Oaraate |cs a|t|mcs .

e|at|c|acc aacs |e estac|acc e| rccesc

ce| aac|m|eatc , e| |mactc ae e| aac|m|eatc t|eae sccre e|
cece. He ccser.acc a c|eatcs ce ceces aacer, tcmacc actas ce
|cs aac|m|eatcs ,, |aec, |cs |e sea|cc caraate .e|ate aacs.
!amc|ea |e reaatacc a mec|ccs , s|cc|ccs sccre e|
aac|m|eatc , |cs e|ectcs ae este rccesc tea|a sccre sas
ac|eates. Oaraate este tracac, cescacr| mac|as ccsas ae ac
|acr|a |ma|aacc. || ma,cr cescacr|m|eatc |ae ae |as
|ater.eac|caes mec|cas arecea teaer aa e|ectc (||s|cc ,
s|cc|c|cc) erac|c|a| a |arc |azc, , ae, cr este mct|.c,
|ac|asc |a |ater.eac|ca ccstetr|ca mas ccmaa, cece ser
caest|caaca. \c ac sc, e| aa|cc ae c|ce estc, ea sa ||crc
0i::-:ii. y:n: !-i:u: R-:-ui.n R-uii:i-:, |a |a.est|accra
mec|ca Heac| 0cer a||r ma ae |a mas ccmaa ce |as
|ater.eac|caes ccstetr|cas ce esta era se |ace ce maaera
rat|aar|a, s|a e\|st|r aaa case c|eat|||ca a| resectc a| catcs
sa||c|eates ae |ac|aea sa sear|cac (0cer, 1995).
!|cmas \era, ccac|a,c cca sa art|ca|c (1992) sccre |cs e|ectcs
ce |as |ater.eac|caes ccstetr|cas ae "mac|as ce |as raecas
ea |as ae se at|||za a|ta tecac|c|a , mac|cs rccec|m|eatcs ,
rat|aas ccstetr|cas ac t|eaea aaa e||cac|a rccaca, , ea rea||cac
erteaecea mas a |a aatara|eza ce| r|taa| ae a |ater.eac|caes
mec|cas" (.101). Oeterm|ac ae, cec|cc a |cs e|ectcs
cteac|a|meate erac|c|a|es ce |cs rccec|m|eatcs ccstetr|ccs,
|as |ater .eac|caes mec|cas cecea ||m|tar se a ar tcs
c|aacst|caccs ccmc ce a|tc r|esc ea |aar ce a||car|as a
tccas |a emcarazacas , tcccs |cs artcs. Cca |recaeac|a, |as
|ater.eac|caes ccstetr|cas rc.ccaa ccm||cac|caes taatc
s|cc|c|cas ccmc ||s|cas (|mersca, 1990c, Kc|ea, 1983,
1991)
!ni i J-. J- i : i-.n-iJ: J-i nn.i wi -n:
|a ma,cr|a ce |a |a|crmac|ca ce este art|ca|c esta casaca ea
|cs recaerccs ce| aac|m|eatc ce ac|eates (cctea|ccs ea
ses|caes ce tera|a ce reres|ca) , sas seasac|caes sccre ccmc
|as |ater.eac|caes ccstetr|cas |aa a|ectacc a sas .|cas. |s
|mcrtaate a.er|aar s| es cs|c|e ccteaer catcs rec|scs cac
ta|es c|rcaastaac|as. Ua asectc ae cca||rma |a e||cac|a ce |cs
recaerccs ce| aac|m|eatc se re||ere a| |ec|c ce ae estcs
recaerccs aarecea escataaeameate caraate |a a||cac|ca ce
c|st|atcs t|cs ce tratam|eatcs, |ac|asc ea |cs cascs ea |cs ae
|as cases tecr|cas ea |as ae se ac,aa estcs tratam|eatcs
aecaa ac reccaccer sa .a||cez. |cr eem|c, |cs recaerccs ce|
aac|m|eatc , sas atc|c|as ascc|acas se |aa |a.est|acc ea
s|ccaaa||s|s (Raa|, 1929, |es|er, 1980, |cccr, 1949), ||acs|s
(Rcc|as, 1911, |eCrca, 1903, C|ee|, 1914), ||actera|a
(C|amcer|a|a, 1988), tera|a r|ma| (aac., 1910, |arraat,
1980), tera|a s|ccaaa||t|ca (0rc|, 1919), tera|a ccrcra|
(Heacr|c|s o Heacr|c|s, 1981, |mersca, 1993), res|rac|ca
,ca|ca (0rc|, 1988) , tera|a |c|c|a. /cemas, |cs recaerccs
ce| aac|m|eatc aarecea ea saeacs , esac|||as (|eercc|te,
1915), , ccastaatemeate se maa|||estaa ea tracacs art|st|ccs
,/c creat|.cs (|r.|a, 1995).
