Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
del dolor
Da igual que la espalda se desgarre, la cabeza martillee o se pinche la pantorrilla;
el dolor nace siempre en el cerebro. El dolor es algo ms que una mera experiencia somtica.
Al tiempo que despierta sensaciones, sucumbe a la fuerza controladora de la mente
Burkhart Bromm
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Mente y cerebro 06/2004
MAURITIUS
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21
El encefalograma magntico
BURKHART BROMM
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22
Asomndose
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>%!$1&*#,$%/$#%9+*/&.&C#%3$.%,*,$.%,*
.)%!"#$%&'()&*+,"-%#$%.C3$%!)*.0+"%)#"
!">$+%+*9+*.*#0"/&C#%,*%E.0$.%*#%*3%/*+*7
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,$3$+D%B.08%/3"+$%()*%3$.%,"0$.%*.*#/&"7
3*.%,*3%!*#."H*%,$3$+$.$%.*%+*/$=*#%*#
3".%+*=&$#*.%/$+0&/"3*.%.$!"0$.*#.$+&"7
3*.%>%,*.,*%"4@%.*%":+*#%"%3"%/$#/&*#/&"*.%,*/&+-%.*%.":*%,C#,*-%/C!$%>%/$#%()E
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.*% ,*#$!&#"% *.0*% 9+$/*."!&*#0$% ,*3
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4*!$.%"#"3&'",$-%9$+%!*,&$%,*%3"%BVW3".%"30*+"/&$#*.%#*)+$#"3*.%()*%.)/*,*#
,)+"#0*% 3"% "#*.0*.&";% <*!$.% /$!9+$7
:",$%()*%3"%"/0&1&,",%,*%3$.%/"!9$.%/$+7
0&/"3*.%.$!"0$.*#.$+&"3*.%.*%4"33"%/$#7
0+$3","%9$+%8+*".%,*%3"%/$+0*'"%()*%+*=)3"#
3"%1&=&3&";%L.@-%!&*#0+".%3$.%9+$:"#,$.
.*%*#/$#0+":"#%:"H$%)#"%"#*.0*.&"%9+$7
5)#,"-%*3%*.0@!)3$%,$3$+$.$%"9*#".%9+$7
,)/@"% .*F"3*.% *#% 3".% +*=&$#*.% /$++*.7
9$#,&*#0*.%,*%?JJ;%?&#%*!:"+=$-%9$/$.
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:"#%3"%"/0&1&,",%#*)+$#"3%>-%/$#%*33"-%3"
.*#.&:&3&,",%"3%,$3$+;
T)+"#0*%3"%"#*.0*.&"%.*%:3$()*"#-%9)*.3".%8+*".%/$+0&/"3*.%.*/)#,"+&".%/$+0&/"7
3*.-%.&%:&*#%*3%:&.0)+@%,*3%/&+)H"#$%.&=)*
,*.*#/",*#"#,$%&!9)3.$.%()*%1&"H"#%9$+
3".%5&:+".%#*+1&$.".%#$/&/*90&1".%>%"3/"#7
'"#% *3% /*+*:+$-% "% 0+"1E.% ,*% 3"% !E,)3"
*.9&#"3;%I$.%&!9)3.$.%$/".&$#"#%3"%+*.7
9)*.0"% /"+"/0*+@.0&/"% ()*% "/$!9"F"% "3
,$3$+O%+*53*H$.%!)./)3"+*.-%.),$+"/&C#1C!&0$.-%,*./*#.$%,*%3"%9+*.&C#%"+0*+&"31"+&"/&$#*.%,*%3"%5+*/)*#/&"%/"+,@"/"%>
,*%3"%9*+5).&C#%3$/"3;%L.@%9)*.-%0"!:&E#
,)+"#0*%3"%"#*.0*.&"%.*%0+"#.!&0*%*3%!*#7
."H*%,$3$+$.$-%()*%"/0&1"%,&1*+.".%*.0+)/7
0)+".%/*+*:+"3*.;%I$%()*%$/)++*%*.%()*%*3
/*+*:+$%.*%!)*.0+"%&#/"9"'%,*%*3":$+"+
,&/4".%$+!"/&$#*.%>%0+"#.5$+!"+3".
