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MKTG

Canales de Comercialización y Gestión de la


Cadena de Suministro
Capitulos 12 y 13

Preparado por
Thomas Gura

Chapter 12 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 1
Canales de Suministro

Cadena
Cadenadede
suministro
suministro La cadena conectada de
todas las entidades
empresariales, tanto
internos como externos a
la empresa, que realizan
o apoyan la función
logística.

Chapter 12 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 2
Funciones de canales de Marketing

La
Laespecialización
especializaciónyyla
la
división
divisióndel
del trabajo
trabajo

La
Lasuperación
superaciónde
delas
lasdiscrepancias
discrepancias

Proporcionando
Proporcionandouna
una
eficiencia
eficienciade
decontactos
contactos

Chapter 12 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 3
Funciones de canal
efectuadas por intermediarios
Promoción
Funciones
Funciones Negotiación
transaccionales
transaccionales
Asumir Riesgo

Distribución Fisica
logístico
logístico
funciones
funciones Inventario
logístico
logístico División

Facilitar Invetigación
Facilitar
funciones
funciones Financiamiento

Chapter 12 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 4
La especialización y
la división del trabajo

 Crear una mayor eficiencia


 Proporciona menores costos
 Logra economías de escala
 Ayudas productores que carecen de
recursos para el mercado directamente
 Construye buenas relaciones con los
clientes

Chapter 12 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 5
La superación de las discrepancias

La
La diferencia
diferencia entre
entre la
la cantidad
cantidad de
de
Discrepancia
Discrepancia producto
producto producido
producido
de
de yy la
la cantidad
cantidad que
que un
un usuario
usuario final
final
Cantidad
Cantidad quiere
quiere comprar.
comprar.

La
La falta
falta de
de todos
todos los
los elementos
elementos
Discrepancia
Discrepancia de
de una
una
de
de las
las necesidades
necesidades deldel cliente
cliente para
para
Surtido
Surtido recibir
recibir lala plena
plena satisfacción
satisfacción dede un
un
producto
producto oo productos.
productos.

Chapter 12 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 6
La superación de las discrepancias

Una
Una situación
situación queque se
se produce
produce
Temporal
Temporal cuando
cuando sese produce
produce un un producto,
producto,
Discrepancia
Discrepancia sino
sino una
una
cliente
cliente no
no está
está listo
listo aa comprarlo..
comprarlo..

La
La diferencia
diferencia entre
entre el
el
Spacial
Spacial ubicación
ubicación de
de un
un productor
productor yy la
la
Discrepancia
Discrepancia ubicación
ubicación de
de ampliamente
ampliamente
mercados
mercados dispersos.
dispersos.

Chapter 12 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 7
Eficiencia de Contacto

Chapter 12 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 8
Intermediarios/Middlemen
 Una empresa o persona que presta servicios
relacionados con la compra o venta de un
producto a medida que fluye desde el productor
hasta el consumidor.
 La desintermediación - proceso por el cual los
intermediarios tradicionales son eliminados ya
que las empresas cuestionan el valor añadido
por capas en el canal de distribución
 Puede eliminar a los intermediarios, pero no las
actividades de distribución esenciales que
llevan a cabo
 No reduce necesariamente los costos
Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 9
Intermediarios
Un
Un intermediario
intermediario canal
canal que
que
Detallista
Detallista vende
vende principalmente
principalmente aa clientes
clientes
finales
finales

Una
Una institución
institución que
que compra
compra bienes
bienes
Merchant
Merchant de
de los
los fabricantes,
fabricantes, se se lleva
lleva el
el título
título
Mayorista
Mayorista aa los
los bienes,
bienes, los
los almacena
almacena yy lo lo
revende
revende yy los
los envía.
envía.

Venta
Venta al
al por
por mayor
mayor intermediarios
intermediarios
Agentes
Agentes yy que
que facilitan
facilitan la
la venta
venta de
de un
un producto
producto
Brokers
Brokers mediante
mediante la la representación
representación de de los
los
miembros
miembros del del canal..
canal..

