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Dansk standard DS/EN 14972-1:2020

2021-01-06
Stationære brandslukningsanlæg –
Vandtågeanlæg – Del 1: Projektering,
installation, inspektion og vedligeholdelse
Fixed firefighting systems – Water mist systems –
Part 1: Design, installation, inspection and maintenance
DANSK STANDARD
Danish Standards Association
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DK-2150 Nordhavn
Tel: +45 39 96 61 01
dansk.standard@ds.dk
www.ds.dk
© Dansk Standard - Eftertryk uden tilladelse forbudt

© Danish Standards Foundation
DS/EN 14972-1:2020
København
DS projekt: M315854
ICS: 13.220.20
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IDT med: EN 14972-1:2020
DS-publikationen er på engelsk.
Denne publikation erstatter: DS/CEN/TS 14972:2011
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DS/EN 14972-1:2020
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 14972-1

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM December 2020
ICS 13.220.20 Supersedes CEN/TS 14972:2011
English Version
Fixed firefighting systems - Water mist systems - Part 1:

Design, installation, inspection and maintenance
Installations fixes de lutte contre l'incendie - Ortsfeste Brandbekämpfungsanlagen -
Systèmes à brouillard d'eau - Partie 1 : Conception, Feinsprüh-Löschanlagen - Teil 1: Planung,
installation, inspection et maintenance Einbau, Inspektion und Wartung
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 11 October 2020.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving
this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical
references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre
or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 14972:2011: E
worldwide for CEN national Members
DS/EN 14972-1:2020
EN 14972-1:2020(EN)
Contents Page
European foreword .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6

Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations .........................................................................................................................................10
3.1 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................................................... 10
3.2 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 16
4 Design ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
4.1 Design principal .................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
4.1.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
4.1.2 General requirement ................................................................................................................................................. 16
4.1.3 Full scale fire testing procedures.................................................................................................................... 16
4.2 Design, installation, operation and maintenance manual .............................................................................. 17
4.2.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
4.2.2 Content of the DIOM manual .............................................................................................................................. 17
4.3 Water mist systems using gas for their operation ................................................................................................. 19
4.4 Use of additives.................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
4.5 Design parameters ............................................................................................................................................................................ 19
4.6 Water and gas supply ..................................................................................................................................................................... 19
4.6.1 Pumped systems requirements ....................................................................................................................... 19
4.6.2 Self-contained systems requirements ........................................................................................................ 19
4.7 Compartment protection ............................................................................................................................................................ 19
4.7.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
4.7.2 Compartment ................................................................................................................................................................... 19
4.7.3 Fire hazard ......................................................................................................................................................................... 19
4.7.4 Design requirements ................................................................................................................................................. 20
4.8 Requirements for different types of water mist deluge systems .............................................................. 20
4.8.1 Local application systems ..................................................................................................................................... 20
4.8.2 Local application systems with multiple hazards ............................................................................ 20
4.8.3 Volume protection water mist systems ..................................................................................................... 20
4.8.4 Zoned protection systems ..................................................................................................................................... 20
4.8.5 Activation and control .............................................................................................................................................. 20
4.9 Design of water mist automatic nozzle systems ..................................................................................................... 21
4.9.1 Extent of protection.................................................................................................................................................... 21
4.9.2 Permitted exceptions within a building .................................................................................................... 21
4.9.3 Material reaction........................................................................................................................................................... 21
4.9.4 System design .................................................................................................................................................................. 21
4.9.5 Nozzle selection and positioning .................................................................................................................... 25
4.9.6 Alarm device ..................................................................................................................................................................... 25
4.9.7 Test connection .............................................................................................................................................................. 25
4.9.8 Air velocity and openings ...................................................................................................................................... 25
4.10 Design of water mist deluge system .................................................................................................................................. 26
4.10.1 Nozzle selection and positioning .................................................................................................................... 26
4.10.2 Air velocity and openings .................................................................................................................................... 26
4.10.3 Automatic shut-down ............................................................................................................................................... 26
4.11 Fire detection and fire alarm systems activating the water mist system .......................................... 26
4.11.1 General requirements............................................................................................................................................... 26
4.11.2 Fire detection and fire alarm systems continuity............................................................................. 27
4.11.3 Avoiding false alarms by water mist discharge .................................................................................. 27
4.11.4 Manual activation ......................................................................................................................................................... 27
4.11.5 Electrical detection and activation ................................................................................................................ 27
4.11.6 Non-electrical detection ......................................................................................................................................... 28
4.12 Hydraulic and pneumatic calculations ............................................................................................................................ 28
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4.13 Water, propellant and atomizing gas supply design ............................................................................................ 29

4.13.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
4.13.2 Connection to public or town mains ............................................................................................................ 29
4.13.3 Flow requirement ........................................................................................................................................................ 29
4.13.4 Maximum and minimum water pressure ................................................................................................ 29
4.13.5 Discharge operating time ...................................................................................................................................... 29
4.13.6 Type of water supply ................................................................................................................................................. 31
4.13.7 Availability.......................................................................................................................................................................... 31
4.13.8 Housing of equipment for water supplies............................................................................................... 34
5 Installation ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................35
5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 35
5.1.1 DIOM manual ................................................................................................................................................................... 35
5.1.2 Electrical safety .............................................................................................................................................................. 35
5.1.3 High Voltage live electrical equipment ...................................................................................................... 35
5.1.4 Electrical clearances .................................................................................................................................................. 36
5.2 Nozzle........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
5.2.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
5.2.2 Automatic nozzle .......................................................................................................................................................... 37
5.2.3 Open nozzle ....................................................................................................................................................................... 37
5.3 Pipe ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 38
5.3.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
5.3.2 Protection against mechanical damages .................................................................................................. 38
5.3.3 Protection against corrosion .............................................................................................................................. 38
5.3.4 Protection in seismic areas .................................................................................................................................. 38
5.3.5 Protection against freezing for wet pipes................................................................................................ 38
5.3.6 Accessibility of the pipe work ........................................................................................................................... 38
5.3.7 Pipe bending ..................................................................................................................................................................... 38
5.3.8 Water supply pipes ..................................................................................................................................................... 39
5.3.9 Pipe support ..................................................................................................................................................................... 39
5.3.10 Drainage ............................................................................................................................................................................... 40
5.4 Gas and water containers (where provided) ............................................................................................................. 40
5.4.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
5.4.2 Location ................................................................................................................................................................................ 40
5.4.3 Accessibility ...................................................................................................................................................................... 40
5.4.4 Fixing....................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
5.4.5 Manifolds ............................................................................................................................................................................. 40
5.4.6 Temperature ..................................................................................................................................................................... 40
5.5 Strainers and filters ......................................................................................................................................................................... 40
5.5.1 Strainers .............................................................................................................................................................................. 40
5.5.2 Nozzle filter ....................................................................................................................................................................... 41
5.5.3 System filters.................................................................................................................................................................... 41
5.6 Valves............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 41
5.6.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
5.6.2 Identifications ................................................................................................................................................................. 41
5.6.3 Accessibility ...................................................................................................................................................................... 41
5.6.4 Securing and monitoring valves ...................................................................................................................... 41
5.6.5 Shut-off valves ................................................................................................................................................................. 41
5.6.6 Control valves .................................................................................................................................................................. 41
5.6.7 Check and non-return valves.............................................................................................................................. 41
5.7 Pressure gauges................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
5.8 Test connection.................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
5.8.1 Test connection for automatic water mist systems ........................................................................ 42
5.8.2 Test connection for water mist deluge system .................................................................................. 42
5.9 Electrical installation ...................................................................................................................................................................... 42
5.9.1 Electrical power supply .......................................................................................................................................... 42
5.9.2 Fire detection and fire alarm system........................................................................................................... 42
5.10 System monitoring and alarms .............................................................................................................................................. 42
5.10.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
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5.10.2 Alarms .................................................................................................................................................................................... 42

5.10.3 Remote signalling ......................................................................................................................................................... 43
5.11 Water mist system supply, including additives ........................................................................................................ 43
5.11.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
5.11.2 Water quality.................................................................................................................................................................... 43
5.11.3 Additives .............................................................................................................................................................................. 43
5.11.4 Water supply .................................................................................................................................................................... 44
5.11.5 Test devices ....................................................................................................................................................................... 46
6 Water mist system components .........................................................................................................................................................47
6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 47
6.1.1 Requirements for components ......................................................................................................................... 47
6.1.2 Pressure rating ............................................................................................................................................................... 47
6.2 Nozzle........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47
6.3 Piping and fittings ............................................................................................................................................................................. 47
6.3.1 Pipework.............................................................................................................................................................................. 47
6.3.2 Fittings ................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
6.4 Flexible hoses ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 49
6.4.1 Hose length ........................................................................................................................................................................ 49
6.4.2 Hoses to be used in areas exposed to fire class B fires ................................................................ 49
6.4.3 Hose rating ......................................................................................................................................................................... 49
6.5 Pipe supports ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 49
6.6 Valves............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 49
6.6.1 Shut-off valves ................................................................................................................................................................. 49
6.6.2 Pressure regulating valves.................................................................................................................................... 49
6.6.3 Check and non-return valves.............................................................................................................................. 50
6.6.4 Drain/fill valves ............................................................................................................................................................. 50
6.6.5 Safety valves...................................................................................................................................................................... 50
6.7 Control valves........................................................................................................................................................................................ 50
6.7.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 50
6.7.2 Strainers and filters .................................................................................................................................................... 50
6.8 Flow switches and flow transmitters ............................................................................................................................... 50
6.9 Pressure switches and pressure transmitters .......................................................................................................... 50
6.10 Supply components for self-contained systems ...................................................................................................... 51
6.10.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
6.10.2 Excess pressure .............................................................................................................................................................. 51
6.10.3 Pressure container marking ............................................................................................................................... 51
6.10.4 Design temperature.................................................................................................................................................... 51
6.10.5 Gas cylinders and actuation valve .................................................................................................................. 51
6.10.6 Cylinders and storage containers for water .......................................................................................... 51
7 Main pumps for water mist systems .............................................................................................................................................51
7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 51
7.2 Pump set .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
7.2.1 Operation............................................................................................................................................................................. 51
7.2.2 Overpressure .................................................................................................................................................................... 52
7.2.3 Centrifugal pumps ....................................................................................................................................................... 52
7.2.4 Positive displacement pumps ............................................................................................................................ 52
7.2.5 Pump driver ...................................................................................................................................................................... 52
7.2.6 Pump Cooling................................................................................................................................................................... 52
7.2.7 Pump set anchoring ................................................................................................................................................... 52
7.2.8 Positive displacement pump filters .............................................................................................................. 52
7.2.9 Pump set coupling ....................................................................................................................................................... 52
7.2.10 Valves and accessories ............................................................................................................................................. 53
7.2.11 Suction pipe....................................................................................................................................................................... 53
7.2.12 Discharge pipe ................................................................................................................................................................ 53
7.2.13 Pump set rating .............................................................................................................................................................. 53
7.2.14 Pump set operation .................................................................................................................................................... 54
7.2.15 Electrically driven pump sets............................................................................................................................. 55
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7.2.16 Diesel engine driven pump sets ....................................................................................................................... 57

8 Testing, acceptance and commissioning...................................................................................................................................61
8.1 Acceptance test for water mist systems ......................................................................................................................... 61
8.2 Test criteria ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 61
8.3 Site commissioning test................................................................................................................................................................ 62
8.4 Completion certificate and documents ........................................................................................................................... 62
9 Inspection and maintenance.................................................................................................................................................................62
9.1 Inspection ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 62
9.1.1 Inspection schedule.................................................................................................................................................... 62
9.1.2 User's program of inspection ............................................................................................................................. 63
9.2 Inspection and maintenance routines ............................................................................................................................. 63
9.2.1 Weekly routine................................................................................................................................................................ 63
9.2.2 Monthly routine ............................................................................................................................................................. 64
9.2.3 Quarterly routine .......................................................................................................................................................... 64
9.2.4 Half-yearly routine ...................................................................................................................................................... 64
9.2.5 Annual inspection ........................................................................................................................................................ 65
9.2.6 Three-yearly routine.................................................................................................................................................. 66
9.2.7 Five-yearly routine ...................................................................................................................................................... 66
9.2.8 Ten-yearly routine ....................................................................................................................................................... 67
9.2.9 Maintenance schedule.............................................................................................................................................. 67
9.2.10 User's program of monitoring ........................................................................................................................... 67
9.2.11 Training................................................................................................................................................................................. 67
10 Documentation....................................................................................................................................................................................................67
10.1 Installation documentation....................................................................................................................................................... 67
10.2 Documentation for acceptance of design, installation and commissioning .................................... 68
Annex A (informative) Guideline for developing representative fire test protocols for
water mist systems ..........................................................................................................................................................................................69
Annex B (informative) Area of operation for typical automatic nozzle water mist systems ................75
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 94
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European foreword
This document (EN 14972-1:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 191 “Fixed
firefighting systems”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2021, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2021.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes CEN/TS 14972:2011.
The former CEN/TS 14972:2011 was reviewed and replaced with this new European standard.
EN 14972, — , consists of the following parts:
— Part 1: Design, installation, inspection and maintenance;
— Part 2: Test protocol for shopping areas for automatic nozzle systems;
— Part 3: Test protocol for office, school class rooms and hotel for automatic nozzle systems;
— Part 4: Test protocol for non-storage occupancies for automatic nozzle systems;
— Part 5: Test protocol for car garages for automatic nozzle systems;
— Part 6: Test protocol for false floors and false ceilings for automatic nozzle systems;
— Part 7: Test protocol for commercial low hazard occupancies for automatic nozzle systems;
— Part 8: Test protocol for machinery in enclosures exceeding 260 m3 for open nozzle systems;
— Part 9: Test protocol for machinery in enclosures not exceeding 260 m3 for open nozzle systems;
— Part 10: Test protocol for atrium protection with sidewall nozzles for open nozzle systems;
— Part 11: Test protocol for cable tunnels for open nozzle systems;
— Part 12: Test protocol for commercial deep fat cooking fryers for open nozzle systems;
— Part 13: Test protocol for wet benches and other similar processing equipment for open nozzle
systems;
— Part 14: Test protocol for combustion turbines in enclosures exceeding 260 m3 for open nozzle
systems;
— Part 15: Test protocol for combustion turbines in enclosures not exceeding 260 m3 for open nozzle
systems;
— Part 16: Test protocol for industrial oil cookers for open nozzle systems;
— Part 17: Test protocol for residential occupancies for automatic nozzle systems.
NOTE — This list includes standards that are in preparation and other standards may be added. For current
status of published standards refer to www.cen.eu.
This document converts CEN/TS 14972:2011 into a full EN standard. It is a full revision of the Technical
Specification, and incorporates the following principal changes:
— guidance on areas of operation;
— guidance on effective capacity of tanks;
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— extension of scope of application to cover more areas in buildings when supported by test standards
produced by other organizations.
Any user claiming compliance with this document is expected to be able to justify any course of action
that deviates from its recommendations.
This document is intended for use by manufacturers, designers and installers of water mist systems,
and for authorities having jurisdiction.
It has been assumed in the preparation of this document that the execution of its provisions will be
entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people, for whose use it has been produced.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic
of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
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Introduction
Water mist systems
Fixed water mist systems for the fire protection of industrial, commercial and residential hazards
comprise specially designed nozzles mounted in pipework, and connected via control valves to a
dedicated water supply.
Specific areas within buildings can be protected by water mist where relevant fire test protocols exist.
Water mist systems deliver a mist of small droplets which control, suppress or extinguish fire by:
— absorbing heat from the fire and its surroundings;
— smothering the flames by localized oxygen depletion through evaporation to steam;
— blocking some of the radiant heat transfer to adjacent combustible materials;
— wetting and cooling of the fuel surface.
Fires such as those involving flammable liquids (class B fires) can be extinguished using water mist.
Fires such as those involving ordinary combustible materials (class A fires) can be controlled and
suppressed using water mist and may also extinguished. Water mist can also prevent flash-over.
With the high surface area of the droplets produced, water mist is able to absorb relatively large
amounts of heat and thus provide efficient cooling.
Currently, the majority of applications for water mist relate to property and asset protection. However,
under certain circumstances, water mist can improve conditions within the protected space and thus
increase the chances of survival for personnel inside the protected areas. It can also enhance personnel
protection in more general applications by protecting facilities thereby enhancing the safety of
individuals.
Water mist is a specific application solution which needs to be proven for each individual application
and/or occupancy.
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Fixed firefighting systems – Water mist systems –

Part 1:
Design, installation, inspection and maintenance
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the design, installation,
inspection and maintenance of all types of fixed land based water mist systems.
This document is intended to apply to water mist automatic nozzle systems and water mist deluge
systems supplied by stand alone or pumped systems.
The document covers only applications and occupancies which are covered by the fire test protocols of
the EN 14972 series.
Aspects of water mist associated with explosion protection and/or use within vehicles are not covered
by this document.
This document does not cover all legislative requirements. In certain countries specific national
regulations apply and take precedence over this document. Users of this document are advised to inform
themselves of the applicability or non-applicability for this document by their national responsible
authorities.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 3-7:2004+A1:2007,
EN 54 (all parts),
CEN/TS 54-14,
EN 12094-1,
EN 12094-2,
EN 12094-4,
EN 12094-8,
EN 12094-10,
EN 12259-1,
EN 12259-2,
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EN 14972-1:2020(EN)
EN 12259-3,
prEN 12259-12,
EN 12845:2015+A1:2019,
prEN 14972 (all parts),1)