*#% )#"% 9*+/*9/&C#-% 9)*.% 3".% +*=&$#*.
.$!"0$.*#.$+&"3*.%,*%3"%/$+0*'"%.*%*#7
/)*#0+"#%,*./$#*/0",".;%B#%$0+".%9"3"7
1.
Modificacin
de la ordenacin espacial
DPA
B3%,$3$+%/+C#&/$%,*%)#"%+*=&C#%/$+9$+"3
,*.5&=)+"%3"%$+,*#"/&C#;%I"%+*=&C#%.$!"7
0$.*#.$+&"3%")!*#0"%>%.*%,*.93"'";%I"%+*7
9+*.*#0"/&C#%,*3%,$+.$%,*%)#%9"/&*#0*%/$#
3)!:"=$%.*%*60&*#,*%"%3".%'$#".%1*/&#"..$:+*%0$,$%"%3"%,*3%!&*!:+$%*+&$+;%M$+
)#%!&.!$%9+&#/&9&$O%/)"#0$%!">$+%*.%3"
+*=&C#%/$+0&/"3-%!8.%.*#.&:3*%"3%,$3$+%+*7
.)30"%3"%'$#"%"5*/0",";%P /)"#0$%!8.%!"+7
/","%*.08%3"%.$!"0$0$9&"-%!8.%58/&3%+*.)37
0"%/$!)#&/"+%"3%!E,&/$%,C#,*%,)*3*;
AQ)E%&!9$+0"#/&"%0&*#*#%*.0$.%+*.)37
0",$.%9"+"%*3%/$#$/&!&*#0$%,*3%$+&=*#%,*3
23
BURKHART BROMM
INTENSIDAD (nA/m)
100
80
DURANTE EL EFECTO
DE LA KETAMINA
60
2.
40
20
0
50
100
150
200
250
INTERVALO ENTRE LOS ESTIMULOS
DOLOROSOS (msec)
!"#$%&'$()&*'""#+#&,#&-.'"(#&-#"#&,#&-'"/
*'-*012&*32$*0'2('&+',&+3,3"4
53"& 2.'$("#& -"3-0#& '6-'"0'2*0#& +',
+3,3"&$#!'73$&8.'&'$(#&$'2$#*012&("#$/
*0'2+'&,#&7'"#&'6-'"0'2*0#&$37)(0*#&9
$'2$3"0#,4&:,&*37-32'2('&#;'"$0;3/'73/
*032#,%& '$& +'*0"%& ,#$& $'2$#*032'$& 8.'
#*37-#<#2& #,& +3,3"%& 07-3"(#& !#$(#2('
7)$&8.'&',&+12+'%&*173&9&*32&8.=&02('2/
$0+#+4&:$('&*37-32'2('&23&$0'7-"'&>#
+'& $'"& 2'?#(0;34&@$A%& 7.*>#$& 7.B'"'$
#*#!#2&+'$*"0!0'2+3&,3$&+3,3"'$&+',&-#"(3%
+'&-3"&$A&;03,'2(A$073$%&*373&.2#&'6-'/
"0'2*0#& '73*032#,& -3$0(0;#4& C#& #,'?"A#
-3"&',&!'!=&>#*'&$3-3"(#!,'&',&+3,3"&+',
SIN CONCIENCIA
NO HAY DOLOR. Durante la
anestesia con ketamina, desaparece
la actividad inductora de dolor de
la corteza somatosensorial. Por eso,
no percibimos el bistur del cirujano.
