &) 65*&,6#, 7& )( -%+&,8
916& 7& 2(%--: ;&5&0#- %5( 7&5-67(7 .#)%0<*,61( 7& 1(,2( &)<1*,61( 7&5*,# 7& &-*( -%+&,916&:
=&0#- $%& -& 1%0+)6,> )( -62%6&5*& ,&)(16?5@
dq = ρ(r′ ) · dV (5)
A(,( 1()1%)(, dV 1#5-67&,(0#- &) .#)%0&5 &5*,& 7#- 16)657,#- 7& )( )(,2# " 4 06-0# &B& $%&
&) 16)657,# 7&) +,#/)&0(C 1#5 ,(76#- r′ 4 r′ + dr′ 1#0# 0%&-*,( )( 92%,(@
"%&2#C dV -&,> -60+)&0&5*& &) .#)%0&5 &5*,& )#- 7#- 16)657,#-C )# $%& ,&-%)*(@
dV = 2πr′ dr′ L (6)
D&&0+)(E(57# FGH &5 FIH@

dq = 2πr′ · dr′ · L · p(r′ )
r′
dq = 2πr′ · dr′ · L · ρ0 (1 − )
R
r′ 2
=⇒ dq = 2πL · ρ0 (r′ − )dr′
R
J5*&2,(57#@
r′ 2
r Z r Z r ′2
r
Z
′ ′ ′ ′
q = 2πLρ0 (r − )dr = 2πLρ0 · ( r dr − dr′ )
0 R 0 0 R
r2 r3 3Rr2 − 2r3
=⇒ q = 2πLρ0 · ( − ) = 2πLρ0 · ( )
2 3R 6R
πLρ0
=⇒ q = (3Rr2 − 2r3 ) (7)
3R
K& F H 4 F!H@
πLρ0
E · 2πrL = (3Rr2 − 2r3 )
3Rǫ0
K&-+&B(57# E @
ρ0
E= (3Rr − 2r2 ) (8)
6Rǫ0
! !"#$%&' () &*+ ,* -!%..
"#$%$&'( ()*$% +)%) ,#$ -).'% /$ r $. 0)&+' $.102%30' $( &)43&'5 6)%) $(2' /$%3-)&'( E
%$(+$02' ) %7
dE ρ0
= (3R − 4r)
dr 6Rǫ0
89#).):/' ) ; ($ '*23$:$ ,#$ $. -).'% /$ r *#(0)/' $(7
3R
r=
4
<$ $(2) &):$%)
3ρ0 R
|E|max =
16ǫ0
!
!"#$%&' ()
"#$%& '() *+,#() -#.#-$() *,%,+&+() /0& )& &#10&#$%,# , 0#, '-)$,#1-, 2a &+ 0#( '&+ ($%( )&
$-&#& 0#, '-)$%-201-3# 4(5(67#&, '& 1,%6, 1(# '&#)-',' ρ8 9,#6&#$& ,+ *+,#( '& +, '&%&14,
4,: 0# 1,)1,%3# 1,%6,'(; '& %,'-( R : '&#)-',' )0*&%.1-,+ σ <=&% .60%,>8 ?,+10+,%; 1(# &+
(%-6&# &# &+ *0#$( 5&'-( '& +, %&1$, /0& 0#& +() *+,#(); &+ 1,5*( &+&1$%-1( *,%, $('( x > 08
*"$+,-./0
@, 1(#.60%,1-3# '&+ *%(2+&5, &) +, )-60-&#$&A
B,%, &#1(#$%,% &+ 1,5*( &+71$%-1( )(2%& &+ &C& x<x > 0> 1,+10+,%&5() &+ 1,5*( &+71$%-1( *%(D
'01-'( *(% +, %&6-3# &#$%& +() *+,#() -#.#-$() '& '&#)-',' ρ : &+ 1,)1,%(# &)E7%-1( '& '&#)-','
σ : *()$&%-(%5&#$& 0$-+-F,%&5() &+ *%-#1-*-( '& )0*&%*()-1-3#8
1'&2" %$3,4!-," 2!"5+,-5" 2"! $' !%6-./ %/4!% $"7 2$'/"7 -/8/-4"7 9Eρ:0 G,', +,
)-5&$%H, /0& *%&)&#$, &)$, %&6-3# %&)*&1$( ,+ &C& y ; &+ 1,5*( &+71$%-1( Eρ *%&)&#$,%, $,52-7#
&)$, )-5&$%H, 1(5( 50&)$%, +, )-60-&#$& .60%,A
! !"#$%&' () &*+ ,* -!%..
"#$%&$#'( ($ %#)*+ ($,%-'.%+ (/ 0+1 '(2.+/(13 "&#/0+ 0 < x < a 4 x > a5
• 0<x<a
"+/1.0('#'( %+)+ 1&*('6%.( 2#&11.#/# &/# %#7# 0( 8'(# $#-('#$ A 4 $#0+ 2x %+)+ )&(1-'# $#
1.2&.(/-( 62&'#5
9#0# $# 0.'(%%.:/ ;&( -.(/( ($ %#)*+ ($,%-'.%+ 1( -(/0'8 ;&( *+' $#1 -#*#1 <'+/-#$= *+1-('.+'=
./<('.+' 4 1&*('.+' ($ >&7+ 1('8 %('+= 4# ;&( ($ ?(%-+' /+')#$ # (1-#1 %#'#1 (1 *('*(/0.%&$#' #$
%#)*+ 4 0( (1-+ E ~ · n̂ = 0 $+ ;&( .)*$.%# ;&(
Z
E~ · n̂dS = 0
@./ ()A#'2+= 1. B#A'8 >&7+ *+' $#1 %#'#1 $#-('#$(1 4 1( -(/0'8 ;&( ($ %#)*+ ($,%-'.%+ (1 *#'#$($+
# $+1 ?(%-+'(1 /+')#$(1 0( (1-#1 %#'#1 %+/ $+ %&#$ 1( %&)*$.'8 ~(E) · n̂ = E $+ ;&( .)*$.%# ;&(
Z Z
~
E · n̂dS = E dS
S S
9( (1-# )#/('#= #*$.%#/0+ $# $(4 0( 2#&11= 1( -(/0'8 ;&( ($ >&7+ -+-#$ 1+A'( $# %#7# 1('8 ($
>&7+ # -'#?,1 0( $#1 %#'#1 $#-('#$(15
qint
Z Z
φ=E dS + E dS = EA + EA = 2EA = (1)
S1 S2 ǫ0
9+/0( S1 4 S2 1+/ $#1 1&*('6%.(1 $#-('#$(1 ./0.%#0#1 #/-('.+')(/-(3
C+0()+1 %#$%&$#' $# %#'2# ./-('.+' qint 4# ;&( 1#A()+1 $# 0.)(/1.+/(1 0( $# %#7# 4 $# 0(/1.0#0
?+$&),-'.%# 0( %#'2# ρ3 D# %#'2# ./-('.+' 1('8 1.)*$()(/-(
qint = ρV = ρ2xA
E(()*$#F#/0+ (1-( ?#$+' (/ GHI +A-(/()+15
ρ2xA
2EA =
ǫ0
ρx
E=
ǫ0
J 0#0# $# 1.)(-'K# ?()+1 ;&( ($ %#)*+ (1-# (/ 0.'(%%.:/ î= *+' $+ -#/-+ 1( -.(/( ;&(5
~ ρ = ρx î, si 0 < x < a

E
ǫ0
!
• x>a
"# $%&'#(# (# )*+,- .&%/, 0+# $,%, -, %#*)12 ,23#%)&% 4, 0+# -, 5)/#3%6, $%#5#23# #5 -, /)5/,
#2 #- ',/$& #-7'3%)'& 3,- '&/& 5# /+#53%, #2 -, 5)*+)#23# 8*+%,9
:- )*+,- 0+# #- ',5& ,23#%)&% #;)53)%< =+>& 5&-& #2 -,5 ',%,5 -,3#%,-#5 4 5#%<9φ = 2EA?
@, ',%*, )23#%)&% 5#%< -, ',%*, 0+# #53, (#5(# −a < x < aA $&% -& 3,23&9 qint = ρ2aA? :$-)',2(&
-, -#4 (# *,+559
ρ2aA
φ = 2EA =
ǫ0
ρa
E=
ǫ0
B- ',/$& #53, #2 ()%#'')12 î $&% -& 3,23&9
ρa
Eρ = î, si x > a
ǫ0
C&3,% 0+# #- ',/$& #2 #53, %#*)12 #5 '&253,23#?
!"#$% &'()*+,)% $+%-.),-% $%+ '" )"/)"+" &/0(+,)" 1Eσ 2 2

"#$,%,%#/&5 #- #5$,')& #2 D %#*)&2#5A #- )23#%)&% (# -, ',5',%, #5.7%)', E%FGH 4 #- #;3#%)&%
E%IGH 4 ',-'+-,/&5 #- ',/$& #-7'3%)'& #2 ',(, +2& +3)-)J,2(& -, -#4 (# *,+559
• r<R
K,(& -, 5)/#3%6, #5.7%)', 4 -, (#25)(,( 5+$#%8'),- σ #5 '&253,23#A 5# 3#2(%< 0+# #- ',/$&
#-7'3%)'& #53,%< #2 ()%#'')12 %,(),-? L&25)(#%,%# '&/& 5+$#%8')# *,+55),2, +2, ',5',%, #5.7%)',
(# %,()& r < RE5+$#%8')# "H 3,- '&/& /+#53%, -, 8*+%,9
! !"#$%&' () &*+ ,* -!%..
"# $%&' ( )*(+,- ./ /-)( -%0/*123/ -/*4 φ = S E ~ · n̂dS 5 0/*' /# +/2)'* n̂ /- 0(*(#/#' (# 2(67
R
0'8(69'- *(.3(#/-: ; 0'* #' <%/ E ~ · n̂ = E ; 0'* #' )(=)' φ = E dS = E4πr2 >
R
S
?'* ')*' #(.'5 #( 2(*@( 3=)/*3'* /- =%#( ;( <%/ -'#' A(; 2(*@( /= #( 2(-2(*(B qint = 0> ?'* #( #/;
./ @(%-- -/ )/=.*4 <%/
qint
φ = E4πr2 = =0
ǫ0
E = 0, si r < R
• r>R
C'=-3./*(6'-5 (# 3@%(# <%/ /= /# 2(-' (=)/*3'*5 %=( 2(-2(*( /-D,*32( ./ *(.3' r > R 2'6'
-%0/*123/ @(%--3(=(> E(&' #'- 63-6'- (*@%6/=)'- ./ -36/)*F( (=)/*3'* +/6'- <%/ /# 2(60'
/#,2)*32' -/*4 *(.3(# ; 0'* #' )(=)'5 0(*(#/#' (# +/2)'* ='*6(# ; ./ /-)( 6(=/*(B
Z Z
φ= ~
E · n̂dS = E dS = E4πr2
S S
G( 2(*@( 3=)/*=( qint -/*4 #( 2(*@( 2'=)/=3.( /= )'.( #( -%0/*123/5 #( 2%(# -/ '9)3/=/ 6%#)30#37
2(=.' /# 4*/( )')(# 0'* #( ./=-3.(. -%0/*123(# ./ 2(*@(B qint = σ4πR2 >
?'* #( #/; ./ @(%--5 -/ )/=.*4 <%/
qint σ4πR2
φ = E4πr2 = =
ǫ0 ǫ0
H/-0/&(=.' /# 2(60' /#,2)*32' -/ )3/=/ <%/
σR2
E=
ǫ0 r2
"-)/ 2(60' /-)(*4 /= .3*/223I= *(.3(#5 0'* #' )(=)'B
2
~ σ = σR r̂, si r > R
E
ǫ0 r2
H'=./ r̂ /- /# +/2)'* %=3)(*3' /= .3*/223I= *(.3(#>
JA'*( <%/ /=2'=)*(6'- #'- .'- 2(60'- /#,2)*32'- 0'./6'- /=2'=)*(* /# 2(60' */-%#)(=)/
-%0/*0'=3,=.'#'-> ?(*( /-)'5 2'=-3./*(*/ K */@3'=/-B
L: 0 < x < a
LL: a < x < a + 2R
LLL: x > a + 2R
~ σ = σR22 r̂> JA'*( )/=/6'-