EN 15004-1:2019,
EN 17450-1,2)
prEN 17451,
EN 50342 (all parts),

EN 60529,
EN 60623,
ISO 3046-1,
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
3.1.1
additive
chemical or mixture of chemicals, intentionally injected to the water mist system or pre-mixed with the
water in the water supply and/or system piping
Note 1 to entry: The additive can have one or more of the following purposes:
— compliance with fire protection requirements;
— corrosion protection;
— frost protection;
— preventing micro-biological growth.
1) In preparation.
2) Status at time of publication: prEN 17450-1:2019.
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3.1.2
area of operation
<automatic nozzles> maximum area over which it is assumed, for design purposes, that automatic
water mist nozzles will operate in a fire<open nozzles> all nozzles included in one section
Note 1 to entry: The total area of operation can consist of more than one section.
3.1.3
atomizing gas
compressed air or other gas used to produce water mist by mixing with the water
3.1.4
authorities
organizations responsible for approving water mist systems, equipment and procedures, e.g. the fire
and building control authorities, the fire insurers, the local water authority or other appropriate public
authorities
3.1.5
automatic nozzle water mist system
water mist system with activation based on an individual automatic water mist nozzle that operates
when its thermal release element is heated to its thermal rating or above, allowing water mist to
discharge over specified area or volume
Note 1 to entry: Automatic nozzle water mist systems are referred to as water mist sprinkler systems in other
publications.
Note 2 to entry: According to the type of the pipework the automatic nozzle water mist systems are differentiated
in:
— wet pipe systems;
— dry pipe systems; and
— pre-action systems.
3.1.6
automatic water mist nozzle
pneumatic water mist nozzle
component, with one or more orifices, which is designed to produce and discharge water mist, held
closed by an integral thermal release element and a pneumatic element, the nozzle can be opened either
via the thermal release element or an increase of pressure to a pre-set value
3.1.7
competent person
organization
individual or organization that has the requisite training and experience, access to the requisite tools,
equipment and information, and is capable of carrying out a defined task
3.1.8
control valve
valve intended to open automatically to control the flow of the extinguishing medium of a water mist
system or sections of it and trigger an alarm
Note 1 to entry: A control valve may be:
— a deluge valve for a deluge system;
— a wet valve for an automatic wet pipe system;
— a dry valve for an automatic dry pipe system;
— a pre-action valve for an automatic pre-action system.
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3.1.9
deluge water mist system
water mist system with activation based on the simultaneous discharge from all the predetermined
nozzles included in one system section that operates when a fire detection and fire alarm system
actuates the control valve controlling the flow to that system section or by manual means
Note 1 to entry: According to the application characteristics the deluge water mist systems are differentiated in:
— local application systems;
— volume protection systems; and
— zoned protection systems (sectioned systems).
3.1.10
discharge operating time
time interval from the start until the end of the discharge of water mist from the system nozzle(s)
Note 1 to entry: The discharge time is expressed in minutes.
3.1.11
dry pipe system
water mist system using automatic nozzles in which the pipework is always charged with air or inert
gas under pressure
Note 1 to entry: The water flows into the piping system and out through any activated nozzles.
3.1.12
enhanced availability water mist system
water mist system with additional measures for enhanced availability of the system
Note 1 to entry: For example, for life safety or insurance purposes.
3.1.13
fire control
to limit the size of the fire by distribution of water to reduce the heat release rate and pre-wet adjacent
combustibles, while controlling the gas temperatures at the ceiling and limiting the radiation to prevent
damage to structures during the discharge operating time
3.1.14
fire extinguishment
complete elimination of any flaming or smouldering fire and the prevention of re-ignition
3.1.15
fire suppression
reduction in the heat release rate and prevention of re-growth of the fire during the discharge operating
time
3.1.16
flash-over prevention
reducing the average temperature inside the protected volume to whereby combustion products in the
smoke layer do not ignite
3.1.17
flash-over
rapid transition to a state of total surface involvement in a fire of combustible material within an
enclosure
3.1.18
free-burn test
fire test without activation of the water mist system
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3.1.19
hydraulically most favourable area
area of operation for which the water flow is at its maximum for a specified pressure, measured at the
control valve or pump set
3.1.20
hydraulically most unfavourable area
area of operation for which the system pressure, when measured at the control valve or pump set, is
required to be at its maximum to achieve the specified flow rate
3.1.21
inspection
<water mist systems> examination of an installation or their design and determination of its conformity
with specific requirements or, on the basis of professional judgment, with general requirements at
required intervals undertaken by a competent person
3.1.22
installer / installation company
organization or part of an organization delivering one or more services related to the planning, design,
installation or maintenance of a water mist system to a client, trained and authorised by the water mist
component manufacturer
Note 1 to entry: EN 16763 use the term service provider.
3.1.23
intermittent system
deluge water mist system which may cycle on and off the supply of water to the nozzles, according to
the fire test protocol(s)
3.1.24
local application system
system designed to protect a particular object or hazard and within the containment or confinement
area around the hazard
EXAMPLE For the protection of individual generators within a larger enclosure.
3.1.25
maintenance
combination of all technical, administrative actions, including monitoring actions, intended to retain an
item in, or restore it to, a state in which it can perform a required function undertaken by a competent
person
[SOURCE: EN 13306:2017, definition 2.1, modified]
Note 1 to entry: Maintenance can include inspection and repair.
3.1.26
manufacturer’s design, installation, operation and maintenance manual (DIOM)
document describing the design process and giving details on the installation, operation and
maintenance
Note 1 to entry: It is issued by the water mist system manufacturer for specific application, based on the results
of successful fire tests. The contents of the DIOM manual will form part of the assessment of the overall system
compliance.
3.1.27
means of escape
whereby a safe route or routes in the event of fire is or are provided for persons to travel from any point
in a building to a place of ultimate safety
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3.1.28
maximum pressure
at a nozzle inlet with water flowing
3.1.29
minimum pressure
minimum pressure at a nozzle inlet with water flowing
Note 1 to entry: Specific to the fire test protocol to which the nozzle is applied, as specified by the manufacturer.
Note 2 to entry: Often referred to as design pressure in manufacturer literature.
Note 3 to entry: During discharge the operating pressure may be constant or time-dependent, contingent to the
fire test protocol.
3.1.30
maximum standby pressure
maximum pressure to which the installed nozzle is exposed due to the effects of the pressure
maintenance device and head of water, as specified by the manufacturer
3.1.31
minimum standby pressure
minimum pressure to which the installed nozzle is exposed due to the effects of the pressure
maintenance device and head of water, as specified by the manufacturer
Note 1 to entry: This can be lower or higher than the operating pressure.
Note 2 to entry: This may be static pressure or flowing pressure.
3.1.32
maximum rated pressure
maximum allowable pressure that a pressure bearing component may be exposed to
Note 1 to entry: This pressure is maximum pressure to which the component is listed, which will normally be
much higher than likely to be in the applied system design.
3.1.33
open water mist nozzle
component, with one or more orifices, which is designed to discharge water mist
3.1.34
operating pressure
range of pressures between minimum and maximum operating pressures
3.1.35
pre-action water mist system
dry pipe water mist system, in which an independent fire detection and fire alarm system in the
protected area allows the water to flow into the pipework prior to the independent operation and
subsequent operation of any automatic nozzle
Note 1 to entry: There are two types of pre-action system:
Type A pre-action system - otherwise normal dry pipe system in which:
— the air/inert gas pressure in the installation is monitored at all times;
— the control valve set is activated by an automatic fire detection system but not by the operation of the
automatic nozzles;
— at least one quick opening manually operated valve is installed in an appropriate position to enable
the pre-action valve to be activated in an emergency.
Type B pre-action system - otherwise normal dry pipe system in which:
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— the control valve set is activated either by an automatic fire detection system or by the operation of
the automatic nozzles;
— independently of the response of the detectors, a pressure drop in the pipework causes the opening of
the system control valve.
3.1.36
pre-burn time
time from ignition of the fire source till the operating pressure or design flow is available at the
hydraulically most remote nozzle
3.1.37
propellant gas
compressed gas used as a prime mover to push water out of storage vessels or containers, through pipe
network or through water mist nozzles
3.1.38
pump set
<water mist systems> pumping unit made of one or more pumps, one or more motors or engines and
one or more control panels (controllers) governing the operation
3.1.39
room or volume protection
complete closed room or a structurally separated volume is protected by a water mist system; normally
the water mist extinguishing system is activated for the entire protected area (total flooding system)
3.1.40
self-contained system
comprises a set of cylinders or a skid mounted pressure tank, connected to a source of gaseous stored
pressure (e.g. pressurized air or inert gas cylinders)
3.1.41
standby pressure
pressure held in system pipework prior to system activation
3.1.42
total flooding system
system designed to protect all the hazards in an enclosure
3.1.43
user
person(s) responsible for or having effective control over the water mist systems adopted in or
appropriate to the premises or the building
3.1.44
water mist
water spray for which the v0,90 is less than 1 mm measured in a plane 1 m from the nozzle at its
minimum operating pressure
Note 1 to entry:
3.1.45
water mist system
distribution system of a firefighting system connected to a water supply equipped with one or more
water mist nozzles capable of delivering water mist intended to control, suppress or extinguish fire
Note 1 to entry: Water mist systems can discharge plain water mist or a mixture of water mist and some other
agent or agents like gases or additives.
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3.1.46
water mist system operating time
total time for which the supply of water mist is designed to last at operating pressure
Note 1 to entry: The time is given in minutes.
Note 2 to entry: For systems with intermittent discharge it is the sum of the times of discharge and the times
without discharge.
Note 3 to entry: The discharge operating time may be longer than the water mist operating time.
3.1.47
water mist system with additives
water mist system containing substances other than those normally present in fresh water
3.1.48
wet pipe water mist system
water mist system using automatic or automatic/pneumatic nozzles attached to a piping system
containing water and connected to a water supply so that water discharges immediately from nozzles
operated by the heat from a fire
3.1.49
zone protection systems
water mist system designed to protect multiple hazards in a predetermined portion of an area
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes if this document, the following abbreviations apply.
AO areas of operation for typical automatic nozzle water mist systems
DIOM manual design, installation, operation and maintenance manual
NPSH net positive suction head
4 Design
4.1 Design principal
4.1.1 General
Water mist systems shall be designed for specific hazards or occupancies covered by EN 14972 series1
fire test protocols and in accordance with information and limitations obtained from these fire test
protocols and the manufacturers DIOM manual.
4.1.2 General requirement
Companies installing and/or designing and/or maintaining water mist systems from a water mist
system manufacturer shall be trained in those tasks by that water mist system manufacturer.
4.1.3 Full scale fire testing procedures
4.1.3.1 General
The safe use of a water mist system is limited to applications it has been tested for. Water mist systems
shall be tested in accordance with the fire test protocols of the EN 14972 series1. For scenarios where
test protocols listed in EN 14972 series1 are not applicable, water mist systems shall be tested in
accordance with the guidelines given in Annex A.
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4.1.3.2 Test protocols
One of the greatest challenges to engineering of water mist fire suppression systems lies in determining
whether the conditions of a particular and recognized test protocol are representative of the actual
conditions in a given application based on an understanding of the dynamics of the interaction of water
mist with fire. The following application parameters shall to be considered as a minimum.
a) Determine that the fire hazard is similar to the fire hazard simulated in the test protocol (liquid or
solid fuel, flash point, combustibility, quantity, arrangement).
b) Determine that the compartment volume is within the maximum and minimum volumes of the test
room.
c) Determine that the compartment height is within the maximum and minimum heights in the test
protocol.
d) Determine that the compartment ventilation conditions are similar to those in the test protocol
(presence of fans, forced ventilation, etc., area of openings, position of openings).
e) Determine whether any obstructions to the distribution of mist are simulated in the test protocol.
f) Determine that the operating time of protection provided by the listed system is appropriate for
the actual level of protection needed.
Parameters used during such tests define the limits of a water mist systems application, unless scaling
of the results is part of the testing and the method and limits by which scaling may take place is
explicitly specified by the applicable EN 149721 test protocol.
For systems using gas as a propellant the extinguishment/suppression shall be demonstrated by
running and passing the fire test with air instead of the relevant gas.
NOTE — With this test it is demonstrated that the fire fighting mechanism is based on water mist.
4.2 Design, installation, operation and maintenance manual
4.2.1 General
There shall be a design, installation, operation and maintenance manual (DIOM manual) for each water
mist system based on the fire test protocol(s). This may be combined in a single document.
The DIOM manual shall be dated and shall be identifiable with a reference number or a date, and
revision statue to clarify the current version.
The DIOM manual shall be available for the purposes of verification of design, installation and audit of
the water mist system.
4.2.2 Content of the DIOM manual
For each application the manufacturer shall prepare a detailed manual to provide a specification of the
system information.
Design information shall include at least the following where applicable:
a) system type and identification;
b) applicable occupancies with any restrictions;
c) description of hazards;
d) limits of ventilation and ambient conditions;
e) area and room limitations;
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f) requirements on fire resisting separation;

g) design parameters:
1) nozzle type and unique model identification;
2) number of operating nozzles or area of operation;
3) additives (if used);
4) minimum operating pressure;
5) specific pressure for the automatic start of the first pump set when the pressure in the water
mist system falls;
6) minimum nozzle flow rate and maximum nozzle pressure;
7) minimum and maximum ceiling height;
8) minimum and maximum volume or area;
9) minimum and maximum nozzle spacing;
10) nozzle orientation, installation and positioning parameters;
11) requirements concerning obstructions (e.g. min. distance to beams, spray obstructions);
12) type of fire detection system (if used in the fire test);
13) minimum/maximum distance of thermal release element from below the ceiling;
h) list of critical components compatible with the water mist system (e.g. nozzles, triggering, signalling
and valves);
i) minimum requirement for water and/or atomizing gas quality;
j) hydraulic calculations or other dimensioning methods (e.g. pre-engineered systems, accumulator
systems);
k) additives (if applicable);
14) specific type;
15) specific concentration;
16) method of mixing the additive with water;
17) method of handling the mixture of additive and water during the lifetime;
18) material safety data sheet of additives;
19) explanation of the effects of additives;
l) any constraints critical to the operation of the water mist system (e.g. information about nozzle
cover plates, guards and ancillaries such as escutcheon plates);
m) for each application list the associated fire test protocol and the test report reference.
The operational information shall include at least the following:
n) full functional system description;
o) full installation and commissioning instructions;
p) full operation instructions;
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q) full maintenance and service lifetime intervals and instructions;

r) distance from the hazard (if applicable).
4.3 Water mist systems using gas for their operation

Water mist systems discharging into the protected volume a gas, different from air, shall also comply
with the requirements of EN 15004-1:2019, Clause 5.
4.4 Use of additives

Where water mist systems involving additives are used in normally occupied areas, consideration shall
be given to safety aspects related to the nature of the additives.
4.5 Design parameters

The design of the water mist system shall be in accordance with the DIOM manual. It shall be based on
successful fire tests in accordance with EN 14972 series1 or Annex A for the specific hazard and type of
systems (dry or wet).
4.6 Water and gas supply
4.6.1 Pumped systems requirements
Water supplies with pumps shall be installed to provide the required continuous system flow rates at
the required pressures for the required operating time, based upon the hydraulic calculations.
4.6.2 Self-contained systems requirements
A self-contained system typically comprises a set of cylinders or a skid mounted pressure tank,
connected to a source of gaseous stored pressure (e.g. pressurized air or inert gas cylinders). The stock
of water and propellant required for the total operating time shall be stored.
They shall not:
a) have a connection to an external water or gas source except for filling purposes;
b) require any external power source to operate, except for actuation.
4.7 Compartment protection
4.7.1 General
Systems designed for compartment protection shall be characterized by compartment parameters and
fire hazard.
4.7.2 Compartment
Compartment parameters shall include at least the compartment geometry, which includes room height,
layout, floor area, openings (if applicable) and ventilation (natural or forced). Special consideration
shall be given to the degree of obstruction and the potential shielding of the fire location that can be
encountered.
4.7.3 Fire hazard
The fire hazard in the compartment to be protected shall be evaluated taking into account the
combustible loading, the fuel type(s) and the geometric presentation of the fuel(s).
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The present hazard shall be compared to the scope of the test protocols to ensure that the test protocol
is representative of the actual occupancy fire hazard being protected.
Water mist is a specific application solution which shall be proven for each individual application and/
or occupancy.
4.7.4 Design requirements
The system shall be designed to match the area, compartment, object and fire hazard characteristics
with the successfully passed fire tests of the proposed water mist system. All relevant information can
be found in the DIOM manual.
4.8 Requirements for different types of water mist deluge systems
4.8.1 Local application systems
Without any risk assessment the local application fire extinguishing systems shall be designed and
installed for the object being protected, together with its associated hazards, in accordance with the
design parameters established through representative fire tests.
4.8.2 Local application systems with multiple hazards
Without a specific risk assessment the local application systems for the protection of multiple hazards
shall be designed to supply an area with a radius of 7 m around the most unfavourable position of a fire
hazard simultaneously with the minimum design parameters specified in the DIOM manual. Where a
risk assessment shows that the spread of fire could involve two or more hazards the water mist system
shall be designed for the combined hazard and based on the most onerous risk.
4.8.3 Volume protection water mist systems
Volume protection water mist systems shall be designed to be operated in the whole compartment with
the minimum design parameters specified in the DIOM manual.
4.8.4 Zoned protection systems
Zoned protection systems, where the protected area is divided in zones shall be designed for all hazards
expected to be present in each zone.
4.8.5 Activation and control
4.8.5.1 Activation
Deluge water mist systems shall be automatically activated and be equipped with a manual activation
device. For zoned systems the manual activation device shall be on each zone. The manual device shall
be located outside the protected space or adjacent to the main exit from the space.
4.8.5.2 Fire detection and fire alarm system and activation system
Water mist deluge systems require a fire detection and fire alarm system as well as an activation
system to operate (in accordance with 4.11).
When a specific fire detection is defined in the DIOM manual, based on the results of the fire tests, it
shall be used to actuate the water mist system in actual installations.
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4.8.5.3 Intermittent systems
Details of specific intermittent misting operations of systems and the associated modes of controls re-
setting shall be as defined in the DIOM manual.
4.9 Design of water mist automatic nozzle systems
4.9.1 Extent of protection
For a building, or a specific compartment to be considered fully protected by a water mist system,
coverage shall extend to all areas in that building or compartment – with the exception of those areas,
rooms or places where water discharge might present a hazard and according to 4.9.2 and 4.9.3.
Crawl spaces and voids shall be protected unless the risk assessment of fire load and fire separation
shows it to be unnecessary.
4.9.2 Permitted exceptions within a building
Water mist protection shall be considered in the following cases, but may be omitted after due
consideration of the fire load in each individual case:
a) washrooms and toilets constructed of non-combustible material and which are not used to store
combustible materials or made ready for electrical appliances like washers and dryers;
b) enclosed staircases and enclosed vertical shafts (e.g. lifts or service shafts) containing no
combustible material and constructed as a fire resistant separation;
c) rooms protected by other automatic firefighting systems, (e.g. sprinkler system, gas, powder and
water spray);
d) wet processes (e.g. wet end of paper making machines);
e) small cupboards (i.e. less than 2 m2).
4.9.3 Material reaction
Water mist systems shall not be used in those cases where the application of water can cause additional
hazards.
Liquefied gases: Water mist systems should not be used for direct application to liquefied gases at
cryogenic temperatures (such as liquefied natural gas), which boil violently when heated by water.
NOTE — Materials which react with water include: reactive metals, such as lithium, sodium, potassium,
magnesium, titanium, zirconium, uranium and plutonium; metal alkoxides, such as sodium methoxide; metal
amides, such as sodium amide; carbides, such as calcium carbide; halides, such as benzoyl chloride and aluminium
chloride; hydrides, such as lithium aluminium hydride; oxyhalides, such as phosphorus oxybromide; silanes, such
as trichloromethylsilane; sulfides, such as phosphorus pentasulfide, cyanates, such as methylisocyanate.
4.9.4 System design
4.9.4.1 General
Where a risk assessment shows that the spread of fire could involve two or more hazards, the water
mist system shall be designed for the combined hazard and based on the most onerous hazard.
4.9.4.2 Hydraulic calculations
The designer shall provide hydraulic calculations (see 4.12) which show that the minimum and
maximum pressure and flow requirements (for water and atomizing media as applicable) as defined in
the DIOM manual are met for the most unfavourable and most favourable area of operation (see 4.9.4.3).
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This hydraulic calculation shall be made with the installed water supply and for the low water level/
minimum pressure for main connection.
Where hazards having different hazard classifications are protected by the same system, the maximum
and minimum pressures per each different nozzle shall be met, with the maximum and minimum
operating pressure being based on the most onerous requirements with regard to nozzle operating
pressure.
The designer shall provide a calculation that the water supply is able to supply the most favourable area
of operation for the specified operating time (see 4.13.5).
4.9.4.3 Area of operation
The area of operation to be hydraulically calculated shall be based on the “minimum design area” or the
“minimum nozzle quantity”, as defined in Table 1, whichever is greater.
Table 1 — Design criteria