-#"(34&D'&(3+#$&7#2'"#$%&',&+3,3"&"'$.,/
(#&'2&7.*>#$&3*#$032'$&(3"(."#2('%&?'2'/
"#& .2#& $'2$#*012& +'& #7'2#E#%& 02+.*'
#2?.$(0#&9&*#7!0#&',&'$(#+3&+'&)2073F
(3+#$&'$(#$&'73*032'$&"'-"'$0;#$&'6-,0/
*#2&-3"&8.=&,#&;0+#&+',&-#*0'2('&+3,3"0/
+3&$'&*32;0'"('&'2&.2&02G0'"234
:,&$0$('7#&,A7!0*3&3*.-#&.2&,.?#"&'$'2/
*0#,&'2&,#&;0+#&+'&,3$&$'2(070'2(3$4&:2&'$(#
"'?012&*'"'!"#,%&G0,3?'2=(0*#7'2('&7.9
#2(0?.#&'&A2(07#7'2('&'7-#"'2(#+#&*32
',& "02'2*=G#,3%& 2#*'2& $'2$#*032'$& +',
>#7!"'%&,#&$'+%&,#&0"#%&,#?.$(0#%&,#&#,'/
?"A#&9&',I"4&@8.A&$'&3"0?02#&(#7!0=2
,#&*#"#*('"A$(0*#&(3"(."#2('&+',&+3,3"4&C#
#*(0;0+#+&+'&,#$&-3"*032'$&-3$('"03"'$&+',
*A2?.,3%& .2#& -#"('& +',& $0$('7#& ,A7!0*3
$0(.#+#&B.$(3&'2*07#&+',&*.'"-3&*#,,3$3%
$'& 02*"'7'2(1& .23$& HHI& 70,0$'?.2+3$
+'$-.=$&+'&J*#.$#"&+3,3"K&*32&',&,)$'"&#
2.'$("3$& -"3!#2+3$& '2& .2& -.2(3& *.#,/
8.0'"&+',&*.'"-34&C.'?3%&,#&32+#&+'&'6*0/
(#*012&'70?"14&:2&',&("#2$*."$3&+',&-"3/
*'$#70'2(3&+',&+3,3"%&',&-.2(3&+3,3"3$3
+'&,#&#*(0;0+#+&*02?.,#"&$'&+'$-,#E1&>#*0#
,#$&-3"*032'$&*'2("#,'$&9('"03"'$&9&$'
'6(02?.01& G02#,7'2('& #& ,3$& LII& 70,0$'/
?.2+3$&'2&',&,1!.,3&G"32(#,4
Dolor o tortura?
MN.=&$0?20G0*#+3&(0'2'&(3+3&'$(3&-#"#&,#
'6-'"0'2*0#&+3,3"3$#O&C3$&+#(3$&2'."3/
#2#(170*3$&+'&+0$(02(#$&02;'$(0?#*032'$
*32&$'"'$&>.7#23$&9Ï#,'$&>#2&#*,#/
"#+3&',&('7#4&C#&"'?012&-3$('"03"&+',&*A2/
?.,3&P-#"('&-3$('"03"&+'&,#&*0"*.2;3,./
*012&*02?.,#"Q&-"'$'2(#&.2#&*37.20*#*012
2'."32#,&*32&,#&*3"('E#&-#"0'(#,&9&"'$.,/
(#& +'('"702#2('& -#"#& ,#& *#-(#*012& 9& ',
"'*323*070'2(3&+'&,3$&'$(A7.,3$&#;'"$0/
3.
BURKHART BROMM
24
;3$4&D0*>3&+'&3("#&7#2'"#%&,#&$'<#,&-"3/
;'20'2('& +',& $0$('7#& $37#(3$'2$3"0#,
"'*0!'.A&$.&$',,3&'73*032#,4
C#$&*#"0*0#$&$32&#?"#+#!,'$&9&?"#(#$%
70'2("#$&8.'&',&+3,3"&$'&;0;'&*373&.2
$.*'$3&+'$#?"#+#!,'&9&-'23$34&C#$&;A#$
2'";03$#$&+'&,#$&-3"*032'$('"03"'$&+',
*A2?.,3&$'&+0"0?'2&#&,3$&2R*,'3$F?/
+#,023$&9&#,&>0-3(),#73%&8.'&';#,R#2&',
'$(A7.,3&9&,3&*#,0G0*#2F&'2&G.2*012&+',
"'$.,(#+3&3!('20+3%&'$(#$&"'?032'$&"'?./