~ ρ = ρx î ; E
L: 0 < x < aB "= /-)( */@3I= #'- 2(60'- /#,2)*32'- -'=B E ǫ0 ǫ0 r
<%/ /M0*/-(* r ; r̂ ./ D'*6( 2'=+/=3/=)/ 0(*( 0'./* -%6(* (69'- 2(60'-> C'=-3./*/6'- #(
-3@%3/=)/ 1@%*(B
N/6'- <%/ -/ 2%60#3*4 <%/ a + R = x + r 2'= #' <%/ */-%#)( r = a + R − x> J./64-5 +/6'-
<%/ r̂ = −î ; 0'* #' )(=)' 0'./6'- /-2*393* /# 2(60' /#,2)*32' 2'6'B
~σ = −σR2
E î
ǫ0 (a + R − x)2
!
~ =E
"# #$%& '&(#)&* #+ ,&'-. #+/,%)0,. )#$1+%&(%# #( #$%& )#203( #$ E ~ρ + E
~ σ * #$ 4#,0)
~ = ( ρx − σR2
E )î
ǫ0 ǫ0 (a + R − x)2
556 a < x < a + 2R7 8( #$%& )#203( #+ ,&'-. +. &-.)%& $.+. Eρ 9& :1# #+ ,&'-. -).41,04. -.)
+& ,&$,&& #$;#)0,& #$ (1+. #( #+ 0(%#)0.) #++&< =.) +. %&(%.7
~ ρ = ρa î, si a < x < a + 2R

~ =E
E
ǫ0
5556 x > a + 2R 8( #$%& )#20.* &'>.$ ,&'-.$ #$%&)?( #( 40)#,,03( 9 $#(%04. î< =&)& .>%#(#)
~ σ #( ;1(,03( 4# @* ,.($04#)&'.$ +& $0210#(%# A21)&7
+& #@-)#$03( 4# E
B#'.$ :1# $# ,1'-+# +& )#+&,03( x = a + R + r* ,.( +. :1# )#$1+%& :1# r = x − a − R< C4#'?$*
r̂ = î< "# #$%& ;.)'&* %#(4)#'.$ :1#7
~σ = σR2
E î
ǫ0 (x − a − R)2
D1#2.* -.) -)0(,0-0. 4# $1-#)-.$0,03(* #+ ,&'-. #+/,%)0,. #( #$%& )#203( $#)?7
~ = ( ρa + σR2
E )î, si x > a + 2R
ǫ0 ǫ0 (x − a − R)2
E0(&+'#(%# #+ ,&'-. #+/,%)0,. )#$1+%&(%# -.) &'>&$ 40$%)0>1,0.(#$ 4# ,&)2& $#)?7
! !"#$%&' () &*+ ,* -!%..
σR2
 ρx
 ( ǫ0 −
 ǫ0 (a+R−x)2
)î 0<x<a
~ = ρa
E ǫ0 î a < x < a + 2R
 ( ρa + σR2

ǫ0 ǫ0 (x−a−R)2
)î x > a + 2R
!"#$%&' ()
!"#$%&'(')"$ &"$ '$*'(+$ #" ,"#,-#.(%,+$ &' (+&%" R/ ,"# &'#$%&+&'$ &' ,+(0+ 1"23)-.(%,+$
ρ 4 −ρ 3#%*"()'$5 6"$ ,'#.("$ &' +)7+$ '$*'(+$ '$.8# + 3#+ &%$.+#,%+ )'#"( 93' 2R5 :'+ d~
'2 1',."( 93' 1+ &'2 ,'#.(" &' 2+ '$*'(+ ;"$%.%1+ +2 ,'#.(" &' 2+ '$*'(+ #'0+.%1+5 <(3'7' 93' '2
,+);" '2-,.(%," '# 2+ %#.'($',,%=# &' 2+$ '$*'(+$ '$ ,"#$.+#.' 4 '#,3'#.(' $3 1+2"(5
*"$+,-./0
>'2 ;("72')+ ?@/ $+7')"$ 93' '2 ,+);" '2-,.(%," '# '2 %#.'(%"( &' 3#+ '$*'(+ )+,%A+ &' &'#$%&+&
~
&' ,+(0+ 3#%*"()' ρ '$ E(r) ρr
= 3ǫ · r̂5
0
>' 2+ $%)'.(B+ &' 2+ &%$.(%73,%=#/ + ;(%"(% $+7')"$ 93' +&')8$ ;+(+ R ≤ r '2 ,+);" ,3);2'
~ r) = E(r)r̂5 :% 7%'# #" '$ #','$+(%" ;+(+ 2+ ('$"23,%=# &'2 ;("72')+ ,"#",'( '2 ,+);"
E(~
'2-,.(%," *3'(+ &' 2+ '$*'(+/ '#,"#.(-)"$2" 3$+#&" 2+ 2'4 &' C+3$$5
!"#$%&'(')"$ ,")" $3;'(D,%' &' %#.'0(+,%=# 3#+ ,8$,+(+ '$*-(%,+ &' (+&%" r > R5 E'#')"$
93'
~ · n̂dS = Qint
I
E
Ω ǫ0
4πR3 ρ
E(r)4πr2 =
3ǫ0
3
=⇒ ~ r) = R ρ r̂
E(~
3ǫ0 r2
<"( .+#."/ .'#')"$ 93' '2 ,+);" '2-,.(%," 0'#'(+&" ;"( 2+ '$*'(+ )+,%A+ '$
( ρr
~ 3ǫ0 · r̂ r < R
E(r) = R3 ρ
3ǫ0 r2
r̂ R ≤ r
<"#0+)"$ '2 "(%0'# &' ,""(&'#+&+$ '# '2 ,'#.(" &' 2+ '$*'(+ &' &'#$%&+& &' ,+(0+ ρ5 F$B/
.'#')"$ 93' 2"$ ,+);"$ '2-,.(%,"$ '# 2"$ %#.'(%"('$ &' ,+&+ '$*'(+ '$.8# &+&"$ ;"(
ρ
E~1 (r) = · ~r para |~r| < R
3ǫ0
ρ ~ para |~r − d|
~ <R
E~2 (r) = − · (~r − d)
3ǫ0
6"$ 1',."('$ '# 2+ %#.'($',,%=# &' +)7+$ '$*'(+$ $+.%$*+,'# $%)32.8#'+)'#.'
~ < R 4 |~r| < R5 F$B/ ;"( '2 ;(%#,%;%" &' $3;'(;"$%,%=#/ '2 ,+);" '2-,.(%," '# 2+ %#.'($',,%=#
|~r −d|
&' +)7+$ '$*'(+$ '$
~ r) = E~1 (~r) + E~2 (~r) = ρ · ~r − ρ · (~r − d)

E(~ ~ = ρ · d~
3ǫ0 3ǫ0 3ǫ0
'2 ,3+2 '$ ,"#$.+#.'/ .+2 ,")" $' 93'(B+ ;("7+(5
! !"#$%&' () &*+ ,* -!%..
!"#$%&' (
!"#$%&'( )(#%"*!#+"'"&%!
!"#$%&' ()
!"#$%&'& (" )*+"! $","$-! %& %&"#$%+% %& .+'/+ #()&',.$+* ("$0!'1& σ > 0 "!'1+* +* &2& 3
%& &.(+.$4" x = 05 6" ax̂ #& &".(&"-'+ ("+ .+'/+ )("-(+* −q < 05
+7 6".(&"-'& &* )!-&".$+* &*8.-'$.! #!9'& &* &2& 3 : &"-'& *+ .+'/+ −q < 0 : &* !'$/&"
.!!'%&"+%! ;5
97 <"+ )+'-=.(*+ %& 1+#+ m : .+'/+ −e < 0 #& (9$.+ &" &* )("-! 1&%$! &"-'& −q : ; : #& %&2+
*$9'&5 > !" ?(8 &"&'/=+ .$"8-$.+ **&/+ *+ .+'/+ +* )*+"!@ A$/"!'& &0&.-!# /'+B$-+.$!"+*&#75
*"$+,-./0
+7 !"!.&1!# &* .+1)! &*8.-'$.! /&"&'+%! )!' &* )*+"! : *+ .+'/+ −q #!9'& &* &2& 3 ?(& *!#
("&5 C+*&# .+1)!# #!" σ
E~1 = x̂
2ǫ0
1 −q 1 q
E~2 = 2
· −x̂ = · x̂
4πǫ0 (a − x) 4πǫ0 (a − x)2
D#=E &* .+1)! &*8.-'$.! &"-'& ; : −q A?(& &#-FE %$/+1!#E &" &* )("-! D7 &#

~ = E~1 + E~2 = σ 1 q
E + · x̂
2ǫ0 4πǫ0 (a − x)2
G&'! :+ ?(& E~ = −∇V

~ E &"-!".&# &" Ω A*+ '&/$4" )&%$%+7

∂V ∂V ∂V σ 1 q
=0 =0 −
∂y = +
∂z ∂x 2ǫ0 4πǫ0 (a − x)2

σx 1 q
=⇒ V (x) = − + +C
2ǫ0 4πǫ0 (a − x)
97 6* .+1)! &*&.-'!#-F-$.! &# .!"#&'B+-$B!E +#= ?(& )!%&1!# (#+' .!"#&'B+.$4" %& &"&'/=+
&"-'& &"&'/=+ )!-&".$+* : .$"8-$.+5 H+ .+'/+ −e )+'-& %&* '&)!#! %&#%& a/2x̂ I+.$+ &*
)*+"!5 G!' .!"#&'B+.$4" %& &"&'/=+E -&"&1!# ?(&
JK
! !"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '
mv 2
−eV (a/2) = − eV (0)
2
mv 2
=⇒ K = = e (V (0) − V (a/2))
2
1 q 1 2q σa
= e − +C + + −C
4πǫ0 a 4πǫ0 a 4ǫ0