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 10
Canales de Intermediarios

Detallistas
Detallistas Toman
TomanTitulo
Titulo

Merchant
Merchant
Mayoristas Toman
TomanTitulo
Titulo
Mayoristas

Agentes
Agentes
yy No
Notoman
tomantitulo
titulo
Brokers
Brokers

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 11
Los factores que indican tipo de
actividad mayorista intermediario
para Usar

Caracteristicas
Caracteristicasdel
del
Producto
Producto
Caracteristicas
Caracteristicasdel
del
Comprador
Comprador
Caracteristicas
Caracteristicasdel
del
Mercado
Mercado

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 12
Los factores que indican que tipo
de actividad mayorista
intermediario usar
Factor Merchant Agentes/
Mayorista Brokers
Nature of product Standard Nonstandard,
custom
Technicality of product Complex Simple

Product’s gross margin High Low

Frequency of ordering Frequent Infrequent

Time between order and receipt of Shorter lead time Longer lead time
shipment
Number of customers Many Few

Concentration of customers Dispersed Concentrated

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 13
Logistica

El proceso de manejar
Logistica
Logistica estratégicamente el flujo
eficiente y almacenamiento de
materias primas, el inventario
en proceso y productos
terminados desde el punto de
origen al punto de consumo.

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 14
Chanales para productos de
consumo

Canal
Canal
Directo
Directo Un canal de distribución en la
que los productores venden
directamente a los
consumidores.

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 15
Chanales para productos de
consumo
Direct Retailer Wholesaler Agent/Broker
Channel Channel Channel Channel

Producer Producer Producer Producer

Agents or
Brokers

Wholesalers Wholesalers

Retailers Retailers Retailers

Consumers Consumers Consumers Consumers

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 16
Chanales para productos de
consumo

15-17

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 17
Disposición de alternativas de
canal

Multiple

No tradicionales

Alianzas Estrategicas

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 18
Gestión de la cadena de suministro

La cadena de suministro incluye toda la


las empresas que se dedican a actividades que
Cadena
Cadenade
de son necesarias para convertir en bruto
Sumnistro
Sumnistro materiales en un bien o servicio y lo puso en
las manos del consumidor
o cliente de negocios

Gestión de la cadena de suministro es la


gestión de los flujos entre el
empresas en una cadena de suministro para
maximizar la rentabilidad total
LO4
Chapter 12 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 19
Canal de Suministro

Chapter 12 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 20
Papel de la Administración de la
Cadena de Suministro

Comunicador
Comunicador of
of customer
customer demand
demand
from
from point
point of
of sale
sale
to
to supplier
supplier

Flujo
Flujo Fisico
Fisico that
that engineers
engineers the
the
movement
movement ofof goods
goods

Chapter 12 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 21
Responsabilidades de los Administradores de la
cadena de suministro
 decisiones de estrategia de canal
 Suministro y la adquisición de las materias primas
 Los programas de producción
 Procesando orden
 La gestión del inventario
 Los productos terminados / transporte y
almacenamiento suministros
 La coordinación del servicio de atención al cliente
 Gestión de la cadena de suministro flujo de
información
 Las relaciones entre las partes
Chapter 12 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 22
The Supply Chain Process

Chapter 12 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 23
Beneficios de suministro gestión de la
Cadena

Diferenciación
Diferenciación

Costos
Costosreducidos
reducidos

flexibilidad
flexibilidad

Mejor
Mejorservicio
servicioalalcliente
cliente

Mayores
Mayoresingresos
ingresos

Chapter 12 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 24
Las decisiones de estrategia
de canal

Factors
Factors Nivel
Nivel de
de
Affecting
Affecting Distribución
Distribución
Channel
Channel Intensidad
Intensidad
Choice
Choice

Market
Market Factors
Factors Intensivo
Intensivo Distribución
Distribución
Product
Product Factors
Factors Selectivo
Selectivo Distribución
Distribución
Producer
Producer Factors
Factors Exclusivo
Exclusivo Distribución
Distribución

