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Mellitus
Atención primaria
MIP GERSON MANUEL SANDOVAL AGUILAR
Geriatría
Dra. Sofía Valtierra
21/07/23
ÍNDICE
● EPIDEMIOLOGÍA ● INSULINAS
● CLASIFICACIÓN ● OBESIDAD
● DIABETES MELLITUS 1 ● HIPERTENSIÓN ARTERIAL
● DISLIPIDEMIA
○ PREVENCIÓN, TAMIZAJE,
● NASH
DIAGNÓSTICO, ABORDAJE,
CONTROL ● COMPLICACIONES DE DIABETES
● DIABETES MELLITUS 2 ● DIABETES GESTACIONAL
● DIABETES EN PACIENTES
○ PREVENCIÓN, TAMIZAJE,
DIAGNÓSTICO, ABORDAJE,
ANCIANOS
CONTROL ● DIABETES MODY
● ANTIDIABÉTICOS ORALES
537
millones
Epidemiología
De los adultos
viven con
diabetes 1 de cada 10 personas vive con DM. Se prevé que este
número aumente a 643 millones en 2030 y a 783 para
2045.
3cada 4
de
adultos con DM
Viven en países de 12.4 millones de mexicanos tienen diabetes
ingresos bajos y
medios
Diabetes mellitus
gestacional
Diabetes Tipo 2
● Más común -90%
● Multifactorial
● Hiperglucemia, pérdida progresiva de
secreción de insulina y resistencia a la
insulina
● Tamizaje desde los 35 años
● Medicamentos (corticoides, tiazidas)
Inzucchi, MD. Lupsa, MD. (2021). Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and initial evaluation of diabetes mellitus in adults. UpToDate.
DM2
•Hiperinsulinismo
•Hipoinsulinismo
Primera normoglucémico Segunda Hiperinsulinismo Tercera hiperglucémico
etapa •Resistencia a la etapa hiperglucémico etapa •Muerte celular
insulina
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
TAMIZAJE
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
PREDIABETES
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
PREDIABETES
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
DIAGNÓSTICO
2 RESULTADOS
ALTERADOS
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
HBA1C
● Sólo diagnostica el 30% de los casos que diagnostican otras pruebas
● Múltiples factores afectan su medición
● Beneficios: no requiere ayunas, es más estable
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
Prevención
● Reducción de peso 7-15%
● Actividad física
● Nutrición mediterránea, DASH
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
Ejercicio
● 150 min/semana (75min fuerza)
● 75 min vigorosos en jóvenes
● Riesgo de hipoglucemia
● Tener en consideración complicaciones
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
Manejo de riesgo cardiovascular
● Prediabéticos suelen ser comórbidos
● Estatinas no contraindicadas
● Prediabéticos con ACV se benefician de pioglitazona
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
CONTROL
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
METAS
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
CGM
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
METAS DE GLICEMIA
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
● La importancia de cumplir metas de glucemia radica en reducción de
complicaciones microvasculares en DM2
● ¿Se reducen las complicaciones macrovasculares?
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
Beneficio cardiovascular
● GLP1
○ No beneficio en IC
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
Manejo DM tipo 2
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
Manejo DM tipo 2
● Terapia dual
○ HbA1C 10%
○ Glucemia 300
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
GLUCOMETRÍA
● Se indica a todos los pacientes con insulinoterapia
● Tener en consideración posibles fuentes de error
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
MONITOREO CONTINUO DE GLUCOSA
● MDI, riesgo de hipoglucemia, embarazadas, toma de decisiones.
● Beneficios: reducción de HbA1C e hipoglucemias
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
Tipo 1 A
Diabetes Tipo 1 Destrucción autoinmune de células beta.
● Anticuerpos contra células de los islotes (ICA)
● Anticuerpos contra la descarboxilasa del ácido
Destrucción autoinmune de las células beta pancreáticas,
glutámico 65 [GAD65]
deficiencia absoluta de insulina.
● Insulina
● ● Tirosina fosfatasas
5 al 10% de la diabetes en adultos.
● Proteína 2 asociada al insulinoma [IA-2]
Transportador de zinc [ZnT8]
1.5 LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults)
Edad ≥35 años, al menos 1 autoanticuerpo contra antígenos
pancreáticos de las células de los islotes o contra la insulina,
necesidad de insulina progresiva (6 meses después del dx).
Tipo 1 B
Idiopatica
Inzucchi, MD. Lupsa, MD. (2021). Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and initial evaluation of diabetes mellitus in adults. UpToDate.
ESTADIOS DM1
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
Manejo DM tipo 1
● Preferir análogos de insulinas y sistemas de infusión continua unidos a CGM
● Implementar conteo de carbohidratos
● ¿ADOs?
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
Manejo multidisciplinario
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
COMORBILIDADES: OBESIDAD
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
OBESIDAD: FARMACOTERAPIA
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
COMORBILIDADES:
HIPERTENSIÓN ARTERIAL
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
Determinar el riesgo CV
¿Latinoamérica? –
HEARTS (OPS)
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
COMORBILIDADES: Dislipidemia
Prevención primaria Prevención secundaria
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
Dislipidemia
• ¿Meta de LDL?
o <70 -> Prevención primaria
o <55 -> Prevención secundaria
• ¿Hipertrigliceridemia?
o Sin riesgo CV -> >500 para prevenir pancreatitis
Se usan fibratos
o Con riesgo CV -> >150 pese a estatinas
Se usa Icosapentil (REDUCE-IT)
o ><
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
Antiagregantes
● A todo paciente como prevención secundaria
● Terapia dual conforme a guías al respecto
o Evaluar riesgo de sangrado y trombosis
o Posibilidad de retiro temprano de aspirina a
los 3 meses (TWILIGHT)
• Considerar uso de rivaroxabán según
estrategia COMPASS
o COMPASS Y VOYAGER ¿Justificación?
