Problemas típicos

de traducción
UNIDAD III
Inglés
CLASE 6
Postgrado - URU
 Con frecuencia nos conseguimos con
obstaculos o problemas para comprender
textos en otro idioma, estos se pueden
deber a :

Falta de vocabulario

Problemas de decodificación

Cognados

Falsos cognados
¿Es una buena traducción?

• . "Pardon me, O King, I beg of

you!" cried the frightened Mouse.

• Lloró el ratón asustado

 Algunas palabras pueden ser confusas

• “CRY”
• “cry” vi llorar; (shout; also
“cry out”) gritar; n (shriek)
chillido; (shout) grito; “cry
off” vi echarse atrás
Significado “cry”

1 Produce tears
2 Say loudly
3 Animals/birds if animals and birds
cry they make a loud sounds
“Cry off” to say that you will not do
something that you promised to
do.
“Cry out” to make a loud sound of
fear, shock, pain etc.
 Significado “llorar”

1 intr. Derramar lágrimas lágrimas de piedad

2 Intr. Fluir un humor por los ojos
3 Intr fig. Caer el licor gota a gota o destilar, como sucede en las vides
al principio de la primavera
4 Tr. Fig. Sentir vivamente una cosa. LLORAR una desgracia, la
muerte de una amigo, las culpas, los pecados
5 Tr. Fig. Encarecer lástimas, adversidades o necesidades. Se usa
más cuando se hace importuna o interesadamente.
 “llorar” no es siempre una buena
traducción de “cry”
• “cry” en inglés y “llorar” en españól
comparten el sentido de “produce tears”
• Pero tienen en común solo este significado
• No tienen en común los otros significados
¿Cuál sería la traducción?

• . "Pardon me, O King, I beg of

you!" cried the frightened Mouse.

• Chilló el ratón asustado

• "How could a tiny creature like
you ever do anything to help
me?”

• Pequeña criatura
• ¿Es una buena traducción?
Traduccion es español
“creature”

• “creature” n (animal) animal m, bicho; (person) criatura

 Diccionario del inglés “creature”
1 LIVING THING: anything that is living, but not a plant: The crocodile is a strange- looking
creature; living creature He has great respect for all living creatures.
2 STRANGE: a strange and sometimes frightening living thing: creatures from outer space
3 stupid/adorable/horrid etc creature: someone who has a particular character or quality; Lady
Jones is a charming creature.

4 SB CONTROLLED BY STH: some who is controlled by, or completely in the power of a

particular person or organization; He was a creature of the military government
5 A creature of habit: someone who always does things in the same way or at the same times
6 STH MADE OR INVENTED: something, especially something bad, that has been made or
invented by a particular person or organization
Significado
“criatura”
1 f. Teol. Toda cosa criada
2 (f.) Niño recién nacido o de poco tiempo.
3 (f.) Feto antes de nacer
4 (f.) fig. hechura de otro a quien debe su posición social
Connotación

• “Connotar” conllevar la palabra, además de su significado

propio o especifico, otro por asociación.
• Es posible traducir la palabra “creature” con la palabra
“criatura” en español, pero no en cada contexto
• “creature” y “criatura” tienen connotaciones(asocioaciones)
muy diferentes en inglés y en español
 “creature” y “criatura”

• Una buena traducción tiene un efecto equivalente

• “creature” y “criatura” no tienen un efecto equivalente porque
tienen connotaciones diferentes
• No es una buena traducción
• "How could a tiny creature like
you ever do anything to help
me?”

• ¿Cómo podría un ser tan

pequeño / animalito / ser tan
insignificante /*criaturita* como
tú hacer algo para ayudarme?
 1. Get the chance to win every time
you trade
2. The patient experiences
insomnia since his teenage years.
3. They are sensible girls for their
age
4. Some people say she has trust
issues
5. You should never miss the point
Traduce of the matter

prestando la 6. The realization made her want to

laugh and cringe at the same time
mayor atención 7. He maxed out his credit card
a la palabra regardless of the consequences

subrayada 8. Unabashedly pro-woman, her

lectures are engaging and often
profoundly provocative
 Cognado / Amigo

• Es una palabra que parece o que

tiene el mismo origen de una palabra
en otra lengua.
• Banco/bank
• Planeta/planet
• Tren/train
• Mapa/map
• Programa/program
• Family/familia
 True friends/verdaderos amigos

• Tienen el mismo significado en

español y en inglés
• Programa/program
• Practice/práctica
• Accident/accidente
• Brilliant/brillante
• Exclaim/exclamar
• Independence/independencia
• Professional/profesional
• Metal/metal
• Gas/gas
• Information/información
 False friends/amigos falsos