1 q σa
= e +
4πǫ0 a 4ǫ0
!
!"#$%&' ()
"# $%#&#& '() #)*+,-) .(&'/.$(,-) '# ,-'%() r1 , r2 0 .-,1-) q1 , q2 )#2-,-'-) 2(, /&- 1,-& '%)3
$-&.%- d >> r1 , r2 4 "% -56-) )# .(&#.$-& - $,-7+) '# /& .-68# .(&'/.$(, 9'#)2,#.%-68#: ;/#
)%,7# )<8( 2-,- $,-&)2(,$-, .-,1- '# /&- - ($,-=: #&./#&$,# 8-) '#&)%'-'#) '# .-,1- )/2#,>.%-8#)
'# .-'- /&- 9#& */&.%<& '# 8-) 7-,%-68#) .(&(.%'-)= /&- 7#? ;/# #8 )%)$#5- -8.-&?- #8 #;/%8%6,%(4
*"$+,-./0
@-'( ;/# #8 )%)$#5- #)$A #& /&- ,#1%<& -.($-'- '#8 #)2-.%(: 2('#5() $(5-, .(5( 2/&$( '#
,#*#,#&.%- '#8 2($#&.%-8 #8 %&>&%$( # %1/-8-, #8 2($#&.%-8 - .#,( -88B: #) '#.%,: V (+∞) = 04 C)B:
#8 2($#&.%-8 )(6,# 8-) )/2#,>.%#) '# 8-) #)*#,-) .(&'/.$(,-) #)
q1 q2
V1 = k , V2 = k
r1 r2
'(&'# D#5() )/2/#)$( ;/# #8 2($#&.%-8 '# /&- #)*#,- &( #) -*#.$-'( 2(, #8 '# 8- ($,- 9( 5A) 6%#&
#) -*#.$-'( '# *(,5- '#)2,#.%-68#=: '-'( ;/# #)$A& 5/0 5/0 )#2-,-'-: #) '#.%,: d >> r1 , r2 :
0 $-52(.( #8 .-52( '# /&- #)*#,- ,#'%)$,%6/0# 8- .-,1- '# 8- ($,-4 E(, .(&)#,7-.%<& '# .-,1-:
)% (q1 )f , (q2 )f )(& 8-) .-,1-) #& .-'- #)*#,- /&- 7#? -8.-&?-'( #8 #;/%8%6,%(: $#&#5() ;/#
q1 + q2 = (q1 )f + (q2 )f
C8 -8.-&?-, #8 #;/%8%6,%(: #) '#.%,: ./-&'( '#F- '# D-6#, $,-&)*#,#&.%- '# .-,1-) #&$,# 8-) #)*#,-):
$#&#5() ;/# 8- '%*#,#&.%- '# 2($#&.%-8 #8+.$,%.( #&$,# -56-) #) &/8(: #) '#.%,:
V1 = V2
(q1 )f (q2 )f
k = k
r1 r2
2
4π(r1 ) (σ1 )f 4π(r2 )2 (σ2 )f
=
r1 r2
(σ2 )f r1
=⇒ =
(σ1 )f r2
@# #)$( 7#5() ;/# #& 1#&#,-8: 8-) ,#1%(&#) #& 8- )/2#,>.%# '# /& .(&'/.$(, .(& 5#&(,
,-'%( '# ./,7-$/,- 92/&$-)= .(&.#&$,-& /&- 5-0(, '#&)%'-' )/2#,>.%-8 '# .-,1-: 2(, 8( ./-8 #8
.-52( #8+.$,%.( .#,.- '# #88-) 9#& )/ #G$#,%(,= #) 5A) */#,$# ;/# #& ,#1%(&#) .(& 5#&(, ,-'%(
'# ./,7-$/,-4
H)-&'( 8- ,#8-.%<& #&.(&$,-'- #& 8- #./-.%<& '# .(&)#,7-.%<& '# .-,1-: (6$#&#5()
(q1 )f + (q2 )f = q1 + q2
2 2
4π(r1 ) (σ1 )f + 4π(r2 ) (σ2 )f = q1 + q2
4πr1 (σ1 )f (r1 + r2 ) = q1 + q2
1 q1 + q2
=⇒ (σ1 )f =
4πr1 r1 + r2
1 q1 + q2
(σ2 )f =
4πr2 r1 + r2
! !"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '
!"#$%&' ()
!"#!$%&! '#! () *+$,-.%+.#+*)* !. |E~⊥ (~r)| )( /)$)& *! #.) &!0+1. 2),3) ) -%&) 2),3) /-& #.)
$#/!&4,+! ,)&0)*) *! *!.$+*)* $#/!&4,+)( σ(~r)5 ,-. ~r !. () $#/!&4,+!5 !$
σ(~r)
ǫ0
6-.$+*!&).*- !$%-5 !.,#!.%&! !( ,)"/- !(7,%&+,- !. () $#/!&4,+! *! #. ,-.*#,%-& !. !'#+(+8&+-
!(!,%&-$%9%+,-:
*"$+,-./0
6-.$+*!&!"-$ #. $!,%-& "#; "#; /!'#!<- *! () $#/!&4,+! ,!.%&)*- !. ~r5 %). /!'#!<-
'#! $!) ,)$+ /().-5 ; $+%#!"-$ ) %&)27$ *! !(() #. ,+(+.*&- Ω *! )(%#&) 0 < 2h << 1 ; 9&!)
0 < A << 15 %)( '#! () $#/!&4,+! (- ,&#=! /-& () "+%)*: >-& () (!; *! 0)#$$5 %!.!"-$
~ r) · n̂dS = Qint
I
E(~
Ω ǫ0
>!&-
Qint ∼ σ(~r)A
Qint ∼
= σ(~r)A =⇒ =
ǫ0 ǫ0
?!.!"-$ )*!"9$
I Z Z Z
~ r) · n̂dS =
E(~ ~ r) · n̂dS +
E(~ E~1 (~r) · nˆ1 dS + E~2 (~r) · nˆ2 dS
Ω manto carasup carainf
>-*!"-$ !@/&!$)& !( ,)"/- !(7,%&+,- ,-"- () $#") *! $# ,-"/-.!.%! %).0!.,+)( ; .-&")(

) () $#/!&4,+!5 !$ *!,+&5 E~ = E~⊥ + E~// : A*!"9$5 ,-"- !( 9&!) !$ "#; /!'#!<)5 !( "1*#(-
*!( ,)"/- !(7,%&+,- $-8&! 7( $! ").%+!.! ,)$+ ,-.$%).%!5 /-& (- '#! (- /-*!"-$ )/&-@+")& /-&
~ r)| !. %-*) !( 9&!): ?)"8+7.5 nˆ1 = −nˆ2
|E(~ 6-. !$%- !. "!.%!5 %!.!"-$ '#!
Z Z
E~1 (~r) · nˆ1 dS + E~2 (~r) · nˆ2 dS = (E~1 )⊥ A − (E~2 )⊥ A
carasup carainf
= ((E~1 )⊥ − (E~2 )⊥ )A
!@/&!$+1. '#! .- *!/!.*! *! h B)( +0#)( '#! σ(~ǫr)A C: ?)"8+7. %!.!"-$ '#!
0
Z
~ r) · n̂dS → 0
E(~ cuando h→0
manto
!
"#$% &'(')*# +(,-)'(&'
σ(~r)A
((E~1 )⊥ − (E~2 )⊥ )A =
ǫ0
σ(~r)A
△E⊥ A =
ǫ0
σ(~r)
=⇒ △E⊥ (~r) = +
ǫ0
.,/')*# 01' 1( 2*(312&*4 '( '015-5/45* '-62&4*#&7&52* (* 84'#'(&, 2,49, '( #1 5(&'45*4% '-
2,)8* '-62&452* '( #1 5(&'45*4 '# (1-* : &*3, #1 2,49, '#&7 35#&45/153, '( -, #18'4+25' 3' &,-
;*4), 01' '- 2,)8* '-62&452* '( -, #18'4+25' '# (*4),- , -, )5#), <81'# #5 &1=5'4, 2*)8*('(&'
&,(9'(25,- , '--,% -,# 2,49,# #' )*='4$,( : (* '#&,4$,( '( '015-5/45* '-'2&4*#&7&52*>? "#$% 2*(@
#53'4,(3* '#&* '( '- ,(7-5#5# ,(&'45*4% &'(')*# 01' '- 2,)8* '-62&452* '( ~r #*/4' -, #18'4+25'
'#
~ r) = + σ(~r) n̂
E(~
ǫ0
2*( n̂ '- ='2&*4 (*4),- 'A&'45*4 , -, #18'4+25' '( ~r?
! !"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '
!"#$%&' () "# $%#&#& '() *+,*'-+*) #)./+%0*)1 ,#$23%0*)1 4-#0*) 5 0(&0/&$+%0*) '# +*'%() *
5 6 768*91 5 '# #):#)(+ '#):+#0%*63# *-&;-# <&%$(= >* *+,*'-+* %&$#+&* )# 0*+?* 0(& -&* 0*+?*
q0 > 0= "# )-:(&# ;-# 3* $%#++* 7;-# )# $(,* 0(,( (+%?#& '# :($#&0%*3#)9 #)$2 %&<&%$*,#&$#
*3#@*'*=
A= >* *+,*'-+* #B$#+&* )# 0(&#0$* * $%#++* * $+*C/) '# -&* 6*$#+D* 0-5* '%.#+#&0%* '#
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~ r) = E(r)r̂=
V = V (r) 5 E(~
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~ · n̂dS = 0 = q1 =⇒ q1 = 0 =⇒ q2 = q0
I
E
ǫ0
'(&'# E ~ = ~0 :-#) #3 0*,:( #3/0$+%0( #& #3 %&$#+%(+ '# -& 0(&'-0$(+ #& #;-%3%6+%(
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I
E
ǫ0
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,')%* r > b 6 :1- &*(.-(7' $' 2-71()' ',/')1,'8 .-(-/*2
~ · n̂dS = E(r)4πr2 = q1 + q2 + q3 + q4 =⇒ E(r) q4 r̂

I
E ~ =
ǫ0 4πǫ0 r2
;*, *.,' #',.-8 2'<-/*2 :1- $' )%4-,-(&%' -(.,- $' ',/')1,' -=.-,(' 6 $' .%-,,' >-(
-$ %(3(%.*? -2 V0 8 -2.* -2
Z b
V (b) − V (+∞) = V (b) = V0 = − ~ · d~r
E
+∞
b
q4 dr
Z
V0 = −
+∞ 4πǫ0 r2
q4 1
V0 =
4πǫ0 b
=⇒ q4 = 4πǫ0 bV0
)*()- .*/'/*2 1( &'/%(* ,')%'$ 2*<,- $' %(.-7,'$ )- $@(-'A
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F% -$ ,')%* )- $' 21#-,3&%- )- %(.-7,'&%D( -2 r ≤ a
~ · n̂dS = E(r)4πr2 = q1 = 0 =⇒ E
I
E ~ = ~0
ǫ0
%%? a < r ,-7%D( -(.,- ',/')1,'2?
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I
E ~ =
ǫ0 4πǫ0 r2
%%%? r = b >/-.'$ )- $' ',/')1,' -=.-,('?
~
G( -2.- #1(.*8 E(b) = ~08 #1-2 -$ &'/#* -$5&.,%&* -( -$ %(.-,%*, )- 1( /-.'$
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~ · n̂dS = E(r)4πr2 = q4 = 4πǫ0 bV0 =⇒ E(r) bV0