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 25
Market Factors
Customer
Customer profiles
profiles

Consumer
Consumer or
or Industrial
Industrial
Customer
Customer

Market
Market Size
Size of
of market
market
Factors
Factors
That
That Affect
Affect
Channel
Channel
Choices
Choices Geographic location

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 26
Product Factors
Product
Product Complexity
Complexity

Product
Product Price
Price

Product
Product Standardization
Standardization

Product
Product Product
Factors Product Life
Life Cycle
Cycle
Factors
That
That Affect
Affect
Channel
Channel Product
Product Delicacy
Delicacy
Choices
Choices

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 27
Producer Factors

Producer
Producer Resources
Resources

Number
Number of
of Product
Product Lines
Lines
Producer
Producer
Factors
Factors
That
That Affect
Affect
Channel Desire
Desire for
for Channel
Channel Control
Control
Channel
Choices
Choices

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 28
Los niveles de intensidad de
Distribución
AAform
formof
ofdistribution
distributionaimed
aimedatat
Intensivo
Intensivo having
havingaaproduct
productavailable
availablein
in
every
everyoutlet
outlet

AAform
formofofdistribution
distributionachieved
achieved
Selectivo
Selectivo by
byscreening
screeningdealers
dealersto
toeliminate
eliminate
all
allbut
butaafew
fewininany
anysingle
singlearea
area

AAform
formofofdistribution
distributionthat
that
Exclusivo
Exclusivo established
establishedone
oneororaafew
few
dealers
dealerswithin
withinaagiven
givenarea
area

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 29
Levels of Distribution Intensity

Intensity Number of
Objective
Level Intermediaries

Achieve mass market


Intensive selling. Many
Convenience goods.

Work with selected


intermediaries.
Selective Shopping and some
Several
specialty goods.

Work with single


intermediary. Specialty
Exclusive goods and industrial
One
equipment.

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 30
Dimensiones Sociales de los
Canales

Poder
Poder

Control
Control

Liderazgo
Liderazgo

Conflicto
Conflicto

Partnering
Partnering

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 31
Channel Power, Control,
and Leadership

Channel
Channel AAchannel
channelmember’s
member’scapacity
capacitytotocontrol
controlor
or
Power
Power influence the behavior of other channel members
influence the behavior of other channel members

AAsituation
situationthat
thatoccurs
occurswhen
whenone
onemarketing
marketing
Channel
Channel channel
channelmember
memberintentionally
intentionallyaffects
affectsanother
another
Control
Control member’s
member’sbehavior
behavior

Channel
Channel AAmember
memberof ofaamarketing
marketingchannel
channelthat
thatexercises
exercises
Leader
Leader authority/power
authority/powerover
overthe
theactivities
activitiesof
ofother
othermembers
members

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 32
Conflictos de Canal y Partnering

Un
Unchoque
choquede
deobjetivos
objetivosyymétodos
métodos
Conflicto
Conflictode
de Entre
Entrelos
losmiembros
miembrosdeldelcanal
canal
Canal
Canal de
dedistribución
distribución

The
Thejoint
jointeffort
effortof
ofall
allchannel
channel
Channel
Channel members
membersto tocreate
createaasupply
supplychain
chain
Partnering
Partnering that
thatserves
servescustomers
customersand and
creates
createsaacompetitive
competitiveadvantage
advantage

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 33
Conflicto de Canal

Conflicts may occur if channel members:

 Tienen objetivos en conflicto?