• Palabras que se parezcan pero que

tengan significados totalmente
diferentes
• Ropa/rope/cuerda
• Sopa/soap/jabón
• Abstract/resumen
• Adept/experto
• Alumnus/graduado universitario
• Lyrics/letra
• Molest/abusar (sexualmente)
Partial cognates/ amigos parciales

• Las palabras que compartan

un significado en español y
en inglés pero que tengan
también otras connotaciones
(asociaciones)
• Criatura/creature
• Criminal/criminal-delincuente
• Produce/producir – frutas y
verduras frescas
Falsos Cognados
Ejemplos
Actual significa
Inglés: real
My actual house is in Pasadena
Mi hogar real queda en Pasadena
Español: presente, en el mismo momento (current)
Mi hogar actual está en Pasadena
My current house is in Pasadena
Actualidad : tiempo presente
Amigos parciales

• Aplicar/apply
• Aplicar en español no quiere decir “apply for a job”
• “aplicar” es “poner una cosa sobre otra” o “poner diligencia”
• “apply” se dice “solicitar” en español
• “Application” no es “aplicación”, es “solicitud”
• Advertencia/advertisement
• “Advertisement” es “anuncio”
• “Advertencia” es “warning”
Ejercicio
¿Es un amigo verdadero, amigo falso o amigo parcial?
Cognado Falso Cognado Significado
cognado Parcial

American x Americano / Estadounidense

Lecture x Ponencia
Casual
Argument
Faculty
College
Carpet
Cup
Office
Pan
Ordinary
Quiet
Sensible
Scholar
Ejercicio
¿Es un amigo verdadero, amigo falso o amigo parcial?
Cognado Falso Cognado Significado
cognado Parcial

Table
Villa
Unique
Success
Tax
Sympathy
Cereal
Retire
Extraordinary
Target
State
Professor
Notice
Trillion
 ERRORES COMUNES A LA HORA DE TRADUCIR EN INGLÉS

Pensar que los números no cambian

Cuando hablamos de grandes cantidades en inglés, los significados pueden cambiar. Por ejemplo,
¿sabes cuál es la traducción de la palabra “billion” al español? No, no significa “billón” como todos
asumirían; su correcta traducción es “millardo”. Por lo tanto, puedes equivocarte fácilmente (en pocas
palabras se trata de un false friend ¡Pero tranquilo!, de esos hablaremos más adelante).
En el inglés la palabra “million” no se pluraliza cuando se habla de cifras específicas (es decir, no debes
colocar la “s” al final). Para que lo entiendas mejor te lo explico con un ejemplo: si vas a escribir diez
millones debes hacerlo en singular (sin añadir la «s») precisamente porque es una cifra específica “ten
million”.
Siguiendo con la idea del punto anterior, si vas a escribir frases que no tienen cifras específicas como por
ejemplo: millones de personas, entonces sí debes agregar la “s” al final “millions of people”. Igual ocurre
con otras cantidades como “cientos” o “miles”.
En español “cuatrocientos” se escribe todo junto, pero en inglés no. En el idioma universal los números se
escriben de forma separada. También deberás colocar comas (,) entre las cantidades superiores a las
centenas. Por ejemplo, si quieres escribir 1.405, debes hacerlo de la siguiente forma: “one thousand, four
hundred and five”.
Pensar que la palabra “you” es muy fácil de traducir

Son unos cuantos los traductores que, en un pequeño descuido,

traducen indistintamente la palabra “you” por usted, tú, vosotros o
ustedes; sin estar seguros si es plural o singular
¿Un dato curioso? En algunas regiones utilizan un “you plural” diferente
para no caer en confusiones comunicacionales. Este es un uso muy
popular que le dan a la palabra para distinguir el número de personas a
las que se dirijen:
En Inglaterra al “you plural” le dicen you lot.
En New York utilizan youse guys.
En el sur de USA le dicen you all – Y’all.
En el norte de Estados Unidos y Canadá, you guys.
No traducir las expresiones coloquiales o frases de ironía

