06 SizingGasVapor

Calculo de Válvulas para Gases y Vapores
SERVICIOS EDUCATIVOS
© Fisher-Rosemount Educational Services, 2001 Managing The Process Better.
1
Ecuación Básica de Flujo de Gas
Basic Gas Flow Equation
Recall the Basic
Liquid Flow Equation:
Q = Cv P
For Gasses, Simple Flow

Q is Predicted With:
(Gas) Q = CvP1 X
P
Where: X = P
1
Figura 6-1 Ecuacion Basica para Valores Bajos de X.
2
Limites de la Ecuación Básica
Gas Flow: Low Values of X
Flow Predicted with Q = Cv P1 X
Q
Effective Only For Low Values of X; i.e.,
When X < 0.02 (from a to b)
(a) (b)
X
P
X= P
1
Figura 6-2 Limites de la Ecuación Básica de Flujo de Gas

3
Expansión, Densidad y Flujo Medido
Gas Expansión de Gas y Densidad
Cuando un flujo de gas pasa por una restricción y X > 0.02, la vel. del gas
Incrementa y la presión del gas decrece. La reducción en la presión causa que
las moléculas se muevan (Expansión). El fenómeno de expansión inicia mas
pronunciado ya que el valor de X se incrementa. Como resultado, del incremento
en X (encima X=0.02) no resultando en incrementos proporcionales de flujo.
Densidad = n Densidad < n
Figura 6-3. Expansión de Gas, Densidad y Flujo Medido
4
Factor de Expansión: Y
Expansion Factor: Y The Expansion Factor, Y,

accounts for the reduction
in flow rate that occurs as
the value of X increases.
Flow Predicted with
X
Q = C vP 1 X Y = 1 - 0.33 FkX t
Where:
(Y =.67) Xt = Flow limiting value of X
for a specific valve
Actual (published value)
Q = C v P 1Y X
Flow
Fk = Ratio of Specific Heats
(Y = 1) Factor (k/1.4)
* k= specific heat ratio
Q = C v P 1Y X of the flowing gas
(Y = 1) * 1.4 = specific heat ratio of air
Y is calculated by sizing software.
(a) (b)
X
gasflo3
Figura 4. Expansion del Fuido y Factor de Expansion, Y
5
Velocidad Sonica y Fluido de Choque
Sonic Velocity
Flow Predicted with Q = Cv P1 X
At some value of X
(point c), the gas
achieves sonic velocity;
i.e., the gas molecules
Actual cannot move any faster.
Flow Increases in P
by reducing P2
Q = Cv P1 Y X
will not increase flow.
Sonic
Velocity
(c)
X
gasflo3a
Figura 6-5. Fluido de Choque

6
Explicación del Fluido de Choque con Xt
Flow Limit: Choked Flow and X t
Flow Predicted with

Q = Cv P1 X
Actual Flow Predicted with
Q = Cv P1 Y XT
}
Q Sonic Additional flow (above sonic) due
Velocity to vena contracta enlargement
as the v.c. moves toward valve.
(c) XT
XT =Flow Limiting Value of X
X (published for each valve).
gasflo4
Figura 6-6. Fluido de Choque y Coeficiente Xt
7
FkXt
Para el correcto valor de xT para la relación de calor especifico del flujo de gas,
el valor de xT se convierte a FkxT. El valor de xT que es usado en cualquier
ecuación de calculo deberá ser seleccionado de FkxT
8
Factor de Relación de Calor Especifico
k
Fk =
1. 4
Where:
Fk=The ratio of specific heats factor.
k=The specific heat ratio of the flowing gas.
1.4=The specific heat ratio (k) of air at standard conditions.
9
K vs Fk
10
Efecto de Fk en Xt
Choked Flow
Q = Cv P1 Y Fk XT
k > 1.4
Fk XT When:
k = 1.4
k < 1.4
q
X
P
X=
P1
fkxt
Figura 6-7. Efectos de k en F k xt y q max