Occupancy c Minimum design area Minimum nozzle Fire test protocol d
a quantity a
Shopping storage areas c with a max- 216 m2 -
imum storage area of 50 m2 for any
single block and not less than 2,4 m
clearance around the block.
Cellular offices and open plan offices, 72 m2 6 EN 14972-31
areas with counters, restaurants and
kitchens, public areas in buildings
with low fire load or other corridors,
churches, museums, hotel rooms,
rooms in hospitals, nursing homes,
senior citizens residences, flats, train-
ing classrooms, recreation areas. As
well as further comparable risks.
Apartments, churches, concealed 140 m2 9
spaces (greater 800 mm in height),
gymnasiums, hospitals, hotel rooms,
libraries, museums, offices, restaurant
seating areas, schools and university
class rooms, unused attics.
Non-stacking garages, fully enclosed 144 m2 (wet system) -
garages and underground garages for
180 m2 (dry system)
horizontal, solid, flat ceilings with
heights of 2 m and above.
Horizontal false ceilings and false 72 m2 6
floors between 300 mm and 800 mm.
Apartments, churches, concealed 72 m2 6
spaces, gymnasiums, hospitals, hotel
rooms, libraries, museums, offices,
restaurant seating areas, schools and
university class rooms and unused
attics.
a Values applicable for wet pipe water mist systems unless indicated.
b Some countries may have national annex with guidance on the maximum height and any additional requirements for
apartment buildings higher than 18 m.
c The overlap in occupancies described in the table is due to more than one fire test protocol in EN 14972 series1, covering
the same occupancy. Refer to the DIOM manual for the minimum design criteria for the respective fire test protocol for the
water mist system.”
d The occupancies are intended to be covered by the fire test protocols (see European foreword). Where available are
listed in coloumn and otherwise are in preperation.
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Table 1
Occupancy c Minimum design area Minimum nozzle Fire test protocol d
a quantity a
dwelling house, flat, maisonette, For rooms greater than All nozzles installed
transportable home, house of mul- 64 m2: in the rooms with the
tiple occupation, bed and breakfast most numbers of noz-
64 m2
accommodation, boarding houses and zles up to a maximum
blocks of flats of 18 m or less in height of 2.
and with a maximum total floor area
of 2 400 m2
- blocks of flats greater than 18 m up For rooms greater than 4
to 45 m in height, 64 m2:
- sheltered and extra care housing, 64 m2
residential care premises, residen-
tial rehabilitation accommodation,
dormitories and hostels up to 45 m
in height b.
a Values applicable for wet pipe water mist systems unless indicated.
b Some countries may have national annex with guidance on the maximum height and any additional requirements for
apartment buildings higher than 18 m.
c The overlap in occupancies described in the table is due to more than one fire test protocol in EN 14972 series1, covering
the same occupancy. Refer to the DIOM manual for the minimum design criteria for the respective fire test protocol for the
water mist system.”
d The occupancies are intended to be covered by the fire test protocols (see European foreword). Where available are
listed in coloumn and otherwise are in preperation.
4.9.4.4 Requirements for different types of automatic nozzle water mist systems
4.9.4.4.1 Wet pipe water mist systems
Wet pipe water mist systems shall be used in areas not subject to freezing and shall be used where
the room temperature cannot drop below a minimum value of 4 °C. They allow the faster discharge of
water mist into the hazards because there is no delay between the opening of the automatic nozzle and
the actual discharge of water mist.
Wet pipe water mist systems in these areas may be allowed if the piping is protected against freezing
with appropriate measures, e.g. trace heating.
4.9.4.4.2 Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems can be used where the room temperature can drop below 4 °C.
The maximum acceptable discharge-delay of a dry pipe system shall be in accordance with the DIOM
manual (as demonstrated in the fire test) and validated for the installation.
In case of protecting more than one floor with a dry pipe system each floor shall have its own control
valve. This shall also apply to mezzanines but not balconies.
4.9.4.4.3 Pre-action water mist systems
Pre-action water mist systems shall be used where the threat for water damage is considered an
important issue.
Pre-action water mist systems require a separate fire detection and fire alarm system to operate the
device controlling the water mist system to allow water to enter the system only after the fire detection
and fire alarm system has detected a fire condition.
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The maximum acceptable discharge-delay of a pre-action system shall be in accordance with the DIOM
manual, as demonstrated in the fire test.
4.9.4.4.4 Area limitation
Unless differently addressed, the protected area, served by a single wet pipe/pre-action control valve,
shall not exceed 10 000 m2.
4.9.4.4.5 Determination of material factor
The category shall be determined by the following procedure.

Material factor 1: Non-combustible products in combustible packaging and low or medium
combustibility products in combustible/non-combustible packaging. Products having little plastic
content as defined below:
— unexpanded plastics content less than 5 % by mass (including the pallet);
— expanded plastics content less than 5 % by volume.
Material factor 2: Goods having higher energy content than material factor 1 goods, for instance those
containing plastics in greater quantities as defined in Figure 1.
Material factor 3: Materials which are predominantly unexpanded plastic (see Figure 1) or materials of
a similar energy content.
Material factor 4: Materials which are predominantly expanded plastic (more than 40 % by volume) or
materials of a similar energy content (see Figure 1).
y
15 i-----
3 4
5 "--
1
5 25 40 x
Key
1 Material factor 1
2 Material factor 2
3 Material factor 3
4 Material factor 4
x % by volume of expanded plastic
y % by mass of unexpanded plastic
Figure 1 — Material factor
4.9.4.4.6 Effect of storage configuration
After determining the material factor, the storage configuration shown in Table 2 shall be referred to
determine the most appropriate categorization.
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Table 2 — Categories as a function of storage configuration

Material fac- Material fac- Material fac- Material fac-
Storage configuration
tor 1 tor 2 tor 3 tor 4
Exposed plastic container with non-combus- Category I, II, III Category I, II, III Category I, II, III Category IV
tible contents
Exposed plastic surface – unexpanded Category III Category III Category III Category IV
Exposed plastic surface – expanded Category IV Category IV Category IV Category IV
Open structure Category II Category II Category III Category IV
Solid block materials Category I Category I Category II Category IV
Granular or powdered material Category I Category II Category II Category IV
No special configuration Category I Category II Category III Category IV
4.9.5 Nozzle selection and positioning
4.9.5.1 Nominal operating temperature for automatic nozzles
Selected nominal operating temperature shall be the closest available to, but not less than 30 °C higher
than, the maximum expected ambient temperature in the protected area unless special consideration
about the temperature rating selection is given in DIOM manual.
4.9.5.2 Nozzle selection
Nozzles shall be in accordance with the appropriate fire test protocol(s). Nozzles shall be selected in
accordance with the DIOM manual for the specified application.
4.9.5.3 Nozzle positioning
Nozzles shall be spaced and installed in accordance with the DIOM manual (see 5.2.3.2).
4.9.6 Alarm device
An alarm device shall be installed on each water mist automatic nozzle system or control valve where
used to detect the flow of even a single nozzle with the lowest flow rate operating in the system. The
alarm shall be activated and remain permanent operating while there is a flow of water through the
system, and shall be connected to a permanently staffed location or in accordance with the fire strategy
of the building.
The alarm device shall initiate a fire alarm signal that is audible throughout the protected space.
4.9.7 Test connection
An alarm test connection shall be provided per each water mist automatic nozzle system or control
valve where used, terminating in a device giving a flow equal to or less than the flow of a single nozzle
with the lowest flow rate installed in the system or section.
4.9.8 Air velocity and openings
Maximum air velocity in the protected space and openings (size and position) shall be taken into
account as applicable and shall be in accordance with the DIOM manual.
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4.10 Design of water mist deluge system
4.10.1 Nozzle selection and positioning
4.10.1.1 Nozzle selection
Nozzles shall be selected in accordance with the DIOM manual for the specified application.
4.10.1.2 Nozzle positioning
Nozzles shall be spaced and installed in accordance with the requirements of the DIOM manual.
4.10.2 Air velocity and openings
Maximum air velocity in the protected space and openings (size and position) shall be taken into
account as applicable and shall be in accordance with the DIOM manual.
4.10.3 Automatic shut-down
4.10.3.1 Ventilation in the protected area
Wherever possible, the ventilation system shall be shut down before the system operates. In those cases
where this is not possible or desirable, the air velocity or total leakage area or both shall be within the
limits specified by the DIOM manual.
4.10.3.2 Fuel and other combustibles used in the protected area
During a fire incident provision shall be made to stop any supply of additional combustible substances
as part of the shut-down emergency procedures (product and raw materials feed), with the exception of
the minimum supply for emergency running systems. This point shall also be taken into consideration
when specifying the operating period.
4.10.3.3 Power supply to equipment in the protected area
Normally, high voltage power supplies to the equipment in the affected area shall be switched off upon
activation of the water mist system or detection of a fire. Minimum supplies for emergency running
systems are an exception. Where this is not possible, provisions shall be in accordance with the DIOM
manual.
4.11 Fire detection and fire alarm systems activating the water mist system
4.11.1 General requirements
Where a fire detection and fire alarm systems is used to activate a water mist system, the fire detection
and fire alarm systems shall fulfil the following requirements, as applicable:
a) the fire detection and alarm systems shall be in accordance with EN 54 series and national
installation regulations;
b) the fire detection and fire alarm systems shall be installed in all zones or rooms protected by the
water mist system;
c) the fire detection and fire alarm and control lines shall be continuously monitored for faults.
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4.11.2 Fire detection and fire alarm systems continuity
The detection system shall be adapted to the risk to be protected. In case the design of the water mist
system requires special provisions on the detection system it shall be described in the DIOM manual.
4.11.3 Avoiding false alarms by water mist discharge
The fire detection and fire alarm systems shall be selected and arranged so that the possibility of an
alarm being produced in an adjacent zone by the water mist discharge is minimized.
4.11.4 Manual activation
Water mist systems activated by fire detection and fire alarm systems shall be equipped with a manual
triggering device.
The manual triggering device shall be located outside the protected area and shall be installed at
(1,4 ± 0,15) m above the floor height, at visible locations.
4.11.5 Electrical detection and activation
4.11.5.1 General
The fire detection and fire alarm systems shall be in accordance with the EN 54 series with the additions
in 4.11.5.2 to 4.11.5.3.
4.11.5.2 Electrical equipment
Special attention shall be paid to the use of equipment in hazardous classified areas and the appropriate
ingress protection grade.
4.11.5.3 Fire detection and fire alarm systems control panel
The fire detection and fire alarm system control panel shall comply with EN 12094-1.
4.11.5.4 Fire detection and fire alarm systems power supply
4.11.5.4.1 Electric power supply
The electric power supply to the fire detection and fire alarm system shall be in accordance with
EN 54-4 and independent of the supply for the protected area.
4.11.5.4.2 Electrical power supply dimensioning
The emergency power supply of the fire detection and fire alarm system shall be capable of keeping
the system in operation for at least 24 h from first loss of power. After 24 hours stand by operation the
emergency power supply shall still be capable of actuating the water mist system and the related alarm
and signalling devices for a minimum of 30 min.
4.11.5.5 Fire detection and fire alarm system power supply isolating switch
The electrical supply isolating switch for the fire detection and fire alarm system shall be clearly
marked as “DO NOT SWITCH OFF – AUTOMATIC FIREFIGHTING SYSTEM”.
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4.11.5.6 Alarm and fault indications
4.11.5.6.1 General
Alarms or fault indicators or both shall be used to indicate the operation of the system or failure of any
supervised device. The type (audible, visual), number and location of the devices shall be in accordance
with CEN/TS 54-14.
4.11.5.6.2 Alarm and fault signals
Audible alarms and, where appropriate, visible warning signs shall be provided for the followings:
a) fire alarm signal upon the first alarm from one element of the fire detection and fire alarm system;
b) system operational status, any conditions that can affect the function of the fire detection and
fire alarm system as well as the control and monitoring system shall cause an indication. Such
conditions shall include but not be limited to the following:
1) failure in the fire detection and fire alarm systems;
2) fault in the activation circuit;
3) status “manual” in case of a device is installed for selection of either automatic or manual
operation;
4) failure in power supply.
Alarms and fault indications shall be connected to a permanently staffed location.
4.11.6 Non-electrical detection
4.11.6.1 General
Non-electrical detection devices shall comply with EN 12094-2. Where pneumatic, hydraulic or
mechanic detection equipment is used, the lines shall be arranged in such a way that crimping and
other possible damages are avoided. Where installations could be exposed to adverse conditions that
could affect the integrity of the installation (electrical cable, pipework, key parts, etc.), appropriate
precautions shall be taken to counteract such occurrence.
4.11.6.2 Pneumatic fire detection and fire alarm systems
When air or inert gas is used in a pneumatic detection system, the working pressure in the pneumatic
detection system shall not exceed 3,5 bar.
4.11.6.3 Pneumatic or hydraulic system supervision
Pneumatic or hydraulic detection systems shall be supervised for low pressure, at a value such that it is
possible to prevent inappropriate water mist system activation.
4.12 Hydraulic and pneumatic calculations

The pipe work of each water mist system shall be hydraulically calculated to demonstrate the capability
of the water supply to meet the water mist system discharge characteristics. Where an atomizing gas
is used, the hydraulic calculation shall include it. Hydraulic and pneumatic calculations shall be carried
out using validated calculations (e.g. “Darcy-Weisbach” formula) or dimensioning procedures. Both
shall be in accordance with the DIOM manual. Pre-engineered systems shall in accordance with the
DIOM manual.
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4.13 Water, propellant and atomizing gas supply design
4.13.1 General
Water mist systems shall have at least one automatic supply of water, propellant or atomizing media,
where required, to operate the water mist system at the correct pressure, flow and operating time (see
4.13.5).
Water mist systems using gas as propellant or atomizing media shall make provision for minimum
operating temperature and cylinder leakage.
4.13.2 Connection to public or town mains
Connection of water mist systems with town mains may be covered by national or local rules.
4.13.3 Flow requirement
4.13.3.1 Flow requirement for water mist automatic nozzle systems
The flow required for water mist automatic nozzle systems shall be based on the flow rate of the nozzles
in the hydraulically most favourable area of operation, or on the number of nozzles specified to operate
simultaneously, whichever is higher. The amount of atomizing gas, where required, shall be sufficient
for the above mentioned total flow.
4.13.3.2 Flow requirement for deluge water mist systems
The flow required for deluge water mist systems shall be based on the supply of the largest single
protected area or group of simultaneously protected areas at the maximum operating pressure. The
amount of atomizing gas, where required, shall be sufficient for the total flow.
4.13.4 Maximum and minimum water pressure
The maximum and minimum pressure of the water supply and of the atomizing gas, where required,
shall be within the approved limits of operating pressure for the nozzles specified by the DIOM manual
taking into account both the hydrostatic pressure difference and the pipe hydraulic pressure loss.
4.13.5 Discharge operating time
The relevant discharge operating times which are to be used are given in Table 3 and Table 4. It should
be noted that these minimum operation times should be assessed for each application and if necessary
increased.
Table 3 — Minimum discharge operating time

Fire extinguishing systems Operating time
Wet benches twice the extinguishment time, minimum operation time is 2 min
twice the total time it takes to extinguish the fire and to cool the
Commercial deep fat cooking fryers oil below the auto ignition temperature in accordance with the fire
test protocol
Discharge operating time at least twice the extinguishment time in
Other fire extinguishing systems
the relevant fire tests. Minimum operating time is 10 min.
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Table 4 — Minimum time of operation

Occupancy Minimum Operation Fire test protocol a
Time
[min]
Shopping storage areas with a c 60
maximum storage area of 50 m2 for
any single block and not less than
2,4 m clearance around the block.
Cellular offices and open plan offices, 60 EN 14972-31
areas with counters, restaurants and
kitchens, public areas in buildings of
low fire load, other corridors, church-
es, museums, hotel rooms, rooms
in hospitals, nursing homes, senior
citizens residences, flats, training
classrooms, recreation areas. As
well as further comparable risks.
Apartments, churches, concealed 60
spaces (greater 800 mm in height),
gymnasiums, hospitals, hotel rooms,
libraries, museums, offices, res-
taurant seating areas, schools and
university class rooms, unused attics.
Non-stacking garages, fully enclosed 60
garages and underground garages
for horizontal, solid, flat ceilings with
heights of 2 m and above.
Horizontal false ceilings and false 60
floors between 300 mm and 800 mm.
Apartments, churches, concealed 60
spaces, gymnasiums, hospitals, hotel
rooms, libraries, museums, offices,
restaurant seating areas, schools
and university class rooms and un-
used attics.
Dwelling house, flat, maisonette, 10
transportable home, house of mul-
tiple occupation, bed and breakfast
accommodation, boarding houses
and blocks of flats of 18 m or less
in height and with a maximum total
floor area of 2 400 m2
a The occupancies are intended to be covered by the fire test protocols (see European
Foreword). Where available are listed in column and otherwise are in preparation.
b Some countries may have national annex with guidance on the maximum height and
any additional requirements for apartment buildings higher than 18 m.
c The overlap in occupancies described in the table is due to more than one fire test
protocol in EN 14972 series1, covering the same occupancy. Refer to the DIOM manual for
the minimum design criteria for the respective fire test protocol for the water mist system.”
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Table 4
Occupancy Minimum Operation Fire test protocol a
Time
[min]
- Blocks of flats greater than 18 m 60
up to 45 m in height,
- sheltered and extra care housing,
dormitories and hostels from 18 m
to 45 m in height b
Blocks of flats up to 18 m in height, 30
sheltered and extra care housing,
dormitories and hostels
a The occupancies are intended to be covered by the fire test protocols (see European
Foreword). Where available are listed in column and otherwise are in preparation.
b Some countries may have national annex with guidance on the maximum height and
any additional requirements for apartment buildings higher than 18 m.
c The overlap in occupancies described in the table is due to more than one fire test
protocol in EN 14972 series1, covering the same occupancy. Refer to the DIOM manual for
the minimum design criteria for the respective fire test protocol for the water mist system.”
Intermittent systems shall repeat the discharge sequence throughout the required discharge operating
time.
4.13.6 Type of water supply
4.13.6.1 Acceptable sources of water supply
Water mist system water supply shall be at least one of the following:
a) a connection to the public water main;
b) a pressurized tank or cylinder system;
c) a gravity tank;
d) a combination of water reservoir(s) and automatic fire pump(s).
4.13.6.2 Acceptable propellant/atomizing gas supply systems
Water mist system atomizing gas supply, where required, shall be one of the followings:
a) a reservoir of pressurized gas in tank(s) or cylinder(s) for the exclusive use in the water mist
system;
b) a combination of automatic compressor(s).
4.13.7 Availability
4.13.7.1 General
The water supply shall be capable of supplying the maximum demand of both the hydraulically most
unfavourable and the hydraulically most favourable area of operation.
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The water shall be free from fibrous or other matter in suspension liable to cause accumulations in the
system piping. Salt or brackish water shall not be retained in water mist systems.
The water quality shall be specified in the DIOM manual.
Where the fire strategy requires additional measures to improve system reliability and availability, the
following needs to be fulfilled:
a) a town main fed from both ends, fulfilling the following conditions:
1) each end shall be capable of satisfying the flow demands of the water mist system;
2) it shall be fed from two or more water sources;
3) it shall be independent at any point on a single, common trunk main;
4) if only one end gives the required pressure, a single booster pump shall be installed. If both
ends cannot give the required pressure, two or more booster pumps shall be installed;
b) a gravity tank with no booster pump, or storage tank with two or more pumps, where the tank
fulfils the following conditions:
5) the tank shall be full capacity;
6) there shall be no entry for light or foreign matter;
7) clean water shall be used;
8) the tank (including break tank) shall be corrosion resistant or coated or given other corrosion
protection which reduces the need for emptying the tank for maintenance to periods of no less
than 10 years.
c) an inexhaustible source with two or more pumps.
4.13.7.2 Reduced capacity water reservoir
The refill rate for reduced capacity tanks shall be sufficient to ensure the operating time according
Table 3 and Table 4, even if one of the refill devices is out of order. Electrically powered refill devices
shall have adequate emergency power supplies and shall be monitored and duplicated.
For fire suppression and control systems using reduced capacity tanks the effective capacity shall be
not less than 30 % of full capacity and the infill rate shall be sufficient to ensure discharge operating
times in accordance with 4.13.5.
Figure 2 and 3 show examples of the arrangements of a water supply with refill tanks.
For fire extinguishing systems using reduced capacity tanks, tanks shall have an effective capacity
which is at least equal to
— 5 min operation time of the pump system if the minimum system duration is not more than 30 min;
and
— 10 min operation time of the pump system if minimum system duration is more than 30 min.
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18
3 ---I >C 1--1-------.