0trc catc ae ca .a||cez a |cs recaerccs ce| aac|m|eatc rc.|eae
ce |a |a.est|ac|ca c||a|ca sccre tera|a ce reres|ca, ae
maestra ae |cs ac|eates reresaa a| aac|m|eatc ce maaera
escataaea, taatc s| rec|cea |ac|cac|caes ce e||c ccmc s|a ac, ,
cesarrc||aa c|er tcs s|atcmas ccmc resa|tacc ce esas
reres|caes. |||es ce erscaas |aa "reresacc" |ast|at|.ameate
, cescac|ertc recaerccs ce sa temraaa |a|aac|a, aac|m|eatc ,,
ea a|aacs cascs, ce| er|ccc reaata|. |ac|a eate |a tea|cc
recaerccs ce |ater.eac|caes ccstetr|cas, |c ae |a |ac|||tacc
estac|ecer |a re|ac|ca eatre sas s|atcmas etc|c|ccs , |cs
rccec|m|eatcs ccstetr|ccs ,, ccmc resa|tacc, e\er|meatar |a
carac|ca ce sas s|atcmas (|mersca, 1990c). 0trc aatc ce
.a||cez es |a ||amaca "|a.est|ac|ca ce .er|||cac|||cac" (cr
eem|c, |a |a.est|ac|ca ae |ateata ccmarar |cs recaerccs
ce| aac|m|eatc cctea|ccs cr tera|a ce reres|ca cca |cs catcs
ccet|.cs ce |cs ||stcr|a|es mec|ccs, |cs |a|crmes ce |a eate
reseate ea e| aac|m|eatc ,/c |cs recaerccs ce |cs ar|eates ,
|cs acres). Caaacc se .er|||ca cca |cs |a|crmes c||c|a|es c |cs
recaerccs ce |cs ae esta.|erca reseates ea e| artc, |cs
recaerccs ce| aac|m|eatc aca|erea ma,cr rec|s|ca
(C|amcer|a|a, 1988). |sec|a|meate |mres|caaates sca |cs
cascs ea |cs ae |cs aca|tcs recaercaa , |aec cca||rmaa |as
|ater.eac|caes ccstetr|cas a esar ce ae |ac|aa rec|c|cc aaa
|a|crmac|ca ccatrar|a (|mersca, 1990c).
!ni in.i n J-i :i nnwn J-i nn.i wi -n:
'e |aa cescac|ertc , cesarrc||acc c|st|atas esca|as ce mec|ca
EL TRAUMA DEL NACIMIENTO: LOS EFECTOS
PSICOLGICOS DE LAS INTERVENCIONES
OBSTTRICAS
!||||am R. |mersca
|stc es e| aac|m|eatc. |a tcrtara ce aa |acceate.
Qae caaa||cac creer ae ta| raa catac||smc ac ceara |ae||a.
'as marcas estaa ea tcccs s|t|cs ea |a |e|, ea |cs |aescs, ea e| estcmac, ea |a esa|ca.
|a tccc aaestrc c|sarate |amaac. |a aaestras |ccaras, aaestras tcrtaras, aaestras r|s|caes.
|a |e,eacas, e|cas, m|tcs. |a |as |scr|taras.
Or. |recer|c| |ecc,er (8ii:n wi:nu: vii-n.-, .30, 1915)
Ii .ui:ui ju- i-: i-:-n:uw: -i:-n-.- u iu in:iJu..in J- un .wi-: ui:i.ui J- Wiiiiuw R. Iw-i:n :i:uiuJ Ii :iuuwu J-i nu.iwi-n:. i: --.:: :i.ii.: J- iu: in:-iv-n.in-:
i::-:ii.u:. In i: ixiw: nuw-i: J- -::u i-vi::u :- in.iuiiu -i i-:: J- iu: :-..in-: J- -::- ui:i.ui. un-::-:iu, inJu..in y u.-i-iu.in J-i ui:, ui:: in::iuw-n:ui-: y .-:ui-u.
1 JH@K??E
40
ce| traama ce| aac|m|eatc, caca aaa ce e||as |ac|ca ae |cs
a|.e|es ce traama sca ma, a|tcs. Ut|||zaacc caatrc mec|cas
c||ereates, m|s cc|eas , ,c (1995) eaccatramcs ae e| 45
ce |cs ceces tea|aa aa a|tc a|.e| ce traama ce| aac|m|eatc, ,
ae, cr e||c, reaer|aa tratam|eatc esec|a||zacc. 0trc 50
ce |cs ceces reseataca a|aa racc ce traama, eatre mec|c ,
mcceracc, |c caa| saca|a aa ||erc c aa|c tratam|eatc. |cs
acres ce |cs ceces estaa caac|taccs ara rea||zar |cs
tratam|eatcs, tras aaas m|a|mas |ac|cac|caes , cca |a saer.|s|ca
ce| esec|a||sta. Resa|ta terr|c|e easar ae mac|cs a|acs estea
traamat|zaccs cr e| aac|m|eatc erc, s|a emcarc, |cs a|.e|es
ce s|atcmatc|c|a |ac|caa ae as| es. |cs ceces reseataa
mac|cs s|atcmas ae taatc |cs acres ccmc |cs mec|ccs
ccas|ceraa acrma|es erc ae, ea rea||cac, sca s|atcmas ae
se ccrrescacea cca e| traama ce| aac|m|eatc. |cr eem|c, se
ccas|cera acrma| aa t|emc ce ccs |cras ce ||aatc c|ar|c ce |cs
ceces (K|tz|aer, 1990), ||eaacc a a|caazar |as se|s |cras.