I
E ~ = 2 · r̂
ǫ0 ǫ0 r
! !"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '
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
 ~0 r≤a
 q0 r̂
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
4πǫ0 · r2
a<r<b
E(r) = ~0

 r=b
 bV0
r2
· r̂ b≤r
-3 4.&5'0( )'6').&*$ #, #$/.-'* #( 6.2'.$ 2#7'*(#$8

'3 a ≤ r ≤ b
4#(#&*$
Z
V (r) = − ~ · dr̂ + C
E
q0 dr
Z
= − +C
4πǫ0 r2
q0 1
= · +C
4πǫ0 r
)*()# #, -.&'(* )# '(1#72.-'9( %$.)* :%# 2.)'.,8

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q0
/*2 1.(1* C = V0 − 4πǫ 0
· 1b + #(1*(-#$

q0 1 1
V (r) = − + V0
4πǫ0 r b
;*2 1.(1*+ 1#(#&*$ >%# ,. )':#2#(-'. )# /*1#(-'., #(12# ,.$ .2&.)%2.$ #$

q0 1 1
V (a) − V (b) = −
4πǫ0 a b
''3 r ≤ a
?, /*1#(-'., #( r = a @.2&.)%2. '(1#2(.3 #$

q0 1 1
V (a) = − + V0
4πǫ0 a b
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q0 1 1
V (r ≤ a) = − + V0
4πǫ0 a b
'''3 b ≤ r
Z
V (r) = − ~ · dr̂ + C‘
E
q4 dr
Z
= − + C‘
4πǫ0 r2
q4 1
= · + C‘
4πǫ0 r
bV0
= + C‘
r
!
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bV0
=⇒ V (r) =
r
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q0 1
− 1b + V0 r ≤ a
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q1 = 0
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~ = ~0
r≤a : E
~ = q0 · r̂
a<r#$#+1*2 ,# /%0#+1*2. #+0$# 2$)2,($2' #' V (a) − V (b) = 1 1
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dq
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V (~r) =
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3$ (%5( 4+%#< %& ~r = xx̂ + y ŷ + z ẑ 1 r~1 = x1 x̂< 4#$ 0 ≤ x1 ≤ L< %#$ -+% 6#%&4&#$(% '(- 6*$5# 1
'( -+ ,+)&--+ )(%6(45&,+0($5(< 5($(0#% 8*(
L
λdx1
Z
V (~r) = p
0 4πǫ0 (x1 − x)2 + y 2 + z 2
3$4#$5)(0#% √ dx 2 9& x = tan(θ)< ($5#$4(%

R
x2 +1
dx sec2 (θ)dθ
Z Z Z p
√ =p = sec(θ)dθ = ln(sec(θ)+tan(θ)) = ln(x+ x2 + 1) = arccosh(x)
x2 + 1 tan2 (θ) + 1
dx1
3=5($'&($'# (%5# + √ )(%*-5+ >,()?@8*(-#A
R
2 (x1 −x) +y +z 2
2
dx1
Z p
p = ln(x1 − x + ((x1 − x)2 + y 2 + z 2 )
(x1 − x)2 + y 2 + z 2
B%?< (- 6#5($4&+- (%
L
λdx1
Z
V (x, y, z) = p
2 2 2
0 4πǫ0 (x1 − x) + y + z
Z L
λ dx1
= p
4πǫ0 0 (x1 − x)2 + y 2 + z 2
λ p L
= · ln(x1 − x + (x1 − x)2 + y 2 + z 2 )

4πǫ0 0
! p "
λ 2 2
L − x + (L − x) + y + z 2
= · ln p
4πǫ0 −x + x2 + y 2 + z 2
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q 1 1
V = −
4πǫ0 r+ r−
6,( /% /&: 0&/ ",2&',3 -&'&;,2 <4&
π
2
r+ = r2 + d2 − 2rd · cos −θ
2
= r2 + d2 − 2rd · sen(θ)
1 1
=⇒ = p
r+ 2 2
r + d − 2rd · sen (θ)
1 1
= ·q
r 1 + ( d )2 − 2 d · sen (θ)
r r
6&(, &2-%;,2 "%/"4/%'0, &/ +,-&'".%/ +%(% r >> d3 +,( /, <4& d

r << 1 :
1 1 1
= ·q
r+ r 1 + ( dr )2 − 2 dr · sen (θ)
! ! ""
∼ 1 1 d 2 d
= · 1− − 2 · sen(θ)
r 2 r r
! 2 "
1 1 d d
= · 1− + · sen(θ)
r 2 r r
= 24 >&?3 -&'&;,2 +%(% r−

!
π
2
r− = r2 + d2 − 2rd · cos + θ = r2 + d2 + 2rd · sen (θ)
2
" #$ %&'() )*+,&-) ) ,& )*.$'/&'
! 2 "
1 ∼1 1 d d
= · 1− − · sen(θ)
r− r 2 r r
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q 1 1
V (r, θ) = −
4πǫ0 r + r−
!! " ! ""
1 d 2 d 1 d 2 d

∼ q
= · 1− + · sen(θ) − 1 − − · sen(θ)
4πǫ0 r 2 r r 2 r r

q 2d
= · · sen(θ)
4πǫ0 r r
2qd sen(θ)
= ·
4πǫ0 r2
p sen(θ)
= ·
4πǫ0 r2
1 p~ · r̂
V (r, θ) = ·
4πǫ0 r2
#&*#$ p~ $5 $, (&($*.& #/3&,)' $,64.'/4& #$, #/3&,&7
89 :)8$(&5 12$
ˆ = − ∂V r̂ − 1 ∂V θ̂
~ = −∇V
E
∂r r ∂θ
;5<= .$*$(&5 12$
∂V 1 psen(θ)
=−
∂r 2πǫ0 r3
1 ∂V 1 pcos(θ)
=
r ∂θ 4πǫ0 r3
~ θ) = p
=⇒ E(r, 2sen(θ)r̂ − cos(θ)θ̂
4πǫ0 r3
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! !"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '
U = qV (x + dx, y + dy, z + dz) − qV (x, y, z)

= q (V (x + dx, y + dy, z + dz) − V (x, y, z))
= qdV

∂V ∂V ∂V
= q dx + dy + dz
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂V ∂V ∂V
= px + py + pz
∂x ∂y ∂z
~
= p~ · ∇V
U = −~ ~
p·E
!
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Z p
Vp = − ~ · d~ℓ
E
∞
"#$%&'()+$'# (7 6#3($0&+7 &,*+7 + 0()# ($ (7 &$@$&3#9
~ = E r̂1 '#$'( r̂ (% (7 C(03#)
A7 6)#47(5+ 3&($( %&5(3)B+ (%./)&0+ 8 6#) 7# 3+$3# %( 3($'); 2*( E
*$&3+)&# ($ '&)(00&-$ )+'&+79
"#$%&'()+)(5#% D )(,&#$(%?
EF r < a
EEF a < r b
• 21 r < a0
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2*( (7 C(03#) $#)5+7 + (%3+ %*6()@0&( (% 6+)+7(7# + r̂9 :( (%3+ 5+$()+ %( 3($'); 2*( (7 0+56#
~ (% 6+)+7(7# +7 C(03#) $#)5+7 n̂ '( 7+ %*6()@0&( H 6#) 7# 2*( E
E ~ · n̂ = E 8 6#) 7# 3+$3#?
Z Z
φ= ~
E · n̂dS = E dS = E4πr2
S S
I#) #3)# 7+'# 7+ 0+),+ ($ (7 &$3()&#) '( 7+ %*6()@0&( (% $*7+ 8+ 2*( (%3+ 0#$3($&'+ ($ (7
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E4πr2 = 0
L 6#) 7# 3+$3# E = 01 %& )M+9

• 221 a < r < b0
"#$%&'()# 0#5# %*6()@0&( ,+*%%&+$+ *$+ 0+%0+)+ (%./)&0+ '( )+'&# )G%*6()@0&( HF 0#5# 5*(%3)+
7+ @,*)+?
~ · n̂ = E 8 6#) 7# 3+$3#?
J7 &,*+7 2*( ($ (7 0+%# +$3()&#) %( 3($'); 2*( E
! !"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '
Z
φ= ~ · n̂dS = E4πr2
E
S
"# $#%&# '()*%'+% qint ,* -.*/* $#0$.0#% 12$'03*()* 4# 5.* 0# /*(,'/#/ /* $#%&# *, $+(,)#()*6
7* )*(/%2 5.* qint = ρ0 V 6 V *, *0 8+0.3*( *()%* 0# *,1*%# /* %#/'+ r 4 0# *,1*%# /* %#/'+ a $+(
0+ 5.* %*,.0)#9
4
qint = ρ0 π(r3 − a3 )
3
:-0'$#(/+ 0# 0*4 /* &#.,,9
4
E4πr2 = ρ0 π(r3 − a3 )
3ǫ0
;+( 0+ 5.* ,* +<)'*(*9
ρ0 (r3 − a3 )
E=
3r2 ǫ0
;+3+ $+3*()#3+, #()*%'+%3*()* *,)* $#3-+ *,)# *( /'%*$$'=( %#/'#0 r̂> -+% 0+ )#()+9
3 3
~ = ρ0 (r − a ) r̂
E
3ǫ0 r2
• ! r > b"
?%+$*/'*(/+ /* '&.#0 3#(*%# 5.* *( 0# %*&'=( @@A 8*%*3+, 5.* 0# $#%&# #03#$*(#/# *( 0#
/',)%'<.$'=( 5.* %+/*# #0 $+(/.$)+% ,*%29
4
qint = πρ0 (b3 − a3 )
3
B* *,)# 3#(*%# #-0'$#(/+ 0# 0*4 /* &#.,, )*(/%*3+, 5.*9
ρ0 (b3 − a3 )
E4πr2 =
3rǫ0
ρ0 (b3 − a3 )
E=
3ǫ0 r2
C*$)+%'#03*()* 5.*/# *D-%*,#/+ $+3+9
~ ρ0 (b3 − a3 )
E(r) = r̂
3ǫ0 r2
!
"#$%&'#()*+ #, -.&/* #,0-12'-* #( 1*)* #, #$/.-'* 2#$%,1.


