Abrir Curso-Ingles (Pensum)

BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR
STRUCTURES AND VOCABULARY
A SHORT COURSE IN ENGLISH FOR ADULT STUDENTS
Prof. Juan Gmo. Moya Montaña
STUDENT´S NAME ________________________________________
DE ARTA ENTO CO UNICACIONAL DEL E RCITO

Este material ha sido preparado como una contribución
para los alumnos de las Escuelas dependientes del Comando
de Institutos y Doctrina y el Personal del Ejército de Chile
-especialmente aquellos que se encuentran destinados
en unidades alejadas- y que deseen actualizar y reforzar
su dominio de las estructuras gramaticales del idioma
inglés, incrementar su vocabulario y mejorar las estrategias
comunicativas, mediante un trabajo personal.
Con mucho afecto y gratitud a la querida Institución,

que me ha permitido servir con entusiasmo y crecer
profesionalmente.
Prof. Juan Gmo. Moya Montaña

Profesor de Inglés de la Academia de Guerra, la Academia Politécnica
Militar, la Escuela Militar y la Escuela de Telecomunicaciones del
Ejército de Chile.
jmoyam@profing.tie.cl
Ejército de Chile
Departamento Comunicacional
Registro de Propiedad Intelectual N° 151.465

I.S.B.N. N° 956-7527-35-0
Impreso en los Talleres del Instituto Geográfico Militar
Bl 4
E Structures and
Vocabulary E
E
E C T
A E
S
E A C
S E
C
E E S G F
E
H R
spelling E
N I
D
C E
E A E
I A G C I
A 5
E
C E
E A G E L C
S
L E
T
D
E I E
E
E
E C E
G E
C E
6 A
S
R U
C U C R
D N
A E U
A 7
Bl 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART ONE: ELEMENTARY LEVEL
TO BE F H H H
UNIT 1 THE ENGLISH ALPHABET T T T T AN T A O I U F
THE PHONETIC ALPHABET N
THERE TO BE H H
F
UNIT 2 SOME - NOT ANY - NO - ANY
CARDINAL NUMBERS
VOCABULARY:
HAVE GOT / HAS GOT U

ADJECTIVES C
UNIT 3 ARTICLES I - Definite and Indefinite O
TELLING THE TIME I
VOCABULARY: N
A
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE N

INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS
TIME AND DATES H H H H H H
UNIT 4 ORDINAL NUMBERS H H H H
QUESTION WORDS 1
F
VOCABULARY:
N T D
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE E

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY A
QUESTION WORDS II O
F H H
UNIT 5 ARTICLES II G H H H
RELATIVE PRONOUNS: Who and
Which
VOCABULARY:
T I
C
A 9
UNIT 7 PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE A
• IMPERATIVE FORM
• ARTICLES III - N O
A A C E
A
S C D
EXCLAMATORY FORM O F A I S L C I C USA N C
VOCABULARY: I
T
H H
UNIT 8 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE I: Will

RELATIVE PRONOUNS: Who,
Whom, Whose H
SOMEBODY / SOMEONE, H
SOMETHING, SOMEWHERE T
AND DERIVED WORDS T
VOCABULARY: S
T C
UNIT 9 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE II :

AM / IS / ARE+GOING TO.......
IT TAKES........ / IT TOOK....... / I
IT WILL TAKE...... = DEMORAR H
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES S
VOCABULARY: I
F A
G
UNIT 10 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE III :

AM / IS / ARE+ING
MODAL VERBS: CAN, MUST, T
MAY, SHOULD, OUGHT TO
HAVE TO = TENER QUE I T
VOCABULARY:
O T
T E II
UNIT 11 FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE T

MAKING REQUESTS Can / Will / Could / Would Would you
ASKING FOR PERMISSION mind
OFFERING TO DO SOMETHING Can I / May I / Do you mind if I
INVITING OR SUGGESTING TO Shall I / Do you want me to / Would you like me
DO SOMETHING TOGETHER Shall we / Would you like to / Why don´t we / Let´s
ALSO, TOO, AS WELL, SO; H
NOT...EITHER, NEITHER / NOR T I H I T
BUT I
POSITION OF DIRECT AND I
INDIRECT OBJECTS I
VOCABULARY: T I
O H
10 A
PART TWO: INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
UNIT 12 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE I

PLURALIZATION OF NOUNS
USE OF INFINITIVES AND H
GERUNDS I
VERB + GERUND
VOCABULARY:
C I
E
G
UNIT 13
PRESENT PERFECT I
CONTINUOUS TENSE T
USE OF INFINITIVES AND H
GERUNDS II H
A. Verb + to-infinitive I
B. Verb + somebody + bare I
infinitive I
C. Verb + gerund / bare T
infinitive H
D. Verb + somebody + bare H
infinitive / to-infinitive
E. Verb + ing / to-infinitive
• TAG ENDINGS
VOCABULARY:
S R
UNIT 14
PAST PERFECT TENSE H
ADVERBS: FORMATION AND T
COMPARISON
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS F
PAST TENSE OF “GOING TO”
VOCABULARY: S
N H H H
UNIT 15
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS H
TENSE H H
PAST TENSE OF SHOULD /
OUGHT TO
WOULD RATHER / HAD BETTER
MODAL VERBS II: H
COULD DO SOMETHING H
COULD HAVE DONE H
SOMETHING H
MUST / CAN / MUST HAVE, / I
CAN´T HAVE DONE
SOMETHING
MAY, MIGHT, MAY HAVE / MIGHT
HAVE DONE SOMETHING
VOCABULARY:
T
A 11
UNIT 16 FUTURE PERFECT TENSE T
SEQUENCE OF VERB TENSES H H
THE PRESENT TENSE AFTER I
WHEN, AS SOON AS, UNTIL, D
ETC. I I
USE OF ELSE, OR ELSE /
OTHERWISE
VOCABULARY:
T
UNIT 17 THE PASSIVE VOICE T

BE SUPPOSED TO T
VOCABULARY:
T A F I
UNIT 18 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES I

SUBJUNCTIVE AFTER WISH I
VERB + PRESENT OF I
SUBJUNCTIVE I I
VOCABULARY: I I
T A F II I
I
UNIT 19 REPORTED SPEECH H

A. STATEMENTS H
B. QUESTIONS H
C. COMMANDS, ORDERS H
VOCABULARY:
R I
UNIT 20 USEFUL ENGLISH PHRASES A

AND EXPRESSIONS IN A
ENGLISH FOR TRAVELLERS A
H
A
S
UNIT 21 ASSESSMENT TEST S

A S
A
T T S
12 A
PART ONE
ELEMENTARY LEVEL
Bl 14
UNIT 1
PART I. TO BE (SER O ESTAR)
A. EL TIEMPO PRESENTE: AM , IS , ARE
1. El verbo TO BE tiene tres formas en el tiempo presente: AM - IS - ARE
I N
T U
H E
S E T E
I E
E I’m. You´re, He´s, She´s, It´s, We´re, They´re.
Escuche, repita y aprenda:

What? C Who? Where? D How? C This
That These Those A An The
At In On Now Today H
Thanks Thank you Fine Very well Much better
I E
I E
T S
T S
I I
I I I
A T
A T
H
S
T T
H
I
I
T
T
H I
H H
H T
2. La forma negativa se expresa usando la palabra not. Normalmente formando las contracciones ISN´ T
o AREN´ T
I I
H H H
S S S
I I I
T T T
A 15
Escuche, repita y aprenda: is not isn´t are not aren´t
here there over there
I I
T T T
H H H
T T T
I I I
H H
T T T
Escuche, repita y aprenda estas preguntas y respuestas:
I N I I
I N I I
A N T T
A N T T
3. La forma interrogativa se expresa mediante simple inversión de orden con el sujeto de la oración.
A I A I A A
A A A A
I I
I I A A
I I
* D AM NOT AREN¨T E
AIN¨T E A I A I
Escuche, repita y aprenda:
A I E A I N
A E A N
I E I N
A E A N
I I
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Use the correct form of the verb TO BE (am/is/are)
T D S
T
T
T slow-moving T D
T powerful T staff-room
Ex. 2. Answer these questions, as in the example
I T H
A
I C
A
A I
A
I
I
16 A
A
I
A
Ex. 3. Answer the questions as in the example:
A N T
T
A N
A A
I C
Ex. 4 Ask questions, as in the example below:
T A
T
T
C
T I
T
T
T
T CD
T
Ex. 5. Ask questions using the wh-words What?, Who?, Where?, How?, as in the example:
I
I
T
T
I
T
I
T
T
T
T
A 17
Ex. 6. Complete and practise these dialogues with a partner.
Robert H R
Jack H R
Robert I A I A
Jack O T
Frank H F
John H
Frank I
John N I I
Frank O S
Peter H
Michael H
Peter S S
Michael
Peter S A
Michael
Peter N S
Michael O T
Jack
Jim I
Jack
Jim N I I C
Jim T S S L
Jack H I H
Janet I I
B. EL TIEMPO PASADO: WAS - WERE
1. El verbo TO BE tiene las siguientes formas en el tiempo pasado: WAS - WERE
I
N
T
U
H E
S E
T E
I
Escuche, lea y aprenda:
When? C Why? How old?