'|a emcarc, es |mcrtaate sacer ae e| t|emc ce ||aatc
ccas|ceracc acrma| ara ceces ae ac t|eaea traama es ce 20
m|aatcs, , |a ma,cr arte ce este ||aatc ccmaa|ca aa|cameate
sas aeces|caces , sa |aa|etac. |ste es sc|c aa eem|c ce |cs
mac|cs s|atcmas ae se ccas|ceraa "acrma|es" , ae,
rea|meate, re||eaa traamas ce| aac|m|eatc ac resae|tcs. 0trcs
|a.est|accres |aa cca||rmacc ae e| aac|m|eatc |m||ca aa
a|tc r|esc ce traama. || Or. Oa.|c C|amcer|a|a, aatcr ce 8uii-:
R-w-wi-i 8ii:n (1988), c|ce ae m|eatras ae |cs ceces
e\er|meataa aaa .ar|ecac ce e\er|eac|as aeat|.as , cs|t|.as
caraate e| aac|m|eatc, "es rarc e| cece ae ac e\er|meate
a|aa traama" (ccmaa|cac|ca erscaa|, 1991).
|cr ae es taa a|ta |a |ac|ceac|a ce| traama ce| aac|m|eatc`
Ha, ma|t||es razcaes (|mersca, 1990c), erc |as mas |c|cas
arecea ser |as s|a|eates.
|a |acastr|a||zac|ca ce |a scc|ecac , |a crec|eate |mcrtaac|a
, ceeaceac|a ce |a tecac|c|a.
|| aameatc ce |cs "aac|m|eatcs tecac|c|ccs".
|| |acremeatc ce| estres ea |as ca|taras ccc|ceata|es (esta
cemcstracc ae e| estres reaata| aameata |as |ac|ceac|as ce|
traama ce| aac|m|eatc)
|| |acremeatc ce| s|acrcme ce acst|aeac|a ea e| |etc(taatc
cr a|cc|c||smc ccmc cr crcac|cc|ca), emcarazcs ac
ceseaccs , acasc reaata| (mas ccmaaes ea |as ca|taras
|acastr|a||zacas ae ea |as arar|as).
|cs traamas reaata|es materacs resarea caraate e| artc
, a|ectaa a ccmc se erc|ce , .|.e |a e\er|eac|a ce car a |az.
Caaacc a|aac ce estcs |actcres esta reseate, |cs aac|m|eatcs
se aecea e\er|meatar ccmc traamat|ccs |ac|asc ea aaseac|a
ce |ater.eac|caes ccstetr|cas, casc ea e| ae ccet|.ameate ac
|ac|a razcaes ce traama. /s|, se cecer|a resa|tar ae |cs
traamas reaata|es sca aaa |aeate |aceeac|eate ce| traama
ce| aac|m|eatc, , |as |ater.eac|caes ccstetr|cas sca ctra, , ae
e| |etc aece traamat|zarse cr aaa c cr amcas c|rcaastaac|as.
n.-:: :-ii .:
Ha, aa aamerc |mcrtaate ce ccacetcs tecr|ccs ae |acea
ae |cs e|ectcs aeat|.cs ce |as |ater.eac|caes ccstetr|cas
resa|tea ccmreas|c|es. |stcs ccacetcs se |aa |cc
er|ecc|caaacc tras mac|cs aacs ce |acer ccser.acc |as
|ater.eac|caes , sas e|ectcs.
1. Pinnwi.n: n.n:.i-n:-:. |cs traamas ccstetr|ccs
eercea sas e|ectcs a tra.es ce asectcs |accasc|eates ce |a
s|ae. O|c|c ce ctra maaera, |as ccasecaeac|as ce |as
|ater .eac|caes ccstetr|cas estaa mec|acas cr asectcs
|accasc|eates (mas ae ccasc|eates) ce |a erscaa||cac, cr |c
ae |c s|cc|ccs ||amaa "|a scmcra". |a scmcra |ac|a,e |cs
easam|eatcs, act|taces, seat|m|eatcs, re||e\|caes, ercec|caes
, recaerccs a |cs ae |a eate sc|c accece caaacc t|eaea a|aaa
c|s|aac|ca, aaast|a ,/c cesea|||cr|c ea sas .|cas tras e\|crar
sa maacc |ater|cr. || s|a|eate casc eem||||ca este aatc.
Ua rcserc eecat|.c ae amaca sa tracac , s|emre caca aaa |maea ce
|cmcre act|.c, am|ac|e , |e||z aate sas ccmaaercs ce tracac, cr ctrc |acc,
aa |cmcre cca aaa act|tac ma, ccercsa, ce |a ae t|m|cameate era
ccasc|eate. 'ccre sa tracac, sc||a cec|r "|cr|re s| ac me .c, ce aa|". !ea|a
|recaeates caacrcs ceres|.cs caraate |cs ae se seat|a atraacc ea sa tracac
cca |a seasac|ca ce ae mcr|r|a s| ac |ac|a a|c c|st|atc. 0tras .eces, caaacc
ac estaca cer|m|cc, ac reccrcaca ae |c |ac|a estacc. Ccmeazc aaa tera|a
ce reres|ca , se |e |c|c ae aaa||zara a|aaas s|taac|caes ce sa .|ca ae
ac|eraa a,acar|c a eateacer sas e|scc|cs ceres|.cs. |ac|asc as|, aaaca
|ma|ac |a s|taac|ca, aaa .ez |ac|a "reresacc" a sa aac|m|eatc, ea |a ae
aecc atascacc ea |a e|.|s. Nc cc|a retrccecer, ac cc|a reccrcar, seat|a aa
tremeacc cc|cr ea |a caceza , tea|a c|||ca|taces ara res|rar. !amc|ea sc||a
e\er|meatar c|aastrc|cc|a , aa |ateasc m|ecc ce mcr|r. |cs |a|crmes mec|ccs
cca||rmarca ae |ac|a estacc eacaacc ea |a e|.|s caraate mac|c t|emc, |c
ae |e |ac|a rccac|cc aaa |a|ta ce c\|eac , |acer aac|cc mec|aate |crces.