• Posible beneficio en los estudios
específicos de DM (ASCEND)
• Sólo en > 50 años SIN riesgo de
sangrado
• Valorar de forma integral y más
completa el riesgo CV para
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
tomar
Dislipidemia
• ¿Meta de LDL?
o <70 -> Prevención primaria
o <55 -> Prevención secundaria
• ¿Hipertrigliceridemia?
o Sin riesgo CV -> >500 para prevenir pancreatitis
Se usan fibratos
o Con riesgo CV -> >150 pese a estatinas
Se usa Icosapentil (REDUCE-IT)
• NO hay utilidad de combinar estatinas con fibratos o niacina para reducir el LDL y riesgo CV
o ><
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
Enfermedad cardiovascular
● Sospechar y diagnosticar de forma temprana
o NO hay beneficio de tamizar
o Considerar estratificación no invasiva con TAC de coronarias
• Individualizar
o ASCVD o riesgo de CV elevado -> GLP1
o Falla cardiaca o ERC -> SGLT2
No usar TZD o Idpp4 (SAVOR-TIMI) en ICC
o Proteinuria -> Finerenone (OJO sólo si iECA o ARA II a dosis máximas
toleradas)
FIGARO-DKD y FIDELIO DKD
o Enfermedad coronaria -> BB e iECA
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
COMORBILIDADES: NAFLD/NASH
● Está presente en >70% de los pacientes con DM tipo 2 y >20% con DM tipo 1
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
NAFLD/NASH
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
COMPLICACIONES DIABETES MELLITUS
● AGUDAS
○ Hiperglucémicas
○ Hipoglucemia
● CRÓNICAS
○ Microvasculares
○ Macrovasculares
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
DIABETES GESTACIONAL
● Control preconcepcional
● Dieta y estilo de vida
● Insulinas
● HbA1C 6%
● Aspirina en semana 12-16
● Hipoglicemia en posparto
● PTOG a las 4-12 semanas del parto
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
PACIENTES ANCIANOS
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
PACIENTES ANCIANOS
● Tamizar síndromes geriátricos
● Evitar hipoglicemia
● Ajustar el objetivo
● AGP
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
GENÉTICA
● Neonatal antes de los 6 meses (mutaciones en genes de canal KATP o de la
insulina)
● MODY antes de los 25 años
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..
Diabetes
monogenica /
MODY
A. Balasubramanyam, MD. (2021). Classification of diabetes mellitus and genetic diabetic syndromes. UpToDate.
A. Balasubramanyam, MD. (2021). Classification of diabetes mellitus and genetic diabetic syndromes. UpToDate.
Referencias
Fundación redGDPS. 1. Diagnóstico y clasificación de diabetes. Guía de diabetes tipo 2 para clínicos. Consultado el 07 de febrero de 2023, de:
https://www.redgdps.org/gestor/upload/colecciones/11_guiadm2_capGuia%20DM2_web.pdf
Dr. Fernando Espinosa-Lira. (2020). Resumen de clasificación y diagnóstico de la diabetes. Consultado el 07 de febrero de 2023, de:
https://sinapsismex.files.wordpress.com/2020/02/resumen-de-clasificacic3b3n-y-diagnc3b3stico-de-la-diabetes-american-diabetes-association-2020.pdf
Seguí Díaz, Barrot de la Puente, Carramiñana Barrera, Carretero Anibarro. (2020). Los Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2021, Resumen redGDPS (ADA
2021). Fundación redGDPS. Consultado el 07 de febrero de 2023, de: https://www.redgdps.org/los-standards-of-medical-care-in-diabetes-2021-resumen-redgdps-
ada-2021#sec1
American Diabetes Association. (2019). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2019. Consultado el 07 de febrero de 2023, de: https://fmdiabetes.org/wp-
content/uploads/2019/01/ada-2019.pdf
Inzucchi, MD. Lupsa, MD. (2021). Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and initial evaluation of diabetes mellitus in adults. UpToDate. Consultado el 07 de febrero de
2023, de: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-diagnosis-and-initial-evaluation-of-diabetes-mellitus-in-adults?
search=diabetes&topicRef=1793&source=see_link
A. Balasubramanyam, MD. (2021). Classification of diabetes mellitus and genetic diabetic syndromes. UpToDate. Consultado el 07 de febrero de 2023, de:
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/classification-of-diabetes-mellitus-and-genetic-diabetic-syndromes?search=diabetes&topicRef=1812&source=see_link
C. CASTELL ABAT, G. LLOVERAS VALLÈS. (1999). United kingdom prospective diabetes study (UKPDS) important answers, but many questions remain. Revista
de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Vol. 46. Núm. 2. Páginas 53. Consultado el 07 de febrero de 2023, de: https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-endocrinologia-nutricion-
12-articulo-el-estudio-prospectivo-ingles-sobre-8568
International Diabetes Federation. (2022). IDF Diabetes Atlas. 10th Edition. Consultado el 07 de febrero de 2023, de: https://diabetesatlas.org/
INEGI. INSP. SS. (2019). Presentación de Resultados. Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2018. Consultado el 07 de febrero de 2023, de:
https://ensanut.insp.mx/encuestas/ensanut2018/doctos/informes/ensanut_2018_presentacion_resultados.pdf
American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. The Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education..