Last week Two days ago H Yesterday
The day before yesterday Last night
T E
18 A
2. La forma negativa se expresa usando NOT después de WAS o WERE. Normalmente se usan las contracciones
WASN´T o WEREN´T .
N N N
T E
3. La forma interrogativa se expresa invirtiendo el orden de WAS / WERE con el sujeto
E
E
E
D
EXERCISES:
Ex. 1. Complete these sentences with the proper form of the verb TO BE, present or past:
N C
T
T S
Ex. 2. Change the following sentences into a) Negative b) interrogative
Ex. 3. Ask questions using wh-words like What? Where? When?,Why?, How?, How old, Who?
L
T S C
G
C
A 19
C. EL TIEMPO FUTURO: WILL BE
1. El tiempo futuro del verbo TO BE se expresa mediante el uso del Verbo Modal WILL seguido del infinitivo
BE. Normalmente se usa la contracción ‘ll en la conversación diaria informal.
I N
T U
H E
S E T E
I S
I´ll be You´ll be He´ll be They´ll be
How long? C Until For What time? Tomorrow

Next week The day after tomorrow
I E
I E
I
2. La forma negativa se expresa usando la palabra NOT después del verbo modal WILL Normalmente se usa
la contracción WON´T .
I N
T E
I N
3. La forma interrogativa se expresa usando el verbo modal WILL o la contracción WON´T delante del sujeto.
E
S
N
C
H C
A U
EXERCISES:
Ex. 1. Complete the sentences as in the example:
will be at home)
I I
20 A
Ex. 2. Change the following sentences into the negative and the interrogative forms.
Ex. 3. Ask questions using Where?,When?,Why? How?, How long?, What time?, etc.
A because it´s Sunday

I next Tuesday morning
T in the lab
T ten-thirty
T very nice
N next weekend
S C on Wednesday
T because the weather is not good
for three days
Ex. 4. Answer the following questions, in English.
Ex. 5. Translate the following sentences into English:
E
E
D
N
E
E
L
E
A
C U
A 21
PART II. THE ENGLISH ALPHABET
Vowels: A E I O U
Consonants: C D G T
F L N S
H R
E I A
PRACTICE EXERCISES:
Ex. 1. ¿Puede leer estas series de letras?
E I O A E I E O U I U A E
G T C L F N S D C L
H R C L H G N T R F
E C L A I D S N F O G U A
U I E O G A T E I O A O I A
Ex. 2. Escuche, lea y aprenda:
H
AS UE
T I LA
Ex. 3. Practique estos diálogos con algún amigo:
A I A CR
C L I
A IGNACIO A
T N
Ex. 4. ¿Puede deletrear estas palabras?
C S T
22 A
Ex. 5. Estudie estas siglas (acronyms) de uso frecuente:
USA C LO AT DC CEO
C UCLA USSR OAS COD U
AD AT CR I G S UNO
F I UFO N T CIA G T DEA
O NCO CO IRA IA
ITT TO ADC IT D FO
EST A C O E CIF
¿Puede agregar algunas otras siglas de uso frecuente?
THE PHONETIC ALPHABET

This alphabet is used in radio / telephone communication to spell difficult words:
A A N N
O O
C C
D D
E E R R
F F S S
G G T T
H H U U
I I
L L
Examples:
UAN I U A N N UAN
T CLAR I C C L L A A R R
CLAR
A 23
Bl 24
KEY TO ANSWERS
UNIT 1
Part 1
A.
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2. I I H C
T S I
T I I I
Ex. 3. N T T N I I I N H
H N T T N H H
N T A T N I I I
N I I N T T
Ex. 4. I A I A
C I I A
A A CD A
Ex. 5. H
H
Ex. 6. R J R J
F J F A J
M P M P M P
Ja Ji Ja Ji Ja
B.
Ex. 1. A I
Ex. 2. T T T
T H
H
Ex. 3. T L S H
G H C
C.
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2. I
T I I
Ex. 3.
A H N
C H
Ex. 4.
Ex. 5. T T
S T
T
T S
A 25
Bl 26
UNIT 2
PART I. THERE TO BE (HABER, EXISTIR)
A. PRESENT TENSE: THERE IS - THERE ARE
E S HA
THERE IS THERE ARE
N THERE´S
There is a book Hay un libro

There´s a car Hay un auto
There´s some water Hay agua
There are 10 students Hay 10 alumnos
There are some chairs Hay algunas sillas
L THERE IS NOT THERE ISN´T THERE ARE NOT / THERE AREN´T
There is not a book

There isn´t a car
There isn´t any water
There´s no water
There are not 10 students
There aren´t 10 students
There aren´t any chairs
There are no chairs
L THERE
Is there a book
Is there a car
Is there any water
Are there 10 students
Are there any chairs
H There is There are HOW MUCH?

C C HOW MANY? C C
How much whisky is there There´s very little

How much ice is there There´s a lot
How much water is there? There isn´t any There´s no water
How many doors are there There´s only one
How many windows are there? There are three
How many chairs are there? There aren´t any There are no chairs
C SOME E
ANY E NOT ANY NO
Estudie la siguiente tabla:
Affirmative SOME There´s some

There are some
Negative NOT ANY There isn´t any
There aren´t any
NO There ´s no
There are no
Interrogative ANY? Is there any
Are there any
A 27
N LITTLE FEW A LOT OF
T little H
T a lot of H
T few H
T a lot of H
L a lot of E
much many
T
A a lot of
T
not much T
N
not many T
much? I
I
many? A
E A/AN N
A/AN SOME SEVERAL MANY
T a tree T trees
T some trees
T several trees
T many trees
C THERE IS/THERE ARE

NO
There´s water There´s no

There are flowers There are no flowers
some
a lot of
much
T
a little
very little
no/not any
some
several
many
T a lot of
a few
very few
no/not any
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Complete the sentences using THERE IS or THERE ARE:
28 A
Ex. 2. Change the following statements into the negative form.
T
T
T
T
T
T
T F
T
Ex. 3. Change the following sentences into the interrogative form.
T T C
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
Ex. 4. Complete the following questions and answers. Use HOW MUCH......IS THERE? Or HOW MANY..........
ARE THERE? in the questions, and THERE’S or THERE ARE in the Answers .
E (How many) (are there) (There are)
Ex. 5. Use LITTLE, FEW, A LOT in the blank spaces.
T
T
T
T
A 29
T
T
T
T I
T
T
B. PAST TENSE: THERE WAS - THERE WERE
E THERE IS/THERE ARE THERE WAS THERE WERE L

NOT WAS WERE N THERE
WASN´T THERE WEREN´T L
WAS WERE THERE.
There was a lot of noise in the room H

There were many people absent. H
There wasn´t any beer in the can. N
There weren´t many books on the desk. N
Was there a TV in the room? H
How many people were there at the party? C
EXERCISES:
Ex. 1. Change into the Past Tense:
T
T
H
T
I
H
T
T
A
T
Ex. 2. Answer these questions, using the information given in parenthesis:
H T
H F
30 A
C. FUTURE TENSE: THERE WILL BE
E THERE IS/THERE ARE THERE WILL BE E

WILL THERE THERE´LL BE
There will be T H
T
There will be H
There´ll be H
There´ll be H
L NOT WILL
WON´T E WILL THERE
There will not be T

There will not be
There won´t be
Will there be T
Will there be
H will there be
EXERCISES:
Ex.1. Change into the future tense.
T
T
T
H
H
I
A
Ex. 2. Use the right tense of There To Be (Present, Past or Future).
H S
Ex. 3. Translate the previous sentences into Spanish.
A 31
Ex. 4. Answer these questions in English.
H
H F
H
H
H
N
A N
N
H
H
Ex. 5. Translate the following sentences into English
H
H
H
C
N
N
N
H
C
H
N
H
32 A
PART II. NUMBERS
one two three four five

six seven eight nine ten
eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen

sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen
twenty thirty forty fifty sixty

seventy eighty ninety
one hundred two hundred

one thousand two thousand
two hundred thousand two million
five thousand three hundred and sixty-two

forty five thousand nine hundred and seventy-one
Importante:
L twenty, thirty, forty siempre van seguidas de un guión E
L no se pluralizan E
L hundred va seguida de and thousand, million billion no van seguidas de and
E and and and
and
L hundred, thousand million E T
hundreds of T thousands of T millions of
A punto coma coma punto E US
Ex. 1 Read and then write these numbers
A 33
BASIC VOCABULARY: Study these words
PEOPLE
GENERAL
person man/men
people woman/women
child /children gentleman
boy lady
girl kids
FAMILY AND RELATIVES
grandparents dad, daddy

grandfather mom, mommy
grandmother grandpa
grandchildren granny
grandson father-in- law
granddaughter mother-in-law
parents son-in-law
husband daughter-in-law
wife brother-in-law
father sister-in-law
mother step-father
children step-mother
son step-son
daughter step-daughter
brother step-brother
sister step-sister
uncle foster-father
aunt foster-mother
nephew god-father
niece god-mother
cousin
34 A
KEY TO ANSWERS
UNIT 2
Part I
A.
Ex. 1. 1. T T T T T T T T T
T
Ex. 2. 1. T T T T T
T T T T T
T T T T
Ex. 3. 1. I A I I A
A I A
A I
Ex. 4. 1. H T H T H T
H T H T H T
H T H T
H T H T
Ex. 5. 1.
B.
Ex. 1. 1. T T H T
H T T T
Ex. 2. 1. T N T
T T I
C.
Ex. 1. 1. T T T H
H
Ex. 2. 1. T T T T T T
T
Ex. 3. 1. C H H
C H
N H H
C N
S
Ex. 4. 1. T T T T T
T N N
N T T
Ex. 5. 1. T F T I
H T
T T T
H T
T T
A 35
Part II.
Ex. 1.
36 A
UNIT 3
PART I. HAVE GOT = TENER
E
TENER E Presente Afirmativo
I have got I´ve got

You have got You´ve got
He has got He´s got
She has got She´s got
It has got It´s got
We have got We´ve got
You have got You´ve got
They have got They´ve got
I have got I´ve got
Peter has got Peter´s got
They have got They´ve got

E
My dog has got My dog´s got
The rooms have got

L
E forma negativa HAVE NO GOT HAS NOT GOT N HAVEN´T

GOT HASN´T GOT
I have not got I haven´t got

Peter has not got Peter hasn´t got
They have not got They haven´t got
My dog has not got My dog hasn´t got
The rooms have not go The rooms haven´t got
L forma interrogativa inversión sujeto HAVE HAS
Have you got N I

Has Peter got
Have they got N T
Has the dog got I
Have the rooms got T N
H have you got I I
H has Bob got H
EXERCISES:
Ex.1 Complete the following sentences using HAVE GOT or HAS GOT
A 37
T
T
I
Ex. 2 Change into the negative form
S
T
I
N
T
Ex. 3 Change into the interrogative form:
T
T
Ex. 4 Ask questions with HOW MUCH...? / HOW MANY...?
T
I
A
Ex. 5 Answer these questions:
H
H
H
H
H
H E
H
H
H
H
38 A
PART II.
A. ADJECTIVES
E preceden a los sustantivos
T tall beautiful T interesting T big
A son invariables
tall alto, alta, altos, altas
T tall T tall T tall T tall
A todos los sustantivos actúan como adjetivos cuando preceden a otro sustantivo E
A A apple T apple
A A one-dollar A five-dollar
A O exercise T exercise
A A hotel T hotel
B. ARTICLES (I)
1. EL ARTÍCULO INDEFINIDO A E T a
E T a E T a
H
E A AN sonido vocal una h “muda”. E T

an E T an E T an
E H an E
L u umbrella
uniform T an
E T a E H o
C T an
E T a E
E a/an E T a E T
E T E T E T
E T E
D a / an
several many
Ejemplo T T
T some
T several
T many
2. EL ARTÍCULO DEFINIDO THE S
E T The T The
Compare:
S a una
S the la
A 39
Exe. 1. Use the indefinite articles a or an
Ex. 2. Change the following sentences into the plural.
T
T
I
T
I S F
T
T
T
I
I
T
I
I
Ex. 3. Change these sentences into the plural, use some, many or several
T
T
T S
T
T
I
T
T E
T S
I
I
T
T
T
40 A
PART III. TELLING THE TIME (Diciendo la hora)
What time is it, please?
What´s the time, please? C
It´s ten to eight S
Lea, escuche y aprenda:
oćlock quarter past half past quarter to
I I
I I
I I
I I
past to minutes past minutes to
Nota: La palabra “minutes” generalmente se omite después de 5 o múltipos de 5.
I I
I I
I
I
midday noon midnight