 0 r<a
ρ0 (r 3 −a3 )

~
E= r̂ a<rb
34*2. 5%# 1#(#&*$ #, -.&/* #,0-12'-* #( 1*)* #, #$/.-'* /*)#&*$ -.,-%,.2 #, /*1#(-'., #,0-12'-*6
7#8#&*$ #,#9'2 %(. 12.:#-1*2'. /.2. 1#(#2 %(. #;/2#$'<( /.2. #, =#-1*2 d~ℓ6 >,#9'&*$ %(. ,?(#.
2#-1. 5%# =.:. )#$)# #, '(@('1* 4.$1. %(. )'$1.(-'. r > b
A*&* /*)#&*$ =#2 E ~ · d~ℓ = E r̂ · d~ℓ = Edr6 7# #$1. &.(#2. #, /*1#(-'., #,0-12'-* $#2BC
Z r Z r Z r
~ ~ ρ0 (b3 − a3 )
V (r) = − E · dℓ = − Edr = − )dr
∞ ∞ ∞ 3ǫ0 r2
D(1#92.()* $# *81'#(# 5%#C
ρ0 (b3 − a3 )
V (r) = , si r > b
3ǫ0 r
34*2. 5%#2#&*$ -.,-%,.2 #, /*1#(-'., . %(. )'$1.(-'. r+ )*()# a < r < b6 E*2 )#@('-'<(
1#(#&*$ 5%#
Z r
V (r) = − ~ · d~ℓ
E
∞
7#$-*&/*(#&*$ #$1. '(1#92., )# ,?(#. $#/.2.()* ,. 12.:#-1*2'. )#$)# #, '(@('1* 4.$1. r+ #( ,.$
12.:#-1*2'.$ )#$)# '(@('1* 4.$1. b &.$ ,. 12.:#-1*2'. )#$)# b 4.$1. r6
Z b Z r
V (r) = − ~ · d~ℓ + −
E ~ · d~ℓ
E
∞ b
F. /2'&#2. '(1#92., 2#$%,1. )# #=.,%.2 #, /*1#(-'., .(1#2'*2 #( r = bC
b 3 3
~ · d~ℓ = ρ0 (b − a )
Z
V (b) = − E
∞ 3ǫ0 b
E*2 *12* ,.)*+ /.2. ,. *12. '(1#92., 1#()2#&*$
r r
ρ0 (r3 − a3 )
Z Z
− ~ · d~ℓ = −
E dr
b b 3ǫ0 r2
Z b Z r
ρ0 3 1
= − ·( rdr − a 2
dr)
3ǫ0 ∞ b r
r
r2 1 r

ρ0
= − · (( ) − a3 ( − ))
3ǫ0 2 b r b
ρ0 b2 − r 2 (r − b)
= ·( + a3 )
3ǫ0 2 rb
! !"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '
"# #$%& '&(#)&* #+ ,-%#(./&+ #( r )#$0+%& $#)
ρ0 b3 − a3 b2 − r2 (r − b)
V (r) = ( + + a3 ), si a < x < b
3ǫ0 b 2 rb
1&)& +& )#2/3( r < a 4#$.-',-(#'-$ +& %)&5#.%-)/& 4#$4# #+ /(6(/%- 7&$%& ) #( 8 %)&5#.%-)/&$9
:#(4)#'-$ ;0# #+ ,-%#(./&+ #$
Z r Z b Z a Z r
V (r) = − ~ · d~ℓ = −
E ~ · d~ℓ + −
E ~ · d~r + −
E ~ · d~ℓ
E
∞ ∞ b a
<+ $#) (0+- #+ .&',- #+=.%)/.- ,&)& r < a %#(4)#'-$ ;0#

Z r
− ~ · d~ℓ = 0
E
a
> 4# #$%& '&(#)& #+ ,-%#(./&+ )#$0+%& $#)?
ρ0 b3 − a3 b2 − a2 (a − b)
V (r) = ( + + a3 ), si r < a
3ǫ0 b 2 ab
!
!"#$%&' ()
"#$%&'()( (* %&%+(,- '-'# ($ *- ./0)-1 2( +&($($ 3 4&*&$')#% ,05 *-)/#%6 70(4#%6 4-'- 0$# '(
)-'&# r 5 '($%&'-'(% '( 4-)/-% %08().4&-*(% 4#$%+-$+(% σ 5 −σ 9
'* :$40($+)( (* 4-,8# (*;4+)&4# %#<)( *- *=$(- AB 6 >0( (>0&'&%+- '( *#% 4&*&$')#% ($ 0$- '&%?
+-$4&- &/0-* - %0 %(8-)-4&@$ d9
#* A(+(),&$( *- '&B()($4&- '( 8#+($4&-* ($+)( *#% 4($+)#% '( *#% 4&*&$')#%9
+"$,-./01
'* C-)- #<+($() (%+( )(%0*+-'# '(<(,#% 4-*40*-) (* 4-,8# (*;4+)&4# '( 4-'- 4&*&$')# 70(4# -
0$- '&%+-$4&- r '( ;*D0+&*&E-)(,#% (%+( )(%0*+-'# 8#%+()&#),($+(F 5 (G-*0-) ($ r = b9 A-'#
>0( *#% 4&*&$')#% %#$ ,05 *-)/#% 5 (%+H$ 4-)/-'#% 4#$ '($%&'-' %08().4&-* 0$&B#),( 8#'(,#%
'(%8)(4&-) *-% 4#$'&4&#$(% '( <#)'( 5 0+&*&E-) *#% -)/0,($+#% '( %&,(+)=-9 :* 4-,8# (*;4+)&4#
>0( 8)#'04( 4-'- 4&*&$')# (%+-)H ($ '&)(44&@$ )-'&-* 5 '( (%+- ,-$()- 0+&*&E-$'# 4#,# %08().4&(
/-0%%&-$- 0$ 4&*&$')# '( *-)/# L 5 )-'&# r
~ · n̂dS = qint
Z
φ= E (1)
S ǫ0
A(%-))#**-,#% *- &$+(/)-* 4#,#
Z Z
~
E · n̂dS = E dS = E2πrL (2)
S S
"#,# *- '($%&'-' '( 4-)/- %08().4&-* (% σ 4#$%+-$+(D%( 7-4( '( &/0-* ,-$()- 8-)- 8-)- (*
4&*&$')# F6 *- 4-)/- '(* 4&*&$')# %()H %&,8*(,($+(
qint = σV = σ2πaL (3)

! !"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '
"##$%&'(')*+ ,-. / ,0. #) ,1.2 +34#)#$+5 67#
σa
E= (4)
rǫ0
89'&7')*+ #) r = d 4#)#$+5 67#
σa
E=
dǫ0
:;+<' 57%#<%+)=#)*+ #& >'$%+ #&?>4<=>+ %<+*7>=*+ %+< >'*' >=&=)*<+ 5+3<# #& %7)4+ %#*=*+ 5#
*#3# >+)5=*#<'< &' 5=@7=#)4# >+)A@7<'>=B)C
D+$+ /' $#)>=+)'$+5 #& >'$%+ #&?>4<=>+ #5 <'*='&2 / %+< &+ 4')4+ #54'<E) #) &' *=<#>>=B)
=)*=>'*' #) &' A@7<'F D+$+ &+5 $B*7&+5 *# &+5 >'$%+5 %<+*7>=*+5 %+< '$3+5 >=&=)*<+5 5+)
=@7'&#5 #) #& %7)4+ %#*=*+2 &'5 >+$%+)#)4#5 #) y 5# ')7&'<') / %+< &+ 4')4+ #& >'$%+ #&?>4<=>+
#54'<E #) *=<#>>=B) î / 4#)*<E $+*7&+ 2Ey = 2Ecos( π3 )2 #5 *#>=<
σa
E=
dǫ0
! G'<' >'&>7&'< &' *=H#<#)>=' *# %+4#)>='& #)4<# &+5 *+5 >=&=)*<+5 *#3#$+5 >'&>7&'< #& >'$%+
#&?>4<=>+ 5+3<# &' &I)#' 67# 7)# ' '$3+5 >=&=)*<+5F D+)5=*#<'<# #& +<=@#) #) #& >#)4<+ *#& >=&=)*<+
*# &' =(67=#<*'2 >+$+ $7#54<' &' A@7<'C
G'<' 0 < x < D #& >'$%+ #&?>4<=>+ 5=#$%<# #54'<E #) *=<#>>=B) îF D+$+ ;#$+5 9=54+ ')4#<=+<J
$#)4#2 #& ;#>;+ *# 67# >'*' >=&=)*<+ 4#)@' >'<@' )7&' #) 57 =)4#<=+< =$%&=>'<E 67# #& >'$%+
#&?>4<=>+ 67# %<+*7(>') #) 57 =)4#<=+< 5#' )7&+F :;+<'2 >'&>7&'<#$+5 #& >'$%+ #&?>4<=>+ <#57&J
4')4# 5+3<# #& #K# x 57%#<%+)=#)*+ &+5 >'$%+5 %<+*7>=*+5 %+< >'*' >=&=)*<+C
"#$%& '()*+,-*& %,&./*-.& %&, '( *-(-0.,& -12/-',.&

!"#" $% &' ()*"+ ', -%#." ',/-01)-" '2 ', )20'1)"1 (', -),)2(1" &'13 24,"+ ."1 ," 0%20"
~ 1 = 0,
E si 0 < x < a
54'1% (', -),)2(1" ', -%#." ',/-01)-" &' -%,-4,%1% (' )64%, #%2'1% -"#" ," 7)-)#"& '2 ,% .%10'
%8+ (' '&0% #%2'1% 0'2'#"& 94':
~ 1 = σa î,
E si x > a
xǫ0
!"#$ %&'()*+($ #*$,-(+,$ #$* %& (+&+.,*$ ,%*%(/$

;2 ', )20'1)"1 (', -),)2(1" ', -%#." .1"(4-)(" ."1 /, &'13 24,":
~ 2 = 0,
E si d − a < x < d
<"1 "01" ,%("+ -"2&)('1%2(" ,% =641% #"&01%(% %20'1)"1#'20'+ >'1'#"& 94' % .%1% 42 -)'10" x
94' -4#.,% 0 < x < d − a+ ,% ()&0%2-)% (', -'201" (', -),)2(1" ('1'-7" % x &'13 d − x+ (' '&0%
#%2'1% ', -%#." ',/-01)-" 1'&4,0% &'1:
~2 = σa
E î
(d − x)ǫ0
?' '&0% #%2'1%+ %, &4.'1."2'1 ,"& -%#."& ',/-01)-"& "@0'2)("&+ >'#"& 94' ', -%#."& 1'&A,0%0'
'&:
σa


 (d−x)ǫ0 î 0<x<a
~ =
E σa
( xǫ σa
+ (d−x)ǫ )î a<x<d−a
0 0
σa

xǫ0 î d−a<x<d

B7"1% .%1% -%,-4,%1 ,% ()C'1'2-)% (' ."0'2-)%, δV '201' ,"& -),)2(1"& ('@'#"& -%,-4,%1 ,% )20'61%,
$ .%1% '&0" 40),)D%#"& ,% 01%$'-0"1)% #%& "@>)%: ', -%#)2" &"@1' ', '*' x:
Z d
∆V = − ~ · d~ℓ
E
0
Z a Z d−a Z d
= − ~ · d~ℓ + −
E ~ · d~ℓ + −
E ~ · d~ℓ
E
0 a d−a
a Z d−a Z d
σa σa σa σa
Z
= dx + ( + )dx + î
0 (d − x)ǫ0 a xǫ0 (d − x)ǫ0 d−a xǫ0
σa σa σa
= (− ( ln(d − x)|a0 )) + ( ( ln(x) − ln(d − x)|d−a a )) + ( (( ln(x)|dd−a )))
ǫ0 ǫ0 ǫ0
−σa d−a 2σa d−a −σa d−a
= ( ln( )) + ( ln( )) + ( ln( ))
ǫ0 d ǫ0 a ǫ0 d
2σa d−a d−a
= (ln( ) − ln( ))
ǫ0 a d
?' ("2(' &' "@0)'2'