Oesaes ce term|aar |as reres|caes, aaaca se .c|.|c a seat|r atraacc ea sa
tracac (aareatemeate |ac|aa rem|t|cc sas seasac|caes c|aastrc|cc|cas) , ac
.c|.|c a teaer e|scc|cs ceres|.cs (caasaccs cr |a |mcteac|a ce sa
e\er|eac|a ce aac|m|eatc). 'e eaccatraca mas .|.c ea sa tracac ae aaaca,
|e||z , ccateatc ce estar a|||, , ac tea|a |a aeces|cac ce cascar ctrc tracac.
Oesaes ce aa |arc sea|m|eatc, estcs camc|cs ermaaec|erca ea e|.
2. A.:ivn.in 5iwiii.n. |cs recaerccs , e\er|eac|as
ccstetr|cas t|eacea a act|.arse ea ctras s|taac|caes ce |a .|ca
ae, s|mcc||cameate , ce a|aaa maaera, sca s|m||ares a|
aac|m|eatc. |cr eem|c, s| |cs traamas ccstetr|ccs ccarrea
caraate e| rcresc cr e| caaa| ce| aac|m|eatc, estcs traamas
se act|.araa ea s|taac|caes ce |a .|ca re|er|cas a| rcresc c |a
|a|ta ce rcresc. / ccat|aaac|ca se reseata e| casc ce aa
|cmcre ca,c asceasc (sa rcresc) act|.aca, ce maaera
s|mcc||ca, sas seat|m|eatcs , recaerccs ce| aac|m|eatc.
Oaraate |a ma,cr arte ce sa carrera rc|es|caa|, este |cmcre ta.c mac|cs
s|atcmas re|ac|caaccs cca e| traama ce sa aac|m|eatc, |asta ae |e c|rec|erca
aa asceasc (s|taac|ca s|mcc||ca ea |a ae t|eae |a ccrtaa|cac ce rcresar).
Caaacc |e c|rec|erca e| "asceasc ce sa .|ca" |c rec|azc, a| arecer cr sa
teas|ca a|ta (ae |e ccmeazc caaacc |e c|rec|erca e| asceasc). || ac tea|a c|arc
caa| era |a ra|z ce sas s|atcmas. Ccmeazc cca |a tera|a ce reres|ca ,, caraate
sa "reaac|m|eatc", re.|.|c ae tea|a e| ccrcca ea.ae|tc a|receccr ce| cae||c,
cr |c ae caa|a|er mc.|m|eatc saca|a aa m|ecc ce maerte a ercer
c\|eac. |sta e\er|eac|a |ae |aacameata| ara sa seasac|ca ce maerte
|am|aeate (cr |a|ta ce c\|eac) caaacc |e c|rec|erca e| asceasc (e| rcresc
cr e| caaa| ce| artc). 'a caerc reacc|cac aate amcas s|taac|caes cca
a||tac|caes , res|ca a|ta. Oesaes ce |a reres|ca, |ae ccmc s| |ac|era
ccarr|cc aa m||arc. |ateac|c e| asectc |rrac|caa| ce sa teas|ca a|ta , sa
m|ecc, , |ae caaz ce aecc|ar sa asceasc, ce| ae a|cra, aa t|emc cesaes,
esta ccateatc ce |acer acetacc.
3. n:ni:i: y Ix-ii-n.in: F-i:nni-:. |a |a.est|ac|ca
c||a|ca |a cemcstracc ae |cs traamas rc|aaccs se aecea
saerar mec|aate catars|s, ,a ae ac |aa estacc "ea" e|
craa|smc caraate mac|c t|emc , e| caerc esta ||cre ce|
|mactc ce| traama (0ccc||e|c, 1910). |cr eem|c, aaa maer
41
a |a ae sa acre acaaccac caaacc tea|a ccs aacs.
Ccastaatemeate creaca s|taac|caes ce acaaccac ea sa .|ca ce maaera
|accasc|eate, e|||eacc |cmcres ae, cr sas caracter|st|cas |a acaaccaacaa ,/
c (|accasc|eatemeate) a |cs ae maa|a|aca ara ae |a cearaa. ||craca |a
erc|ca ce estcs |cmcres ea sa .|ca , rec|c|a e| ac,c ce sa |am|||a, am|cs ,
teraeata, as|, se cca.|rt|c ea aaa erscaa mas saaa , emezc a |acer mecres
e|ecc|caes resectc ce |cs |cmcres. '|a emcarc, ccat|aaaca scmat|zaacc. Cca
|a a,aca ce sa teraeata, reresc a sa |a|aac|a , a|aez , a e\er|eac|as
cca|tas sccre |a erc|ca ce sa acre. |sta "re.|.eac|a" |a ||cerc ce sa
aeces|cac ccma|s|.a ce reet|r |as m|smas s|taac|caes ce acaaccac aaa , ctra
.ez. |a tera|a ce reres|ca es aac ce |cs metcccs mas aat|acs ara
trastcracs s|cc|c|ccs , aa metccc rccacc ara |a carac|ca ce| traama
s|cc|c|cc (|mersca, 1990c).