a.m. p.m.
in the morning
in the afternoon
in the evening
at night
I I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Match the times in Column A with the sentences is Column B
A I
I
C I
D I
E I
F I
G I
H I
I I
I
I
L I
A C D E F G H I L
A 41
Ex. 2. Write down the times and read:
42 A
ADJECTIVES
ENGLISH SPANISH ENGLISH SPANISH
angry late
bad lazy
big light
blunt long
bright narrow
busy new
clear nice
cold odd
comfortable old
cool pleased
curved poor
cheap pretty
dark rich
dear right
deep rough
difficult sad
dull sharp
early short
easy silly
empty sleepy
even slow
expensive small
fast soft
fat straight
foolish strange
free stupid
full tall
good thick
happy thin
hard thirsty
hard-working tiny
healthy tired
heavy ugly
high uneven
hot warm
huge wide
hungry wise
ill, sick wonderful
interesting wrong
large young
COLO(U)RS
What colour I white
What colours C I blue white red
black orange
white gray, grey
green purple
blue pink
red dark blue
brown light blue
yellow
A 43
Bl 44
KEY TO ANSWERS
UNIT 3
Part I.
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2. S T
I I N T
T T
Ex. 3. H H H H H
H H H H
H
Ex. 4. H H H
H H H
H
Ex. 5.
Part II.
B.
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2. T T A T I
SF T T T
A A T A
I
Ex. 3. T T T T
T I T
T T I I
T T T
Part III.
Ex. 1. A C D E F G H I L
Ex. 2. I I I I I I
I I I I
I I I
I I I I I
I I I I
I I
A 45
Bl 46
UNIT 4
PART I. EL TIEMPO PRESENTE CONTINUO (THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE)
Introducción: Los Tiempos Contínuos
S TO
BE y el GERUNDIO DE UN VERBO PRINCIPAL E
E -ING E
H
Grupo A: -ing
to speak speaking
to eat eating
to work working
Grupo B: S -e esta letra se omite
to live living
to write writing
Bl 47
Grupo C: S consonante+vocal+consonante cons. +cons. + vocal + cons.
To sit sitting
To cut cutting
To stop stopping
To swim swimming
EL TIEMPO PRESENTE CONTINUO O PROGRESIVO.
E C Presente del verbo TO BE (AM/S/ARE)

GERUNDIO NOW AT
THIS TIME AT THE MOMENT AT PRESENT
TEMPORARILY FOR THE TIME BEING
They´re living N E N
Mary´s working R now O
Herbert´s having at the moment H
For the time being, I´m living T
La forma negativa NOT TO BE E ISN´T AREN´T
T are not living N T re not living N

T aren´t living N
is not working R not working R
isn´t working R
F I m not living I m not living
La forma interrogativa TO BE (AM,IS,ARE) E
ISN´T/AREN´T
Are living N Aren´t living N

Is working R Isn´t working R
Are living Aren´t living
Am I doing Aren´t I doing
C What, Where, When, How,

How often,

N Where is John living
T What are the children playing
I Why are you wearing
La pregunta más frecuente en este tiempo verbal es:
WHAT ARE YOU DOING?
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Escuche, lea y aprenda estos verbos:
INFINITIVE GERUND SPANISH

T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
48 A
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
Ex. 2. Escuche, lea y aprenda estas actividades frecuentes:
Getting up
Having a bath/a shower
Getting dressed
Having breakfast/lunch/dinner
Going home/to work/to the office
Driving home/to work/to the office
Reading letters/the newspaper
Working in the office
Talking with friends
Leaving the office
Doing the shopping
Buying the paper/cigarettes
Watching TV T
Listening to the news/to the radio
Writing to a friend
Calling up a friend
Playing cards/soccer
Walking to the park
Running across the park
Doing exercise Working out
Visiting a museum
Studying for a test
Washing the car
Cleaning the house
Making the bed
Tidying up the room
Cooking a meal
Preparing some drinks
Going to bed
A 49
Ex. 3. Complete the following sentences, using the Present Continuous tense of the verb provided.
I
T
S
F
O D
T
T
L T
L T S
T H
T T
Ex. 4. Change into a) negative and b) interrogative
T T
T E
Ex. 5. Ask questions using questions word like What, Where, Why, etc.
an apple
watching TV.
T in Bristol
I answering a letter
T a story
G by plane
H because it´s Sunday
the new
I because I´m happy
T running
I open the window
T the horses
50 A
Ex. 6. Complete the dialogs using the verbs provided in the Present Continuous tense. Study them and practise
them with a friend:
Hans H
Bob T
Hans I
Bob I T
Jane
Peter H
Jane I
Peter N H
Jane H T
Peter
Robert
Mary T A I
A H
Robert
Mary G L
A 51
PART II.
A. TIME AND DATES
day week month year season
T days T weeks year

T months T
January E July
February F August A
March September S
April A October O
May November N
June December D
T seasons Winter I Spring Summer

Autumn Fall O
T T
Monday L Thursday Sunday D

Tuesday Friday
Wednesday Saturday S
first (primer) T second (segundo) T third (tercer)

T fourth (cuarto) F fifth (quinto) sixth (sexto) S
T seventh (séptimo) last (último) S
Ordinal Numbers L
L
First Eleventh Twenty-first

Second Twelfth Twenty-second
Third Thirteenth Twenty-third
Fourth Fourteenth Twenty-fourth
Fifth Fifteenth Twenty-fifth
Sixth Sixteenth Twenty-sixth
Seventh Seventeenth Twenty-seventh
Eighth Eighteenth Twenty-eighth
Ninth Nineteenth Twenty-ninth
Tenth Twentieth Thirtieth
Thirty-first
Escuche, lea y aprenda
The date today is Wednesday the first of May, two thousand two
Wednesday, May the first, two thousand two L
I was born on the fifteenth of August, nineteen seventy-five

August the fifteenth, nineteen seventy-five A
Jane´s birthday is on the twenty-fifth of June on June the twenty-

fifth E
52 A
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Write the following dates, as in the examples:
T S
Ex. 2. Answer the following questions:
H
H
N D
I D
A 53
B. Question Words (1) Describing people and things
ENGLISH S ANISH E A LE
How old? How old I

How tall? How tall I
How far? How far I
How long? How long I
How high? How high I
How fast? How fast A
How deep? How deep I
How thick? How thick I
How wide? How wide A
How big...? C How big I
How well...? C How well I
How heavy...? C How heavy I
What color? What color I
What size? What size I
What shape? What shape I
What is /are...like?* C D What is like I
I D What are like T
What´s like S
Nota importante: C U E E
tener: How old are you? I am 35 = ¡Que edad tiene U Yo tengo 35
E S
Nouns Adjectives
age old young
old new
length long short
width wide narrow
thickness thick thin
distance distant nearby
speed fast slow
depth deep shallow
height tall short
high low
size small big
tiny huge
shape round square
rectangular triangular oval
weight heavy light
54 A
BASIC VOCABULARY: Study these words:
NUMERALS
CARDINAL NUMBERS ORDINAL NUMBERS

1 one 1st first
2 two 2nd second
3 three 3rd third
4 four 4th fourth
5 five 5th fifth
6 six 6th sixth
7 seven 7th seventh
8 eight 8th eighth
9 nine 9th ninth
10 ten 10th tenth
11 eleven 11th eleventh
12 twelve 12th twelfth
13 thirteen 13th thirteenth
14 fourteen 14th fourteenth
15 fifteen 15th fifteenth
16 sixteen 16th sixteenth
17 seventeen 17th seventeenth
18 eighteen 18th eighteenth
19 nineteen 19th nineteenth
20 twenty 20th twentieth
21 twenty-one 21st twenty-first
22 twenty-two 22nd twenty-second
30 thirty 30th thirtieth
31 thirty-one 31st thirty-first
40 forty 40th fortieth
50 fifty 50th fiftieth
60 sixty 60th sixtieth
70 seventy 70th seventieth
80 eighty 80th eightieth
90 ninety 90th ninetieth
100 one hundred 100th one hundredth
1,000 one thousand 1,000th one thousandth
1,000,000 one million 1,000,000th one millionth
TIME AND DATES
1. Units of time
second month
minute season
hour year
day century
week
2. Days of the week
Monday L Saturday S
Tuesday Sunday D
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
N E I
A 55
3. Seasons of the year
summer winter
autumn spring
4. Months of the year
January E July
February F August A
March September S
April A October O
May November N
June December D
5. Dates
T
H
56 A
KEY TO ANSWERS
UNIT 4
Part I
Ex. 3. 1.
Ex. 4. 1. T T A T I
I I A
I T I T I
I I T A
A T I
T I
Ex. 5. 1.
H G
Ex. 6. 1. H H
Part II
Ex. 1. 2. T T N T
T A T T
S T D T
A F O
Ex. 2. 1. I H T T T T
S S A F T
T T F S S T F
A A S O N D T
T T D T
T N O I
D S
A 57
Bl 58
UNIT 5
PART I. EL TIEMPO PRESENTE SIMPLE (THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE)
E L
EVERY every day
every morning every weekend T
ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA
S always generally
usually often sometimes rarely seldom
hardly ever never L every
T once
twice three times several times many times
a day a week a month
E forma afirmativa SUJETO I T I INFINITIVO
E S DO DOES
C I speak S I do speak S C T
answers T does answer E
I do not speak S Do I speak S
T does not answer Does answer
I speak S every day

We go every summer N
I often see
They always come S E
The students play once a week L
C tercera persona del singular -s

-es
H speaks S E E
T answers L
T stops E
washes
watches T T
plays F
studies F F
T rises E
changes
Notas: E
L -s -sh -ch- -x -z -es E
L -y precedida de consonante -ies S -y precedida

de vocal -s
L -se -ce -ge se pronuncia
y pasa a ser una sílaba más
L have do go has does goes
A 59
E forma negativa DO NOT
DON¨T infinitivo E DOES
NOT DOESN´T I -s / -es
I speak S I do not speak S

We go We don´t go
The students play The students don´t play
He speaks E He does not speak E
The bus stops The bus doesn´t stop
My wife watches T My wife doesn´t watch T
Bob changes Bob doesn´t change
My friends have My friends don´t have
Mary has C Mary doesn´t have C
We have lunch We don´t have lunch
DO/DOES E
DON´T/DOESN¨T
Do you spe S
Do we go
Do the students play
Does he speak E
Does the bus stop
Does your wife watch T
Does Bob change
Do your friends have
Does Mary have C
Do you have lunch
Don´t you speak S
Doesn´t Mary work S
Nota: E to have do does R

have got has got U C
servirse comer beber experimentar to have breakfast have a good time
do does
C C
C C
C WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, HOW,