,#2&9&*33"+02#2&,#&*32+.*(#&*3"-3"#,&-3$/
('"03"4&53"&.2&,#+3%&$'&020*0#&,#&"'#**012
73(3"#&#,&+3,3"%&*.#,&'$&,#&"'(0"#+#&3&,#
>.0+#4&53"&',&3("3%&,#&-#"('('"03"&+',
*A2?.,3&(#7!0=2&+'$'2*#+'2#&"'#**032'$
;'?'(#(0;#$4&S37-'73$&#&$.+#"%&',&*3"#/
E12&$'&#*','"#%&$.!'&,#&-"'$012&#"('"0#,%
#-#"'*'2&2).$'#$&9&23(#73$&'$#&$'2$#/
*012&70$'"#!,'&(#2&*#"#*('"A$(0*#&+',&+3,3"
02('2$34
T3&>#9%&-.'$%&202?R2&*'2("3&'2*'G)/
,0*3&+',&+3,3"4&@2('$&!0'2%&,#&$'2$#*012
?'2'"#,& +',& +3,3"& -"3;0'2'& +'& .2#& 02/
('"#**012&*37-,'B#&+'&+0G'"'2('$&"'?03/
2'$&*'"'!"#,'$%&"'$-32$#!,'$&+'&*#+#&.23
+'&$.$&#$-'*(3$&-#"*0#,'$4&U373&',&'$/
(A7.,3&+3,3"3$3&$1,3&$'&("#2$G3"7#&'2&.2#
(3"(."#&.2#&;'E&-"3*'$#+3&'2&',&$0$('7#
,A7!0*3%&9#&+."#2('&,3$&#<3$&$'$'2(#&$'
("#(1&+'&*32("3,#"%&$0&!0'2&+'&G3"7#&!#$/
(#2('&-"070(0;#4&:2.',,#&=-3*#&$'&$'*/
*032#!#2&'2&',&8.0"1G#23&,#$&*37.20*#/
*032'$&2'."32#,'$&'2("'&',&,1!.,3&G"32(#,
9&',&*A2?.,3&+'&,3$&-#*0'2('$&*32&+3,3/
"'$&*"120*3$4&:,&"'$.,(#+3&'"#&73+'"#/
+#7'2('&G#;3"#!,'V&,3$&-#*0'2('$&$'?.A#2
('20'2+3&+3,3"'$%&-'"3&7'23$&+'$#?"#/
+#!,'$&9&73,'$(3$4
:$('&70$73&'G'*(3%&#.28.'&7'+0#+3
-3"&.2#&;A#&7.*>3&7)$&*32$'";#+3"#%&,3
-3$''2&,#$&-"02*0-#,'$&#"7#$&-#"#&',&("#/
(#70'2(3&+',&+3,3"%&,#&73"G02#&9&$.$&+'"0/
;#+3$&$02(=(0*3$&73+'"23$%&,3$&3-0)*'3$4
:2&'$(.+03$&*37!02#+3$&+'&::W&9&:WX
$'&>#&+'73$("#+3&8.'&'$(3$&7'+0*#7'2(3$
+'$-,0'?#2&(#7!0=2&$.&'G'*(3#,?=$0*3%
'2("'&3("#$%&$3!"'&,#$&)"'#$&*'"'!"#,'$&+'
,#&'73*012%&'2&-#"(0*.,#"&$3!"'&,#$&-3"/
*032'$&-3$('"03"'$&+',&*A2?.,34&:2&'$(#
"'?012%&,#&#*(0;0+#+&02+.*0+#&-3"&',&07/
-.,$3&*#,0'2('&+',&,)$'"&'2("'&,3$&-"3!#2/
+3$&+0$702.91&7.*>3&!#B3&',&'G'*(3&+'
,3$&3-0)*'3$4&T3&$'&#-"'*01&9#&202?.2#
$'<#,&-"3*'+'2('&+'&,#$&"'?032'$('/
"03"'$4&:$&';0+'2('&8.'&,#&-#"('&-3$('/
"03"&+'&,#&*0"*.2;3,.*012&*02?.,#"&*32/
("3,#%& -"3!#!,'7'2('& '2& *37!02#*012
*32&,#$&"'?032'$&+'&,#&*3"('E#&-#"0'(#,%
,#&#*(0;0+#+&+'&,#&;'*02+#+&027'+0#(#&9
';0(#%&*32&',,3%&8.'&$'&+'$'2*#+'2'2&+'/
('"702#+#$&"'#**032'$&+'G'2$0;#$4&53"&,3