It’s raining cats and dogs: su traducción literal es “llueven gatos y perros”, pero en realidad lo
que quiere decir esta expresión es “llueve a cántaros”.
Smell a rat: su traducción literal es “huele a rata”, haciendo referencia a un individuo que se
comporta de forma ilegal o inmoral.
Bury one’s head in the sand: significa “enterrar la cabeza en la tierra”. Esto se dice cuando
alguien no desea hacerse cargo de alguna responsabilidad, y esconde la cabeza bajo la tierra
tal como el avestruz.
Ring a bell: su traducción literal es “sonar una campana”, pero en realidad quiere decir “me
suena”, es decir, expresas que lo que alguien te está diciendo te resulta familiar.
Cost a bomb: su traducción es “cuesta una bomba”, que significa lo que para nosotros “cuesta
un ojo de la cara”, es decir, cuando algo es demasiado caro
 Lectura 1
Dyslexia is a reading disability typically brought on by a brain disorder. It is a form of visual agnosia known as word blindness.
Although the person has the standard cerebral capacity, no visual deficiencies or impairments, and is not emotionally
disturbed, he cannot connect the printed word to the proper experiential unit [1]. Evidence from multiple lines of inquiry that
have come together suggests that dyslexia is a problem of the language system and, more specifically, a dysfunction of the
system's phonological processing [2] [3] . The rate of dyslexia in different countries is quite varied. For example, the reported
dyslexia rate is between 5% in the UK, while in the United States, the dyslexia rate is 17%. The average percentage of
dyslexia is about 15%. This number is significant because one can indirectly find 3 to 5 dyslexic students in a class of 30.
Have teachers and guardians started to identify the signs in these dyslexic children correctly, or do they incorrectly identify
and even think of them as naughty children, stupid children, lazy children, or children who are not focused on learning, etc [4]
Since 2005, the Dyslexia Association of Indonesia has assisted more than 800 cases as a center for identifying and treating
dyslexic youngsters. However, compared to how widespread the issue is and how little studies there are on dyslexia in
Indonesia. [4]
The chairman of the Indonesian Dyslexia Association, Mr. Riyani T Bondan, revealed that globally, 10-15% of students have
dyslexia. With an estimated 50 million children attending school in Indonesia, it is estimated that between 5 and 7.5 million of
them suffer from dyslexia [5] . Or indirectly, it can be said that 10% of Indonesian school-age children have dyslexia. The
difference between dyslexic children and children with learning difficulties lies
in their IQ because dyslexic children have an average IQ. Still, learning difficulties are caused by disturbances in the parts of
their bodies that support the learning process. That is why, in addition to tests conducted to find out whether a child has
dyslexia, IQ tests are also performed to confirm further the possibility that a child has dyslexia. In the field case, parents who
did not understand that their child had dyslexia initially enrolled them in public schools
 Lectura 2
Building information modeling (BIM) allows construction and design teams to maximize their existing technological infrastructure. By
consolidating all relevant multi-disciplinary construction and design documents into a single repository, the BIM process facilitates the
development and administration of data across the entire architecture engineering and construction (AEC) project lifecycle [ 1]. Oyuga et al. [2]
described the application of BIM as reviewing and checking the daily on-site performance of work activities in comparison to the created plans
and confirming the expected performance before or throughout the project. Moreover, Durdyev et al. [3] emphasized the BIM application in
small construction projects to be essential, as it allows construction managers to make choices quickly and accurately based on critical inputs.
Successful building projects correlate to how well BIM metrics are used. BIM has the capability to integrate with imaging (videogrammetry,
laser scanning, and photogrammetry), geospatial (geographic information system (GIS) and global positioning system (GPS), ultra-wideband
(UWB), radio frequency identification (RFID), and barcode), and virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) technologies [ 4,5]. Hyarat et al. [6]
identified that four-dimensional BIM models are necessary to monitor and analyze the building processes. In addition, BIM has been regarded
as the first step toward digital construction and has been integrated with a wide range of construction operations, including facility elevations,
prefabricated construction projects, and project management activities [7]. According to Olanrewaju et al. [8], one of BIM’s core tasks is
effective progress management of construction operations, which was not possible due to the many challenges encountered throughout its
adoption. According to Berges-Alvarez et al. [9], there is less room for error and less time to think things through when making sustainability-
related decisions. A connection is made between the environment and the economy using BIM. A solid proof of concept may be used to push
BIM software into the conceptual design phase. The method is only partially automated but nevertheless allows for well-considered choices to
be made during the preliminary stages of a building’s design. In Olanrewaju et al. [10], the areas of uncertainty, omission and misuse in BIM-
based projects have been identified.
In light of the above discussion, it is clear that further research into the dimensions and technical qualities determining the effective
deployment of BIM is necessary to improve the knowledge and trust of stakeholders in the construction sector. According to Abu-Hamdeh et al.
[11], the contemporary building business recognizes the need to enhance building energy efficiency and use cutting-edge technology. Lin et al.
[12] clarified that the use of three-dimensional modeling has also been proven to be helpful in lowering buildings’ harmful effects on the
environment. According to Chen et al. [13], the construction sector stakeholders’ resistance to embracing technology stems mainly from a
need for knowledge of management system standards, requirements, and reference frameworks. The fourth industrial revolution (IR4.0) has
accelerated the building industry’s transition to digital methods [14]. To realize the vision of a fully digitalized construction environment and to
advance the IR4.0 environment, it is necessary to encourage the construction industry and other relevant stakeholders to adopt BIM systems
for construction processes by addressing the uncertainties they may have about doing so [15].
 Lectura 3