HOW MUCH
do you speak
do they go
does the bus stop
does John change
L pregunta más habitual
WHAT DO YOU DO? (¿Qué hace ud.?)
60 A
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Study the following expressions of time:
E T
E T T
E T
E T T
E F T
E S T
E S T
E T
E T
E T
E T
E T
E T
E T
E T
O U
T D
T T
S
A S
F F
U U
G G
S A
O A
R R
H C
S R
N N
I E
I E
I E
I E
Ex. 2. Complete the conjugation of the following verbs:
Affiirmative Negative Interrogative

I I D I
A A A
T T
I T I T D I T
A 61
I I D I
I S
I E
Ex. 3. Complete the following sentences using the Simple Present Tense of the verbs given in parentheses.
Then translate them into Spanish
T
N
I
T
F
T L
I S
T
I
S T
Ex. 4. Change the following sentences into a) negative, b) interrogative, and c) Wh-questions:
62 A
T
T G
Ex. 5. Ask questions using wh-words like WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, HOW, etc.
S
T
T
T
F
T S
S
T
T
H
T
S
Ex. 6. Answer these questions in English:
H
A
T
H
H E CR
A 63
Ex. 7. Complete the sentences using one of the following:
cause(s) open(s) close(s) speak(s) drink(s) live(s) take(s) place
A G
I
T
T O G
Ex. 8. Put the verb into the correct form.
A B H S
A B I
I H
I I
I
Ex. 9. Use one of the following verbs to complete these sentences. Sometimes you need the negative:
believe eat go flow make rise grow tell translate
T
R
T
A G
A
A
T R A A O
Ex. 10. (Review) Use the Present Continuous or the Simple Present, of the verb given in parentheses:
at present
T generally every evening
S T at the moment
seldom
Look!
once or twice a month
For the time being T
at present
usually
at the moment
Look! I L
T every day
right now T
Hello now
always E H S
Listen! S
when you are at home
E now A USA
always every night G
Look H H
64 A
Ex. 11. (Review) Complete the sentences by using the Simple Present or the Present Continuous of the verbs
provided.
Shhh!! T H every night

Right now I I I usually
every day
S A H A A
right now E
O right now H
I now S S always
I right now T
R S
L R S I
I
S S
H
T T T
T
T
T T
A S
T
A 65
PART II.
A. QUESTION WORDS. (II) Study the following list of interrogative words
ENGLISH S ANISH E A LE
What? What What

C What What´s
Who? Who Who
Which? C Which book is mine? Which
When? C When When T
Why? Why T Why
Where? D Where S Where
How? C How How
Whose? D Whose Whose
Whom? A Whom To whom
How much? C How much
How many? C How many
How often? C How often
How long? C How long
What time? What time At what time
What kind of? What kind of
What sort of? What sort of T
Where...from? D Where from
Where...to? H Where to
Who...with? C Who with
Who...about? A Who about
Who...for? Who for
What...for? What for What for
What...with? C What with
What... about? A What about
What...at? H What at
What do /does...look like? C What look like S
D
N Preposición + Whom/What,/Where
E
From where Where from

About what What about
With whom Who with A whom who
Ex. 1. Ask the corresponding wh-question for each of the following answers
S is very thin and has got blue eyes

T twenty-five dollars
A apples, oranges and pears
the South
at 6:45
from San Diego, California
twice a month
T about football
T his father´s
I about 20 minutes
I three
with his boss S
about his trips round the world
T at the stars
with a camera
I because she´s very friendly
66 A
by plane
A detective
T to the gym
when he´s tired
B. ARTICLES (II)
E artículo definido THE sustantivos determinados o específicos

el la los las E artículo indefinido A/AN sustantivos
singulares no determinados ni específicos
Ejemplos:
The secretary
The secretaries
The book I
The books I
Lea y compare:
I a dictionary N un T a car. E un
I the dictionary which is on the shelf N el
T the car which I like best E el
the
Lea y compare:
General Específico
Water The water in this glass
Gold The gold in this ring
Books C The books on that shelf
Girls boys The girls in this group
Ex. 1. Supply the definite article (the) where necessary in the following:
E F
A 67
I
C. PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS WHO Y WHICH
C
WHO WHICH A QUE
E WHO
WHICH
Lea los siguientes ejemplos:
The man who

The people who
T the book which
The dog which
N which
T T
L who is/are which is/are
The book which is on the desk The book on the desk

I the man who is in Mr. Smith´s office I the man in Mr. Smith´s office
The woman who is crossing the road The woman crossing the road
T which is flying over the city The plane flying over the city
T who are wearing a white uniform The women wearing a white uniform
T imported from Japan The cars imported from Japan
T are trained at our school T trained at our school
Ex. 1 Fill in the blanks with WHO or WHICH:
T
T I
T
I
I
T I
E
T E
I
T
T R
I
A
T
T
A
T
I
D
T I I
68 A
Ex. 2. Translate the sentences in the previous exercise into Spanish.
Ex. 3, Rewrite the sentences in Ex. 1, omitting the relative pronoun WHICH, or the word groups WHO IS/ARE
o WHICH IS/ARE whenever it is possible, as in the example:
The girl with him is his sister
Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences into English. Underline the word(s) which can be omitted in everyday
conversation.
E D S
A 69
E S
70 A
BASIC VOCABULARY : Study these words
CLOTHES
suit dress
coat blouse
jacket skirt
trousers raincoat
shirt cardigan
T-shirt handkerchief
tie stockings
sweater briefs
hat cap
socks galoshes
shoes sneakers
boots sandals
gloves waistcoat
umbrella slip
scarf kerchief
belt bracelet
glasses wrist watch
earring finger ring
sunglasses parka , anorak
fur coat leather jacket
swimsuit necklace
trunks
A 71
72 A
KEY TO ANSWERS
UNIT 5
Part I
Ex. 2.
Affirmative Negative Interrogative

D
D
A A D A
D
T T D
T T D T
T T D T
A T A T D A T
T T D T
T T T T D T
D
D
A A D A
D
T T D
S D
D
A A D A
D
T T D
E E D E
E E D E
A E A E D A E
E E D E
T E T E D E
D
D
A A D A
D
T T D
D
D
A A D A
D
T T D
Ex. 3.
Ex. 4. D T D
D T
D T D
T D
D T D
A 73
H D H
T D H
E H A
H
S S H
H H
E T H I N
T I T T
H I H
E
D I
D
Part II.
A.
Ex. 1. S H A
A
H
H H
S
H
A
B.
Ex. 1. T H T T T
T T T C
T E T
C.
Ex. 1. T T I T
I I
T I E T
E I T
T R I
A T
T A
T I
D T
I
74 A
Ex. 2. L E E
E E
L
L E S
L L R
E S
L L
S E
E C E
Ex. 3. T T I T I
I T I
E T E I
T T
R I A
T T A
T I
D T I
Ex. 4. T D S T T
T T
S S T
T E D
T I
A 75
Bl 76
UNIT 6
PART I. EL TIEMPO PASADO SIMPLE (The Simple Past Tense)
E L
LAST last week last
year last weekend last night last Monday morning
T AGO two
days ago several weeks ago a long time ago A
yesterday the day before yesterday yesterday morning/afternoon/evening
that day at 10:15 this morning
on September 18th, 1810 S

I bought
Peter came
They saw E
Mary cleaned
We worked N
They stopped
E
C T S SUJETO
PASADO A S Do
(DID) C I bought I
did buy I did not buy
Did I buy
Importante: E Verbos Regulares

Verbos Irregulares E E
I R T T
T T T
L -d/-ed L -t -te -d -de

-ed/-d
L cons+vocal+cons cons+cons+voc+cons
UNIT
La forma negativa DID NOT INFINITIVO N

A DIDN´T

I didn´t buy
didn´t come
T didn´t see
didn´t clean
didn´t work
La forma interrogativa DID DIDN´T

INFINITIVO

Did buy
Did come
Did see
Did clean
A 77
Did work
Didn´t buy
Didn´t come
C WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, HOW

When did buy
Why did come
Where did see
Why didn´t clean
When did work
La pregunta más habitual de este tiempo verbal es:
WHAT DID YOU DO?
EXERCISES:
Ex. 1. Study the Past Tense form of the following regular verbs which are most frequently used.
INFINITIVE PAST TENSE SPANISH

T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
78 A
T
T
T
T
T
T
Ex. 2. Study the Past Tense form of the following Irregular verbs which are most frequently used :
INFINITIVE PAST TENSE SPANISH

T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
A 79
T
T
Ex. 3. Change the following sentences into the Simple Past Tense. Remember that you have to use the word
LAST instead of EVERY in the expressions of time
I S
T E
I
T F
S
T
T
T
I
S
I
T
I
F
S
T
Ex. 4. Change the following sentences into a) negative, b) interrogative and c) Wh-questions:
by bus
yesterday
I tea
T the car accident
120,000 dollars
T in Paris
T well
at the Club
in Spanish
T E in London
80 A
Ex. 5. Ask questions using question words like What, Where, When, How, How often, How much, etc. In each
case, the underlined part must be the answer of the question asked.
H to the zoo
T at 6:30
H because he was ill
last week
T by taxi
T to play
H because he was tired
T for a week
one hundred dollars
three
Ex. 6. Answer the following questions with complete sentences:
S
E
H
D T I
Ex. 7. Answer these questions using the information given in parentheses, as in the example:
D N I didn´t go I went
D T
D N
D E F
D S
D E F
D S
A 81
D A A U A
82 A
PART II. “USED TO + INFINITIVE”
E
E -aba -ía E USED
TO not... anymore, not... any longer no longer
I used to play I I
A
T used to visit T anymore/any longer E

E
used to love H no longer A
didn´t use to work used to get
did use to spend D
EXERCISES
Ex 1. Introduce USED TO by changing the italicized verbs. Explain the change in meaning, as in the
examples
worked used to work H
S smoked S used to smoke H n´t

anymore H n´t any longer H no longer
U lived
spoke I
A came
was
I rode
brought F
played
helped
went
exported USA
A 83
PART III.
A. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
E
Subject Pronouns Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns
I My Mine
You Your U Yours
He His His
She Her Hers
It Its
We Our Ours
You Your Yours
They Their Theirs
U possessive adjective U possessive pronoun

(pronombre posesivo)
I T my book T mine
I her car T
T T house T theirs
L Saxon genitive S (´s)
T the book of John T John´s book

The house of Mr Smith Mr. Smith´s house
T the car of my brother T my brother´s car
The book of the student The student´s book