4. E-.ni:nin.in. |a reca|ta|ac|ca es, rccac|emeate, e|
ccacetc mas |mcrtaate a eateacer ea e| |mactc ce |as
|ater.eac|caes ccstetr|cas. |a e| c|cc|caar|c !ecster (1989),
se ce||ae |a a|acra i-.ui:uiu.in ccmc "... |a tecr|a ce ae, aa
craa|smc, caraate sa cesarrc||c emcr|caar|c, asa cr etaas
ea |as ae c|ertas estractaras aacestra|es se re|tea". '|a
emcarc, |a reca|ta|ac|ca ac es sc|c aa rccesc c|c|c|cc ce|
er|ccc emcr|caar|c, ea sa seat|cc s|cc|c|cc, |a reca|ta|ac|ca
es aa rccesc cr e| ae, |accasc|eatemeate, |a eate recrea
e.eatcs asaccs , e\er|eac|as traamat|cas ce sas .|cas. 0carre
ea aa |ateatc ce e\ter|cr|zar |cs traamas cesce e| |accasc|eate,
cr |c ae escs traamas cecea tratarse cca aaa rea||cac ce
aa| , a|cra, , mec|aate catars|s, ||cerarse ce e||cs. || eem|c
meac|caacc aater|crmeate ce |a maer ae, ce maaera
|accasc|eate, e||e a |cmcres ae |a acaaccaea es aa eem|c
ce reca|ta|ac|ca. Nc ccstaate, |a reca|ta|ac|ca ac cara |cs
traamas, sc|c c|rece |a ccrtaa|cac ce tratar|cs ,, ea a|aacs
cascs, recacea sa |mactc ea e| caerc. 'e acace a c|st|atcs
rccec| m| eatcs ter aeat| ccs (| ac| a,eacc catar s| s,
reestractarac|ca , tratam|eatc ce estaccs ce s|cc|) ara carar
e| traama, a|aaas caracter|st|cas ce esta s|taac|ca teraeat|ca
sca |a emat|a, |a ccmas|ca , |a sear|cac. Ha, caatrc t|cs
ce reca|ta|ac|ca.
/. E-.ni:nin.in Pii-.:n. |s |a mas ccmaa , ccarre caaacc
|a eate, |accasc|eatemeate, e||e c maa|a|a s|taac|caes ce
sa .|ca cca e| rccs|tc ce eaccatrar , e\er|meatar sas traamas
ac resae|tcs. |cr eem|c, aaa maer ae |ae acaaccaaca ce
cece, ce maaera |accasc|eate recreaca sa traama ce acaaccac
a tra.es ce aa r|mer matr|mca|c cca aa aeate ce .eatas ae
.|aaca ccastaatemeate, ae s|emre |a ceaca sc|a ara |rse
ce .|ae, , |aec ctrc matr|mca|c cca aa mar|ac mercaate ae
asaca se|s meses a| aac |aera. Ccastaatemeate se seat|a sc|a,
, sas reca|ta|ac|caes c|rectas se cca.ert|aa ea |accasc|eates
teatat|.as c|r||cas a act|.ar |a catars|s ara, as|, saaar sa
traama ce acaaccac. || rcc|ema es ae |as reca|ta|ac|caes
mas c|rectas sca |accasc|eates, cr eem|c, se s|eate aa cc|cr
ea |a actaa||cac ae es e| m|smc cc|cr ae ea e| asacc, , |a
eate t|eace a seat|rse a| m|smc t|emc ccmc aaa .|ct|ma ,
||ceraca a tra.es ce |as reca|ta|ac|caes. /cemas, |a saaac|ca
rea|ere aaa cca.ea|eate ccate\taa||zac|ca (cr eem|c, aaa
tcma ce ccac|eac|a ce esceaas reres|.as ce |as ae rc.|eae
|a reca|ta|ac|ca) , aaa catars|s mas ra|ca ce |as ae
acrma|meate erm|tea |a reca|ta|ac|ca. |cr estcs mct|.cs, |a
eate cece |acer tera|a, ara tcmar ccac|eac|a ce sas
reca|ta|ac|caes , e\er|meatar sas traamas cca |a sear|cac e
|ater|cac ce |a s|taac|ca teraeat|ca.
b. E-.ni :ni n.i n J- Ivi :n.i n: 7i J- Ii i wi nn.i n.