One of the most important contributions of qualitative research methods is that they provide rigorous, theoretically sound, and
rational techniques for the analysis of subjective, nebulous, and difficult-to-pin-down phenomena. We are aware, for example,
of the role that social factors play in health care but find it hard to qualify and quantify these in our research studies. Often, we
find researchers basing their arguments on “common sense,” developing research studies based on assumptions about the
people that are studied. Such commonsensical assumptions are perhaps among the greatest impediments to knowledge
production. For example, in trying to understand stigma, surveys often make assumptions about its reasons and frequently
associate it with vague and general common sense notions of “fear” and “lack of information.” While these may be at work, to
make such assumptions based on commonsensical understandings, and without conducting research inhibit us from exploring
the multiple social factors that are at work under the guise of stigma.
In unpacking commonsensical understandings and researching experiences, relationships, and other phenomena, qualitative
researchers are assisted by their methodological commitment to open-ended research. By open-ended research, we mean that
these techniques take on an unbiased and exploratory approach in which learnings from the field and from research
participants, are recorded and analyzed to learn about the world.[5] This orientation is made possible by qualitative research
techniques that are particularly effective in learning about specific social, cultural, economic, and political milieus.
Second, qualitative research methods equip us in studying complex phenomena. Qualitative research methods provide
scientific tools for exploring and identifying the numerous contributing factors to an occurrence. Rather than establishing one or
the other factor as more important, qualitative methods are open-ended, inductive (ground-up), and empirical. They allow us to
understand the object of our analysis from multiple vantage points and in its dispersion and caution against predetermined
notions of the object of inquiry. They encourage researchers instead to discover a reality that is not yet given, fixed, and
predetermined by the methods that are used and the hypotheses that underlie the study.
 Lectura 4
The foreign exchange market (forex, FX, or currency market) is a global decentralized or over-the-counter (OTC) market for
the trading of currencies. This market determines foreign exchange rates for every currency. It includes all aspects of buying,
selling and exchanging currencies at current or determined prices. In terms of trading volume, it is by far the largest market in
the world, followed by the credit market.[1]
The main participants in this market are the larger international banks. Financial centers around the world function as anchors
of trading between a wide range of multiple types of buyers and sellers around the clock, with the exception of weekends.
Since currencies are always traded in pairs, the foreign exchange market does not set a currency's absolute value but rather
determines its relative value by setting the market price of one currency if paid for with another. Ex: 1 USD is worth X CAD, or
CHF, or JPY, etc.
The foreign exchange market works through financial institutions and operates on several levels. Behind the scenes, banks
turn to a smaller number of financial firms known as "dealers", who are involved in large quantities of foreign exchange trading.
Most foreign exchange dealers are banks, so this behind-the-scenes market is sometimes called the "interbank market"
(although a few insurance companies and other kinds of financial firms are involved). Trades between foreign exchange
dealers can be very large, involving hundreds of millions of dollars. Because of the sovereignty issue when involving two
currencies, Forex has little (if any) supervisory entity regulating its actions.
The foreign exchange market assists international trade and investments by enabling currency conversion. For example, it
permits a business in the United States to import goods from European Union member states, especially Eurozone members,
and pay Euros, even though its income is in United States dollars. It also supports direct speculation and evaluation relative to
the value of currencies and the carry trade speculation, based on the differential interest rate between two currencies.[2]
In a typical foreign exchange transaction, a party purchases some quantity of one currency by paying with some quantity of
another currency
Activity Sección A
https://
classroom.google.com/c/NTkwNDUxMzAwOTE3/a/NjM0N
DkzNTc1Njk5/details
Selecciona una de las siguientes lecturas Sección B
https://classroom.google.com/c/NjMwMzkyNTQxOTQ5/
a/NjM0NDk0NDA4Nzcx/details

1. Selecciona 5 oraciones y tradúcelas

2. Identifica los cognados y falsos cognados (10 cognados
max)
3. Identifica las palabras de tu área profesional en la
lectura (glosario)
4. Investiga la existencia de otros cognados y/o falsos
cognados en tu área profesional

Word reference – hippoword - wiktionary