The books of the students The students´ books
T the house of my parents T my parents´ house
The names of the children The children´s names
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct possessive adjective.
C
T
T
84 A
T
Ex.2 . Change the words in italics to Possessive form:
T the book of John T John’s book

T the pen of Helen
T desk of the teacher
T the home of my teacher
The friend of my sister
The office of Mr. Smith
T the notebook of William
H the teacher of Helen
H the teacher of my friend
T the wife of Mr Smith
The house of my friends
T the room of the teachers
the name of that man
the names of those men
Ex. 3. Substitute possessive pronouns for the italicized words:
T my book T is mine
T her room
T John’s office
H my book
T their newspapers
T Peter´s cigarettes
T Helen’s notebook
T my notebook
I your pencil
I your coat or her coat
T our seats
T the teacher’s desk.
Ex. 4. Complete the following by adding the necessary possessive pronoun:
I mine
E E
H E E
I
A 85
B. SUBJECT PRONOUNS AND OBJECT PRONOUNS
Estudie la siguiente tabla.
Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns

I Me
You You
He Him
She Her
It It
We Us
You You
They Them
L SUBJECT PRONOUNS L OBJECT PRONOUNS

direct object indirect object
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Substitute the correct pronoun for the italicized word or words:
Mary
the book
S John
I the teacher very
T Mary and William
his book
Mary and me
I this song
John and Alice
Helen E
I William and his wife
Mary and me
T the accident
I Mr. Jones or for his wife
Ex. 2. Answer these questions using the expressions of time provided in parentheses. Use object pronouns
(me, you, him, her, it, us, them) instead of names
Peter I him
the car
Mary S
the letters
the car
your parents
his diploma
the money
Tom
you
the apples
Robert F
86 A
PROFESSIONS AND OCCUPATIONS
actor lawyer
actress manager
architect mechanic
artist newsagent
baker newspaper boy
barber painter
butcher photographer
chemist pilot
clergyman plumber
clerk policeman
cook postman
conductor priest
doctor receptionist
dress-maker salesman
driver secretary
electrician shoe maker
engineer singer
farmer steward
firefighter stewardess
fireman student
florist tailor
gardener technician
greengrocer teacher
grocer telephonist
hair-dresser tourist guide
hostess vicar
janitor waiter
jeweller waitress
journalist watch-maker
judge writer
A 87
88 A
KEY TO ANSWERS
UNIT 6
Part I
Ex. 1. & 2. S L R I
Ex. 3. I T I T
T T T
I I T I
F T
Ex. 4. D H D
I D I I
T D D
H T D
T D H D
D
T D E
Ex. 5. A
H H
H H
Ex. 6. I I E I H
I I I N I I
Ex. 7. N T T N H H N I
I N S N T
N H N N I E I F N
T N H N
S N I I N
H N H N
H F N H N I A I
U A N I I N S
N S N H
Part II
Ex. 1. U H I S
A S
H I
I F H
F S
H H
USA USA
Part III.
A.
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2. T H T T
S T H H H
T S T
A 89
Ex. 3. T T H T
T T H T I I
T T
Ex. 4
B.
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2. I H S S T
I H S I
H T S F
90 A
UNIT 7
PART 1. EL TIEMPO PASADO CONTINUO O PROGRESIVO (THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE)

E
E pasado del verbo To Be WAS WERE
gerundio de un verbo principal L
una hora exacta en el pasado at 10 oćlock this morning at midday
last Sunday
T When + SUBJECT + Past Tense When I got home
last night
I was driving at 10 oćlock this morning
T were playing at midday last Sunday

E
H was visiting D on the 5th of June

E D
I was sleeping when the telephone rang
were having lunch when our friend Jack arrived S

N D
L NOT N
WASN´T WEREN´T
I was not driving

T were not playing S
H wasn´t visiting D
I wasn´t sleeping
weren´t having lunch S
La forma interrogativa WAS WERE

WASN´T/WEREN´T
Was I driving
Were they playing S
Wasn´t he visiting D
Weren´t you sleeping
Were we having lunch S
A 91
E preguntas introducidas con palabras interrogativas What, Where, Why
What were you reading

Where were they playing football S
Why weren´t they having lunch
Why wasn´t he working
La pregunta más frecuente en este tiempo verbal es:
What were you doing...?
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Complete the following sentences using the verbs given in parentheses in the Past Continuous
Tense
A
I
A G
Ex. 2. Change the following sentences into a) negative form, and b) interrogative form :
T T
Ex. 3. Ask questions using question words like Who, Where, What, How, etc. In each case, the underlined
part must be the answer to your question.
T walking
a sandwich
because he was on vacation
T in the conference room
I getting dressed
92 A
because she was tired
T jogging
taking a shower
in the north of France
More than ten
T
C
Ex. 5. Answer the following questions in English. Give complete answers.
Ex. 6. (Review) Fill in the blank spaces using the verbs provided in the appropriate verb tense. You must use
either the Past Simple or the Past Continuous Tenses only.
I
I
T I
L C
A 93
PART II.
A. THE IMPERATIVE FORM (LA FORMA IMPERATIVA)
L L
uso del INFINITIVO you N PLEASE
Escuche lea y aprenda:

Come here
Listen to me E
Please open the window
Speak more slowly, please H
DON´T
Escuche lea y aprenda:
Don´t come here N

Don´t listen to me N
Please don´t open the window
Don´t speak so fast, please N
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Change the following sentences into the imperative form: Add the word PLEASE at the end of your
sentence:
You look at the map Look at the map, please
Ex. 2. Change the following imperative sentences into the negative form:
Speak slowly, please. Don´t speak so slowly please. (so = tan)
L
C
D
D
T
S
G
94 A
B. ARTICLES (III)
N
T
S L D S
G C S
Escuche lea y aprenda
Europe
D Mary
T New York City
H Fifth Avenue
T China.T Mount Everest
Lady Macbeth
Mr De Ponti Dr. White I
President Bush Senator Payne T
Gen. Johnson Sgt. Smith
S the
Adj.+Sust.
N the
Escuche lea y aprenda
The Mississippi Missouri C U S

The Pacific Ocean the Atlantic Ocean
The United States South Korea
T the West Indies
C
the
Escuche, lea y compare:
New York
The New York City subways
Santiago C
The Santiago newspapers
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Supply the definite article the where necessary:
N C
N C
L D R
H R N C
U S C U S U
UN S C
S A O F U S
I
C A O
T G
H I S
A C S
A 95
L G S S C
T C S S L C U
Ex. 2. Fill in the blanks with the correct articles where needed:
H H
N
L E
E
E
E
S E
L S E
C. THE EXCLAMATORY FORM (LA FORMA EXCLAMATIVA)
L E
Structure Examples
What + a(n) + adj. + singular noun (+ S +V)! What a beautiful woman
What an interesting book
What + adj. + plural noun (+S + V)! What beautiful eyes
What nice people
What + adj. + uncountable noun (+S + V)! What nice music
What good coffee
What terrible weather
How + adj. / adv. (+S + V)! How silly I
How fast T
How expensive
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Supply WHAT or WHAT A(N) in the following exclamatory sentences:
96 A
Ex. 2. Make exclamations using What a(n)...! ; What...!, or How...!, as in the example
Ex. 3. Supply HOW, WHAT, or WHAT A(N) in the following exclamatory sentences:
Ex. 4. Change these sentences to exclamatory form by using HOW or WHAT / WHAT A(N), as indicated:
S
S
I
H
S
A 97
I
I
H
I
S
H
S
I
A
98 A
THE HOUSE
a) Housing Vivienda
apartment USA farm house

apartment building USA flat R
block of flats R house
bungalow hut
condominium semi-detached house
cottage terrace house
detached house villa
b) Parts of the House /parts ov (e háus/ Partes de la Casa
ceiling roof
door staircase
floor wall
front door window
landing
c) Rooms of the House /ru:mz ov (e háus/ Piezas de la Casa
attic laundry room

basement library
bathroom lounge
bedroom pantry
cellar sitting room
dining-room study
kitchen toilet
d) The Sitting-room El Living
arm-chair porcelain
carpet R radio set
CD player CD rug USA
chair sofa
china table
clock telephone
curtains television set
fireplace VCR
picture
e) The Bedroom El Dormitorio
alarm clock pillow case

bed pillow
bed spread pyjama
blanket sheets
chest of drawers slippers
night gown wardrobe
night table
f) The Kitchen La Cocina
broom mixer
can opener USA napkin
A 99
cooker/stove/range oven
cookery book pan
corkscrew plate
crockery pot
cup refrigerator
cupboard rubbish bin R
cutlery saucer
dishwasher silverware
drier sink
fork spoon
freezer tea pot
fridge teaspoon
frying pan tin opener R
garbage can USA toaster
glass trash can USA
glassware tray
kettle vacuum cleaner
knife/knives wall clock
microwave oven washing machine
g) The Bathroom La Sala de Baño
bath tub shaving brush

cold water tap shaving cream
comb shower
electric shaver shower cap
faucet USA soap dish
hair brush tap
hair dryer tooth brush
hot water tap tooth paste
lotion towel rack
mirror towel
safety razor wash basin
h) The Studio La Sala de Estudio
book shelf laptop C US

bookcase notebook C
chair note-pad
computer printer
desk punch
desk lamp scanner
fax machine stapler
file telephone
filing cabinet typewriter
j) Outdoors El exterior
fence orchard
garage path
garden swimming pool
gate vegetable garden
lawn
100 A
UNIT 7
Key to answers
PART I
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2. S T
A A T
T T
Ex. 3.
I
Ex. 4. T I
T I
Ex. 5. O I I D T
I
Ex. 6.
PART II
A.
Ex. 1. D S C C
H E F
S L
Ex. 2. D D D D
D D D
D D D
B.
Ex. 1. D R T H R N C T U S C U
S U T A O F U S T I T C
A G I S A C S
G S S C C S S L C U
Ex. 2. T T T N C L
E E T E E E T L S
E
C.
Ex. 1.
A 101
Ex. 2. H H
H H
I H I H
H H
H H
H N
H N H
H H
Ex. 3. H H H H
H H
Ex. 4. H H
H H
H H
H
A H
102 A
UNIT 8
PART 1. EL TIEMPO FUTURO SIMPLE THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
E L
tomorrow the day after tomorrow next
week next month next year in three
months by the end of this year
E F S
1. SUBJECT + WILL + INFINITIVE decisiones, promesas o determinaciones.
will come C C
2. SUBJECT + AM / IS / ARE+ GOING TO + INFINITIVE planes, intenciones, o sucesos que

evidentemente o muy probablemente ocurrirán.
is going to come C C
3. SUBJECT + AM / IS / ARE +ING (Present Continuous) actividades agendadas, acordadas o

previstas con antelación.
is coming C C
EL FUTURO SIMPLE CON WILL
E F S decisión, promesa
determinación. E WILL ´LL
T will visit E
´ll come
I´ll be S E D
E forma negativa NOT ILL I E