Ha, ccs t|cs ce reca|ta|ac|ca ce e.|tac|ca. || r|merc es e|
t|c ce e||m|aac|ca (t|c-e), s|a|||ca ae |a eate maa|a|a c
e||e s|taac|caes ce sa .|ca ae e||m|aaa |a cs|c|||cac ce
eaccatrarse cca sas traamas ac resae|tcs. Recaercc e| casc ce
aaa eme|a acaaccaaca ae estaca ea aaa reca|ta|ac|ca ce
e.|tac|ca (ce| t|c ce e||m|aac|ca), cca aaa .|ca ae |a rcte|a
ce e\er|eac|as ea |as ae se ac|era seat|r acaaccaaca ce
aae.c. |ra |accasc|eate ce ae sa est||c ce .|ca era aa re||ec
ce sa r|m|t|.c acaaccac, |a |a|ta ce ccac|eac|a es |a acrma. Oe
aca|ta, tea|a , ||e.aca sa rc|c aecc|c, cr |c ae aaaca
aac|e |a ces|c|c (aa eem|c ce acaaccac) ce sa tracac.
'eaa sas rc|as a|acras, "s| sc, m| rc|a e|a, aac|e ccra
aaaca ces|acerse ce m|". !amc|ea se casc cca aa c|scaac|tacc
||s|cc, |c ae ara e||a s|a|||caca "aaaca me ceara crae me
aeces|ta cemas|acc". |aece arecer ae |a reca|ta|ac|ca ce
e.|tac|ca |m||ca |a resc|ac|ca ce aa traama, erc ac es as|. ||
recaercc ce |cs traamas esta aaa reseate ea e| |accasc|eate ,
t|eae e|ectcs s|atcmat|ccs.
C. E-.ni:nin.in J- Ivi:n.in: 7i J- J-n:ii.n.in.
|| seaacc t|c ce reca|ta|ac|ca ce e.|tac|ca se ||ama t|c ce
|ceat|||cac|ca (t|c-|) e |ac|a,e ccs asectcs s|cc|c|ccs. Ua
asectc es |a e.|tac|ca, ,a cescr|ta, , e| seaacc es |a rc,ecc|ca
, e| rc|c ccer. |a c|aam|ca cas|ca ce |as reca|ta|ac|caes
t|c-| es ae |a eate rc,ecta sas rc|cs seat|m|eatcs
traamat|ccs ea ctrcs, , |aec se |ceat|||caa , rereseataa (se
cca.|ertea) |a |aerza ae rccac sa traama ea r|mer |aar, |c
caa| |cs rc.ee ce aa seat|m|eatc ce ccer. |stc s|a|||ca, cr
eem|c, ae |a eate acaaccaaca rc,ecta sa acaaccac ea
ctrcs, se |ceat|||caa cca |as erscaas ae |as acaaccaarca , |c
rereseataa (se cca.|ertea ea erscaas ae acaaccaaa) cca
|a eate sccre |a ae se rc,ectaa. |stc t|eae e| e|ectc ce car
a |a eate traamat|zaca aa ccer s|mcc||cc , rea| sccre |as
|aerzas ae |cs traamat|zarca. 0ct|eaea e| ccer |ceat|||caaccse
, cca.|r t|eaccse ea aeates traamat|zaates ,, cr e||c, se
s|eatea ccercscs, crae ac aecea ser .|ct|mas ce |as |aerzas
se |ceat|||caa , se e\resaa ccmc ta|. |cr eem|c, aa |cmcre
ce| ae sa acre acasaca ||s|cameate ce a|ac e||e aaa .|ca ea
|a ae sea ccc rccac|e e\er|meatar acasc ||s|cc ce aae.c
(cr eem|c, .|.|eacc sc|c , ccastra,eaccse e| m|smc aaa
e\|steac|a sc||tar|a ccmc e|e teca|cc ce |accratcr|c). / |a .ez,
se |ceat|||caca cca sa acre (e| aeate traamat|zaate) , era
e\tremacameate acasaccr cca sas aa|ma|es ce |a m|sma
maaera ea ae sa acre |ac|a acasacc ce e|. Oe maaera
rat|aar|a , sa|.ae |e eaca a sas errcs cca aaa ccrrea ,, cr
e||c, se seat|a ccercsc. |e c|c, "sca atet|ccs , cec||es, t|raacc
|as ccsas (|a rc,ecc|ca)... |e s|eatc taa ccercsc caaacc |es
ec... Qa|erc cec|r ae me crezcc, es c|||c|| ce e\||car, , estc,
searc ce ae a e||cs tamc|ea |es eacaata crae |es |ace
sacer |c ae cecea |acer". 'a cesc|aca .|ca , ccer acas|.c
sccre sas errcs ||m|tacaa |a cs|c|||cac ce sa|r|r acasc ctra
.ez.
O. E-.ni:nin.in J- Ini-n:nwi-n:. |a reca|ta|ac|ca
48
ce ea|reatam|eatc s|a|||ca ccs ccsas. 1. ae |a eate casca ,
eacaeatra sas seat|m|eatcs traamat|ccs , |cs e\er|meataa |aera
ce e||cs m|smcs, ea ctras s|taac|caes ,/c ea ctra eate (mas
ae ea sa |ater|cr), , 2. ae |a eate |aec rcma|a act|taces
, easam|eatcs e\|eates, ccrrect|.cs ,/c cesa||aates |ac|a
estas ctras s|taac|caes c erscaas. |a este rccesc, esta
castaate c|arc ae esta reca|ta|ac|ca es castaate c||ereate ce
|a reca|ta|ac|ca c|recta, ae |ateata |cca||zar , eaccatrar |cs
seat|m|eatcs traamat|ccs ea e||cs m|smcs , resc|.er|cs ceatrc
ce |cs ||m|tes ce sas rc|cs caercs , erscaa||caces. Recaercc
aa casc eem|ar ce reca|ta|ac|ca ce ea|reatam|eatc.