2
3 ---I >C 1--11----i
__ _y_ 5 4 _
16 6
15
Key
1 shut-off valve 10 pump suction pipe
2 tank lid 11 low water level (min. 100 mm above key number 15)
3 alternative water supply infill locations 12 base
4 freeboard3) 13 dead water
5 normal water level 14 drain
6 overflow 15 vortex inhibitor
7 effective capacity 16 water level alarm sensor
8 pump set 17 pump flow test meter
9 pump delivery to nozzles 18 town main flow test meter (alternative)
Figure 2 — Effective capacity of tank with a vortex inhibitor (example)
3) space between the normal water level and the top of the tank to avoid splashing
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19
11 6
1
11
13
16
Key
1 shut-off valve 11 pump delivery to nozzles
height from top of suction pipe to low water level
2 tank lid 12 equal at least four times the diameter of the pump
suction pipe
3 alternative water supply infill locations 13 dead water
4 freeboard4) 14 base
5 normal water level 15 drain
6 overflow 16 alternative suction location
7 effective capacity 17 water level alarm sensor
8 low water level 18 pump flow test main
9 pump suction pipe 19 town main flow test meter (alterantive)
10 pump set
Figure 3 — Effective capacity of tank without a vortex inhibitor (example)
4.13.7.3 Frost protection
The stored water and the feed pipe and the control valve set shall be maintained at a minimum
temperature of 4 °C.
If this is not possible, the system shall be protected against freezing.
4.13.8 Housing of equipment for water supplies
4.13.8.1 Equipment housing
Water or atomizing gas supply equipment, such as pumps, compressors, tanks, shall be installed in
dedicated rooms made of non-combustible construction, if isolated, or fire resistance exceeding the
water supply operating time, if adjacent to other buildings with significant fire hazard.
4) space between the normal water level and the top of the tank to avoid splashing
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They shall not be housed in buildings or sections of premises in which there are hazardous processes
or explosion hazards. The water supplies, shut-off valves and control valves shall be installed such that
they are safely accessible even in a fire situation.
All components of the water supplies and control valve sets shall be installed such that they are secured
against tampering and are adequately protected against freezing.
Local application water supplies can be installed in the same compartment as the protected hazard
providing they are not exposed to the same fire hazard.
4.13.8.2 Fire protection
Compartments housing the supply for water mist system shall be protected by the same water mist
system or other suitable firefighting systems.
EXAMPLE Other suitable firefighting systems could be an automatic sprinkler system.
4.13.8.3 Temperature
The supply compartment shall be maintained at or above the following temperature:

a) 4 °C for all equipment except diesel pumps;
b) 10 °C for equipment involving diesel pumps.
4.13.8.4 Ventilation
Supply compartment for water mist system shall be provided with adequate ventilation taking into
consideration:
a) air intake or cooling of internal combustion engines (if applicable);
b) the presence of compressed gases in the room (if applicable);
c) electric motor cooling.
5 Installation
5.1 General
5.1.1 DIOM manual
The water mist system shall be installed in accordance with the DIOM manual.
The requirements of installation shall be the more onerous of the specification, EN 149721 or the DIOM.
5.1.2 Electrical safety
Water mist systems shall be installed in such a way to prevent electrical hazards.
5.1.3 High Voltage live electrical equipment
Water mist systems shall not be installed in the presence of high voltage live electrical equipment,
except where a risk assessment and testing has been conducted based upon EN 3-7:2004+A1:2007,
Annex C and has determined that it is safe to do so. The electrical clearances in 5.1.4 shall be fulfilled.
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5.1.4 Electrical clearances
All water mist system components shall be located in such a way to maintain minimum clearances from
unenclosed and uninsulated energized electrical components. Where indication is not elsewhere given,
the following clearances in Table 5 are recommended.
Table 5 — Clearance from water mist systems to live uninsulated electrical components
Nominal system Maximum sys- Design basic Minimum clear-
voltage tem voltage insulation level ance
kV kV kV mm
to 13,8 14,5 110 178
23 24,3 150 254
34,5 36,5 200 330
46 48,5 250 432
69 72,5 350 635
115 121 550 1 067
138 145 650 1 270
161 169 750 1 473
230 242 900 1 930
1 050 2 134
345 362 1 050 2 134
1 300 2 642
500 550 1 500 3 150
1 800 3 658
765 800 2 500 4 242
5.2 Nozzle
5.2.1 General
5.2.1.1 Nozzle installation
Water mist system nozzles shall be installed in accordance with the DIOM manual (see also 4.2.1).
5.2.1.2 Installation height of nozzles
Water mist nozzle maximum and minimum ceiling height shall be in accordance with the DIOM manual.
5.2.1.3 Nozzle spacing
Maximum and minimum horizontal spacing between nozzles in water mist systems shall be in
accordance with the DIOM manual. Minimum spacing of automatic nozzles shall be adhered to, to
prevent adjacent nozzles effecting their operation.
5.2.1.4 Nozzle protection
Guards protecting the nozzles from mechanical damage, where provided, shall be tested with the
nozzle.
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Nozzles shall be equipped with a blow off cap or other protective device, if the environment is prone
to allow clogging of the exit port(s) by foreign material. These devices shall provide an unobstructed
opening upon system operation and shall be arranged in such a way as to prevent injury of personnel.
Where blow off caps are used, they shall be tested according to EN 17450-12.
5.2.1.5 Nozzle Escutcheons and cover plates
Escutcheons or cover plates used with recessed or concealed nozzles shall be part of the fire test with
the nozzles.
5.2.2 Automatic nozzle
5.2.2.1 Distance of nozzle from the ceiling
The distance of a nozzle from ceiling shall be defined taking into consideration the ceiling design and
the performance of the nozzle that includes the detection of the fire by means of heat.
It shall be selected in accordance with the DIOM manual, based on the fire test (see also 4.2.1).
5.2.2.2 Distance of nozzles from walls
The maximum and minimum horizontal distance from walls shall be in accordance with the DIOM
manual.
The maximum horizontal distance from the wall for ceiling mounted nozzles shall be not more than
half of the maximum nozzle spacing, determined by the fire test.
Maximum and minimum distances from walls for each nozzle type and application shall be determined
by the relevant fire test protocols.
5.2.2.3 Ceiling slope
Water mist nozzle position under pitched roofs shall be in accordance with the DIOM manual. If there is
ceiling slope more than 10° it shall be based on the result of the successful fire tests.
5.2.2.4 Obstruction
Obstruction to discharge pattern shall be minimized. The DIOM manual shall be followed when defining
the interaction between automatic nozzles and obstructions located below the nozzles.
Supplementary nozzles shall be installed under all obstructions that exceed the tolerance criteria
indicated in the DIOM manual. Additional nozzles shall be included in the hydraulic calculation if they
are located in the most unfavourable or most favourable area of operation.
5.2.3 Open nozzle
5.2.3.1 Distance from the hazard
The maximum and minimum vertical and/or horizontal distances from the protected hazard shall be in
accordance with the DIOM manual (see also 4.2.1).
Maximum and minimum distances from the hazards for each nozzle type and application shall be
determined by the relevant fire test protocols.
5.2.3.2 Obstruction
Obstruction to discharge pattern shall be minimized. The DIOM manual shall be followed to determine
the optimal position of the nozzles.
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Supplementary nozzles shall be installed under all obstructions that exceed the tolerance criteria
indicated in the DIOM manual. Additional nozzles shall be included in the hydraulic calculation.
5.3 Pipe
5.3.1 General
Only pipe, with the related accessories, as indicated in the DIOM manual shall be used to install water
mist systems. The piping manufacturer's instructions shall be taken in account (see 6.3.1.2).
5.3.2 Protection against mechanical damages
Pipe work has to be installed in such a way that it is protected against mechanical damages. Section of
the pipe work that remains exposed to possible mechanical damage shall be protected with specifically
installed safeguards.
5.3.3 Protection against corrosion
Pipe work installed in corrosive environments shall be selected to avoid damage or protected against
direct exposure.
5.3.4 Protection in seismic areas
Special consideration shall be given to the protection of pipes against mechanical damages in areas
subject to earthquake.
5.3.5 Protection against freezing for wet pipes
Wet pipe shall only be installed in areas where the temperature is expected not to fall below 4 °C or can
be installed in areas subject to freezing, providing specific protection against freezing (e.g. insulation
and heat tracing) is installed.
5.3.6 Accessibility of the pipe work
Where possible pipe work shall be installed in that way that it will be reachable for maintenance
purposes or small changes.
Installation of pipes embedded in masonry or concrete walls or floor shall not be permitted, except
where the pipe is recognized for this use by the manufacturer. Where the pipe is embedded in concrete
the process to bring in the concrete shall be as specified by the manufacturer.
5.3.7 Pipe bending
5.3.7.1 General
Bending of pipes shall be permitted, provided that all bending details are in accordance with the DIOM
manual.
5.3.7.2 Pipe bending tools
Bending tools shall be in accordance with the DIOM manual.

Flattened bends where the larger diameter is greater than 1,08 times the least diameter shall not be
permitted.
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5.3.8 Water supply pipes
The water supply pipe shall be routed through an area protected by a firefighting system or shall be
protected against fire exposure for at least the duration of operation in accordance with Table 4.
Piping shall be installed in such way that the pipes are not exposed to mechanical damage.
5.3.9 Pipe support
5.3.9.1 General
The water mist system shall be supported by structural elements of the building.
The water mist system shall be supported independently from any other equipment that can be present
in the building or otherwise accepted.
The material used for pipe supports shall be in accordance with 6.5. Pipe supports shall be secured in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Supports shall not be glued, welded or soldered to
the pipe fittings. Where necessary, supports for pipes shall be suitably lined to prevent corrosion and
abrasion. Supports shall be fitted as close as practically possible to each end of line water mist nozzles
in order to ensure that no movement occurs which would recoil heads into the ceiling or loft voids.
5.3.9.2 Pipe support spacing
Pipe supports shall be spaced according to the DIOM manual, but with spacing no greater than the
distances given in Table 6 and Table 7 for the appropriate type of pipework, unless specified by the pipe
manufacturer.
Table 6 — Maximum spacing of pipe supports for pipes with less than 2,6 mm wall thickness
Nominal diameter Horizontal run Vertical run
mm m m
12 1,2 1,8
16 1,5 2,1
22 1,8 2,4
25 1,8 2,4
30 2,4 3,0
38 2,4 3,0
42 2,4 3,0
54 2,7 3,0
Table 7 — Maximum spacing of pipe supports for pipes with minimum 2,6 mm wall thickness
Nominal diameter a Horizontal run Vertical run
mm m m
15 1,8 2,4
20 2,4 3,0
a For nominal diameters ≥ 25 mm see EN 12845:2015+A1:2019, 17.2.2.
5.3.9.3 Pipe support positioning
Pipe supports shall be located as indicated in the DIOM manual.
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5.3.10 Drainage
All system piping and fittings shall be installed in such a way that the entire water mist system can be
drained.
The pipe work shall be equipped with drainage facilities. If this drainage is not possible via the control
valve of the specific section, additional drainage valves shall be installed.
All main lines shall be installed with a minimum slope of 0,4 %, all branch lines shall be installed with a
slope of minimum 0,2 % in the direction to the relevant drainage valve.
5.4 Gas and water containers (where provided)
5.4.1 General
Water and gas containers shall be installed in accordance with the DIOM manual.
5.4.2 Location
Storage containers shall be located as close as possible to the protected hazard(s), providing they are
not exposed to the same hazard (e.g. by distance) or they are protected by a minimum 30 min fire
resistance separation.
5.4.3 Accessibility
Storage containers shall be accessible for inspection, testing and recharging.

Special provision shall be adopted to allow access in case of fire.
5.4.4 Fixing
Storage containers shall be secured to prevent container movement and possible physical damage.
Fixing indications given in the DIOM manual shall be followed.
5.4.5 Manifolds
Where manifolds are used, cylinder batteries shall be provided with facilities for servicing of individual
cylinders. Means shall be provided to prevent leakage from the manifolds if a cylinder is removed (e.g.
check valve, non-return valve, monitored ball valve).
5.4.6 Temperature
Storage temperatures of the pressure containers or cylinders shall be maintained within the range
specified by the DIOM manual. External heating or cooling, where provided, shall be a suitable method
to keep the temperature of the storage container within desired ranges.
5.5 Strainers and filters
5.5.1 Strainers
Systems strainers shall be installed in each water supply connection and in accordance with the DIOM
manual. It shall be possible to take out the sieve and the dirt particles of system filters without having
to remove the filter housing.
System strainers shall be installed to prevent clogging from all water supply.
The pressure loss of the strainer shall be taken into account during hydraulic calculation.
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5.5.2 Nozzle filter
The free flow through the distribution pipes shall not be obstructed by the nozzle filter.
NOTE — The filters are specified in EN 17450-12.
5.5.3 System filters
System filters shall be installed in each part of the system where clogging can occur because of small
particles, in accordance with the DIOM manual.
The pressure loss of the filter shall be taken into account during hydraulic calculation.
5.6 Valves
5.6.1 General
Water mist systems shall be provided with all the valves as indicated in the DIOM manual.
5.6.2 Identifications
Main control valves, test valves and shut off valves, in a water mist system, shall be identified with the
reference to the protected area.
5.6.3 Accessibility
All valves shall be accessible for inspection and testing.
5.6.4 Securing and monitoring valves
All valves that can disable system operation of a water mist system shall be monitored by one of the
followings:
a) signalling to a local or remote control station;
b) for residential and domestic occupancies locking in the correct position;
c) location in a fenced enclosure under the control of the user.
5.6.5 Shut-off valves
At least one main shut-off valve shall be installed per each water mist system or section of water mist
system. The shut-off valve can be integrated in the main control valve of the water mist system.
5.6.6 Control valves
Control valves shall be installed per each water mist system or section of it. They shall be located in
such a way that they are accessible also in case of fire.
5.6.7 Check and non-return valves
Check and non-return valves shall be installed in accordance with the DIOM manual, if more than one
section is fed by a common supply.
Check and non-return valves shall also be installed to prevent backflow.
EXAMPLE Into the town mains or as a separation between pumps, water sources or gas/water lines.
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5.7 Pressure gauges

Pressure gauges shall be installed to show the supply pressure and the pressure for flow tests.
5.8 Test connection
5.8.1 Test connection for automatic water mist systems
Test connections shall be located in the end of each section. Test connections shall be equipped with
a device simulating the discharge from a single nozzle with the lowest flow rate of the installation.
Discharge from the test connection shall be piped to a safe discharge location in order to make the test
of the system easy.
5.8.2 Test connection for water mist deluge system
Where a water mist deluge system cannot be tested by actual flowing water through all the nozzles
installed, means shall be provided to check that the deluge valve has opened when activated.
5.9 Electrical installation
5.9.1 Electrical power supply
The electrical power supply related to a water mist system shall be installed in such a way so as not to
be switched off when power supply is disconnected in the protected hazard area.
5.9.2 Fire detection and fire alarm system
The installation of fire detection and fire alarm systems to serve as activation of water mist deluge
systems or automatic water mist system of the pre-action type shall be in accordance with CEN/TS 54-
14.
5.10 System monitoring and alarms
5.10.1 General
Provisions shall be taken to send a signal in case of system activation or system failure.
The alarms are intended in addition to the signals coming from the fire detection and fire alarm systems
(where provided).
5.10.2 Alarms
5.10.2.1 System activation
The fire alarms for system activation shall include at least a fire alarm for water flow to any specific
area to the minimum flow of one nozzle or the fire alarm of the detection system. As a minimum an
alarm for each area or floor shall be given.
Water flow indication, which could be indicative of a fire, shall be shown as fire alarms. Technical faults
such as a power failure, which could prevent the system operating correctly in case of fire, shall be
shown as fault alarms.
Except for automatic nozzle systems for single and two family dwelling units fire alarms shall be
transmitted to a permanently attended location, on or off the premises and other alarms shall be
transmitted to a responsible person in such a way that immediate corrective action can be taken. If a
direct connection to the fire brigade exists, the fire alarm transmission procedure shall be agreed with
the authorities.
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5.10.2.2 Other alarms
The signals for other alarms shall include at least:

a) pressure release of the cylinders;
b) start of the main water mist system pump units;
c) main water mist system pump unit fail to start.
5.10.2.3 System failure
The signals for system failure shall include at least:

a) low pressure to any pressurized container;
b) low level to any water container;
c) lack of power supply to each electric system;
d) general fault of pump unit;
e) low pressure or fault in the gas compression system of the propellant/atomizing medium;
f) correct position of all main valves in the water flow.
Pneumatic or hydraulic systems shall be monitored for low pressure in the system, at a value such that
it is possible to prevent inappropriate system activation.
5.10.3 Remote signalling
The signals from the monitoring system shall be sent to a permanently staffed station to ensure the
system is checked and the failure is fixed. The signals can be grouped in a fire signal and a common
fault signal for the transmission.
5.11 Water mist system supply, including additives
5.11.1 General
The supply of water mist systems includes a supply of water under pressure, and can include an
atomizing gas where the water mist system specifies it.
5.11.2 Water quality
5.11.2.1 Water source
The water mist system supply can be based on either potable water or water from other firefighting
systems.
5.11.2.2 Maximum temperature of water
The water temperature shall not exceed 40 °C.
5.11.3 Additives
5.11.3.1 General
Additives shall only be used within the range of concentrations validated by the relevant fire test
protocols unless material safety data or the quantity indicates this is unnecessary.
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Additives shall only be used if they are listed in the DIOM manual and for the following reasons:
— preventing freezing in containers and system piping (wet systems);
— enhancing firefighting capabilities;
— preventing micro-biological growth;
— preventing corrosion.
5.11.3.2 Identification
Water mist systems using additives shall be clearly identified by labelling the containers, if applicable,
and their main valves.
5.11.3.3 Adversely effects of additives
The manufacturer shall assess the use of the additive and shall prove that it does not adversely affect
the firefighting capability of the system.
Water mist systems using additives, except the ones preventing micro-biological growth shall be fire
tested with the specific additive in the specific concentration.
Where a method of mixing the additive with water is used, the proportioning system shall be checked if
the fire tested additive concentration is achieved.
Water mist systems using additives to enhance firefighting capability shall have a supply of additive
sufficient to match the water supply operating time.
5.11.4 Water supply
5.11.4.1 Self-contained system
Self-contained systems shall be in accordance with 4.6.2 (self-contained systems).
5.11.4.2 Pump system requirements
5.11.4.2.1 General
All water mist pressure pumps shall be connected directly to the water main or can require tanks.
Pumped water mist systems shall be in accordance with Clause 7.
Pumps shall be located where they are unlikely to be affected by fire. Pumps shall be located where the
temperature can be maintained above 4 °C.
5.11.4.2.2 Tanks
5.11.4.2.2.1 General
The tank shall be resistant or protected against the following:

a) ingress of contaminants;
b) mechanical impact which may occur at the place of installation;
c) negative environmental influences in regard to the material and the place of installation;
d) fire.
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The tank material shall be corrosion resistant or corrosion protected (e.g. HD-PE, stainless steel,
concrete).
Tanks made of synthetic material shall be installed only in areas at temperatures < 30 °C and shall not
be exposed to permanent UV radiation, e.g. outdoors, or they shall be correspondingly protected, e.g. by
an enclosure.
5.11.4.2.2.2 Filtering device
A filtering device shall be installed in the supply side of the water tanks taking into account the flow,
the quality and the requirements of the system discharge devices.
5.11.4.2.2.3 Tank accessories
Tanks shall be provided with a drain valve, an overflow outlet and a refill.
A manual shut-off valve shall be placed at the outlet of the tank, between tank and pumps, for
maintenance purposes.
Tanks shall be provided with some venting to atmosphere to avoid over or under pressure. This venting
shall include a screen to avoid particles. It is not applied to pressurized tanks.
5.11.4.2.2.4 Identification
Tanks shall include a name plate with volume and liquid contained.
5.11.4.2.2.5 Monitoring
Water tanks shall be supervised for the following conditions:

a) water level;
b) water temperature (for tanks subject to freeze conditions).
Water low level, defined at 90 % of the normal water level, shall be monitored with signal sent to a
permanently staffed location. This signal can be combined with other fault signals pertaining to the fire
protection system.
5.11.4.2.3 Connections to water networks
5.11.4.2.3.1 General
Appropriate backflow prevention shall be provided.
5.11.4.2.3.2 Connections to water networks as system supply
Connections to water networks shall be provided with a filtering device.