! !"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '
2σa d
∆V = ln( )
ǫ0 a
!
!"#$%&' ((
"# $%&'( '%)'*#+) $, )+$%( R $, #+ -.*)+ ,&/0 '+).+$( '(1 *1+ $,1&%$+$ σ = σ0 (1 − r )2
R
'(1
σ0 > 02 &%,1$( r #+ $%&/+1'%+ $, *1 3*1/( '*+#4*%,)+ $,# $%&'( + &* ',1/)( O5
') "1'*,1/), ,# 3(/,1'%+# ,1 ,# 3*1/( P &(6), &* ,7,8OP = R95
#) :;+'%+ $(1$, &, <(=,)0 *1+ '+).+ 3*1/*+# q2 $,7+$+ ,1 ),3(&( ,1 P >
*"$+,-./0
') ?( 4*, @+),<(& &,)0 '(1&%$,)+) ,# 3(/,1'%+# 3)($*'%$( 3() *1 +1%##( $, )+$%( a A '+).+
/(/+# q &(6), &* ,7, + *1+ $%&/+1'%+ d A #*,.(2 */%#%B+1$( ,&/, ),&*#/+$(2 $%=%$%),<(& ,# $%&'(
,1 3,4*,C(& +1%##(& A &*<+),<(& #(& 3(/,1'%+#,& 3)($*'%$(& 3() '+$+ *1(5
"# 3(/,1'%+# $, *1 +1%##( #( 3($,<(& '+#'*#+) */%#%B+1$(
kdq
Z
V =
r
"# =+#() $, r #( (6/,1,<(& 3() 3%/+.()+&D
p
r= a2 + d2
"&/+ $%&/+1'%+ &, <+1/%,1, '(1&/+1/, A 3() #( /+1/( 3*,$, &+#%) $, #+ %1/,.)+#
k kq
Z
V =√ dq = √
a2 + d2 a2 + d2
E@()+2 '(1&%$,)+), +1%##(& $,# $%&'( '(1 '+).+ dq 5 F,# ),&*#/+$( +1/,)%() A '(1&%$,)+1$( d = R
A a = r &, /,1$)0 4*,
kdq
dV = √
r 2 + R2
! !"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '
! "!#$! dq %& '! ()*&+)% &%"#,-,# ")+)
dq = σ(r) · dA
.)+) '! *&/%,*!* *& "!#$! *&(&/*& *& '! *,%0!/",! r 0&/*#&+)% 12& "!*! !/,'') *&' *,%") 12&
")/%,*&#&+)% 0&/*#3 ,$2!' *&/%,*!* 4! 12& "!*! &'&+&/0) *& 5' &%0! ! ,$2!' *,%0!/",! r *&'
"&/0#) *&' *,%")6 7& &%0! +!/&#! ")/%,*&#!#& ")+) dA &' 3#&! *& 2/ !'!+-#& *& !/"8) dr9
dA = 2πrdr
7& &%0! +!/&#! )-0&/&+)%
dq = 2πσ0 (r − R)dr
:' ()0&/",!' *& (#)*2",*) ()# &%0& !/,'') %&#3 &/0)/"&%9
2kπσ0 (r − R)dr
dV = √
r 2 + R2
;/0&$#!/*) *&%*& r = 0 8!%0! r = R9
R
(r − R)dr
Z
V = 2kπσ0 √
0 r 2 + R2
Z R Z R
r 1
= 2kπσ0 ( √ dr − R √ dr)
2
r +R 2 r + R2
2
0 0
p R p R
= 2kπσ0 (( r2 + R2 ) − ( ln( r2 + R2 + r) ))

0 0
√ √
= 2kπσ0 (R 2 − R − R ln(R 2 + R) + R ln(R))
√ √
= 2kπσ0 (R 2 − R − R ln(R( 2 + 1)) + R ln(R))
√ √
= 2kπσ0 (R 2 − R − R ln(R) − R ln( 2 + 1)) + R ln(R))
√ √
= 2kπσ0 (R 2 − R − R ln( 2 + 1))
√ √
= 2kπσ0 R( 2 − 1 − ln( 2 + 1))
√ √
<, ")/%,*&#!+)% 2 − 1 − ln( 2 + 1) ≈ 21 #&%2'0!9
V ≈ −kπσ0 R
=)*&+)% &%"#,-,# &%0& #&%2'0!*) &/ >2/",?/ *& '! "!#$! 0)0!' Q *&' *,%")6 :%0! "!#$! '! ()*&+)%
"!'"2'!# ,/0&$#!/*) %)-#& &' *,%") *& '! &@(#&%,?/ dq = 2πσ0 (r − R)dr
Z R
Q = 2πσ0 (r − R)dr
0
R
r2
= 2πσ0 ( ( − Rr) )
2 0
= −πσ0 R2
7& &%0! +!/&#!

Q
V ≈ − kπσ0 R
−πσ0 R2
!
kQ
V ≈
R
"#$# %&$#'( &) *#+&,-./) &,-#,+0/1# &' .23/) /) *#+&,-./) 43& *0#13-& 3,/ -/02/ *3,+3/) /
3,/ 1.'+/,-./ R 1& &))/5
! "/1/ &)&$&,+# 1& -/02/ dq &' ,&2/+.%/( )3&2# &) -/$*# &)6-+0.-# '&07 /+0/8&,+&5 9#0 '.$&+0:/(
&) -/$*# &)6-+0.-# /*3,+/0/ &, 1.0&--.;, 1&) &<& 1&) 1.'-# 8 '&,+.1# =/-./ &) -&,+0# 8 -#$# )/
-/02/ 1& *03&>/ &' *#'.+.%/( &'+/ '& $#%&07 +/$>.6, =/-./ &) -&,+0# 1&) 1.'-#5
! !"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '
!"#$%&' ()
"#$%&'()( '#% *+),+% -.$/.+0(% '( 1+%+ m 2 *+),+ q +/+'+% -#) .$+ *.()'+ &'(+0 '( 0+),#
ℓ3 &$&*&+01($/( ($ )(-#%# ($ 0+ -#%&*&4$ I 56() 7,.)+89 :( %.(0/+$ 2 *+($ -#) 0+ +**&4$ '( 0+
,)+6('+' + 0+ -#%&*&4$ II 3 +0*+$;+$'# .$ <$,.0# θ *#$#*&'#9 =>+)+ ?.( 6+0#) '( 0+ *+),+ (0
%&%/(1+ +0*+$;+ (%/( <$,.0# θ@9 AB-)(%( %. )(%.0/+'# ($ /C)1&$#% '( ℓ3 m 2 θ9
*"$+,-./0
A0(,&1#% (0 *()# '( 0+ ($(),D+ ,)+6&/+*&#$+0 ($ 0+ -#%&*&4$ ℓ 1+% +E+F# '( 0+ -#%&*&4$ &$&*&+0
56() 7,.)+89 G+ ($(),D+ -#/($*&+0 ($ 0+ -#%&*&4$ H %()<9
kq 2
UI = 2mgℓ +
2ℓ
G+ ($(),D+ -#/($*&+0 ($ 0+ -#%&*&4$ HH
kq 2
UII = 2mgℓ(1 − cos(θ)) +
2ℓ sin(θ)
"#1# 0+ ($(),D+ %( *#$%()6+3 -#'(1#% I+*() UI = UII 2 -#) 0# /+$/#
kq 2 kq 2
2mgℓ + = 2mgℓ(1 − cos(θ)) +
2ℓ 2ℓ sin(θ)
J(%-(F+$'# ?K
s
mg sin(θ)
q = ±2ℓ
k(sec θ − tan(θ))
!
!"#$%&' ()
"#$%& '() *)+) ,&-.&,/0%.*) 1& %)1.# R ,& 2.&(& '() 1.,2%.$'*.3( 1& *)%4) '(./#%-& σ 5 6)7*'7&8
'* 97 +#2&(*.)7 &7&*2%#,2:2.*# ) 7# 7)%4# 1&7 &;& Z < +)%) z > 05
#* 97 *)-+# &70*2%.*# ) 7# 7)%4# 1&7 &;& Z < +)%) z > 05
+* 97 *)-+# &70*2%.*# &( &7 +'(2# O5
,"$-+./01
'* 6#(,.1&%)-#, &7 #%.4&( &( O5 =)%) *)7*'7)% &7 +#2&(*.)7 >'& +%#1'*& 2#1) 7) ,'+&%?*.& ,#$%&
'( +'(2# z k̂ 2#-)%&-#, '( &7&-&(2# 1& *)%4) dq 1& &77) @ *)7*'7)%&-#, &7 +#2&(*.)7 +%#1'*.1#
*#-#8
kdq
dV =
r
A#(1& r &, 7) 1.,2)(*.) 1&,1& dq B),2) z k̂ 5
=#,2&%.#%-&(2&< +)%) *)7*'7)% &7 +#2&(*.)7 2#2)7< .(2&4%)-#, dV ,#$%& 2#1) 7) ,'+&%?*.&5
6#-# C.-#, &( 7) )@'1)(2.) D< 7) *)%4) dq 7) +#1&-#, &E+%&,)% *#-# &7 +%#1'*2# &(2%& 7)
1&(,.1)1 ,'+&%?*.)7 1& *)%4) σ +#% &7 )%&) >'& #*'+) &,) *)%4) >'& 77)-)-#, dA @ C.-#, >'&
dA = R2 sin(γ)dγdθ
F) 1.,2)(*.) r &( &,2& *),# 7) #$2&(&-#, '2.7.G)(1# &7 2&#%&-) 1&7 *#,&(#8
r2 = R2 + z 2 − 2zR cos(γ)
H,I< &7 +#2&(*.)7 +%#1'*.1# +#% dq &,
kσR2 sin(γ)dγdθ
dV = p
R2 + z 2 − 2zR cos(γ)
F'&4#< .(2&4%)-#, &,2) &E+%&,.#( &7.4.&(1# 7#, 7.-.2&, 1& .(2&4%)*.#( 1& 2)7 /#%-) 1& %&*#%%&%
7) ,'+&%?*.&8
2π π
kσR2 sin(γ)dγdθ
Z Z
V = p
0 π
2
R2 + z 2 − 2zR cos(γ)
9,2) .(2&4%)7 ,& +'&1& %&1'*.% )
π
sin(γ)
Z
V = 2kπσR2 p
π
2
R + z 2 − 2zR cos(γ)
2
! !"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '
"#$# $%&'()%$ %&*'+ ,%-%.'& &#-%$ /#(/0(#$ (# 12*%3$#( ,% (# 4'$.#5
sin γ
Z
p dγ
A + B cos(γ)
6#/%.'& %( /#.-1' ,% )#$1#-(% u2 = A + B cos(γ)7 8% %&*# .#2%$# dγ = −B sin(γ) 7

2udu
9 #&1
sin γ 2 2
Z Z
p dγ = − 1du = − u
A + B cos(γ) B B
:'.' u = A + B cos(γ)5
p
sin γ 2p
Z
p dγ = − A + B cos(γ)
A + B cos(γ) B
"#$# %( /#(/0(' ,% ;'*%2/1#( *%2%.'& <0% A = R2 + z 2 = B = −2zR7 >%%.;(?#2,' %2 (#