 Dejar de cumplir con las expectativas de los otros
miembros del canal?
 Se han establecido diferencias ideológicas

 Tienen diferentes percepciones de la realidad

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 34
Channel Partnering

Transaction-Based Partnership-Based
Short-term Long-term
Supplier /
Adversarial Cooperative
Manufacturer
Relationships Independent Dependent
Price important Value-added services
Number of
Many Few
Suppliers
Information
Minimal High
Sharing
Investment
Minimal High
Required

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 35
Componentes logísticos de la cadena
de suministro

Sourcing
Sourcing&&Procurement
Procurement

System
InformationSystem
Production
ProductionScheduling
Scheduling
LogisticsInformation
Equipo Order
OrderProcessing
Processing
Supply
Chain Inventory
InventoryControl
Control
Logistics

Warehouse
Warehouse&&Materials
MaterialsHandling
Handling

Transportation
Transportation

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 36
Contratación y Compras

El
El Rol
Rol de
de “Purchasing”:
“Purchasing”:

 Las estrategias del plan de compra


 Desarrollar especificaciones
 Seleccionar a los proveedores
 Negociar precios y servicios
 Reducir costos

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 37
Programación de la producción

Traditional Focus Customer Focus

Push / Pull
Push Pull
Strategy
Start of Inventory- Customer-Order
Production Based Based

Manufacturing Mass Production Mass Customization

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 38
Just-in-Time Manufacturing

Un proceso que redefine y simplifica la fabricación


JIT
JIT mediante la reducción de los niveles de inventario
y la entrega de las materias primas en el momento
en que se necesitan en la línea de producción.

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 39
Beneficios de JIT

 Reduce los inventarios de materias primas


 los plazos de entrega más cortos
 Crea mejores relaciones con los proveedores
 Reduce los costes de producción y trastero
 Reduce el papeleo

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 40
JIT Requisitos

Receive
Receive high-quality
high-quality parts
parts

Meet
Meet supplier
supplier delivery
delivery commitments
commitments

Have
Have aa crisis
crisis management
management plan
plan

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 41
Procesamiento de Pedidos

Electronic
Electronic
Tecnología de la información que sustituye a los
documentos en papel que acompañan a las
Data
Data transacciones comerciales con la transmisión

Interchange
Interchange
electrónica de la información.

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 42
Procesamiento de Pedidos

Sistema
Sistemadede Un método de desarrollo y
control
control mantenimiento de un surtido adecuado
de materiales o productos para
de
deIntentario
Intentario satisfacer una demanda del fabricante o
de un cliente.

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 43
Procesamiento de Pedidos

Materials
Materials An
Aninventory
inventorycontrol
controlsystem
systemthat
thatmanages
manages
Requirement
Requirement the replenishment of raw materials,
the replenishment of raw materials,
Planning supplies,
supplies,and
andcomponents
componentsfrom
fromthe
the
Planning supplier
(MRP)
(MRP) supplierto
tothe
themanufacturer.
manufacturer.

Distribution
Distribution
Resource An
Aninventory
inventorycontrol
controlsystem
systemthat
thatmanages
manages
Resource the
Planning thereplenishment
replenishmentofofgoods
goodsfrom
fromthe
the
Planning manufacturer
(DRP) manufacturertotothe
thefinal
finalconsumer.
consumer.
(DRP)

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 44
Materials Handling Functions
Receive goods into
warehouse

Identify, sort, and label


goods

Dispatch the goods to


temporary storage

Recall, select, or pick the


goods for shipment
Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 45
Transportacion
Airways

Water

Pipelines

Motor Carriers

Railroads

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 46
La seleción del modo de
Transporte

 Costo
 El tiempo de
tránsito
 Confiabilidad
 Capacidad
 Accesibilidad
 Rastreo

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 47
Criteria for Ranking
Modes of Transportation
Highest Lowest

Relative Air Truck Rail Pipe Water


Cost
Transit
Water Rail Pipe Truck Air
Time
Reliability Pipe Truck Rail Air Water

Capability Water Rail Truck Air Pipe

Accessibility Truck Rail Air Water Pipe

LO7
Traceability Air Truck Rail Water Pipe

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 48
Trends in Supply Chain
Management

Advanced
Advanced computer
computer technology
technology

Outsourcing
Outsourcing of
of logistics
logistics functions
functions

Electronic
Electronic distribution
distribution

Chapter 12
11 Copyright ©2008 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved 49

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