WON´T
T will not visit T won´t visit

will not come won´t come T
I will not be S I won´t be
E interrogación WILL WON¨T S

What, When, Where
Will visit Won´t visit

Will come Won´t come
Will be S
When will visit
Why won´t come
A 103
La pregunta habitual con esta construcción verbal es:
What will you do?
EXERCISES:
Ex. 1. Use the verbs given in parentheses in the future simple tense, using WILL
T
I DC
T
T
NASA
L
I
T S S
Ex.2 Change the following sentences into a) negative, and b) interrogative.
Ex. 3. Ask questions using question words like When, Where, What, How, How long, etc. In each case, the
underlined part of the sentence must be the answer for the question asked.
T to the north
next week
because it´s old
T until dawn
S another catalog
S because it´s too expensive
T T for three days
in the cafeteria
T five
T about many things
104 A
PART II.
A. USE OF SAY AND TELL
L SA TELL DECIR
E SA
1. Antes o después de una cita textual

said H I H
said I
said
I said
I said
2. Antes de la conjunción that

said H
said
3. En posición final
I said
S say
say
E TELL
Helen
me
his students
T I
EXERCISES
Ex.1. Fill in the blanks with SAY or TELL
I I
I I
N
T
I
T
C
I
Ex. 2 Change SAY to TELL. Then make whatever other changes are necessary.
A 105
A F
Ex. 3. Change TELL to SAY.Then make whatever other changes are necessary.
I I
I S I
B. RELATIVE PRONOUNS WHO, WHOM, WHOSE
H WHO?
QUE R
who which EGS OC U
Who
T who
T which
L WHO WHOM
With whom Who with

I T whom I
T about whom
L WHOSE who ¿de quién?

cuyo(s)/cuya(s)
Whose? = ¿De quién?
Whose Whose hat whose

Whose cigarettes Whose cigarettes hat whose
Whose
106 A
Whose
b) whose = cuyo(s) / cuya(s)
A C H
T whose C
T H
T whose
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Choose the correct form.
T
T
A
T I
F
T
Ex. 2. Fill in the blank spaces with Who, Which, Whom, Whose
I I
H
T
T
A
T A
T
T
T C A
T
T C T A
I I
T R
E S
I
S I
Ex. 3. Combine the two sentences to make one single sentence,using WHO, WHOM or WHOSE
I H
I
A 107
I H
I
T
T
T H
T
T H
T
T T
T
Exercise 4. Ask questions with whose, as in the example.
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
Ex. 5. Make synonymous sentences using the verb belong instead of the possessives.
T T
T
T
T
I
T
T
A
T
I
I I
T I
T I
T I
108 A
C. SOMEBODY, SOMETHING, SOMEWHERE AND DERIVED WORDS
Study the following chart
Afirmative Some Somebody/someone Something Somewhere
Not...any Not... Anybody Not...anything Not...anywhere

Negative Not...anyone
No Nobody No One Nothing Nowhere
Interrogative Any Anybody / Anyone Anything Anywhere
E EGS OC UNIT SO E
AN E
NOT... ANY o NO E S S
S S
Estudie los siguientes ejemplos:
I some A
I n´t any A I´ no A
H any A
I somebody
I n´t anybody I nobody
D anybody
T something
T n´t anything T nothing
D anything
T somewhere
T n´t anywhere T nowhere
anywhere
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Change to negative form Use a) NOT... ANY b) NO
H N
A 109
H
Ex. 2. Change to question form
I
H
S
H
S
T
S
I
H
H
H L I
I
Ex. 3. Rewrite the following “NO” sentences in the more common “NOT ... ANY” negative form:
T
T
T
T
S
110 A
THE CITY
airport park
all-you-can-eat restaurant pavement R
pedestrian
art gallery pick up USA
baker’s planetarium
book shop bridge
police station post office
building public library
bus railway station
bus stop restaurant
bus terminal road
butcher’s roundabout
cab USA school
café shoe shop
cafetería shop R
car sidewalk USA
casino snack bar
chemist’s station wagon USA
church stationer’s
cinema store USA
coach street
coffee shop street-car
college subway R
corner subway USA
crossroads supermarket
department store tailor’s
disco take-away restaurant
dry-cleaner’s
estate car R taxi
fire brigade tea shop
flower shop theatre
greengrocer’s town hall
grocer’s R traffic lights
grocery store USA traffic sign
hardware store train
hospital travel agent´s
hostel truck USA
hotel tunnel
jeweller´s underground R
level crossing FFCC R university
lorry R van R
museum zebra crossing
news-stand zoo
night-club
A 111
Bl 112
UNIT 8
Key to answers
PART I
A.
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2. T
T
S S
Ex. 3. H
S S H
T H
PART II.
A.
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2. S S A
H T
T
Ex. 3. I T S I
T H
B.
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2.
Ex. 3.
Ex. 4.
Ex. 5. T T T
D T T
D
I
I T I
T I T I
A 113
C.
Ex. 1. T T I I
T T H
H H H H
H I I D
T H H H
H H H T
T T T
Ex. 2. D I D D D
D I D
D I I D D D
L I D I
Ex. 3. T T T T
S I H
T
114 A
UNIT 9
PART 1. EL FUTURO SIMPLE II (THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE II)
EL FUTURO SIMPLE CON AM/IS/ARE + GOING TO
E
E “Yo voy a ...”, “Tú vas a ...”, “Él va a ...”
T are going to visit E van a visitarnos
is going to come va a venir
E negación interrogación C
T aren´t going to visit

isn´t going to come
Are going to visit
Is going to come
When are going to visit
Why isn´t going to come
La pregunta habitual en este tiempo verbal es:
What are you going to do?
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Change the following sentences using AM / IS / ARE + GOING TO instead of WILL:
T C
T
T
G F
T A
I LA
Ex. 2. Change the sentences you wrote in the previous exercise into a) negative and b) interrogative
T C I T C
A 115
Ex. 3. Ask questions using question words like When, Where, How long, etc. In each case the underlined part
of the sentence will be the answer to the question asked.
by plane
to swim
fruit and drinks
I at 6:30
T fix the engine
S because she´s tired
Bill
Ex. 4. Translate the following sentnces into English
E
E
PART II.
A. LA EXPRESION IDIOMATICA IT TAKES... /IT TOOK.../ IT WILL TAKE...
E “demorar”, “ tomar tiempo”
Whom? How long? To do what?
PRESENT C
It takes
PAST
It took
E
FUTURE
It will take
L C
It takes Mr Clark about twenty minutes to drive to his office El

Sr. Clark demora
It took the students about an hour to answer the questions

Los alumnos demoraron
It will take you at least an hour to type the report Ud. demorará
La forma negativa “It doesn´t take...”, “It didn´t take...” “It won´t take...” La
forma interrogativa “Does it take...?”, “Did it take...?”, “Will it take...?”
116 A
It doesn´t take Mr Clark

Does it take Mr Clark
It didn´t take the students

Did it take the students
It won´t take you

Will it take you
La pregunta habitual con esta expresión idiomática es :
How long does it take you to...? C U

How long did it take you to...? C U
How long will it take you to...? C U
How long does it take Mr Clark

How long did it take the students
How long will it take you
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Change the following to introduce IT TAKES..., IT TOOK... or IT WIL TAKE...:
I I
I
I
I
I
T
S E
I
I
T
H
Ex. 2. Change to negative and to interrogative form. Then ask a Wh-question with HOW LONG?
I H I H
D H
H H
I
A 117
I
I E
C U
C U
U S
118 A
B. GRADOS DE COMPARACION DE LOS ADJETIVOS
C C
“Mary is a beautiful girl”
L Grado Positivo, Grado Comparativo, Grado Superlativo y

Grado de Igualdad
EL GRADO POSITIVO
beautiful
intelligent
O big N
T old E
N GRADO COMPARATIVO
more beautiful than A A

more intelligent than G G
O bigger than N
T older than E
C GRADO SUPERLATIVO
the most beautiful

the most intelligent I
O house biggest N
T the oldest E
C GRADO DE IGUALDAD
as beautiful as A A
as intelligent as G G
O as big as N
T as old as E
GRADO COMPARATIVO
A Grado Comparativo
A -er
er er er
S cons.+vocal+cons cons+cons+vocal+cons
ger ter ner
S more
more more
A 119
A -er
more
GRADO SUPERLATIVO
A Grado Superlativo
A -est
est est est
S cons.+vocal+cons cons+cons+vo cal+cons
gest test nest
S most
most most
A -est
est est
most most
good - best little - least

bad - worst many - most
far - farthest much - most
GRADO DE IGUALDAD
E as + adj. + as. E
not as...as not so...as,
H as tall as
H not as tall as E
H so tall as E TAN
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Supply the comparative form of the adjectives in parentheses
(larger than)
H I
T
T
T
T
120 A
I
T
S
T
I
Ex. 2. Complete these sentences by using the adjective which is the opposite of the one in italics:
H taller I H
N smaller C N
H younger H
T wider T
T more difficult T
T thicker F T
T more expensive F T
T better T
T colder T
Ex. 3. In the following, introduce the superlative form or the adjective in parentheses:
T
N U S
N U S
T
T
H
H
T
E
Ex. 4. State the adjectives in parentheses, first in comparative form, and second in superlative form. Use words
of your choosing to complete each sentence:
T E S
T R
A 121
T
Ex. 5. Rewrite each sentence to show equality of comparison. State each sentence first in positive form and
then in negative form:
N DC
122 A
FOOD L
1. Provisions A
bread mashed potatoes

biscuit noodles
butter oil
cake pepper
candies rice
coffee salad dressing
cookie USA salt
cracker sauce
cream soup
cheese Spaghetti
chips sugar
egg sweets
french fries USA tea
jam toast
lard vinegar
margarine
marmalade
2. Meals L
breakfast hors-dóeuvres
brunch starter
lunch first course
supper main course
dinner dessert
appetizer
3. Meats C
beef pheasant
breast pork
chicken rib
chop sirloin
duck T-bone
fillet turkey
lamb veal
leg venison
mutton wing
4. Sea Food
abalone mackerel
clam mussel
cockle oyster
cod prawns
conger eel salmon
crab scallop
eel shellfish
fish shrimps
haddock sole plaice
hake squid
herring swordfish
A 123
king crab trout
lobster tuna fish
urchin
5. Fruits F
apple melon
apricot orange
banana peach
blackberry peanut
blueberry pineapple
cherry/cherries plum
coconut prunes
cranberry quince
dates raisins
gooseberry raspberry
grapefruit strawberry
grapes watermelon
hazel nuts
6. Vegetables
celery garlic
artichoke lemon
asparragus lettuce
bean(s) onion
beetroot pea(s)
broad bean potato(es)
cabbage pumkin
carrot raddish
chicory red /green pepper
corn spinach
cucumber tomato(es)
7. Beverages
beer red wine

coffee soda water
drink soft drink
herbal tea tea
juice water
lemonade white wine
milk wine
124 A
UNIT 9
Key to answers
PART I
Ex. 1. T T
T
T I
Ex. 2. T I T T A
I I
T I
I T A
I A I
Ex. 3. H
Ex. 4. T S
A I
PART II
A.
Ex. 1. I I I
I I
I I E
I I I
I
Ex. 2. I D H
I D H
I D H
I D H
I D H I
H I
H I D H
I D H I
D H I D
H
Ex.3. I I
I H
H E H
I I
S I
B.
Ex. 1.
A 125
Ex. 2. I C
F F
Ex. 3.
Ex. 4. O H H G
G I
T T I
F F
T E S RCA T E S
N T R C R T R
USA T T
T T
Ex. 5. T T T
T H H N
N O
O T T
T T T
T T T
H
H T T
H H
I I
126 A
UNIT 10
PART 1. EL FUTURO SIMPLE III (THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE III)
EL FUTURO SIMPLE CON AM/IS/ARE + GERUNDIO
C Presente Contínuo (S+AM/IS/