Ua a|ac ca,c aac|m|eatc |ac|a s|cc |acac|cc , ae, aatc a sa macre, |ac|a
rec|c|cc ||tcc|a
1
ara rc.ccar e| artc ||zc, ea aaa ses|ca teraeat|ca,
c|cacs ce sa aac|m|eatc , sa e\er|eac|a cca e| ||tcc|a. |a |maea mas ccmaa
ea sas c|cacs (ae rereseataca sa e\er|eac|a cca e| ||tcc|a) era aa cc|ete
ceseaacc cesce |a t|erra |ac|a |a atmcs|era. |a e|ectc, se seat|a
sccree\c|tacc , ma, act|.c, ea aaa s|taac|ca ce mac|c m|ecc, cr e| ||tcc|a.
!aatc ce a|ac ccmc ce aca|tc, s|emre rec|azc |as s|taac|caes |ateasas. |a |a
escae|a r|mar|a aaaca sa|tc a |a |c|a crae |e |ac|a ae e| ccrazca |at|era
mas ra|cc, , ta.c ae ec|r a sa macre ae |ac|ara ea e| cc|e|c cr e|. |a e|
|ast|tatc ||cerc e| mc.|m|eatc aat|-crca ,, m|eatras tccc e| maacc se
reccaaca cr e| a|cc|c| , |a mar||aaaa, a e| |e |ateresacaa mas |as
aa|etam|aas (crca mas cara). Ccmc c|rectcr ce cc|e|c, s|emre estaca ea
ccatra ce |cs aae.cs rc,ectcs crae "saca|aa aaa |a.ers|ca ce eaer|a ,
rc.ccacaa aa aameatc ea |a act|.|cac ce |cs a|acs, ae ,a eraa ||eract|.cs
, c|stra|ccs ce cr s|".
||eatras ae |a reca|ta|ac|ca c|recta |ac|a,e e| ccatactc , e|
seat|m|eatc ce |as eaer|as traamat|cas, |a reca|ta|ac|ca ce
ea|reatam|eatc |m||ca e| |ateatc ce |acer a|c ccastract|.c
cca |as |aerzas traamat|cas. |a reca|ta|ac|ca ce ea|reatam|eatc
s|a|||ca ae |a eate casca , ea|reata ea sa .|ca e| t|c ce
|aerzas ae rc.ccarca e| traama caraate e| aac|m|eatc , ctrcs
er|cccs ce| cesarrc||c. Ccmc ccarre cca e| t|c ce e||m|aac|ca
ce |cs reca|ta|accres ce e.|tac|ca, |cs reca|ta|accres ce
ea|reatam|eatc t|eacea a |acrar |a ccae\|ca eatre sas |er|cas
, sas ea|reatam|eatcs. |stc ||m|ta |a carac|ca a |cs ae estaa
saaaacc sas cca|rcatac|caes ,a ae |a ccac|eac|a es .|ta| ara
e| |ateatc ce carac|ca aaaae, a| m|smc t|emc, sca estcs
ea|reatam|eatcs |cs ae aecea acarrear e| camc|c erscaa|
ea aac m|smc , ea |cs ctrcs. Caaacc |cs ea|reatam|eatcs sca
c|rectameate |ac|a |a scc|ecac, |cs camc|cs scc|a|es sca mas
rccac|es. 'e cece teaer ea caeata ae |a eate, sc|c ce .ez ea
caaacc, camc|a e| t|c ce reca|ta|ac|ca, |ac|asc ara e| m|smc
traama. /|aacs ||actaaa eatre .ar|cs t|cs ce reca|ta|ac|ca,
m|eatras ae ctrcs reseataa r|mcrc|a|meate aa aa|cc t|c ce
reca|ta|ac|ca. |cr eem|c, aaa c||eate reseatc ccs t|cs ce
reca|ta|ac|ca cca resectc a| traama ce |cs |crces.
|recaeatemeate e|e|a |cmcres ae, seaa sas a|acras, "|a
ccatrc|acaa, ccm|aacaa , t|racaa ce e||a" (reca|ta|ac|ca c|recta
ce |a maaera ea ae e||a e\er|meatc |cs |crces), aaaae
ctras .eces e|e|a |cmcres cec||es , a |cs ae e||a cc|a ccm|aar
(reca|ta|ac|ca ce e.|tac|ca ce| t|c |ceat|||cat|.c).