+'7)$%&',&-"3-03&*'"'!"3&-"3+.*'&$.$/
(#2*0#$&7.9&-#"'*0+#$&#&,#&73"G02#4&T3$
"'G'"073$&#&,#$&'2*'G#,02#$%&8.'&+'$'7/
Mente y cerebro 06/2004
AKG BERLIN
!"#$%&'%&!$!"(&")"%*+$(&"%&($&)'!,")+-%
."(&./(/,&*/,!/,$(0
(-7'(/&9,/%3$(&*/4!$,$&"(&4"%)$@"&./(/6
,/)/&?'"&!,/;+"%"&."&($&*+,*'%9","%*+$
*+%A'($,& */%& /3,$)& +%9/,4$*+/%")& !,/6
*"."%3")&."(&)+)3"4$&)"%)/,+$(0
J/&/7)3$%3"5&"(&")3$./&."&B%+4/5&(/)
,"*'",./)& ."& "!+)/.+/)& ./(/,/)/)& !,"6
;+/)&:&"(&)"%3+4+"%3/&3$47+8%&*+,*'($%
*/%& ($& +%9/,4$*+-%& $%3",+/,0& >(& (-7'(/
9,/%3$(5& "%& ;+,3'.& ."& (/)& .$3/)& !,"*"6
."%3")5& ."*+."& ?'8& E$:& ?'"& E$*",K& !/,
"@"4!(/5& 3/4$,& '%$& $)!+,+%$0& >%& /3,$)
/*$)+/%")5&%/&E$*"&9$(3$&%$.$&4B)K&)"AL%
($&+4!/,3$%*+$&?'"&($&*/,3"=$&!,"9,/%3$(
*/%*".$& $(& ./(/,5& !'"."& ,"9/,=$,(/& /
$4/,3+A'$,(/&$*3+;$%./&"(&)+)3"4$&$%$(6
A8)+*/&!,/!+/0&MN"*'",.$&')3".&"(&"@"46
!(/&:$&*+3$./&."(&9'37/(+)3$&*/%&($&9,$*6
3',$&."(&E'")/&%$)$(O&>(&?'"&")3$&!",)/%$
$!"%$)&)+%3+",$&'%&3,$'4$3+)4/&+4!/,6
3$%3"&)"&."7"&L%+*$4"%3"&$&?'"&)'&*","6
7,/&)"&E$(($7$&/*'!$./&"%&"(&($%*"&:&%/
!,")3$7$5&*/4/&")&%$3',$(5&%+%A'%$&$3"%6
*+-%&$(&./(/,0
J'")3,/& A,'!/& E$& (/A,$./& $!'%3$($,
")3$&3")+)&%"',/9+)+/(-A+*$0&P'$%./&)"&("
El pobre marinero
I$,$&,"*/!+($,&(/&"2!'")3/5&!/."4/)&,"6
*/,.$,&($&;+"@$&E+)3/,+$&."&'%&4$,+%",/0
Q$*"&3+"4!/&(/)&.+"%3")&)"&"23,$<$%&)+%
$%")3")+$K&)"AL%&($&(":"%.$5&(/)&4$,+%"6
,/)& )/!/,3$7$%& 4'*E/& 4"@/,& ($& +%3",6
;"%*+-%&.")!'8)&."&?'"&)')&*/4!$#",/)
(")&4$%3';+",$%&)'@"3/)&(/)&."./)&)/7,"
($&(($4$&."&'%$&;"($0&C"$%&/&%/&!$3,$#$)
."&(/)&E/47,")&."&4$,5&")3$&4".+.$&%/
*$,"*"&."&)"%3+./0&C+%&.'.$5&"(&4$,+%",/
25
CORTEZA SOMATOSENSORIAL
TALAMO
SUSTANCIA GRIS
PERISILVINA
CEREBRO
MESENCEFALO
PORCION
ROSTROVENTRAL
DEL BULBO
RAQUIDEO
TRACTO
ESPINOTALAMICO
TRACTO
DORSOLATERAL
FIBRAS
DOLOROSAS
DE TODO
EL CUERPO
BULBO RAQUIDEO
THOMAS BRAUN
MEDULA
ESPINAL
!"#$%&'(')!*(+),)-(.'(,)/(+.+)/0(1.-)(/2
3"2/"(./!"$"(3,"-"(4(.,(+),)-(,.(1"-.35"
#236)(#.')/(1.,%7-)/)(82.(,"(!)-!2-"(+.