ARE+ING/ E actividades que han sido acordadas, agendadas,
previstas o fijadas con anticipación para una fecha próxima
They are visiting us T

Mary´s coming to work S
L
to go, to come, to visit, to travel, to fly, to drive, to attend, to have lunch/dinner, to leave,
to arrive, to come back, to stay, etc.
Las forma negativa e interrogativa Presente Contínuo
They aren´t visiting us next week-end.

Mary isn´t coming to work tomorrow.
Are they visiting us next week-end?
Is Mary coming to work tomorrow?
When are they visiting us?
Why isn´t Mary coming to work tomorrow?
La pregunta más frecuente en este tiempo es:
What are you doing S
EXERCISES
Ex. 1 Practice these questions and answers with a friend:
What are you doing F I´m going

What are you doing I´m visiting N
What´s the boss doing He´s attending
What are you and your wife doing We´re going C

How are you getting We´re flying / We´re going
When are you leaving We´re leaving
How long are you staying We´re staying
Ex. 2. Make sentences using the Present Continuous to refer to future activities, like in the example:
T F I
I´m having dinner with the Johnsons next Friday evening.
S H
“Monday 10:30 Conference at YMCA Auditorium”
A 127
I I
I
“Why don´t we go to a disco tonight, Mary?” “Yes, let´s go”
I “Arriving on 8:15 train Saturday morning”

O
“I´m afraid, I can´t come to your wedding party on Friday. I´ll be away on a business trip”
I T
O L
Ex. 3. Dr. Novoa is going to the USA next week. First he is visiting Washington DC and then he is attending a
Conference in Houston, Texas. Write sentences indicating Dr. Novoa´s activities in Washington and in
Houston. Use the information given below:
Dr. Novoa´s Schedule
US A T F H T
R H C H C
T D F C N S C
C L L H
D US S C F DC
C S F C U A F
C C N A
Now complete the sentences using the information given in the chart. As you can see, Dr. Novoa will have a
very busy week next week.
O US A
O
H T
A
I
O
A
A A T
O T
O F N S C
A H
R
H DC
A S D N C H A
A
Ex. 4. Answer these questions in English. Make complete sentences:
F
N
H
S
128 A
E
E
S
T
C
C EEUU
A
S
PART II. MODAL VERBS (I)

A. CAN, MUST, MAY, SHOULD/OUGHT TO
Spanish Synonym Example
CAN PODER Be able to can swim

PODER Be possible to is able to swim
PODER Be allowed to can see
I I to see
can use
are allowed to use
MUST DEBER have to must obey

have to obey
DEBER I think... / I assume... H must be
I think / assume he is
MAY PODER be allowed to may leave

PODER are allowed to leave
be likely to; probably
I may rain
I likely to rain
I ´ll probably rain
SHOULD DEBERÍA be advisable to / should study

OUGHT TO convenient / had better ought to study
It is convenient for you to
study
had better study
TO OUGHT TO
E H can swim N H
N
E H can swim N H
N NOT
E H cannot / can´t swim cannot verbo modal not
I
E Can swim
R OUGHT TO
A 129
E
Can can swim

can´t play
Can speak E U I
can see U
can´t use I N
E
I can leave
Can I turn on T
N T can´t be E
I can´t believe N
Must must obey U

D
S mustn´t smoke L
H H must be
E D
A S must know
E S
must be D
I must be D
May may leave U

may not use U N
May I smoke S S
I I may rain S
D T may fall down

N T T
C may cause F
Should / I should see ought

Ought To to see a doctor N C
D
should not smoke I
N N
should feel proud C D
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Complete the blanks with CAN, MUST, MAY o SHOULD, según corresponda.
G
H H
I N I
U S
I S
I
I
130 A
T
T H
H H
C
T I
H H
T
I
I
I T
I T
H H
Ex. 2 Change the following sentences into a) negative, b) interrogative and c) Wh-question :
three
T take a taxi
because it´s late.
T Room 203.
U
E
U
E
E D
B. HAVE TO = TENER QUE
E MUST HAVE TO A
HAVE TO necesidad UST
obligación
I must go
I have to go
must work
has to work
A 131
D MUST
HAVE TO
(Present) I must go I have to go

debo ir tengo que ir
(Past) I had to go
tuve que ir
(Future) I will have to go
tendré que ir
(Present) must work has to work

tiene que trabajar
(Past) had to work
tuvo que trabajar
(Future) will have to work
tendrá que trabajar
E forma negativa HAVE TO DO /

DOES, DID, WILL + NOT DON´T / DOESN´T, DIDN´T, WON´T
doesn´t have to work

didn´t have to work
won´t have to work
E do/does/did/will
D have to work
D have to work
have to work
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Substitute the correct form of HAVE To for MUST in the following:
T
I
132 A
Ex. 2. Read the following with MUST. Then. change to past and future time:
I had to leave
I will have to leave
H
H E
Ex. 3. Change to past and future time:
Ex. 4. Change to negative form:
T
H
A 133
T
I
S
Ex. 5. Change to interrogative form. Then, ask questions with WHEN, WHERE, WHAT TIME, WHY, etc.
134 A
BASIC VOCABULARY:
PARTS OF THE BODY L C
1. The Head L
beard lip
brains moustache
cheek mouth
chin neck
ear nose
eye nostrils
eyebrow pupil
eyelash sideburns
eyelid skull
face temple
forehead throat
hair tongue
Head tooth /teeth
jaw
2. The Trunk E
back intestines
backbone kidney
bladder liver
bowels lung
breast navel
buttocks ribs
chest spleen
gall bladder stomach
heart waist
hip
3. The Limbs L
ankle limbs
arm little finger
armpit middle finger
calf nail
elbow palm
finger ring finger
foot / feet shin
hand shoulder
heel sole
index finger thigh
knee thumb
kneecap toe
knuckle wrist
leg
4. Related Words /riléitid we:rdz/ Palabras relacionadas
corn sigh
cough sneeze
freckle wart
hiccough wrinkle
mole yawn
Pins and needles
A 135
TIME EXPRESSIONS E T
now
at this moment
at present
for the time being
right now
today
yesterday
tomorrow
this morning
this afternoon
this evening
tonight
tomorrow morning
yesterday afternoon
last night
last week
next Monday
last Tuesday morning
next Sunday afternoon
the day after tomorrow
the day before yesterday
in the morning
in the afternoon
in the evening
at night
a week next Monday
a week last Sunday
in December last year
in the summer of 1976
every day
every week
every month
every year
every Monday morning
every other day
every other three days
once a day
twice a week
several times a month
many times a year
a long time ago
many years ago
ten minutes ago
not very long ago
ages ago
a short while ago
immediately
at once
right away
as soon as possible
always
generally
usually
frequently
often
occasionally
136 A
sometimes
rarely
seldom
hardly ever
never
from time to time
once in a while
now and then
A 137
Bl 138
Key to answers
UNIT 10
PART I.
Ex. 2. S CA
I O
S F
Ex. 3. A H D I L
H US S C H C H
C H T H
C H N S C H
H H DC H C N A
Ex. 4. O
Ex. 5. T
I S I I I
USA A A
PART II.
A.
Ex. 1. S C S C
C C C C C S S
S S C
Ex. 2. C H T
S T
Ex. 3. H T
H S I C I
S T H H
B.
Ex. 1. I T
I I
Ex. 2. H H H H
H H S
S I I
H H
Ex. 3. I I
T T
T T
H H
I I
Ex. 4. T H
S T I
A 139
Ex. 5.
140 A
UNIT 11
PART I. EL TIEMPO FUTURO CONTINUO (THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE)
E BE (WILL BE) GERUNDIO
WHEN + SUBJECT + PRESENT +

TOMORROW/ NEXT MONDAY, , when you come home this evening
when the program starts tonigh
T at ten oćlock tomorrow
at midday next Saturday at this time
tomorrow
will be having N
T will be working E
L will be travelling E L
E
T will be sleeping L
T will be flying T T E
T
L forma negativa forma interrogativa WILL NOT /

WON´T WILL
T won´t be working
T will not be sleeping
Will be travelling E
will be doing T
La pregunta habitual en este tiempo es :
WHAT WILL YOU BE DOING?
EXERCISES:
Ex. 1. Complete the following sentences using the verbs given in parentheses, in the Future Continuous Tense:
A I
A USA
I
T
S T
S
T
I
A 141
Ex.2. Change the following sentences into a) negative and b) interrogative:
Ex. 3. Ask questions using question words like What, Where, How long, etc.
T having dinner
A for 2 weeks
I in the lab
because it´s a holiday
I at the Carlton Hotel L
T at 12:30
attending a meeting T
taking their final exams
Ex. 4. Use the verbs provided in the Simple Future or the Future Contínuous Tense:
T
T
A
S
T
T C
S
C
Ex. 5. Review Practice. Use the proper verb tense of the verbs provided. Use the Present, the Past or the Future
tenses, in their Simple or Contínuous forms:
A
T
H
T E
T
S
II
H
142 A
T
A:
B:
A: H
B:
PART II
A. MAKING REQUESTS - (SOLICITANDO SERVICIOS O FAVORES)
Can you.+ infinitive...please? I C

