Universidad de Costa Rica Dpto.

Matematica Aplicada
Escuela de Matematicas MA-1005: Ecuaciones Diferenciales
Prof. Miguel Walker Urena. Ciclo: I-2017

La transformada de Laplace
Si t > 0 la transformada de Laplace de una funcion f (t) corresponde a
Z +
L{f (t)} = est f (t) dt = F (s)
0

y la inversa de Laplace
L1 {F (s)} = f (t) L{f (t)} = F (s)

Transformadas de Laplace de uso comun Transformadas de Laplace de uso comun

f (t) = L1 {F (s)} L{f (t)} = F (s) f (t) = L1 {F (s)} L{f (t)} = F (s)
1
1 ,s>0 sen(t) ,s>0
s s2 + 2
1 s
t ,s>0 cos(t) ,s>0
s2 s2 + 2
n!
tn ,s>0 n Z+ senh(t) , s > ||
sn+1 s2 2
1 s
eat ,s>a cosh(t) , s > ||
sa s2 2

Propiedades basicas de la Transformada de Laplace

Linealidad de Laplace L{f (t) + g(t)} = L{f (t)} + L{g(t)}


Cambio de escala L{f (at)} = a1 L{f (t)} = a1 F (s/a)

s/a

1 propiedad de traslacion L{eat f (t)} = L{f (t)} = F (s a)

sa

Derivada de Laplace L{tn f (t)} = (1)n dsdn L{f (t)} = (1)n f (n) (s)
d
dsn L{f (t)} = (1)n L{tn f (t)}

Laplace de la derivada L{f 0 (t)} = sL{f (t)} f (0) = sF (s) f (0)

L{f 00 (t)} = s2 L{f (t)} sf (0) f 0 (0) = s2 F (s) sf (0) f 0 (0)

..
.
L{f (n) (t)} = sn L{f (t)} sn1 f (0) sn2 f 0 (0) sf (n2) (0) f (n1) (0)

Propiedades basicas de la Transformada inversa de Laplace

Linealidad de Laplace inversa L1 {F (s) + G(s)} = L1 {F (s)} + L{G(s)}


Cambio de escala L1 {F (as)} = a1 L1 {F (s)} = a1 f (t/a)

t/a

1 propiedad de traslacion L1 {F (s a)} = eat L1 {F (s)} = eat f (t)

1
Laplace inversa de la derivada L1 {F (s)} = L1 {F 0 (s)}
t

L1 {f (n) (s)} = (1)n tn L1 {F (s)} = (1)n tn f (t)

 Propiedades de la Transformada de Laplace para integrales
Z t 
L{f (t)} F (s)
Laplace de la integral L f (u) du = =
0 s s

  Z + Z +
f (t) 
Integral de Laplace L = L{f (t)} du = F (u) du

t s u s

  Z + Z + Z +
f (t) 
L = ... L{f (t)} du ds1 . . . dsn1

tn s sn1 s1 u

Z + Z + Z +
= ... F (u) du ds1 . . . dsn1
s sn1 s1

Z +
Evaluacion de la integral f (t) dt = lim L{f (t)}
0 s0

Propiedades de la Transformada inversa de Laplace para integrales

  Z t Z t
F (s) 
Integral de Laplace inversa L1 = L1 {F (s)} du = f (u) du

s 0 u 0

  Z tZ tn1 Z t1
F (s) 
L1 = ... L1 {F (s)} du dt1 . . . dtn1

sn 0 0 0 u
Z tZ tn1 Z t1
= ... f (u) du dt1 . . . dtn1
0 0 0

+
(t u)n1
Z
= f (u) du
0 (n 1)!

+
L1 {F (s)}
Z 
f (t)
Laplace inversa de la integral L1 F (u) du = =
s t t

Propiedad [Convolucion] La convolucion de F y G es

Z t Z t
f g = f (u) g(t u) du = g(u) f (t u) du = g f
0 0

en tal caso

L{f g} = L{f (t)} L{g(t)} y L1 {F (s) G(s)} = L1 {F (s)} L1 {G(s)}

Propiedad [Funcion Periodica] Si f (t) tiene periodo T , es decir, si f (t + T ) = f (t), entonces

Z T
1
L{f (t)} = est f (t) dt
1 esT 0
 Funciones especiales
Z +
Funcion Gamma () = u1 eu du
0

(
0 si 0 t < a
Funcion de Heaviside (escalon unitario) H(t a) =
1 si t a
(
1/2 si t0 t < t0 +
Funcion de impulso unitario (t t0 ) =
0 si no
(
+ si y = t0
Funcion Delta de Dirac (t t0 ) = lim (t t0 ) =
0 0 6 t0
si t =

Funciones definidas a trozos

(
0 si 0 t < a
f (t) = = f (t) = g(t) H(t a)
g(t) si t a
(
f1 (t) si 0 t < a 
f (t) = = f (t) = f1 (t) + f2 (t) f1 (t) ] H(t a)
f2 (t) si t a

f1 (t)
si 0 t < a
   
f (t) = f2 (t) si a t < b = f (t) = f1 (t) + f2 (t) f1 (t) H(t a) + f3 (t) f2 (t) H(t b)

f3 (t) si t b

Propiedades de la funcion

( + 1) = () Propiedades de la funcion de Heaviside

(n + 1) = n! , n Z+ L{f (t) H(t a)} = eas L{f (t + a)} (2 P. Trasl.)


(1/2) = L1 {eas F (s)} = L1 {F (s)}

H(t a) = f (t a) H(t a)
ta
1

1 3 (2n 1)
n+ 2 =
2n
(1)n 2n Propiedades de la funcion delta
n + 12 =



1 3 (2n 1) Z +
(0) = (t a) dt = 1
0
(p) = (1)p (+) p Z+
( + 1) L{(t a)} = eas L{(t)} = 1

L{t } =
s+1 L1 {eas } = (t a) L1 {1} = (t)
tb1 L1 {sF (s)} = f 0 (t) + f (0) (t)
L1 sb =

(b)