,"(.9!-"33%*':
;'( 7.'.-",( /.( 12.+.( +.3%-( 82.( !)+)
+),)-( "72+)0( $%.'( ,)3",%<"+)0( +.,( 82.
3)')<3"#)/(/2()-%7.'(4(/2(%#1)-!"'3%"0
26
+./"1"-.3.(4(/.(),=%+"(3)'(#"4)-(>"3%?
,%+"+:(@%'(.#$"-7)0(./.(1.--)(72"-+%A'
+.( ,"( /",2+( "( #.'2+)( ,"+-"( 32"'+)( .,
1.,%7-)(4"(/.(6"(./>2#"+):(B"('"!2-"?
,.<"(!)-!2-"'!.(/.(12.+.(%'+.1.'+%<"-(4
!-)3"-(.'(2'"(3)#1"C5"(1.-#"'.'!.:(D,
%72",(82.(/23.+.(3)'(,"/(1","$-"/0(82.
="#)/("1-.'+%.'+)(/%'(3./"-0(.,(./!5#2,)
+),)-)/)(/)/!.'%+)(/.(7-"$"(.'('2./!-"/
3%-32'=),23%)'./(3.-.$-",./(4(/.(!-"'/?
>%72-"(.'(2'"(#.#)-%"(+.(+),)-:(E2./?
!-)( 7-21)( 6"( %'=./!%7"+)( !"#$%&'( 82&
/23.+.(.'(.,(3.-.$-)(32"'+)(.,(+),)-(/.
3-)'%>%3":
Mente y cerebro 06/2004
BURKHART BROMM
5. EL PODER DE LA ADORMIDERA.
La morfina, que antes se extraa de la
adormidera, aminora la actividad (en rojo)
inductora de dolor en el sistema lmbico.
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Bibliografa complementaria
NERVOUS SYSTEM PLASTICITY AND CHRONIC
PAIN. J. Sandkhler, B. Bromm y G. Gebhardt. Elsevier; Amsterdam, 2001.
HANDBUCH CHRONISCHER SCHMERZ. U. Egle,
S. Hoffmann, A. Lehmann y W. Nix.
Schttauer Verlag; Stuttgart, 2002.
27
Migraas
Determinadas mutaciones pueden llevar
a una inflamacin dolorosa de las meninges
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Presagios de la desdicha
Uno de cada diez pacientes de migraa experimenta, poco antes del ataque
doloroso, un aura: se le aparecen imgenes fantsticas a un lado del campo
de visin, como lneas que se mueven en zigzag, rayos o centellas. A veces, el
aura va acompaada de parlisis o trastornos sensoriales en una parte del
cuerpo, as como de lalopatas. Propio del aura migraosa es que los sntomas
se expandan poco a poco durante varios minutos. Bien es verdad que desaparecen antes de una hora, pero el sufrido paciente no puede alegrarse por
ello. Sabe que, en los prximos sesenta minutos, el martillo neumtico comenzar su trabajo; el dolor de migraa empieza a actuar y contina despus
durante unas horas y, a menudo, hasta tres das. Slo esta persistencia caracterstica diferencia el aura de la migraa de los trastornos circulatorios transitorios del cerebro.
El aura de la migraa se dispara posiblemente por lo que se denomina una
onda de despolarizacin neuronal. Simultneamente se extiende una modificacin del potencial de membrana de las neuronas hacia valores ms positivos de entre tres a cinco milmetros por minuto. Por lo general, la onda de
despolarizacin se limita a la mitad posterior de un hemisferio cerebral; esta
onda la recorre, partiendo del lbulo occipital, en el transcurso de entre cinco
a diez minutos. Los tpicos trastornos pticos del aura podran deberse a la
paralizacin transitoria de las conexiones nerviosas en el crtex visual.
28
THOMAS BRAUN
IMAGENES
FANTASTICAS. Si un
paciente de jaqueca ve
los sntomas de un aura
como estas lneas
zigzagueantes en su
campo de visin, sabe
que se le viene encima
el siguiente ataque de
migraa.
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HARTMUT GBEL es catedrtico de neurologa de la Universidad de Kiel, cuya clnica del dolor dirige. AXEL HEINZE trabaja
como jefe mdico en el mismo hosptal.
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