11
Factores Típicos de k (No Fk)
200 K 300 K 400 K 500 K

Temperature -73 C 27 C 127 C 227 C
-99 F 80 F 265 F 440 F
Acetylene 1.31 1.23
Air 1.4 1.4 1.39 1.39
Ammonia 1.28 1.25
Argon 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66
n-Butane 1.36 1.1 1.07 1.06
Carbon Dioxide 1.29 1.25 1.23
Ethane 1.19 1.15 1.12
Ethylene 1.14 1.18 1.15
Fluorine 1.39 1.36
Helium 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67
Methane 1.34 1.31 1.26 1.22
Nitrogen 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.39
Oxygen 1.4 1.39 1.38 1.36
Propane 1.51 1.13 1.1 1.08
Propylene 1.1 1.05 1.02
Steam 1.32 1.31
Figura 6-8. Valore Típicos de k para Fluidos Comunes a Diferentes Temperaturas
12
Revisión de la Ecuación Básica
Complete Basic Equation
Q = Cv P1 Y Fk XT
Q = Cv P1 Y Fk XT Maximum Flow
Q = Cv P1 Y X Expansion
Y=1 at b Factor, Y Sonic
and falls to Velocity
Y=0.67 at d
Q = Cv P1 X
(a) (b) (c) (d)

X
P
X= 
P1
gasflo5
Figura 6-9. Revisión de la Ecuación Basica

13
Explicación para T y SG del Fluido
Compensating for Gas Temperature and Gas Specific Gravity
The basic flow equation for gasses is based on air at 60 degrees F.
Q = Cv P1 Y XT
To account for the specific gravity and temperature of the flowing fluid, the terms
Gg and T 1 are included in the equation.
x
Q  Cv p1 Y
Gg T1
Where:
Gg= The specific gravity of the flowing gas (ratio of the density of the flowing gas to
the density of air at standard conditions).
T1= The inlet temperature of the gas, absolute.

gasflow6
Figura 6-10. Compensando por Flujo de Gas Densidad y Temperatura
14
Compensando por Efectos de “Swage”
Swages
To account for Piping Factors (Swages), the term pFis included in the equation.
The equations and procedures to calculate Fp are the same as those used for liquids.
x
Q  Fp Cv p1 Y
Gg T1
gasflo7
Figura 6-11. Compensando por Efectos de “Swage”

15
Unidades Constantes (para Valores Ingleses y Métricos)
Units Constant
To accomodate the use of various english and metric engineering units, a units constant
N7 is included.
x
Q N7 Fp Cv p1 Y
Gg T1
Constant Units
N w q* p1, p2, p  T1 d, D
N5 0.00241 - - - --- --- --- --- mm
1000 --- --- --- --- --- in
N6 2.73 kg/h --- kPa kg/m 3 - - - - --
27.3 kg/h --- bar kg/m 3 --- ---
63.3 lb/h --- psia lb/ft 3 - - - ---
N7 4.17 --- m3/h kPa --- K ---
417 --- m3/h bar --- K ---
1360 --- scfh psia --- °R ---
N8 0.948 kg/h --- kPa --- K ---
94.8 kg/h --- bar --- K ---
19.3 lb/h --- psia --- °R ---
N9 22.5 --- 3
m /hr kPa - - - K ---
2250 --- m3/hr bar --- K ---
7320 --- scfh psia --- °R ---
* cubic feet per hour at 14.73 psia and 60 degrees F, or cubic meters per hour at 101.3
kPa and 15.6 degrees C
gasflo8
Figura 6-12. Incluye Unidades Constantes, N7
16
Compresibilidad: Z
Compressibility
For Ideal Gasses:
The gas sizing equation is based on ideal gas behavior. In a real gas, the pressure, volume, and
temperature are all related in a constant and linear way; e.g., if the temperature increases, either
the pressure or volume must decrease. The relationship is shown by the following:
where: PV=RT
P = fluid pressure, psia
V = volume, cu ft
R = gas constant; 10.73(psia x cu ft)/(degrees R x lb mole)
T = fluid temperature, degrees R
For Real Gasses:

As the pressure and temperature of the gas approach the critical point, the ideal gas laws do not
accurately describe the relationships of P, V, and T. In order to more precisely define these
relationships, the term Z is used.
PV=ZRT
gasflo9
Figure 6-13. Función de Z en la Ecuación de Calculo.
17
Determinando el Valor de Z
Determining the Value of Z
The value of Z can be determined by:
1. Computing the values of Pr and Tr.
Pr = Reduced pressure = Actual Pressure/Critical Pressure

Tr = Reduced Temperature = Actual Temperature/Critical Temperature
2. Using the chart below.