12*%3$#(5
sin γ 1 p 2
Z
p dγ = R + z 2 − 2Rz cos(γ)
R2 + z 2 − 2zR cos(γ) zR
@A'$#+ ;',%.'& /#(/0(#$ %( 12*%3$#( &12 ,1B/0(*#,%&5
2kπσR2 p 2 π 2kπσR p
V (z) = ( R + z 2 − 2Rz cos(γ) π ) = (z + R − R2 + z 2 )

zR 2
z
! @A'$# <0% *%2%.'& %( ;'*%2/1#( %(C/*$1/' %2 z k̂ + %( /#.;' %(C/*$1/' &% ;0%,% /#(/0(#$ /'.'5
~ = −∇V
E
D%.'& <0% %( ;'*%2/1#( %&*# &'(' %2 402/1'2 ,% (# )#$1#-(% z = ;'$ (' *#2*' *%2,$%.'& <0% %(
/#.;' %(%/*$1/' %&5
~ = − dV k̂
E
dz
8%$1)#.'& V (z)5
dV d 1 p
= 2kπσR ( (z + R − R2 + z 2 ))
dz dz z
−1 p 1 1 1
= 2kπσ( 2 (z + R − R2 + z 2 ) + (1 + √ 2z))
z z 2 R + z2
2
√
−1 R R2 + z 2 1 1
= 2kπσ( − − 2
+ +√ )
z z z z R + z2
2
√
2 R2 + z 2 − R
= −2kπσR ( √ )
z 2 R2 + z 2
8% %&*# .#2%$# %( /#.;' %(%/*$1/' %2 %( ;02*' z k̂ &%$E5

!
√
~ 2 R2 + z 2 − R
E(z) = 2kπσR ( √ )k̂
z 2 R2 + z 2
! "#$%& '(# )* #+,-#&.%/ */0#-.%- #&0* ./1#2/.1* #/ z = 03 4./ #$5*-6%7 ,%1#$%& *8#-8*-/%& *
O 0*/0% 8%$% '(#-*$%& 9 8*)8()*- #) :*)%- 1#) 8*$,% #);80-.8%3<-.$#-% :#$%& '(# )* #+,-#&.%/
1#) 8*$,% #)#80-.8% &# ,(#1# -##&8-.5.- 8%$%=
1− √ R
2 z 2 +R2
2kπσR ( )
z2
>(#6%7 0%$*-#$%& #) ).$.0# 8(*/1% z → 0 1# )* ?(/8.%/ E(z)k̂ @=
1− √ R
2 z 2 +R2
lı́m E(z) = 2kπσR lı́m ( )
z→0 z→0 z2
A%$% :#$%&7 #&0# ).$.0# #& 1# )* ?%-$* 0

0 ,%- )% '(# (0.).B*-#$%& >CDE,.0*) ,*-* 8*)8()*-)%=
1− √ R (1 − √ R )′
z 2 +R2 z 2 +R2
2kπσR2 lı́m ( ) = 2kπσR2 lı́m ( )
z→0 z2 z→0 (z 2 )′
3
2R(z 2 + R2 )− 2
= 2kπσR lı́m ( )
z→0 2z
1
= 2kπσR2 ·
2R2
= kπσ
~
F# #&0* $*/#-* E(0) = kπσ k̂
! !"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '
!"#$%&' (
!"#$%&!'()
!"#$%&' ()
! "#!$!$ %&' !'()*+' ,&$%-,"&*+' %! *+%#&' r1 , r2 . ,+*/+' q1 , q2 '!0+*+%+' 0&* -$+ /*+$ %#'1
"+$,#+ d >> r1 , r2 2 # +34+' '! ,&$!,"+$ + "*+5)' %! -$ ,+46! ,&$%-,"&* 7%!'0*!,#+46!8 9-!
'#*5! ':6& 0+*+ "*+$'0&*"+* ,+*/+ %! -$+ + &"*+;8 !$,-!$"*! 6+' %!$'#%+%!' %! ,+*/+ '-0!*<,#+6!'
%! ,+%+ -$+ 7!$ (-$,#:$ %! 6+' 5+*#+46!' ,&$&,#%+'; -$+ 5!= 9-! !6 '#'"!3+ +6,+$=+ !6 !9-#6#4*#&2
*"$+,-./0
>+%& 9-! !6 '#'"!3+ !'"? !$ -$+ *!/#:$ +,&"+%+ %!6 !'0+,#&8 0&%!3&' "&3+* ,&3& 0-$"& %!
*!(!*!$,#+ %!6 0&"!$,#+6 !6 #$<$#"& ! #/-+6+* !6 0&"!$,#+6 + ,!*& +66@8 !' %!,#*8 V (+∞) = 02 A'@8
!6 0&"!$,#+6 '&4*! 6+' '-0!*<,#!' %! 6+' !'(!*+' ,&$%-,"&*+' !'
q1 q2
V1 = k , V2 = k
r1 r2
%&$%! B!3&' '-0-!'"& 9-! !6 0&"!$,#+6 %! -$+ !'(!*+ $& !' +(!,"+%& 0&* !6 %! 6+ &"*+ 7& 3?' 4#!$
!' +(!,"+%& %! (&*3+ %!'0*!,#+46!;8 %+%& 9-! !'"?$ 3-. 3-. '!0+*+%+8 !' %!,#*8 d >> r1 , r2 8
. "+30&,& !6 ,+30& %! -$+ !'(!*+ *!%#'"*#4-.! 6+ ,+*/+ %! 6+ &"*+2 C&* ,&$'!*5+,#:$ %! ,+*/+8
'# (q1 )f , (q2 )f '&$ 6+' ,+*/+' !$ ,+%+ !'(!*+ -$+ 5!= +6,+$=+%& !6 !9-#6#4*#&8 "!$!3&' 9-!
q1 + q2 = (q1 )f + (q2 )f
A6 +6,+$=+* !6 !9-#6#4*#&8 !' %!,#*8 ,-+$%& %!D+ %! B+4!* "*+$'(!*!$,#+ %! ,+*/+' !$"*! 6+' !'(!*+'8
"!$!3&' 9-! 6+ %#(!*!$,#+ %! 0&"!$,#+6 !6),"*#,& !$"*! +34+' !' $-6&8 !' %!,#*8
V1 = V2
(q1 )f (q2 )f
k = k
r1 r2
2
4π(r1 ) (σ1 )f 4π(r2 )2 (σ2 )f
=
r1 r2
(σ2 )f r1
=⇒ =
(σ1 )f r2
>! !'"& 5!3&' 9-! !$ /!$!*+68 6+' *!/#&$!' !$ 6+ '-0!*<,#! %! -$ ,&$%-,"&* ,&$ 3!$&*
*+%#& %! ,-*5+"-*+ 70-$"+'; ,&$,!$"*+$ -$+ 3+.&* %!$'#%+% '-0!*<,#+6 %! ,+*/+8 0&* 6& ,-+6 !6
EF
!"#$%&' () '*+% $',-.
!"#$% &'(!)*+!% !&*!" ,& &''"- .&/ -0 &1)&*+%*2 &- #3- 40&*)& 50& &/ *&6+%/&- !%/ #&/%* *",+%
,& !0*7")0*"8
9-"/,% '" *&'"!+:/ &/!%/)*"," &/ '" &!0"!+:/ ,& !%/-&*7"!+:/ ,& !"*6"; %<)&/&#%-
(q1 )f + (q2 )f = q1 + q2
2 2
4π(r1 ) (σ1 )f + 4π(r2 ) (σ2 )f = q1 + q2
4πr1 (σ1 )f (r1 + r2 ) = q1 + q2
1 q1 + q2
=⇒ (σ1 )f =
4πr1 r1 + r2
1 q1 + q2
(σ2 )f =
4πr2 r1 + r2
!
!"#$%&' ()
"#$ %&$%&'&$ ($)*'+%&$ %#,-.%/#'&$ %#,%*,/'+%&$ -( '&-+#$ a b3 %#,%*,/'+%& %#, 1&$ &,/('+#'($6 =7.>,/# /'&<&?# ($ ,(%($&'+#
'(&1+@&' 0&'& %#1#%&' -+%:& %&'8&A
+"$,-./01
"(;,+5#$ %#5# Q1 2 Q2 1&$ %&'8&$ -( 1& ($)('& %#, 0#/(,%+&1 V2 2 V2 3 '($0(%/+4&5(,/(6
7#5# 2& :(5#$ 4+$/# (, &2.-&,/+&$ &,/('+#'($3 (1 %&50# (1(%/'+%# 0'#-.%+-# 0#' %&-& %&$%&'&
$( 0.(-( %&1%.1&' ./+1+@&,-# 1(2 -( 8&.$$ ./+1+@&,-# %#5# $.0(';(%+( 8&.$$+&,& .,& %&$%&'&
($)('+%& %#, '&-+# a < r < b6 B& %&'8& (,%(''&-& 0#' ($/& $.0(';%+( ($ 1& &0#'/&-& 0#' 1&
%&$%&'& -( '&-+# a3 ($ -(%+'3 Q1 0#' 1# /&,/#C
~ · n̂dS = Q1
Z
E
S ǫ0
D('# ~ · n̂dS = E4πr2 6 "( ($/& 5&,('& (1 %&50# (1(%/'+%#EF.( 2& :(5#$ 4+$/# F.( /+(,(
R
S E
-+'(%%+#, '&-+&1G ($C
~ = Q1
E r̂
4πǫ0 r2
9:#'&3 1& -+)('(,%+& -( 0#/(,%+&1 (,/'( &5<&$ $.0('%+($ ($C
Z a
Q1 Q1 1 1
V2 − V1 = − 2
dr = ( − )
b 4πǫ0 r 4πǫ0 b a
7#, ($/#3 0#-(5#$ #</(,(' 1& %&'8& Q1 C
ab
Q1 = 4πǫ0 (V2 − V1 )
b−a
9:#'&3 %&1%.1&'(5#$ (1 %&50# (1(%/'+%# & .,& -+$/&,%+& r > b ./+1+@&,-# 1(2 -( H&.$$6 I1(8+5#$
.,& %#5# $.0(';%+( 8&.$$+&,& .,& %&$%&'& -( '&-+# r > b 2 0'#%(-(5#$ -( +8.&1 )#'5&6 B#
F.( -(<(5#$ %#,$+-('&' (, ($/( %&$#3 ($ F.( 1& %&8& (,%(''&-& 0#' ($/& $.0(';%+( ($ Q1 + Q2 6
"( ($/& 5&,('& 4(5#$ F.(C
Q1 + Q2
E4πr2 =
ǫ0
! !"#$%&' () '*+% $',-.
~ = Q1 + Q2
E
4πǫ0 r2
"#$ %&'#( )#*%+#& ,-,./-0 %/ )#'%$,1-/ %$ b2
b
Q1 + Q2 Q1 + Q2
Z
V2 = − dr =
∞ 4πǫ0 r2 4πǫ0 b
3% %&'- +-$%0-( /- ,-04- *% ,-&,-0- %5'%01#0 &%062
ab
Q2 = 4πǫ0 b(V1 + (V2 − V1 ) )
a−b
! 7-0- ,-/,./-0 %/ '0-8-9# '#'-/( ,#$&1*%0-0%+#& :.% /-& ,-04-& :.% ,#+)#$%$ /- ,-&,-0- *%
0-*1# c > b /-& %&'-+#& '0-;%$*# *%&*% %/ 1$<$1'# =-&'- .$- *1&'-$1,- c> "/-0-+%$'%( %/ '0-8-9#
$%,%&-01# )-0- /- ,-*- ,-04- dq ,#$'%$1*- %$ /- ,-&,-0- &%0- %/ +1&+#> ?&'% '0-8-9# &% ,-/,./-
,#+#
dW = dqV (c)
3% %&'- +-$%0-( %/ '0-8-9# '#'-/ &%06 &1+)/%+%$'%
W = QV (c)
> @# :.% '%$%+#& :.% =-,%0 %& ,-/,./-0 %/ )#'%$,1-/ %$ r = c :.% %& *10%,'-+%$'%
Q1 + Q2
V (c) =
4πǫ0 c
A&1(
Q(Q1 + Q2 )
W =
4πǫ0
!
!"#$%&' ()
"#$% &'%&'#'% $%($#)&'% &*+,-&.*#'% &*+&$.#)&'% /-0 ,$12','% 3*%$$+ #',)*% a4 b 0 c4 #$%3$&.)5
6'/$+.$4 %)$+,* a < b < c7 8+)&)'1/$+.$ 1' &'%&'#' )+.$#)*# $%.' ,$%&'#2','4 1' ,$1 /$,)* 3*%$$
-+' &'#2' .*.'1 +$2'.)6' −Q 0 1' $9.$#+' ,$ &'#2' .*.'1 3*%).)6' +Q7
*'+ :+&-$+.#$ $1 3*.$+&)'1 $1$&.#)&* $+ &',' -+' ,$ 1'% &'%&'#'% &*+,-&.*#'%7