The connection to the water network shall have a capacity to provide the maximum system demand at
the minimum water network available pressure.
5.11.4.2.3.3 Connections to water networks for tank filling
Connections to water networks shall be provided with a filtering device.

Where a reduced tank capacity is used, the connection to the water network shall have a capacity to
provide the required in-fill rate at the minimum water network available pressure.
The filling inlet shall be located in such a way not to affect the pump suction. It shall be possible to test
the refill rate.
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5.11.4.2.3.4 Connections for fire brigade
In case of having connection for a fire brigade to supply water to a tank or pipe work in case of fire the
requirements of 5.11.4.2.3.2 shall be followed.
5.11.4.2.4 Jockey pumps
5.11.4.2.4.1 Capacity
Jockey pumps, where provided, shall be able to supply the system with sufficient pressure to open an
activated automatic nozzle.
Jockey pumps shall have less flow capacity to sustain the pressure in the system above the pressure
required to initiate the main water mist pump(s) when the smallest or most remote nozzle or both is
operating.
When the smallest or most remote nozzle is operating, the jockey pump shall not prevent the start of
the main pump.
5.11.4.2.4.2 Operation
Jockey pumps shall start automatically upon pressure drop in the system and shall stop automatically
when pressure in the system is returning to the set value. A manual activation system shall be provided.
5.11.4.2.4.3 Test connection
A test device shall be provided for test purposes at the jockey pump outlet.
5.11.4.2.4.4 Overpressure protection
A non-return valve shall be installed between the jockey pump and the pipe system. Where an unwanted
pressure builds up a pressure relief valve shall be installed between the jockey pump and the non-
return valve.
5.11.4.2.5 Atomizing gas compressor
Where water mist systems using pumps requires the use of a compressor to supply the atomizing gas,
the compressor shall be the ones specified by the DIOM manual.
The compressor shall have the same level of power supply reliability as the water supply. As a minimum
requirement electric compressors shall be backed-up by a reserve power supply unless an installation
with a single source electric supply is acceptable.
5.11.5 Test devices
5.11.5.1 Self-contained systems
Self-contained systems shall be equipped with means to test the cylinder valve actuators unless the
system can be tested via full discharge tests.
Pressurized cylinders shall be equipped with a means to check the pressure.
Means shall be provided to enable the check of the water level of the cylinders.
5.11.5.2 Town main supplied systems
Water mist systems shall be provided with means for measuring pressure and flow.
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At least one suitable flow and pressure measuring arrangement shall be installed on the pump pressure
side, if present, and downstream any filtering device.
The testing apparatus shall be of adequate capacity and shall be installed in accordance with the DIOM
manual. Each supply to the water mist system shall be tested independently with all other supplies
isolated.
It is required to provide means to test and measure the in-flow rate to a non-full capacity tank of the
water mist system.
6 Water mist system components
6.1 General
6.1.1 Requirements for components
Critical components e.g. valves, nozzles, means of water supply, for water mist systems shall be included
in the DIOM manual.
Critical components for water mist systems shall be in accordance with the relevant parts of EN 17450-
12 or other appropriate standard that can be shown to give equivalent performance and reliability.
Components shall be able to withstand the environmental aspects, fluids, gases and temperatures for
their expected lifetime.
6.1.2 Pressure rating
Water mist system components shall be rated at least for the maximum operating pressure of the
designed water mist system, with a minimum of 12 bar.
6.2 Nozzle
The specification of each type of nozzles for water mist systems shall be detailed in the DIOM manual.
6.3 Piping and fittings
6.3.1 Pipework
6.3.1.1 Pressure rating
The pipework of the water mist system, including the atomizing media, fittings, mounting accessories
and flexible hoses, where specified, shall be rated at least the maximum operating pressure.
Where a pressure reducing device is used in the system, the pressure rating of the pipework shall be
defined taking into account for the maximum foreseeable pressure that can be expected in the system.
6.3.1.2 Pipe identification
It shall be possible to identify the pipe type.

Markings shall be permanently visible.
6.3.1.3 Pipe bending
Pipe bending shall only be performed according with the pipe manufacturer instructions.
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6.3.1.4 Welded joints
Welding of water mist pipework shall be carried out in such a way that:
— all joints are welded continuously;
— the inside of the weld does not interfere with the flow of water;
— the piping is deburred and the slag removed;
— 10 % of joint subjects to non-destructive testing.
6.3.1.5 Threaded joints
Pipes that will be equipped with a thread reducing the thickness of the pipe wall shall have a minimum
wall thickness that takes the reduction into consideration.
Minimum wall thickness for pipes that use threaded joints shall be at least 2,6 mm.
6.3.1.6 Mechanical joints
If compression or press joints are used, the tolerance of the pipe outside diameter shall be taken into
consideration.
The required tolerance of the pipes outside diameter shall be in accordance with the DIOM manual for
the specific system.
6.3.2 Fittings
6.3.2.1 General
Fittings shall be in accordance with the pipe manufacturer documentation and the prescription
included in the DIOM manual.
Fitting material shall guarantee a corrosion resistance at least equivalent to the corrosion resistance of
the pipes.
6.3.2.2 Threaded fittings
Threaded fittings shall have a pressure rating equal or exceeding the pipework.
Threaded fittings material shall be compatible with the pipe material in order to avoid electrochemical
interaction between the two materials.
6.3.2.3 Mechanical joints
If compression or press fittings are used the tolerance of the pipe’s outside diameter shall be taken into
consideration.
Mechanical joints shall be as specified in the DIOM manual.
6.3.2.4 Distribution blocks
The material of distribution blocks, where used, shall be compatible with the pipe material.
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6.4 Flexible hoses
6.4.1 Hose length
The length of the hose shall be limited to the minimum necessary taking into account the manufacturer's
specifications.
The minimum bending radius specified by the manufacturer shall not be exceeded.
6.4.2 Hoses to be used in areas exposed to fire class B fires
Flexible hoses used to protect occupancies containing flammable liquids shall be made of non-
combustible materials or reinforced with wire braid or other suitable material.
NOTE — Fire class B is defined in EN 54–2.
6.4.3 Hose rating
Flexible hoses shall fulfil the requirements given in 6.3.1.

Flexible hoses in systems with a nominal operating pressure of more than 16 bar, installed in
distribution pipework downstream of the manifold/control valve shall fulfil the requirements of type 2
or type 4 connectors as specified in EN 12094-8.
Flexible hoses in systems with a nominal operating pressure of more than 16 bar, installed upstream of
the manifold/control valve shall fulfil the requirements of type 1 or type 5 connectors as specified in
EN 12094-8.
6.5 Pipe supports

Pipe support for water mist systems shall be suitable for the hazard taking into account the
environmental conditions, dynamic and static forces. Pipe supports shall be designed and spaced
according with 5.3.9.2.
6.6 Valves
6.6.1 Shut-off valves
Shut-off valves shall have a pressure rating as stated in 6.1.2. Shut-off valve shall be of the indicating
type and shall include an open–shut indicator.
The valve ball, disc or other sealing mechanism shall withstand exposure to a hydrostatic pressure of
150 % of maximum operating pressure.
6.6.2 Pressure regulating valves
Pressure regulating valves shall be capable of providing a stable regulated pressure output.
Pressure set, point-adjusting mechanisms on the pressure regulating valve shall be tamper resistant,
and a permanent marking shall indicate the adjustment.
A means to indicate evidence of tampering shall be provided.
The pressure regulating valve's set point shall be set in accordance with the DIOM manual.
Permanent markings shall indicate the inlet and outlet connections of the pressure regulating valve.
Pressure regulating valves shall be set up specific to the installation.
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6.6.3 Check and non-return valves
Check and non-return valves shall be installed according to the DIOM manual.
6.6.4 Drain/fill valves
For all valves installed downstream the pressurizing system, the valve ball, disc or other sealing
mechanism shall withstand exposure to a hydrostatic pressure of 150 % of the maximum operating
pressure.
6.6.5 Safety valves
Safety valves are to be designed to withstand a pressure equal to 1,5 times the maximum operating
pressure of the system.
Pressure set, point-adjusting mechanisms on the safety valve shall be tamper resistant, and a permanent
marking shall indicate the adjustment.
A means to indicate evidence of tampering shall be provided.
The safety valve's set point shall be set by the manufacturer. Permanent markings shall indicate the
inlet and outlet connections of the safety valve.
6.7 Control valves
6.7.1 General
In systems operating below 12 bar5), wet pipe control valves shall conform to EN 12259-2 and dry
valves to EN 12259-3. The control valves shall operate with the flow from the automatic nozzle with the
smallest k-factor downstream the control valve.
Control valves for systems operating above 12 bar shall be included in the DIOM manual.
The valve shall have a clear mark to indicate the correct way of installation and shall be provided with
means for testing it without discharging water into the protected hazard.
6.7.2 Strainers and filters
The size of the strainer and filter, both in terms of passage way and retaining capacity shall be in
conformity with the DIOM manual.
6.8 Flow switches and flow transmitters

Flow switches and flow transmitters shall be selected in such a way to detect the flow of a single water
mist nozzle.
The nominal flow of activation of the flow switch and flow transmitter shall be less than 75 % of the
nominal flow of the smallest nozzle in the system operating at its rated pressure.
6.9 Pressure switches and pressure transmitters

Pressure switches and pressure transmitters installed in the gas portion of the system shall comply
with EN 12094-10.
5) 1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 100 kPa.
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In all other cases, appropriate pressure switches and pressure transmitters used both for detecting
water mist system, activation, pump control and system low pressure shall be installed.
NOTE — For alarm valves (see EN 12259-2 / EN 12259-3) appropriate components are used in trimming.
6.10 Supply components for self-contained systems
6.10.1 General
The components of the water mist system supply shall be an integral part of the water mist system and
shall be in accordance with the DIOM manual.
6.10.2 Excess pressure
Each pressurized container shall be provided with a safety device to release pressure including those
containers that are pressurized only during the release phase.
A pressure release device can be omitted from normally atmospheric containers, which are pressurized
during the discharge phase only, in case the container is discharging in a system that remains open in
any circumstances.
6.10.3 Pressure container marking
Each container shall be identified showing at least the fluid contained, the nominal amount and the
pressurization level.
6.10.4 Design temperature
Design temperatures of the pressure containers or cylinders shall be selected taking into consideration
the maximum foreseeable ambient temperature of the place of installation, with a minimum of 55 °C.
6.10.5 Gas cylinders and actuation valve
Gas cylinders and their actuation valves shall be in accordance with EN 12094-4.
6.10.6 Cylinders and storage containers for water
Cylinders or storage containers or both for water shall be of corrosion resistive material manufactured
or lined to prevent corrosion in accordance with the DIOM manual.
The water volume shall be monitored continuously to ensure a sufficient water supply according to the
design.
7 Main pumps for water mist systems
7.1 General
Main Pumps used in water mist systems are usually of centrifugal or positive displacement type
although other pumps can be used in accordance with the DIOM manual.
7.2 Pump set
7.2.1 Operation
Pump sets supplying water mist systems shall be designed to start automatically and manually.
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7.2.2 Overpressure
Pump units capable of over-pressurizing the system shall be provided with means of pressure relief
to prevent excessive increase in pressure. Over-pressure shall not exceed the design pressure of any
component that can be in contact with water. Pressure relief valves shall be able to circulate the total
amount of flow given by the pumps at system component maximum operating pressure.
Water flow from the pressure relief valve shall not be directed in total back to the pump suction line.
Sufficient amount of water shall be returned to the tank, in order to prevent heating of the water.
Where return to the water tank is not possible the design capacity of the tank shall take drainage into
consideration.
Multiple pump arrangements shall be provided with pressure relief devices per each pump or group of
pumps, where they are separated by any type of sectioning device.
7.2.3 Centrifugal pumps
Centrifugal pumps shall be in accordance with prEN 17451 and prEN 12259-12 for the suction condition
of the pumps.
7.2.4 Positive displacement pumps
The pump itself shall meet the requirements of European or International Standards, e.g. EN ISO 14847.
Break tanks if needed, shall not influence the suction of the pump and shall be in accordance with the
DIOM manual.
7.2.5 Pump driver
Pumps shall be driven either by electric motors, diesel engines, or other drivers capable of providing at
least the power required.
7.2.6 Pump Cooling
Arrangements shall be made to ensure a continuous flow of water through the pump sufficient to
prevent overheating when it is operating against a closed valve.
If provided through a fixed open orifice, this flow shall be taken into account in the system hydraulic
calculation and pump selection.
The outlet of the cooling water shall be clearly visible.
7.2.7 Pump set anchoring
Pump sets shall be anchored in such a way to be fully protected against the risk of damages in case of
pump accidental stop.
7.2.8 Positive displacement pump filters
Pumps shall be fitted with a suitable filtering device at pump suction, in order to prevent entrance of
foreign material into the pump, if needed. The filters shall be in accordance with the DIOM manual.
7.2.9 Pump set coupling
Pumps and driver shall be coupled in a way to prevent slipping between pump and driver.
Shafts shall be aligned and shall not be subject to any significant axial or radial load.
Other kind of connections between driver and pump(s) are allowed to use if this defined in the DIOM
manual.
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7.2.10 Valves and accessories
7.2.10.1 Shut off valve
A shut off valve shall be fitted in the pump set suction pipe unless the maximum water level is lower
than the pump.
7.2.10.2 Valve monitoring
All valves of the pump set that can alter correct functioning of the system shall give signal of its position
(closed or opened) to the pump unit controller or at least shall be in locked position.
7.2.11 Suction pipe
7.2.11.1 Design for centrifugal pumps
The suction piping, including all valves and fittings, shall be designed in such a way as to ensure that
NPSHavailable is 1m higher than NPSHrequired (of pump) at maximum flow for centrifugal pumps at
minimum water level of break tank.
Suction piping shall be laid either horizontal or with a continuous slight rise towards the pump to avoid
the possibility of air locks forming in the pipe.
The variable Ps may be negative in a particular installation, although the NPSH shall be positive.
NOTE — NPSH can be calculated as follows:
NPSH = P5 + P0 - Pv - Pf
=PS -Pf +9,884
where:
Ps is the suction head measured from the low water level to the pump centre line or impeller eye, in metres (m);
Pa is the absolute atmospheric pressure, assumed to be 10,194 at sea level, in metres (m);
P v is the water vapour pressure assumed to be 0,310, in metres (m);
Pf is the friction loss in suction pipework, i.e. pipes, fittings, valves, etc. at the maximum demand flow rate, in
metres (m).
7.2.11.2 Multiple units
Where there is more than one pump set installed, the suction pipes shall be interconnected with means
to exclude one pump set without affecting the other(s) except on the suction lift conditions.
7.2.12 Discharge pipe
The discharge pipe shall be equipped with a non-return valve.
7.2.13 Pump set rating
7.2.13.1 Pump set capacity
Pump sets supplying water mist systems shall have a flow and pressure capacity to meet the
requirements for the system supply.
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7.2.13.2 Pump set redundancy
Where redundancy is required the pump set capacity has to be increased to ensure 100 % pressure and
flow in case of any single pump or motor failure.
7.2.13.3 Pump set capacity calculation
The rated duty of the pump set shall be a function of the most unfavourable or the most favourable area
curve or of the most demanding deluge system.
The pump set shall provide:
a) a pressure at least 10 % higher than that required for the hydraulically most demanding system for
centrifugal pumps;
b) a flow at least 10 % higher than that required for the hydraulically most demanding system for
positive displacement pumps.
The pump set shall also be capable of providing the flow and pressure of the most favourable system at
all water supply water levels.
NOTE — The water mist system hydraulic calculations determine the minimum flow and pressure requirements
for pump sets. Pump sets deteriorate over time and thus those installed to meet only the minimum flow and
pressure requirements will not meet the minimum requirements once in service. The requirement, for 10 %
higher pressure from centrifugal pumps and 10 % higher flow from positive displacement pumps, is to provide
contingency against pump deterioration.
7.2.13.4 Pressure and water capacity of town mains
For pumps, directly connected to the town main, a test shall be carried out to show that the un-boosted
supply provides a flow rate equal to the maximum demand flow plus 20 %, at a pressure of at least
0,5 bar, as measured at the pump inlet.
7.2.14 Pump set operation
7.2.14.1 Pressure devices
7.2.14.1.1 Pressure sensing devices
At least two pressure sensing devices shall be provided to start each pump set. They shall be connected
such that operation of any sensing device will start the pump set.
7.2.14.1.2 Testing the pressure sensing devices
Means shall be provided for testing pump set starting with each pressure sensing device.
If any shut-off valve is installed on the connection between the trunk main and any pump set starting
pressure sensing device, a non-return valve shall be installed in parallel with the shut-off valve so that
a fall in pressure on the trunk main will be transmitted to the pressure switch even when the shut-off
valve is closed.
7.2.14.2 Pump set start
The first pump set shall start automatically when the pressure in the system falls to a value as described
in the DIOM manual and will be system specific.
Where two pump sets are installed to provide the needed flow, the second ones shall also start
automatically, at the same pressure as the first one and a delay shall be provided so to avoid
simultaneous starting of both units.
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In case of redundant pump sets the second pump set shall start automatically if the first pump set fails.
Different options can be specified in the DIOM manual.
The time between the pump running signal of the pump unit and the reaching point of the minimum
maximum operating pressure at the most unfavourable position in the water mist system shall not
exceed 60 s.
7.2.14.3 Pump set stop
Once the pump set has started in case of fire, it shall continue to run until stopped manually.
7.2.15 Electrically driven pump sets
7.2.15.1 General
The electric motors shall be rated for the full load of the driven pumps.
7.2.15.2 Power supply documentation
Up to date documentation, such as installation drawings, main supply and transformer diagrams and
connections for supplying the pump controller panel as well as motor, control alarm circuits and signals
shall be kept available in the pump set compartment.
7.2.15.3 Electricity supply
7.2.15.3.1 General
The supply to the pump set controller shall be solely for use of the water mist pump set and separate
from all other connections. Where permitted by the electrical utility, the electrical supply to the pump
set controller shall be taken from the input side of the main switch on the incoming supply to the
premises and where this is not permitted, by a connection from the main switch.
Where more than one pump motor is supplied by the same pump set controller, pump motors and
installation between pump set controller and motor shall be individually short-circuit protected.
Selectivity shall be ensured, prioritizing the pump motor short-circuit protection in the pump set
controller, over the supply short-circuit protection in the main switchboard.
The isolating switches in the pump set controller shall be of delayed interrupting characteristic, capable
of carrying the maximum start current for a period of no less than 20 s.
Where an overcurrent protection is installed, the overcurrent protection device shall be rated to carry
indefinitely the sum of the locked rotor current of the fire pump motor(s) and the full-load current of
the associated fire pump accessory equipment.
Where control means are provided to prevent multiple fire pump motors from being in locked rotor
state, the overcurrent protection device shall be rated to carry indefinitely the sum of the locked rotor
current of the largest pump motor and the full load current of the other motor pumps and accessory
equipment
7.2.15.3.2 Supply cables
All cables shall be protected against fire and mechanical damage. To protect cables from direct exposure
to fire they shall be run outside the building or through those parts of the building where the fire risk
is negligible and which are separated from any significant fire risk by walls, partitions or floors with a
fire resistance of no less than 60 min, or they shall be given additional direct protection or be buried.
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7.2.15.3.3 Supply cables lengths
Cables between the terminal board of the motor and the controller shall be laid in a single piece, with
no joints.
7.2.15.3.4 Premises switchboard
7.2.15.3.4.1 Premises switchboard location
The switchboard of the premises used to supply the pump set controller shall be situated in a fire
compartment used for no other purpose than for electrical power supplies.
7.2.15.3.4.2 Premises switchboard independency
The electrical connections in the main switchboard shall be such that the supply to the pump set
controller is not isolated when isolating other services.
7.2.15.3.4.3 Premises switchboard identification
Each switch on the dedicated power feed to the water mist pump shall be labelled:
“FIRE PROTECTION PUMP MOTOR SUPPLY - NOT TO BE SWITCHED OFF IN THE EVENT OF FIRE”
The letters on the notice shall be at least 10 mm high and shall be white on a red background. The
switch shall be locked to protect it against tampering.
7.2.15.3.4.4 Installation between the main switchboard and the pump unit controller
The current for calculating the correct dimension for the cable shall be determined by taking 150 % of
the largest possible full load current.
7.2.15.4 Electric pump set controller
7.2.15.4.1 General
There shall be a controller per each pump set. Combination of controllers in single cabinets is not
allowed, excepting for the jockey pump controller and booster pump controller, if any.
7.2.15.4.2 Pump set controller functions
The pump controller shall be able:

a) to start the motor(s) included in the unit automatically, on receiving a signal from the pressure
devices;
b) to start the motor(s) included in the unit on manual actuation, following the same sequence as in
the automatic mode;
c) to stop the motor(s) by manual actuation only.
7.2.15.4.3 Pump set controller instrumentation
The controller shall be equipped with means for checking health of pumps e.g. an ammeter per each of
the motor(s) included in the pump set.
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7.2.15.4.4 Pump set controller location
The pump set controller shall be situated in the same compartment as the electric motor(s) and pump(s)
included in the pump set.
7.2.15.4.5 Pump set controller construction
The pump set controller shall be in accordance with the DIOM manual.
It shall have a minimum protection level of IP 54 in accordance with EN 60529.
It shall be of non-combustible housing.
7.2.15.4.6 Monitoring of pump operation
The following conditions shall be monitored at the pump controller:

a) phase failure/ power failure;
b) pump on demand;
c) pump running;
d) start failure.
NOTE — See also 5.11.
A lamp test for checking the signal lamps shall be provided.

The DIOM manual shall include the instructions to the operator on how to test the different monitoring
function at the controller.
7.2.16 Diesel engine driven pump sets
7.2.16.1 General
The diesel engine shall be capable of operating continuously at full load at site elevation with a rated
continuous power output in accordance with ISO 3046-1.
The pump shall be fully operational within 15 s of the beginning of any starting sequence.
The automatic start and operation of the pump set shall not depend on any energy sources other than
the engine and its batteries.
7.2.16.2 Engines
The engine shall be capable of starting at an engine room minimum temperature of 4 °C.
It shall be provided with a governor to control the engine speed to ± 5 % of its rated speed under
normal load conditions, and be constructed so that any mechanical device fitted to the engine which
could prevent the engine starting automatically, will return to the starting position.
7.2.16.3 Engine cooling system
The cooling systems shall be one of the following types.

a) Cooling by water from the pump set directly into the engine-cylinder jackets, via a pressure
reducing device if necessary or from an auxiliary pump driven by the same engine, in accordance
with the manufacturer's instructions. The outlet pipe shall be open or a suitable sight glass device
shall be fitted so that the discharge water is visible.
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b) A heat exchanger, where the water is taken from the pump set, via a pressure reducing device
if necessary, or from an auxiliary pump driven by the same engine, in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions. The outlet pipe shall be open or a suitable sight glass device shall be
fitted so that the discharge water is visible. An auxiliary pump driven by the engine shall circulate
the water in the closed circuit. If the auxiliary pump is belt driven, there shall be multiple belts
such that even if up to half the belts are broken, the remaining belt(s) are able to drive the pump.
The capacity of the closed circuit shall conform to the value specified by the manufacturer's
instructions.
c) An air cooled radiator with a fan multiple belt driven from the engine. If half the belts shall break,
the remaining belts shall be capable of driving the fan. An auxiliary pump driven by the engine shall
circulate the water in the closed circuit. If the auxiliary pump is belt driven, there shall be multiple
belts such that even if half the belts are broken, the remaining belts are able to drive the pump. The
capacity of the closed circuit shall conform to the value specified by the engine manufacturer.
7.2.16.4 Ventilation
7.2.16.4.1 Air intake for engine operation
The room housing the engine shall be provided with an opening for air intake. It shall be dimensioned
in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions with an opening of not less than 0,1 m2.
The engine air intake shall be fitted with a suitable filter.
7.2.16.4.2 Exhaust system
The exhaust pipe shall be fitted with a suitable silencer and the total back pressure shall not exceed the
manufacturer’s recommendation.
Where the exhaust pipe is higher than the engine, means shall be provided to prevent any condensate
flowing back to the engine. The exhaust pipe shall be positioned in such a way as to prevent exhaust
gases from re-entering the pump room. It shall be insulated and installed so that it does not cause a fire
ignition risk.
7.2.16.4.3 Fuel, fuel tank and fuel feed pipes
The quality of the diesel fuel used shall conform to the DIOM manual. The fuel tank shall contain
sufficient fuel to enable the engine to run on full load for at least 4 times the design operating time.
The fuel tank shall be of double wall welded steel. Where there is more than one engine, there shall be a
separate fuel tank and fuel feed pipe for each one.
The fuel tank shall be fixed at a higher level than the motor’s fuel pump to ensure a positive head,
complying with the engine manufacturer’s instructions. It shall not be installed directly above the
engine.
The fuel tank shall have a sturdy fuel level gauge and a minimum level switch, set at 75 % of the full
capacity, reporting to the engine controller in order to generate a fault alarm to be reported to a
monitoring station.
Any valves in the fuel feed pipe between the fuel tank and the engines shall be placed adjacent to the
tank, have an indicator and be locked in the open position. Pipe joints shall not be soldered. Metallic
pipes shall be used for fuel lines.
Among the others, the main shut-off valve between the tank and the engine shall be located in an easily
accessible location to be operated in case of fuel leakage.
The feed pipe shall be situated at least 20 mm above the bottom of the fuel tank. A drain valve of at least
20 mm diameter shall be fitted to the base of the tank.
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The fuel tank vent shall be terminated outside the building.
7.2.16.4.4 Starting mechanism
7.2.16.4.4.1 General
Automatic and manual starting systems shall be provided and shall be independent except that the
starter motor and batteries can be common to the two systems.
It shall be possible to start the diesel engine both automatically, upon receipt of a signal from the
pressure switches, and manually by means of a push button on the pump controller. It shall be possible
to shut down the diesel engine only manually; engine monitoring devices shall not cause the engine to
stop.
The rated voltage of the batteries and starter motor shall be not less than 12 V.
7.2.16.4.4.2 Automatic starting system
The automatic starting sequence shall make six attempts to start the engine, each one of 5 s to 10 s
duration, with a maximum pause of 10 s between each attempt. The starting device shall reset itself
automatically. It shall function independently of the line power supply.
The system shall switch over automatically to the other battery after each starting attempt. The control
voltage shall be drawn from both batteries simultaneously. Facilities shall be provided to prevent one
battery having an adverse effect on the other.
7.2.16.4.4.3 Emergency manual starting system
Emergency manual start facilities, with starting power available from both batteries, shall be provided,
with a breakable cover. Facilities shall be provided to prevent one battery having an adverse effect on
the other.
7.2.16.4.4.4 Test facility for manual starting system
A manual start test button and indicator lamp shall be provided to permit periodic testing of the manual
electric start system without breaking the cover over the emergency manual start facilities button. The
starter panel shall be marked, adjacent to the lamp, with the wording:
“OPERATE MANUAL START TEST BUTTON IF LAMP IS LIT”
The manual start test button shall only be brought on line after an automatic engine start followed
by a shut down or after six repeated unsuccessful attempts to start automatically. Either of the two
conditions shall cause the indicator lamp to light and bring the manual start test button on line in
parallel with the emergency manual start push button.
When a manual start test has been carried out, the circuit used for this purpose shall automatically
become inoperable and the indicator lamp shall be extinguished. The automatic start facility shall be
available, even when the manual start test button circuit is activated.
7.2.16.4.4.5 Starter motor
The electric starter motor shall incorporate a moveable pinion, which engages automatically with the
flywheel gear rim. To avoid shock loading, the system shall not apply full power to the starting motor
until the pinion is fully engaged. The pinion shall not be ejected from engagement by spasmodic engine
firing.
There shall be a means to prevent attempted engagement when the engine is rotating.
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The starter motor shall cease to operate and shall return to the rest position if the pinion fails to engage
with the flywheel gear ring. After the first failure to engage, the starter motor shall automatically make
up to five further attempts to achieve engagement.
When the engine starts the starter motor pinion shall withdraw from the flywheel gear ring
automatically by means of a speed sensor. Pressure switches shall not be used as a means of de-
energizing the starter motor.
Speed sensors shall have a direct coupling to, or be gear-driven by, the engine. Flexible drives shall not
be used.
7.2.16.4.4.6 Electric starter motor batteries
Batteries shall be selected, used, charged and maintained in accordance with this European Standard
and with the manufacturer's instructions.
Two separate battery power supplies shall be provided and shall be used for no other purpose. Batteries
shall be either open nickel-cadmium prismatic rechargeable cells in accordance with EN 60623 or lead-
acid positive batteries in accordance with the EN 50342 series.
A hydrometer, suitable for checking the density of the electrolyte, shall be provided.
7.2.16.4.4.7 Battery chargers
Each starter battery shall be provided with an independent, continuously connected, fully automatic,
constant potential charger, as specified by the manufacturer. It shall be possible to remove either
charger while leaving the other operational.
Battery chargers shall comply with EN 12845:2015+A1:2019, 10.9.9.
7.2.16.4.4.8 Positioning of batteries and chargers
Batteries shall be mounted on stands.

The chargers can be mounted with the batteries.
Batteries and chargers shall be located in readily accessible positions where the likelihood of
contamination by oil fuel, damp, pump set cooling water or of damage by vibration is minimal.
The battery shall be as close as possible to the engine starter motor, subject to the above constraints, in
order to minimize voltage drop between the battery and starter motor terminal.
7.2.16.4.4.9 Starter indication
The following conditions shall each be indicated both locally and at a responsibly manned location:
a) the use of any switch which prevents the engine starting automatically;
b) the failure of the engine to start after the six attempts;
c) diesel controller fault.
The warning lights shall be marked.
A lamp test for checking the signal lamps shall be provided.
7.2.16.4.4.10 Tools and spare parts
A standard kit of tools as recommended by the manufacturer shall be provided together with the spare
parts as recommended by the engine manufacturer.
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7.2.16.4.5 Engine test before installation
Each complete pump set shall be tested for no less than 1,5 h at the rated flow.
The test report shall include at least the following:
a) the engine speed with the pump churning;
b) the engine speed with the pump delivering water at the rated flow;
c) the pump churning pressure;
d) the suction head at the pump inlet;
e) the pump outlet pressure at the rated flow downstream of any outlet orifice plate;
f) the ambient temperature;
g) the cooling water temperature rise at the end of the 1,5 h run;
h) the cooling water flow rate;
i) the lubrication oil temperature rise at the end of the test run;
j) where the engine is fitted with a heat exchanger the initial temperature and the temperature rise
of the engine closed circuit cooling water.
8 Testing, acceptance and commissioning
8.1 Acceptance test for water mist systems

The following items shall be checked:
a) fire hazard and resulted requirements for the water mist system;
b) DIOM manual;
c) system design and nozzle positioning in accordance with the accepted design documentation;
d) verification of components;
e) function test and additional acceptance tests.
8.2 Test criteria

The completed system shall be commissioned in accordance with at least the following:
a) validation that the pipework is cleaned and free of swarf and debris;
b) check of completed system against approved documentation, with the physical verification of
protected risk system design, site conditions and risk limitations;
c) perform a full functional check of the system subsequent verification of all required output,
operational and alarming functions. In case of automatic fire alarm detectors in accordance with
EN 54 series there shall be a check by activating every individual detector.
The performance of the completed water mist system shall be proven by the following:
d) the water mist system shall be pressurized 1,5 times the maximum operating pressure for at least
2 h to ensure that no leakage and fault to pipework and components occur. The temperature change
shall be taken into account. Any faults disclosed, such as permanent distortion, rupture or leakage,
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shall be corrected and the test shall be repeated. Loss verification can be done by pressure gauge or
visibly on the system;
e) during pressure testing any risk shall be avoided for the people around the test area.
Water mist system test shall be carried out either by:
f) a full discharge test, as specified in the DIOM manual, with recording of system and supply pressure,
performance observation; or by
g) a validation of pressure and flow of the water supply and free passage to all water mist nozzles by
utilizing alternative ways (e.g. pump flow/pressure test, blow through of pipework to show that all
outlets are clear, and hydraulic calculations for the 'as-built' system);
h) for dry pipe system the pressure lost shall be less than 2,5 bar for no less than 24 h;
i) the alarm flow device shall be tested by opening the test valve to ensure a flow of water and
checking that the alarm operates as designed;
j) where the alarm is configured for remote monitoring the signal to the monitoring station shall also
be checked.
On completion of the acceptance procedure, a completion certificate shall be issued in accordance with
8.4.
8.3 Site commissioning test

When commissioning an installation the automatic starting system of the diesel engine shall be
activated with the fuel supply isolated for the six cycles each of no less than 15 s cranking and no more
than 15 s or less than 10 s rest. After completion of the six starting cycles the fail to start alarm shall
operate. The fuel supply shall than be restored and the engine shall start when the manual start test
button is activated.
8.4 Completion certificate and documents

The installer of the system shall provide the user with the following:
— a completion certificate stating that the system conforms to all appropriate requirements of this
standard, or giving details of any variation from the requirements;
— a complete set of operating instructions and 'as-built' design documents including identification of
all valves and instruments used for testing and operation and a user's programme for inspection,
and checking (in accordance with 9.1) and a service and maintenance schedule (in accordance with
9.2).
9 Inspection and maintenance
9.1 Inspection
9.1.1 Inspection schedule
For domestic and residential systems the check and maintenance functions could be carried out by the
user. At least annually, or more frequently when required by the DIOM manual, all systems shall be
thoroughly inspected and tested for proper operation by competent personnel.
An inspection report including recommendations shall be filed with or by the owner.
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9.1.2 User's program of inspection
A full maintenance schedule including the user's program of inspection and service schedule shall be
provided upon acceptance testing.
The documentation for acceptance of design, installation and commissioning shall be kept by the user
of the system, in order to be available for any inspection checking the water mist system.
9.2 Inspection and maintenance routines
9.2.1 Weekly routine
9.2.1.1 General
Each part of the weekly routine shall be carried out at intervals of not more than 7 days.
9.2.1.2 Checks
The following shall be checked and recorded:

a) all water and air pressure gauge readings on systems, trunk mains and pressure cylinder. The
pressure in the pipework in dry and pre-action installations shall not fall at a rate of more than 1,0
bar per week;
b) all water levels in water storage tanks (including pump priming water tanks and pressure cylinder);
c) the correct position of all main shut-off valves unless fitted with remote monitoring;
d) check if the alarm of each control valve is working.
9.2.1.3 Pump starting test
Tests on pumps shall be initiated locally and shall be stopped by external means. The tests shall include
the following:
a) when the pump starts, the starting pressure shall be checked and recorded. To do this, the pressure
switch from the main shall be isolated and a drain valve opened at the pressure switch to simulate
a drop in mains pressure;
b) fuel and engine lubricating oil levels in diesel engines shall be checked;
c) the oil pressure on diesel pumps shall be checked, as well as the flow of cooling water through open
circuit cooling systems.
9.2.1.4 Diesel engine restarting test
Immediately after the pump start test, diesel engines shall be tested as follows:
a) the engine shall be run for 20 min, or for the time recommended by the supplier, whichever is longer.
The engine shall then be stopped and immediately restarted using the manual start test button;
b) the water level in the primary circuit of closed circuit cooling systems shall be checked;
c) oil pressure (where gauges are fitted), engine temperatures and coolant flow shall be monitored
throughout the test. Oil hoses shall be checked and a general inspection made for leakage of fuel,
coolant or exhaust fumes.
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9.2.2 Monthly routine
9.2.2.1 Trace heating and localized heating systems
Heating systems to prevent freezing in the system shall be checked for correct function.
The electrolyte level and density of all lead acid cells (including diesel engine starter batteries and
those for control panel power supplies) shall be checked.
If the density is low, the battery charger shall be checked and, if this is working normally, the battery or
batteries affected shall be replaced.
9.2.3 Quarterly routine
9.2.3.1 General
The checks and inspections recommended below shall be made at intervals of not more than 13 weeks.
NOTE — Water mist nozzles in deep fat fryers, spray booths and other harsh environment require more frequent
cleaning and/or protective measures.
9.2.3.2 Water supplies
Each water supply shall be tested with each control valve set in the system.
The pump(s), if fitted, in the supply shall start automatically and the supply pressure shall be not less
than the appropriate value. The sequential starting of multiple pumps, and pumps using multiple
drivers, shall be undertaken.
9.2.3.3 Electrical supplies
Any secondary electrical supplies from diesel generators shall be checked for satisfactory operation.
9.2.3.4 Shut-off valves
All shut-off valves controlling the flow of water to the system shall be operated to ensure that they are
in working order, and securely refastened in the correct mode. This shall include the shut-off valves on
all water supplies, at the alarm valve(s) and all zone or other subsidiary shut-off valves.
9.2.3.5 Fire alarm flow and/or pressure switches
Fire alarm flow and/or pressure switches shall be checked for correct function by operating the alarm
test connection to simulate flow to a single nozzle and checking that the pump starts automatically,
water flows and that the flow alarm functions as designed.
9.2.3.6 Replacement
The number and condition of replacement parts held as spare shall be checked and replenished as
necessary.
9.2.4 Half-yearly routine
9.2.4.1 General
The checks and inspections recommended below shall be made at intervals of not more than 6 months.
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9.2.4.2 Dry and deluge valves
The moving parts of dry and deluge valves shall be exercised and the function checked in accordance
with the DIOM manual.
9.2.4.3 Test of fire detection and alarm system
The fire detection and alarm system shall be tested and serviced in accordance with EN 54 or national
regulations.
All auxiliary functions, e.g. plant shut-down, shall be checked at this time.
9.2.5 Annual inspection
9.2.5.1 General
The checks and inspection recommended below shall be made at intervals of not more than 12 months
(in accordance with 9.1.1).
At least annually, or more frequently as required, all systems shall be thoroughly inspected and tested
for correct operation.
9.2.5.2 Review of hazard
The effect of any changes of structure, occupancy, storage configuration, heating, lighting or equipment,
etc., of a building on hazard classification or installation design shall be identified and assessed by a
competent person in order that the necessary and appropriate modifications to the water mist system
can be carried out.
9.2.5.3 Water mist nozzles
Carry out a visual inspection of the nozzles to check that heat sensing and spray pattern are not
impeded.
9.2.5.4 Automatic pump set flow test
Each water supply pump set in the installation shall be tested at the full load condition (by means
of a permanent test line connection coupled to the pump delivery branch downstream of the pump
outlet check valve), and shall give the pressure/flow values stated on the nameplate or system demand
requirements if multiple pump sets are to run simultaneously.
9.2.5.5 Diesel engine failed-to-start test
The failed-to-start alarm shall function correctly when tested in accordance with EN 12845:2015+A1:
2019, 10.9.7.2.
Immediately after this test the engine shall be started using the manual starting system.
9.2.5.6 Infill valves on water storage tanks
Infill valves on water storage tanks shall be functionally tested to determine whether they operate
correctly.
9.2.5.7 Pump and system strainers
Water shall be flowed through pump and system strainers at least annually, and the strainers shall then
be inspected and cleaned as necessary. Where strainers are clogged by corrosion products, the source
and cause of the corrosion shall be identified and remediated.
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9.2.5.8 Pipework and pipe supports
Pipework and hangers shall be checked for corrosion and mechanical damage, and remedial action
taken as necessary.
The pipework shall be checked for electrical earthing connections. System pipework shall not be used
for earthing electrical equipment, and any earthing connections from electrical equipment shall be
removed and alternative arrangements made.
9.2.5.9 Examination of cylinders and tanks
Cylinders and water storage tanks shall be examined externally for signs of damage or unauthorized
modification, and for damage to system hoses. The contents shall be checked and confirmed that they
are within 5 % of correct filling or charge pressure. Any showing a greater loss shall be replaced or
refilled.
9.2.5.10 Remote alarm transmission
The electrical transmission and receipt shall be checked.
9.2.5.11 System integrity
The system shall be visually inspected for leaks. If a leak is suspected the system shall be tested in
accordance with 8.2 (d), except the pressure shall be the maximum operating pressure.
9.2.6 Three-yearly routine
9.2.6.1 General
The checks and inspections recommended below shall be made at intervals of not more than 3 years.
9.2.6.2 Storage tanks
All tanks shall be examined externally for corrosion. They shall be drained, cleaned as necessary and
examined internally for corrosion. All tanks shall be repainted and/or have the corrosion protection
refurbished, as necessary.
9.2.6.3 Water supply shut-off valves, control and check valves
All water supply shut-off valves, control and check valves shall be examined and replaced or overhauled
as necessary.
9.2.7 Five-yearly routine
9.2.7.1 General
The checks and inspections recommended below shall be made at intervals of not more than 5 years.
9.2.7.2 Testing of nozzles
2 nozzles per section shall be removed from various parts of the system. The removed nozzles shall be
tested as follows according to EN 12259-1:
— function;
— K-factor;
— operating temperature;
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— thermal response.
9.2.8 Ten-yearly routine
9.2.8.1 General
At intervals of not more than 10 years, all storage tanks shall be cleaned and examined internally and
the fabric attended to as necessary.
9.2.8.2 Pipework
Pipework shall be flushed and inspected in according with the DIOM manual.
9.2.9 Maintenance schedule
Minimum once a year, or more frequently (when required), the system shall be maintained in accordance
with the DIOM manual.
9.2.10 User's program of monitoring
The installer shall provide the user with a monitoring program for the system and components in
accordance with the DIOM manual. The program shall include instructions on the action to be taken in
respect of faults.
The user's inspection program is intended to detect faults at an early stage to allow rectification before
the system has to operate.
9.2.11 Training
All persons who can be expected to inspect, test, maintain, or operate water mist systems shall be
trained and kept adequately trained in the functions they are expected to perform. Personnel working
in an enclosure protected by water mist shall receive training in the operation and use of the system,
and regarding safety issues.
10 Documentation
10.1 Installation documentation

The installation documentation for the water mist system shall include at least the following:
a) summary of fire test report(s);
b) summary of component test report(s);
c) system line diagrams and parts lists;
d) calculation method;
e) drawings and data sheets for component identification;
f) relevant parts of DIOM manual.
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10.2 Documentation for acceptance of design, installation and commissioning

The documentation for acceptance of design, installation and commissioning shall include at least the
following:
a) full project information, including system identification, type and application as well as hazard
limits;
b) system design parameters and hydraulic calculations (water or other medium);
c) commissioning and acceptance requirements:
1) results of the hydrostatic testing;
2) that the necessary flushing and cleaning operations have been conducted so that pipe work are
free of and debris that could cause the nozzles to block;
3) results of the functional tests;
4) the installed system complies with the documentation (drawings and calculations);
d) full functional system description (to include operating sequence, time delays, abort functions,
maintenance switches and all other relevant items);
e) nozzle locations and identification;
f) full package schematic diagrams, including all point to point connections within the entire system;
g) plan and sectional view of the protected area showing the lay-out of:
1) zone divisions, size and locations;
2) all piping, nozzles and all hangers and supports;
3) all devices of the alarm and control system;
4) all controlled devices, such as dampers, shutters, valves, etc.;
5) all warning and instruction signs;
6) isometric view of the complete system;
7) plans including full detail of all system pipework and equipment;
8) justification that the hazard falls within the scope of the DIOM manual;
9) system line diagrams and parts lists;
10) drawings or data sheets or both for component identification.
If field conditions necessitate any change from approved documentation, the change shall be recorded
in the documentation.
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Annex A
(informative)
Guideline for developing representative fire test protocols for

water mist systems
A.1 General
Annex A provides guidelines for defining representative fire test protocols based on a proper fire
protection engineering evaluation of the fire hazard, the compartment conditions, and the performance
objectives for the system.
The design of a test protocol should be in accordance with the established scientific and engineering
principles of fire protection that incorporate widely accepted methods, empirical data, calculations,
correlations and computer models, as exemplified by the ISO 16730 series, Fire safety engineering, and
as contained in engineering textbooks and technical literature.
The intent of these guidelines is to encourage the development of fire test procedures that:
a) are based on a fire protection engineering evaluation of the fire hazard, the compartment
conditions, and the performance objectives for the water mist system;
b) are developed, carried out, and interpreted by qualified personnel.
Figure A.1 shows the process as a simple flowchart. The chart identifies the steps of the process, as well
as the main output from each step. Below, the steps are discussed in more detail.
A.2 Evaluation of the fire hazard

The evaluation of the fire hazards should result in a list of possible design fires. The design fires should
be defined at least in terms of:
a) fuel (e.g. wood, plastics, cable, flammable liquid, gas);
b) arrangement (e.g. crib, pile, shelved storage, pool, flowing fire, spray);
c) size (dimension of the fuel array, area of the pool, or flow rate of a flowing or a spray fire);
d) obstructions to water sprays;
e) ignition source/procedure.
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Process Output
Evaluation of
List of fire scenarios
the fire hazard
+
Ambient conditions
Evaluation of the Ventilation conditions
compartment conditions Structure conditions
Protected conditions
+
Extinguishment/suppression/ control
Determining the Additional requirements
performance objective Choice of water mist system
to be tested
+
Setting up the Choice of test fires
fire test procedure Quantitative pass/fail criteria
Instrumentation
+
Verification of compliance or
Carrying out the test
non-compliance with pass/fail criteria
+
Test report
Documenting and
Basic system design and installation
interpreting the test parameters
results Field of applicability
Figure A.1 — Process of developing a fire test procedure
A.3 Evaluation of the compartment conditions

From a fire dynamics point of view, the term “compartment conditions” is primarily related to whether
the fire is fuel controlled (an open fire) or ventilation controlled (an enclosed fire).
The case of fuel controlled fires can apply either to automatic nozzle-type area protection applications,
or dedicated local application protection systems. For such applications, the test protocol should be
designed to demonstrate that a fire can be controlled or suppressed involving nozzles within a certain
design area, used as one of the basic parameters for hydraulic dimensioning.
The case of ventilation controlled fire applies to fires inside enclosure that can be fully closed or that
can have small ventilation openings. It has been shown that in such cases, water mist has properties
that are somewhat similar to gas extinguishing systems. The properties are pronounced for fires that
are large with respect to the enclosure volume (of the order of 1 kW/m3 to 2 kW/m3 or larger).
The key enclosure parameters are the following:
a) enclosure volume;
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b) air exchange rate for forced ventilation;

c) vent dimensions and orientation for natural ventilation.
For both fuel and ventilation controlled fires, the ambient conditions (temperature, moisture, air flow)
surrounding the hazard, and the fire resistance and tightness of structures close to the hazard need to
be evaluated.
A.4 Determining the performance objective

Depending on the test objective, other parameters can be included to evaluate system performance in
addition to the above-mentioned performance objectives. These include:
— structural integrity;
— damage to sensitive equipment or systems;
— smoke damage;
— water damage;
— visibility;
— tenability;
— flash-over prevention.
Regarding fire extinguishment, it should be understood that no system can be 100 % reliable in practice.
When a water mist system is tested for the purpose of fire extinguishment, special attention should be
given to maximize the probability of fire extinguishment in real applications.
One way of doing this is to test against a number of fire and ignition scenarios, and to use a range of
water mist system parameters to find out the optimum range for installations.
Another issue is related to differentiating between “suppression” and “control”. The use of oxygen
consumption calorimetry in a fire test would be the quantitative way to measure the performance with
respect to suppression or control, but this can be unavailable or difficult to implement, and judgement
on suppression or control can be based on indirect instrumental evidence, such as thermocouple data,
and/or extent of fire spread in the fuel array.
Sometimes tests can be conducted for a reference system to establish the required performance. Such a
reference system could be for example a sprinkler system, or a deluge water spray system.
A.5 Setting up the fire test procedure

The fire test procedure should make use of the list of design fires, and be instrumented so as to
quantitatively verify system performance. All relevant aspects of the preceding evaluation steps should
be considered in setting up the fire test procedure.
The set of test fires should at least include:
a) the anticipated worst-case fires with respect to possible consequences;
b) fires of greatest challenge to the tested water mist system with respect to the particular application.
It should be understood that fires falling under A.5 a) will not necessarily be the same fires that will
fall under A.5 b). The purpose of b) is to find the performance limits of the tested system, and thereby
to give guidance on how to interpret the test results and possibly extend the field of applicability of the
results.
A fire test protocol should include several different fire scenarios. Using several different test fires will
ensure that a water mist system is not optimized to perform well in one favourable fire scenario.
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Where possible, a free-burn test should be included in the fire test procedure. The free-burn test serves
to indicate that the fire load will provide a challenge to the tested water mist system, and it will also
provide a baseline for evaluating the effectiveness of the water mist system.
The fire test procedure should also consider the possibility of different ignition scenarios. A fire test
procedure involves one standard way of igniting the test fires. However, the fire development can be
significantly affected by the size of the ignition source, or even the number of ignition sources.
Care should be taken to consider all aspects of the evaluations in the fire test procedure. For example, if
the test fires are fuel controlled fires, the test should be carried out in a sufficiently large enclosure to
prevent oxygen depletion from favourably affecting the performance of the tested system, and the test
should be appropriately instrumented to verify this.
The fuel package should be defined in detail so that the test can be reproduced.
The water mist system should be operated in the tests using:
— maximum nozzle spacing;
— maximum ceiling height or maximum distance to hazard;
— minimum pressure at nozzles;
— additives, as intended to be used in real installation;
— minimum horizontal and vertical distance and size of obstructions close to nozzles.
If necessary to fully determine the limits of installation parameters, fire tests should be conducted
using:
— the minimum nozzle spacing;
— the minimum ceiling height, or minimum distance to hazard;
— the maximum pressure at nozzles;
— automatic nozzle distance below the ceiling;
— range of nozzle activation temperatures.
Additional tests should be carried out for special conditions, such as sloped or curved ceilings.
It is important that the same type of nozzle is subjected to all tests included in the series. There should
be no tailoring of nozzle designs to particular scenarios within a test series.
Where applicable (such as in open space fire tests), fire tests should be conducted with the ignition
point located under one nozzle, between two nozzles, and between four nozzles, to test for a possible
weak point in the water distribution.
Annex A does not cover testing of fire detection and fire alarm system. Where a deluge water mist
system is activated automatically, water mist system specifications should include the shortest and
the longest fire detection times within which the system can control, suppress or extinguish the fires
in accordance with the fire performance objective. These time limits should be derived from fire test
protocols conducted using different pre-burn times. The design of the fire detection and fire alarm
system should ensure that appropriate nozzles are activated and that the fire detection times are in
accordance with the limits found in a fire test.
Depending on the application, the failure mode testing can be considered as an option. The most
common failure mode test is a disabled nozzle test, where it is assumed that one nozzle close to the
fire fails to effectively deliver water mist, for example due to clogging of the nozzle, or by physical
obstructions close to the nozzle. In a failure mode test, criteria developed for normal mode tests can be
relaxed.
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A.6 Carrying out the test

The organization responsible for carrying out the tests should demonstrate that it operates a quality
system according to EN ISO/IEC 17025, and that it is technically competent and able to generate
technically valid results.
Of particular importance with respect to testing of water mist fire suppression systems are the
following:
a) comprehensive understanding of water mist technology;
b) ability to properly condition and characterize the fuels;
c) use of appropriate instrumentation and methodology to verify the compliance or non-compliance
with the pass/fail criteria.
A.7 Documentation and interpretation of test results

The results of the fire test series should be documented in a test report in accordance with A.8.
A.8 Example for fire test report

The documentation of test protocols should contain at least the following:
a) title;
b) a description of the test protocol used, including details of the test apparatus and a reference to the
test protocol against which the system was tested, i.e. the relevant part of EN 149721;
c) a description of, the condition of, and unambiguous identification of the item(s) tested;
d) the date of receipt of the test item(s) where this is critical to the validity and application of the
results, and the date(s) of performance of the test;
e) reference to the sampling plan and procedures used where these are relevant to the validity or
application of the results;
f) the test results, with units of measurement where appropriate, including the percentage of
any damage to the system components, test rig, or test enclosure, together with the times and
parameters recorded during each test;
g) confirmation of water mist system design parameters relevant to the specific application, including,
but not limited to, the following:
1) the extinguishing time – if applicable, system operating time and discharge operating time;
2) nozzle designation;
3) permitted location in the protected volume;
4) minimum and maximum installation height limitation;
5) maximum dimensional and area coverage, including spacing between the nozzles;
6) operating flow rates of the nozzle;
7) distance between the ceiling and nozzle orifice;
8) maximum and minimum operating pressure over the operating time of the test;
9) type of detection/actuation method;
10) additives, propellants and atomizing media used;
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11) details of the test hall geometry;

12) ventilation conditions during the test;
13) environmental conditions during the test;
h) where relevant, a statement to the effect that the results relate only to the items tested.
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Annex B
(informative)
Area of operation for typical automatic nozzle water mist systems
B.1 General
The area of operation (AO) is the maximum area over which it is assumed, for design purposes, that
nozzles will operate in a fire.
There are two significant AOs:
— hydraulically most unfavourable area (see 3.1.20): the location in a nozzle array of an area of
operation of specified shape at which the water supply pressure measured at the water source is
the maximum needed to give the specified density;
— hydraulically most favourable area (see 3.1.19): the location in a nozzle array of an area of operation
of specified shape at which the water flow is the maximum for a specific pressure measured at the
water supply source.
The water supply source in a calculation is usually at the pump.
B.2 Typical system component layouts

B.2.1 System components gridded layout
A typical gridded layout is shown in Figure B.1.
1
5
Key
1 far main (distribution pipe) 4 section valve
2 nozzles 5 near main (distribution pipe)
3 ranges
Figure B.1 — System components gridded layout
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B.2.2 System components terminal layout

A typical terminal layout is shown in Figure B.2.
1600 3 500 3 500 3 500 3 500 3 500 3 500 3 500 1600
C>
C>
C>
m
C>
C>
C>
m
C>
C>
C>
m
4 5
Key
1 ranges and nozzles 4 main distribution pipe
2 distribution main centre feed 5 section valve
3 distribution main end side feed
NOTE — Dimensions are shown for illustration only.
Figure B.2 — System components terminal layout
B.2.3 System components looped layout

A typical looped layout is shown in Figure B.3.
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1600 3 500 3 500 3 500 3 500 3 500 3 500 3 500 1600
C>
C>
C>
rn
C>
C>
C>
rn
1 2 1
C>
C>
C>
rn
C>
C>
::;:; C>
rn rn
3 4
Key
1 looped distribution main 3 main distribution pipe
2 ranges and nozzles 4 section valve
NOTE — Dimensions are shown for illustration only.
Figure B.3 — System components looped layout
B.3 AOs to be determined by full hydraulic calculation