Reduced Pressure Or
Pseudo-Reduced Pressure, P r
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1.1
Reduced Temperature
Or Pseudo-Reduced Temperature, Tr
3.0
2.8 2.6
1.0
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.9
0.9 1.8
1.7
1.6
0.8
1.5
1.45
1.4
Z
0.7 1.35
1.3
0.6 1.25
1.2
Pr = P/Pc
Tr = T/Tc
0.5
1.15
1.1
0.4
1.05
0.3
0.25
Sizing Software will also compute the value of Z if the critical pressure
and the critical temperature are known.
gasflo10
Figura 6-14. Calculando el Valor de Z (Factor de Compresibilidad Factor)

18
Liquido, Vapor, o Gas? Tabla de Presión Entalpia
Figura 6-15. Presión-Entalpia Diagrama para Metano
19
Domo de Fases y Estado de Fluidos
Critical
Temperature, Tc
Super-Critical Fluid
Critical Critical
Pressure, Pc Point
Pressure, Liquid Saturated

psia Vapor
Line
Gas Or Vapor
Two-Phase
Fluid
Saturated
Liquid
Line
Two-Phase Dome
Enthalpy, H, Btu/lb
dome1
Figura 6-16. Domo de Dos-Fases y Estados de Fluido
20
Calculo por Computadora (Firstvue)
Figura 17. Pantalla de Calculo Firstvue para Gas Usando el Metodo ISA. The Value of Z
(not visible in the above) Has Been Manually Set to 1.0 Indicating an Ideal Gas and
Eliminating the Need to Enter Values for Tc and Pc
21
FIN
22

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Calculo de Válvulas para Gases y Vapores

For Gasses, Simple Flow

Figura 6-1 Ecuacion Basica para Valores Bajos de X.

Flow Predicted with Q = Cv P1 X

Figura 6-2 Limites de la Ecuación Básica de Flujo de Gas

Gas Expansión de Gas y Densidad

Densidad = n Densidad < n

Figura 6-3. Expansión de Gas, Densidad y Flujo Medido

Expansion Factor: Y The Expansion Factor, Y,

Figura 4. Expansion del Fuido y Factor de Expansion, Y

Figura 6-5. Fluido de Choque

Flow Predicted with

Figura 6-6. Fluido de Choque y Coeficiente Xt

Fk=The ratio of specific heats factor.

k=The specific heat ratio of the flowing gas.

1.4=The specific heat ratio (k) of air at standard conditions.

Figura 6-7. Efectos de k en F k xt y q max

200 K 300 K 400 K 500 K

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figura 6-9. Revisión de la Ecuación Basica

The basic flow equation for gasses is based on air at 60 degrees F.

T1= The inlet temperature of the gas, absolute.

Figura 6-10. Compensando por Flujo de Gas Densidad y Temperatura

Figura 6-11. Compensando por Efectos de “Swage”

Figura 6-12. Incluye Unidades Constantes, N7

For Real Gasses:

Figure 6-13. Función de Z en la Ecuación de Calculo.

1. Computing the values of Pr and Tr.

Pr = Reduced pressure = Actual Pressure/Critical Pressure

2. Using the chart below.

Figura 6-14. Calculando el Valor de Z (Factor de Compresibilidad Factor)

Figura 6-15. Presión-Entalpia Diagrama para Metano

Pressure, Liquid Saturated

Figura 6-16. Domo de Dos-Fases y Estados de Fluido

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