5. n:-in..in J-i 7innwn. || ccacetc , e| rccesc ce |a
|ateracc|ca ce| traama es ma, |mcrtaate ara eateacer |cs
e|ectcs ce |as |ater.eac|caes ccstetr|cas. |a |ateracc|ca ce|
traama se re||ere a tres ccsas ma, re|ac|caacas eatre s| , ae
|ac|asc se aecea e|accrar ccmc ara|ras|s aaa ce |a ctra.
|cs traamas reaata|es (traamas ccarr|ccs aates ce|
aac|m|eatc) |a||a,ea ea |a ercec|ca ce |as |ater.eac|caes
ccstetr|cas , ||e.aa |a eaer|a ce| traama a| rccesc ce|
aac|m|eatc. |cr eem|c, aaa macre a|cc|c||ca cece raaces
caat|caces ce a|cc|c| caraate e| emcarazc, estc a|ecta a ccmc
e\er|meata e| cece |a |acacc|ca ce| aac|m|eatc.
|a ma,cr|a ce |as |ater .eac|caes ccstetr|cas sca,
s|mcc||cameate, s|m||ares a mac|cs traamas reaata|es, es
cec|r, act|.aa |cs traamas reaata|es. |a acm|a|strac|ca ce
mec|cameatcs a aa cece c |cs |crces sca |ater.eac|caes ae
aecea s|mcc||zar, resect|.ameate, |a |acacc|ca mec|ca c |a
|acacc|ca mecaa|ca ce |cs |ateatcs ce accrtc. Caaacc se cca|ta
a aa cece caraate e| aac|m|eatc, rccac|emeate ara eserar
a ae e| mec|cc c |cs m|emcrcs ce |a |am|||a ||eaea, |a
e\er|eac|a aece (, cca |recaeac|a es as|) s|mcc||zar e| rec|azc
ce aa cece ac ceseacc c ac eseracc.
|cs traamas reaata|es , ce| aac|m|eatc |ateractaaa a|
rc.ccar sas e|ectcs (cr eem|c, ceeacea ce |cs re|aerzcs
cster|cres aates ce ae estcs rccazcaa ser|cs e|ectcs). Caaacc
a aa cece se |e asasta , sccresa|ta caraate e| aac|m|eatc cr |a
reeat|aa acm|a|strac|ca ce aa |armacc (cr eem|c, ||tcc|a)
, |aec se |e scmete caraate |a |actaac|a a |a crca (ccmc cr
eem|c |a a|cct|aa) ce aaa macre ae |ama, se re|aerza e|
traama ccstetr|cc (ce |acacc|ca).
|stcs asectcs se scst|eaea cr s| m|smcs ,, reet|cameate,
|aa s|cc .a||caccs a tra.es ce |a ccser.ac|ca c||a|ca ce |cs
e|ectcs ce| traama. Ha,, s|a emcarc, aaa reser.a |mcrtaate.
|as |ater.eac|caes ccstetr|cas aecea resa|tar traamat|zaates
s|a ceeacer ce ctrcs |actcres ae rccazcaa sas m|smcs
e|ectcs. O|.erscs traamas ceeacea mac|c meacs ce |actcres
|ateractaaates a |a |cra ce rccac|r sas e|ectcs, , |as
|ater.eac|caes ccstetr|cas estaa ccas|ceracas ccmc traamas
ra.es. 'e |a ccastatacc ae |as |ater.eac|caes ccstetr|cas
t|eaea aa |mactc traamat|cc ea |a .|ca, |ac|asc caaacc ac |a,
traamas receceates ,/c sacs|a|eates (re|crzam|eatc).
1 ||tcc|a. marca ccmerc|a| ce c\|tcc|aa.
|| Occtcr !||||am R. |mersca c|r|e ta||eres .|.eac|a|es, es escr|tcr, cca|ereac|aate , |caerc ea e| camc ce |a s|cc|c|a re , er|aata|. |ae aaa ce |as
r|meras erscaas ea e| maacc ea cesarrc||ar aa metccc ce tratam|eatc re , er|aata| ara ceces , a|acs/as, es aa reacmcracc e\ertc ea metcccs
ce tratam|eatc ara aca|tcs, , reccacc|cc maac|a|meate cr sa tracac. |s aatcr ce se|s ||crcs, c|acc rc|cs , aac ccmc ccaatcr (R-w-wi-iin 0ui
w-), acemas ce |acer ac||cacc a|ace art|ca|cs sccre s|cc|c|a re , er|aata|. !amc|ea |a escr|tc , rccac|cc caatrc rcramas ce .|cec. |stac|c
ea |as Ua|.ers|caces ce \aacerc||t , 'aa cse. |a |a Ua|.ers|cac |a csteatacc |cs carcs ce |rc|escr Hcacrar|c, O|rectcr C||a|cc, Cca|ereac|aate
|ateraac|caa| , |rc|escr ce |s|cc|c|a. |cr sa ccatr|cac|ca a |a |s|cc|c|a, |a rec|c|cc aa rem|c |cacrar|c ce| |ast|tatc Nac|caa| ce 'a|ac |eata|. || Or.
|mersca |a ract|cacc |a s|cctera|a caraate .e|at|c|acc aacs, esec|a||zaaccse ea tera|a r|ma| , ce reres|ca, acemas, |a cacc cca|ereac|as sccre
este tema taatc ea ||.UU. ccmc ea e| restc ce| maacc. /ctaa|meate esta ret|racc ce |a ract|ca ce |a s|cctera|a , se eacaeatra escr|c|eacc aa aae.c
||crc t|ta|acc 5n.t unJ 5iii:uuii:y, tamc|ea ccat|aaa cca sas ta||eres ea ||.UU., Caaaca , |arca.
49