The hydraulically most unfavourable area might not be the geographically most remote area.
It is not necessarily at the remote end of the pipework array furthest from the pump.
For instance, an area nearer the pump may have more closely spaced nozzles and the pressure demand
due to the extra flow might make it the hydraulically most unfavourable area.
Smaller pipe diameters can also force an area to be more unfavourable.
An area may have extra nozzles under obstruction that demand a higher pressure due to the extra flow.
The hydraulically most unfavourable area is usually the one that requires the highest pressure.
In some instances the hydraulically most unfavourable area is the most physically remote from the
water supply. However, there can be instances where the hydraulically most unfavourable area is
not the most geographically remote, due to additional nozzles being required in a particular area, as
illustrated in Figure B.4.
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1
Key
1 usual location of remote area
2 most likely location of remote area due to extra nozzles
3 section valve
Figure B.4 — Selection of hydraulically most remote operating area
The hydraulically most favourable operating area might not be the geographically most favourable area.
It is not necessarily the area nearest the pump.
For instance, an area further from the pump may have more closely spaced nozzles and their combined
flow might make it the hydraulically most favourable operating area.
Larger pipe diameters can also force an area to be more favourable.
The hydraulically most favourable operating area is usually the one that requires the highest flow.
Selection of the hydraulically most favourable operating area is illustrated in Figure B.5. In this example
the additional nozzles in area B result in a greater flow than that required for area A.
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1 2
Key
1 most likely location of favourable area due to extra nozzles
2 usual location of favourable area
3 section valve
Figure B.5 — Selection of hydraulically most favourable operating area
B.4 Most unfavourable and most favourable AO demands and the pump supply
curve
The most unfavourable and the most favourable AO demands and the pump supply curve are shown in
Figure B.6. The most unfavourable area requires the greatest pressure in order to deliver the required
flow. The most favourable area requires the greatest flow in order to meet the required pressure.
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y
140 1
120
2
3
100
50
6
o; .._ _..__ _
7 0 50 100 150 200 254 300 x
I
Key
1 system curves
2 pump curves
3 intersection of favourable area system and pump curve
4 remote area 200 L/min at 119 bar, highest pressure and nearest to pump curve
5 favourable area 225 L/min at 112 bar, highest flow and furthest to the right
6 maximum flow = 225 L/min, used to size the stored water tank (255 × 10 min = 2 550 L)
7 system curve start point at the static pressure equal to the height of the highest nozzle in the AO
X pressure (bar)
Y flow (L/min)
Figure B.6 — Most unfavourable and most favourable AO demands and the pump supply curve
B.5 Calculating the number of nozzles and actual area of AO

The number of nozzles required depends on the roof structure, ceiling tile layout, mechanical and
electrical services and everything else that congests the roof or ceiling area. Obstructions that
commonly cause the designer to exceed the estimated number of nozzles in the AO include wind bracing,
lighting, cable trays, wide ducting, excessive structural, pipe racks and tall cabinets. Extra nozzles in
the AO result in larger pumps and stored water tank size.
There is a definite minimum and maximum number of nozzles (excluding nozzles below obstructions).
In uncongested areas the minimum number of nozzles can be used in the AO.
If the area to be protected is very congested with other services and the nozzles have to be spaced
closer together, the number of nozzles in the AO increases.
The following examples are for an AO of at least 72 m2, assuming that nozzles can be spaced at a
maximum of 4,5 m and a minimum of 2,5 m apart.
NOTE 1 — The AO is usually larger than 72 m2.
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If the decimal place is anything other than .00, the number has to be rounded up. Rounding down results
in an incorrect calculation.
a) Example 1. The minimum number of nozzles in the AO is when they are spaced at their maximum
dimensions. The area covered by each nozzle is 4,5 m × 4,5 m = 20,25 m2.
Therefore 72 m2 / 20,25 m2 = 3,555 nozzles, which is rounded up to 4 operating nozzles. The
actual area of the AO is 4 nozzles × 20,25 m2 = 81 m2.
This is the least it can be in this instance, as removing any nozzles reduces the AO below the
required 72 m2.
The maximum number of nozzles in the AO is when they are spaced at their minimum
dimensions. The area covered by each nozzle is 2,5 m × 2,5 m = 6,35 m2.
Therefore 72 m2 / 6,25m2 = 11,52 nozzles, which gets rounded up to 12 operating nozzles. The
actual AO is 12 nozzles × 6,25 m2 = 75 m2.
This is the least it can be in this instance, as removing any nozzles reduces the AO below the
required 72 m2.
With spacing at 4,5 m max. and 2,5 m min., the number of nozzles has to be between 4 and 12.
NOTE 2 — The number of nozzles can increase if nozzles below obstructions have to be taken into
consideration in the hydraulic calculations.
b) Example 2. If each nozzle covers an area of 12 m2 there are 6 nozzles in the AO

= 72 m2 divided by 12 m2 = 6,00 nozzles
The actual area of the AO = 72 m2.
c) Example 3. If each nozzle covers an area of 10 m2 there are 8 nozzles in the AO
= 72 m2 divided by 10 m2 = 7,20 nozzles, which is rounded up to 8.
d) Example 4. If each nozzle covers an area of 7,850 m2 there are 10 nozzles in the AO
= 72 m2 divided by 7,850 m2 = 9,17 nozzles, which is rounded up to 10.
The actual area of the AO = 78,5 m2.
e) Example 5. For 72 m2 AO, each nozzle covers an area of 13,435 m2
= 72 m2 divided by 13,435 m2 = 5,359 = 6 nozzles
f) Example 6. For 144 m2 AO, each nozzle covers an area of 12,125 m2
g) Example 7. For 144 m2 AO, each nozzle covers an area of 15 m2
= 72 m2 divided by 15 m2 = 9,6 = 10 nozzles
h) Example 8. For 72 m2 AO, each nozzle covers an area of 8,315 m2
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Figure B.7 illustrates the method of calculating the number of nozzles operating in both the most
favourable and most unfavourable AOs. Area per nozzle = 3 m × 3 m = 9 m2 = 8 nozzles in the AO.
E
(Y"l
15 m 3m
Figure B.7 — Calculating the number of nozzles
B.6 Method of calculating the area per nozzle

B.6.1 Regular spacing
The method of calculating the area per nozzle is shown in Figure B.8 for regular spacing. The actual
area covered by each nozzle is central to determining the number of nozzles operating in the AO.
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1
3,0 m 3,0 m 3,0 m
-~
-
+
(3,4 x 3)
+
(3,4 x 3)
+
(3,4 x 3)
= 10.2 m2 = 10.2 m2 = 10.2 m2
2 - 1
(3,4 x 3) (3,4 x 3) (3,4 x 3)
= 10,2 m2 = 10,2 m2 = 10,2 m2
E
+ + +
.....-
r-
--
I
1,5 m 3,0 m 3,0 m 1.5 m I
I
2
Key
1 distance covered by nozzle
2 centre line between nozzles
Figure B.8 — How to calculate the area per nozzle (regular spacing)
B.6.2 Irregular spacing

The method of calculating the area per nozzle is shown in Figure B.9, Figure B.10 and Figure B.11 for
irregular spacing.
For irregular spaced nozzles, the area for each nozzle needs to be determined. The actual area per
nozzle is illustrated in Figure B.10.
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1
3,1 m 3,2 m 3,1 m
1· ·1
--
E
- A B c
+ + +
N
E
r-_ (3,1 x 2,9) (3,2 x 2,9) (3,1 x 2,9)
~ = 8,99 m2 = 9,28 m2 = 8,99 m2
E
--
2
-.j
(Y) - 1
E
r-,
~ D E F
E
+
(3,1 x 3)
+
(3,2 x 3)
+
(3,1 x 3)
E
(Y)
(Y)
- = 9,3 m2 = 9,6 m2 = 9,3 m2
--
1,6 m II 1,6 m 1,6 m I 1.6 m
I
3,2 m 3,2 m 1,5 m
2
Key
1 distance covered by nozzle
2 centre line between nozzles
Figure B.9 — How to calculate the area per nozzle (irregular spacing)
3 300 3 450 3 250
C>
C> FLOOR AREA
N 3,3 mx3,05 m = 10,065 m2
A C>
L.('\
C>
(Y)
C>
C>
r-
(Y)
C>
L.('\
N
C>
D I I I
I I
F (Y)
C>
-.j FLOOR AREA I FLOOR AREA I FLOOR AREA
3,25 mx3,25 m = 10,725 m2 I 3,45 mx3,05 m = 11,213 m2 I 3,25 mx3,25 m = 10,563 m2
1 600 3 400 3 500 1 500
Figure B.10 — Actual area per nozzle
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3,5 m 3'5
' I I
' I
3~ ~
' I
m "I
I
175 m
I I I I I
E I I I
~ ~1-
......
E
N -$- -$- -$- -$-
10,600
-$-
10,600
-$-
10,941
10,600 10,600 10,600
E
N -$-
10,600
-$-
10,600
-$-
10,600
-$- -$- -$-
-- E -
N
E
N
E
-$- -$- -$- -$- -$- -$-
...... 9,976 9,976 9,976 9,976 9,976 10,889
-$- -$- -$- 9,890

-$-
10,600
-$- -$- -$- 9,926

-$-
10,600
-$-
10,600
7,971 11,477 14,660
-$- -$-
9,976
-$-
9,976
-$-
9,976
11,466 15,458
-$-
10,600
-$-
10,600
-$-
10,430
-$-
10,430
-$- -$-
8,866
8,866
Figure B.11 — Area per nozzle – irregular nozzle spacing – further examples
B.7 Shape of the AO

B.7.1 General
The two significant AOs have different shapes, and the pipework configuration can also affect the shape.
The factors determining the shape of the AO can include:
— Is it an unfavourable area?
— Is it a favourable area?
— Is the pipework layout a terminal arrangement?
— Does the pipework layout have a “looped” main configuration?
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— Is the pipework layout gridded?

— Is the gridded layout designed so that the ranges are parallel to the apex of the roof?
— Has fire separation been used (with the agreement of the AHJ) to define a smaller AO?
B.7.2 Shape of the hydraulically most unfavourable location

The AO is as near as possible rectangular, symmetrical with respect to the nozzle layout, and configured
as follows.
a) In the case of terminal and looped configurations, the far side of the area is defined by the range,
or pair of ranges where there is an end-centre layout. Nozzles not constituting a full range or pair
of ranges are grouped as close as possible to the distribution pipe on the next upstream range
row to the rectangular area. The shape of the hydraulically most unfavourable area in a looped
main system is calculated in the same way as a terminal system. In the case of terminal pipe
configurations, the far side of the area is defined by the range, or pair of ranges where there is an
end-centre layout. Nozzles not constituting a full range or pair of ranges are grouped as close as
possible to the distribution pipe on the next upstream range to the rectangular area. The terminal
configuration is shown in Figure B.12 and the looped configuration in Figure B.13.
b) In the case of gridded configurations where ranges run parallel to the ridge of a roof having a slope
greater than 6°, or along bays formed by beams greater than 1,0 m deep, the far side of the area has
a length L parallel to the ranges, such that L is greater than or equal to twice the square root of the
area of operation. Normal gridded configurations are shown in Figure B.14. In the case of normal
gridded configurations where the ranges run up and down with the slope of the roof, the far side
of the area has a length L parallel to the ranges, such that L is greater than or equal to 1,2 times the
square root of the area of operation. Gridded configurations when range pipes run parallel to the
roof apex are shown in Figure B.15.
c) In the case of all other gridded configurations the far side of the area, has a length L parallel to the
ranges, such that L is greater than or equal to 1,2 times the square root of the area of operation.
1
Key
1 length defined by range
2 range
3 remote area
4 next upstream range row
5 section valve
Figure B.12 — Hydraulically most unfavourable area terminal layout
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Key
1 length defined by range
2 remote area
3 section valve
Figure B.13 — Hydraulically most unfavourable area looped layout
~
L
I• I • I
L.::.--, ! - r _ _Ji-----ttt--2
L-:::-!-:::-_J
---------tctt---3
- i -
e e e e e i e e e e
!
- -
!
llHl,__-O-~,__-O-~H--0-~,__-0-~H--cHll
i-------4
-
l - '":<
a_ ._ II
Key
1 ranges run up and down the slope of the roof
2 remote area
3 apex of roof
4 section valve
L
1,2 xfi2 = 1, 2 x 8,485=10,182 m
Figure B.14 — Hydraulically most unfavourable area in a normal gridded layout
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L ~
2
3
Key
1
length = 2 x.fii.= 2 x 8,485 = 16, 971 m
2 apex of roof
3 roof slope more than 6°
4 section valve
Figure B.15 — Hydraulically most unfavourable area, gridded layout ranges parallel to roof
B.7.3 Shape of the hydraulically most favourable location

The AO is as near as possible square, and configured as follows.
a) In the case of terminal and looped configurations, the area where possible includes nozzles on
one distribution pipe only. The number of nozzles calculated to be operating on ranges, or pairs of
ranges in end-centre installations, are located on each range or pair of ranges at the hydraulically
most favourable location. Nozzles not forming a full range or pair of ranges are located on the next
range row at the hydraulically closest locations. The shape of the favourable area in a looped main
system is calculated in the same way as a terminal system. The area of operation is as near as
possible square and as follows: in the case of terminal and looped configurations, the area where
possible includes nozzles on one distribution pipe only. Nozzles calculated to be operating on
ranges, or pairs of ranges in end-centre installations, are located on each range or pair of ranges
at the hydraulically most favourable location. Nozzles not forming a full range or pair of ranges are
located on the next range row at the hydraulically closest locations. The terminal configuration is
shown in Figure B.16 and the looped configuration in Figure B.17.
b) In the case of gridded configurations, the area is located on ranges at the hydraulically most
favourable location. The gridded configuration is shown in Figure B.18. Nozzles not forming
a full range length are located on the next range row at the hydraulically closest locations (see
Figure B.18). The location of AO is likely to be the same regardless which way the ranges run.
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3
4
Key
1 favourable area
2 section valve
3 next range row at hydraulically closest location
4
length = fi2 = 8,485 m (minimum)
Figure B.16 — Hydraulically most favourable area terminal layout
,--_J
I
I· I ·I
3
Key
1 favourable area
2 section valve
3
lengt = J72 = 8,485 m (minimum)
Figure B.17 — Hydraulically most favourable area looped layout
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'
'
r , I
i
~
~
- --- v1
r., ! ~
,_ -
~ 1 r-
- .
,. ~ ~ I
~_J
- 2
,_ I
i ,- ~_J ~
~ 2 1 :/ ~
' - - -
I ! .11E
I
I• I • I
I• I • I 3
3
a) Parallel to slope b) Parallel to apex
Key
1 apex of roof
2 dection valve
3 length = √72 = 8,485 m (minimum)
Figure B.18 — Hydraulically most favourable area in a gridded layout
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B.8 Length of the AO

AOs always start at the midpoint between nozzles and the wall/boundary. This is illustrated in
Figure B.19.
1,5 m I. .1. 3,0 m .1. 3,0 m • I 3,0 m 3,0 m 3,0 m 1,5 m
5
6
Key
1 ranges run from left to right
2 mid point between nozzles
3 area not covered by nozzle C
4 AO length stretched to mid point after nozzle D
5 length = 1,2 × √72 = 10,182 m
6 actual length of AO = 12 m
Figure B.19 — Guidance where the length of the AO starts and finishes
B.9 Relocation of section valves

As the section valve (system feed point) location moves clockwise so do the hydraulically most
unfavourable and favourable AOs. This is illustrated in Figure B.20.
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. ...................................
-----------
. .......
1 .· .·
------ ------ ..
...........
Key
1 favourable area
2 section valve
3 remote area
Figure B.20 — Relocation of section valves
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B.10 Calculating the nozzles operating in the most unfavourable AO

Figure B.21 shows an example of how to calculate the nozzles operating in the most unfavourable AO. In
this example, the calculation starts to the left of nozzle A.
1 Nozzle areas
A = 3,2 m × 3,55 m = 11,360 m2
E B = 2,85 m × 3,55 m = 10,118 m2
r-,
C = 3,05 m × 3,55 m = 10,828 m2
D = 3,3 m × 3,55 m = 11,715 m2
E = 3,2 m × 3,55 m = 11,360 m2
E F = 2,85 m × 3,55 m = 10,118 m2
-::t
M-
E F G H G = 3,05 m × 3,55 m = 10,828 m2
Total area A – G = 77,214 m2
E
c
!"'-
M-
A B D
r-_
1,5 m 3,2 m 3,2 m 2,5 m 3,6 m 3,0 m 1,5 m
2
3
Key
1 ranges run from left to right
2 length = 1,2 × √72 = 10,182 m
3 actual length of AO = 12,4 m
Figure B.21 — Calculating the nozzles operating in a hydraulically most unfavourable AO of

72 m2
93
DS/EN 14972-1:2020
EN 14972-1:2020(EN)
Bibliography
[1] EN 54-2,
[2] EN 12416-1:2001+A2:2007,
[3] EN 13306:2017,
[4] EN 16763,
[5] EN ISO 14847,
[6] EN ISO/IEC 17020:2012,
[7] EN ISO/IEC 17025,
[8] ISO 16730 series,
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Licensed to: Marton Horvath, Danfoss A/S, 2021-01-25 07:58

Dansk standard DS/EN 14972-1:2020

© Dansk Standard - Eftertryk uden tilladelse forbudt

Første del af denne publikations betegnelse er:

Denne publikations overensstemmelse er:

Denne publikation erstatter: DS/CEN/TS 14972:2011

Der kan være tale om:

Til disse publikationstyper kan endvidere udgives

Overensstemmelse med anden publikation:

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 14972-1

ICS 13.220.20 Supersedes CEN/TS 14972:2011

Fixed firefighting systems - Water mist systems - Part 1:

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 11 October 2020.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

European foreword .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6

4.13 Water, propellant and atomizing gas supply design ............................................................................................ 29

5.10.2 Alarms .................................................................................................................................................................................... 42

7.2.16 Diesel engine driven pump sets ....................................................................................................................... 57

Fixed firefighting systems – Water mist systems –

prEN 14972 (all parts),1)

EN 50342 (all parts),

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations

3.1 Terms and definitions

— compliance with fire protection requirements;

— preventing micro-biological growth.

— wet pipe systems;

— dry pipe systems; and

— a deluge valve for a deluge system;

— a wet valve for an automatic wet pipe system;

— a dry valve for an automatic dry pipe system;

— a pre-action valve for an automatic pre-action system.

— local application systems;

— volume protection systems; and

— zoned protection systems (sectioned systems).

Note 2 to entry: Often referred to as design pressure in manufacturer literature.

Note 2 to entry: This may be static pressure or flowing pressure.

Type A pre-action system - otherwise normal dry pipe system in which:

— the air/inert gas pressure in the installation is monitored at all times;

Type B pre-action system - otherwise normal dry pipe system in which:

AO areas of operation for typical automatic nozzle water mist systems

DIOM manual design, installation, operation and maintenance manual

NPSH net positive suction head

4.1 Design principal

4.1.2 General requirement

4.1.3 Full scale fire testing procedures

4.1.3.2 Test protocols

4.2 Design, installation, operation and maintenance manual

4.2.2 Content of the DIOM manual

f) requirements on fire resisting separation;

q) full maintenance and service lifetime intervals and instructions;

4.3 Water mist systems using gas for their operation

4.4 Use of additives

4.5 Design parameters

4.6 Water and gas supply

4.6.1 Pumped systems requirements

4.6.2 Self-contained systems requirements

4.7 Compartment protection

4.7.3 Fire hazard

4.7.4 Design requirements

4.8 Requirements for different types of water mist deluge systems

4.8.1 Local application systems

4.8.2 Local application systems with multiple hazards