*#+ ;) 1'% &'%&'#'% )+.$#)*# 0 $9.$#)*# %*+ &*+$&.','% /$,)'+.$ -+ '1'/<#$ =-$ $%.' ')%1',*
'1 3'%'# 3*# 1' &'%&'#' &$+.#'17 >?-'1 $% '@*#' $1 3*.$+&)'1 $1$&.#)&* ,$ &',' -+' ,$ 1'% &'%5
&'#'%A>?-'1 $% 1' &'%&'#' $+ &',' -+' ,$ 1'% &'%&'#'%A
,"$-./"0
! !"#$%&' () '*+% $',-.
!"#$%&' ()
"#$ %$&%$'$ (&)*'+%$ %,#-.%/,'$ -( '$-+, a 0 (&1(&,' δ ≫ a %,#/+(#( %$'2$ #(/$ Q3 4( -+&/'+5.0(
.#$ %$'2$ q (# (6 7,6.8(# +#/('+,' -(6 %$&%$',# -( '$-+, a9.# $+&6$#/( (# 6$ 1$'/( +#/('+,' -(6
%$&%$',# +81+-( :.( (&/$ -(#&+-$- -( %$'2$ &( 1$&( $6 %,#-.%/,';3 <,& -+%(# :.( (6 %$81,
(6*%/'+%, (# (6 +#/('+,' -(6 %$&%$',# (&/$ -$-, 1,'
~ = K( r )4 r̂
E
a
=,#-( K (& .# %,#&/$#/( 1,' -(/('8+#$' 0 r̂ (& (6 7(%/,' .#+/$'+, '$-+$63 4( 1+-( (#%,#/'$'>
'* ?$ -(#&+-$- -( %$'2$ ρ(r) (# (6 7,6.8(# +#/('+,' -(6 %$&%$',#3
#* ?$& -(#&+-$-(& -( %$'2$& &.1('@%+$6(& $6 +#/('+,' 0 $6 (A/('+,' -(6 %$&%$',#3
+* B6 1,/(#%+$6 (6(%/',&/C/+%, (# /,-, (6 (&1$%+,3
,"$-+./01
'* ?$ 6(0 -( 2$.&& &( 1.(-( (&%'+5+' (# &. ),'8$ 8$& %,8.# %,8,>
~ · n̂dS = qint
Z
φ= E
S ǫ0
4+# (85$'2,D &( 1.(-( ./6+E$' /$85+(# 6$ ),'8$ -+)('(#%+$6 -( 6$ 6(0 -( F$.&& :.( (&/$56(%(>
~ = p(r)
~ ·E
∇
ǫ0
G,8, 7(8,&D (6 %$81, (6(%/'+%, (&/$ &,6, (# ).#%+,# -( rD -( (&/$ 8$#('$ /(#(8,&
~ ·E
~ = 1 ∂ 2
∇ (r E(r))
r2 ∂r
1 ∂ 2 r 4
= (r K( ) )
r2 ∂r a
1 ∂ Kr 6
= ( )
r2 ∂r a4
6Kr3
=
a4
=( (&/$ 8$#('$D 6$ -(#&+-$- -( %$'2$ (# (6 +#/('+,' -(6 %$&%$',# &('C>
6ǫ0 Kr3
ρ(r) =
a4
!
"#$%&' ()*)+$, ()-)%+./&% 0& 1$/,-&/-) K 2 3&*)+$, 45) 0& 1&%6& -$-&0 &0+&1)/&(& )/ )0
./-)%.$% ()0 1&,1&%$/ ), q ' 7$% 0$ -&/-$ ,) 8& & 15+70.% 0& %)0&1.$/9
Z
q = ρ(r)dV
Z a
6ǫ0 Kr3
= 4π 4
4πr2 dr
0 a
a
24ǫ0 K r6
= )
a4 6 0
= 4πa2 ǫ0 K
:) ),-& +&/)%&
q
K=
4πǫ0 a2
",;' 7$()+$, ),1%.*.% 0& ()/,.(&( () 1&%6& )/ <5/1.$/ () 0& 1&%6& -$-&0 &0+&1)/&(&9
3 qr3
ρ(r) =
2 πa6
! 3&*)+$, 45) )/ )0 ./-)%.$% () 5/ 1&,1&%$/ 0& 1&%6& /)-& ), /50&2 ",. ,. 1$/,.()%&+$, 5/&
,57)%=1.) ),<)%.1& 1$/ %&(.$ r = a + αδ ' 1$/ 0 < α < 1' 8)%)+$, 45) 7&%& 45) ,) +&/-)/6&
/50& 0& 1&%6&' )0 1$/(51-$% ./(51) 5/& 1&%6& −q )/ )0 ./-)%.$% ()0 1$/(51-$%2 :) ),-& +&/)%&'
0& ()/,.(&( () 1&%6& )/ 0& ,57)%=1.) ./-)%.$% ()0 1$/(51-$% ),9
q
σint = −
4πa2
>$/ ),-$ ? 5-.0.@&/($ 0& 1$/,)%8&1.$/ () 0& 1&%6& 8)+$, 45) )/ 0& ,57)%=1.) )A-)%.$% ,) -)/(%&
5/& 1&%6& Q + q 2 >$/ ),-) %),50-&($ 7$()+$, 1&0150&% 0& ()/,.(&( () 1&%6& ,57)%=1.&0 )A-)%.$%9
Q+q
σext =
4πa2
:$/() #)+$, (),7%)1.&($ δ 2
"! B&%& ,&*)% 7$-)/1.&0 )/ -$($ )0 ),7&1.$ ()*)+$, ,&*)% )0 1&+7$ )0C1-%.1$2 B&%& 0& %)6.$/
./-)%.$% ?& -)/)+$, )0 1&+7$ )0)1-%.1$9
~ int = q r
E ( )4 r̂, para r < a
4πǫ0 a2 a
D/ )0 )A-)%.$% ()0 1$/(51-$% -)/)+$, -)/)+$, 45) )0 1&+7$ )0)1-%.1$ ), ,.+70)+)/-)9
~ ext = Q + q r̂,
E si r > a
4πǫ0 r2
",. )0 7$-)/1.&0 7&%& 5/& %)6.$/ )/ 45) r > a ),9
Q+q r 1 Q+q
Z Z
~
V (r) = − Eext d~r = − dr =
4πǫ0 ∞ r 2 4πǫ0 r
"#$%&' 7&%& 0& %)6.$ ./-)%.$% Er < aF )0 7$-)/1.&0 0$ 1&0150&+$, 1$+$9
! !"#$%&' () '*+% $',-.
Z Z b Z r
V =− ~ · d~r = −
E ~ ext · d~r + −
E ~ int · d~r,
E si r > a
∞ b
Z
V (r) = − ~ · d~r
E
Z b Z r
= − ~ ext · d~r + −
E ~ int · d~r
E
∞ b
Q+q q
= − (r5 − a5 )
4πǫ0 a 20πa6 ǫ0
"#$% #& '$&(& )*&
Q+q q
V (r) = − (r5 − a5 ), si r < a
4πǫ0 a 20πa6 ǫ0
!
!"#$%&' ()
"#$%&$' '$ %#()* '$+%,-.%* )-*/&%./* )*- &0# /.1,-.2&%.30 /' %#-4# ρ(r) ,#$ 5&' '$ )*,'0%.#$
5&' '1,# /.1,-.2&%.30 )-*/&%' '1,# /#/* )*-
e−λr
V (r) = q
4πr2 ǫ0
6&'4*7 '0%&'0,-' $# /.1,-.2&%.30 /' %#-4# ρ(r)8
*"$+,-./0
9'0'(*1 '$ )*,'0%.#$ )-*/&%./* )*- $# /.1,-.2&%.30 /' %#-4# ρ(r) : ;'(*1 # $# ;'< 5&' '1,'
)*,'0%.#$ '1,# '0 =&0%.30 /' r7 )*- $* 5&' '$ )*,'0%.#$ ,.'0' 1.(',-># '1=+-.%#8 ?@*-#7 &,.$.<#0/*
'$ @'%@* /' 5&'
E~ = −∇V
A*/'(*1 '0%*0,-#- =B%.$('0,' '$ %#()* '$+%,-.%*C
~ = − ∂V r̂ =
E
q
e−λr (1 + λr)r̂
∂r 4πǫ0 r2
D1,' -'1&$,#/* 0*1 )'-(.,' '0%*0,-#- 1.0 /.E%&$,#/ $# /'01./#/ /' %#-4#8 D1,* 1' @#%' &,.$.<#0/*
$# =*-(# /.='-'0%.#$ /' $# $': /' F#&11C
~ = ρ
~ ·E
∇
ǫ0
~ = E r̂7 /' '1,# (#0'-#
9'0'(*1 5&' '$ %#()* '1 -#/.#$ : )*- $* ,#0,* E
~ ·E
~ = 1 ∂ 2
∇ (r E(r))
r2 ∂r
1 q
= (−λe−λr (1 + λr) + λe−λr )
4πǫ0 r2
1 q 2 −λr
= − λ e
4πǫ0 r
A*- $* ,#0,*
1 q 2 −λr
ρ(r) = − λ e
4π r
! !"#$%&' () '*+% $',-.

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