Will you + infinitive..., please? I
Imperative, please + will you? I L
Could you + infinitive..., please? F C
Would you + infinitive..., please? F
Would you mind +...ing... please?
With pleasure C
Sure
Certainly
Of course
1. A: Could you help me, please? 2. A: Will you lend me your pen, please?
B: With pleasure B: Sure
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Ask somebody to do the following things, using Can you..., please?, or Will you...please?, instead of
the simple imperative form. (instead of = en vez de)
S
H
O
C
Ex. 2. Ask somebody to do the following things, using Could you...please? or Would you... please?
R
S
T
A 143
T
U
Ex. 3. Repeat the previous exercise using the polite form Would you mind...ing, please?
R
S
T
T
U
Ex. 4. Make requests. Follow the instructions carefully.
S S A
H S S I TH S
T A
T
T O I
S S
B. ASKING FOR PERMISSION (SOLICITANDO PERMISO)
Can I + Infinitive? I C I
May I + Infinitive? F I
Do you mind if I + Infinitive? F D I
Would you allow me to + Infinitive? F
N
• Sure, go ahead.
• Please do.
• Please don´t.
A: Can I use your computer, John? A: Do you mind if I open the window?
B: Sure, go ahead. B: Please don´t. It´s too cold.
144 A
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Ask permission to do things. Follow the instructions carefully.
T A
H S
S C
A
S
O I
I I I
C. OFFERING TO DO SOMETHING. (OFRECIENDOSE A HACER ALGO)
Shall I + Infinitive? S I
Do you want me to + Infinitive? D
Would you like me to + Infinitive? S
• Yes, please
• No, thank you. I I
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Offer yourself to do these things :
S I
I
D
S
S I
I
A 145
I
D
N I
I E
S I
I
D
N I
I S I
I
E
I F
D. INVITING OR SUGGESTING TO DO SOMETHING TOGETHER. (INVITANDO O SUGIRIENDO HACER ALGO EN

CONJUNTO)
Shall we + infinitive? S
Do you want to + Infinitive D
Would you like to + infinitive?
Why don´t we + Infinitive?
How about +...ing? H
Let´s + infinitive L
Las invitaciones o sugerencias de este tipo se responden con expresiones como las siguientes:
G L
S
S I I I I
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Invite or suggest your friends to do the following activities together:
T
G L
T L
T H
I I
T
O
146 A
T S
S T
T L
I
T
I I
T T H
I I
T
I I
PART III.
A. ALSO,TOO, AS WELL AND SO (TAMBIÉN); NOT... EITHER AND NEITHER / NOR (TAMPOCO); BUT (PERO)
Study the following chart
Also also
Too too
As well as well
SO S
Not... either n´t either
NEITHER S NOR S neither

O
nor
But but
but
BUT S C but
BUT S but
L ALSO, TOO AS WELL TAMBIEN Also

too as well
Escuche, lea y aprenda.
I
I also A
T A as well
L SO ALSO, TOO AS WELL

SO Verbo Modal + Sujeto
I
So I A
A 147
T A
L NOT...EITHER NEITHER NOR
I I
I n´t either A I n´t either
I I
N I A Nor I
L BUT
R didn´t see UT will go UT won´t

R didn´t see UT will go UT won´t
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Use ALSO / TOO / AS WELL, EITHER, or BUT
C
T
T
I I
I
E
S H F
D S
S S I
Ex. 2a. First use ALSO / TOO / AS WELL and then use SO, as in the examples:
also likes coffee

SO does JANE
I C
148 A
T I
Ex. 2b. Now, first use NOT...EITHER. Then use NEITHER (or NOR), as in the example
doesn’t like coffee either

NEITHER DOES JANE
I C
I T
T I
Ex. 3. Complete these sentences with BUT, as in the examples
likes coffee doesn´t

doesn´t like does
I C
A 149
S
T I
B. POSITION OF INDIRECT OBJECT (posición del complemento indirecto)
S Verbos Transitivos Complemento Directo (Direct Object) L To send

To buy E
What? E ”Peter sent a letter yesterday” “a letter”
What did Peter send yesterday” Del mismo modo “Mary bought a pair of shoes”
“What did Mary buy?
A Complemento Indirecto (Indirect Object). E

“Peter sent a letter to Mr Smith yesterday” el complemento indirecto es “Mr Smith” “Mary bought a pair
of shoes for her son”, el complemento indirecto es “her son” C
to for E
to whom? (¿a quién?) o for whom? (¿Para quién?) : “To whom did Peter send a letter yesterday”? “For
whom did Mary buy a pair of shoes”?
E
to for L
a letter to Mr Smith
Smith letter
a pair of shoes for her son

her son a pair of shoes
Ex. 1. Place the indirect object before the direct object:
H
S
H
H
T
H
150 A
H
H
T
Ex. 2, Place the indirect object after the direct object:
H
T
H
T
T
H
A 151
OUR HEALTH L
arthritis illness
blister insomnia
chicken-pox mumps
chilblain nervous breakdown
chills pain
cold rheumatism
colic runny nose
constipation sickness
diarrhea smallpox
disease sore throat
earache stomach-ache
fever stroke
flu tonsilítis
hay fever toothache
headache typhus
health whooping cough
heart attack
152 A
KEY TO ANSWERS
UNIT 11
PART I
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2. T H H
T
Ex. 3. H A
I
L A T
Ex. 4.
Ex.5.
D D
PART II
A.
Ex. 1. C C C
C C C C
Ex. 2. C C C
C C C
C
Ex. 3.
Ex. 4. C C
C C
C C
B.
Ex. 1. C I I D I I D I C I
I D I C I I D I
C.
Ex. 1.
D.
Ex. 1.
A 153
PART III
A.
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2a. C C I
I I I S
S
H H I I
I
I
T I
T I
T T
Ex. 2b. C C I
I I
I S S
H H I
I
I
I
T I T I
T
T
Ex. 3. C C I
I I I S
S H
H I I
I I
T I T I
T T
B.
Ex. 1. H S H H T
H H H
T
H
Ex. 2. H T H
T
T H
T
154 A
PART TWO
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
A 155
Bl 156
UNIT 12
PART I EL TIEMPO PRESENTE PERFECTO (THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE)
INTRODUCCIÓN
S TIEMPOS PERFECTOS HAVE
PARTICIPIO PASADO C U
R VERBOS
REGULARES Pasado Pasado Participio sufijo -d -ed
E To work - worked - worked; To decide - decided - decided; To study - studied - studied S
VERBOS IRREGULARES Pasado Pasado Participio
U C
T HAVE HABER
Presente Pasado Futuro
Inglés Español Inglés Español Inglés Español
I I I
T T T
H E H E H E
S E S E S E
I E E I E E I E E
N N H N
U U U
T E T E T E
Ejemplos: I
I
I
T E
T E
T E
EL TIEMPO PRESENTE PERFECTO (THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE)
E presente HAVE have HAS PASADO

PARTICIPIO R I
H S
I have seen
I ´ve been
has written
´s bought
have finished N
T ´ve answered E
A 157
El Presente Perfecto se usa en los siguientes casos:
acción que acaba de suceder E JUST
T has just arrived E

T ve just left E
una acción que ha ocurrido antes BEFORE últimamente LATELY sin especificar
cuándo exactamente ella ocurrió
I I´ve seen before E
S ´s been lately E
acción expresada por el verbo ha sido realizada varias veces L

once twice several times many times
three or four times etc
I´ve seen twice

´ve been N several times N N
a una acción que comenzó en el pasado y ha continuado hasta el día de hoy, hasta este
momento L SINCE FOR
since fecha u hora for período
T has worked since 1992 T

have lived for several years H
S HAVE YOU EVER...? H U
A Have you ever H

N N
A Have they ever T
T S E
T ALREADY YET Already

yet E
already yet
158 A
I´ve already seen

haven´t had yet N
Has arrived already/yet? H
E NOT HAVE/HAS G
HAVEN´T HASN´T E
have/has
They have seen E

They haven´t seen
Have they seen
How many times have they seen
Mary has sold
Mary hasn´t sold
Has Mary sold
Why has Mary sold
La pregunta habitual en este tiempo verbal es:
What have you done? U
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Estudie el Pasado Participio de los siguientes verbos irregulares:
Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle Spanish
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
A 159
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
Ex. 2. Complete las siguientes oraciones usando el verbo dado en el tiempo Presente Perfecto:
T H
T H
S
S
I I
H
H C H A
S F H
T
I I I I
Ex. 3. Cambie las siguientes oraciones a) al negativo y b) al interrogativo.
T T
160 A
Ex. 4. Formule preguntas usando palabras interrogativas como What, Where, When, How, How long, etc.
T three times
T a new house
H because he´s ill
T for over a year
T ten
since 1989
I a ham sandwich
in Chicago and Boston
A because she´s been too busy
T nothing
for more than two hours
T three
Ex. 5. Conteste las siguientes preguntas usando las expresiones dadas después de cada pregunta:
H
H USA S
I
H UFO N
H O
H
H N
H S C
Ex. 6. Traduzca las siguientes oraciones al inglés.
E G
E
H
E I
C U
C U E
D
PART II
A. PLURALIZATION OF NOUNS (LA PLURALIZACIÓN DE LOS SUSTANTIVOS)
E I E
Ejemplos:
A 161
L -s, -sh, -ch, -x, -z -es
-se, -ce, -ge, -s
Ejemplos:
O
O
O
O
L -y -s
-y -y -i -es
Ejemplos:
L -f -fe -f -fe -ves
Ejemplos:
A -ief, -ff, -oof, -s
Ejemplos:
L -o -es
solo, piano,
soprano, banjo L -o
-s
Ejemplos:
162 A
Excepciones
L mosquito /moskitou/ tornado / to:rnéidou / volcano / volkéinou / zero / zíarou /

-s -es mosquitos/mosquitoes /moskitouz/ tornados/tornadoes /to:rnéidouz/ volcanos/volcanoes
/volkéinouz/ zeros/zeroes /zíarouz/
Ejemplos:
man men
woman women
child children
tooth teeth
foot feet
goose geese
louse lice
mouse mice
ox oxen
Ejemplos:
Ejemplos:
A 163
B. USE OF INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS. (Uso de los infinitivos y los gerundios)
S Infinitivo To + la forma simple de un verbo principal: to go, to speak, to write E gerundio

forma simple de un verbo principal + el sufijo -ING: going, speaking, writing. U
Sujeto de una oración Playing

Complemento directo de un verbo I playing
C A playing
A I surprising
A TO
BE tiempos continuos o progresivos I am playing I was playing
E GERUNDIO To enjoy I enjoy reading

TO + INFINITIVO T I want to read BARE
INFINITIVE To To make H made do T
TO + INFINITIVO GERUNDIO I like to swim I swimming
1. VERB + GERUND
L seguidos de un gerundio
To admit To keep
To avoid To mind
To consider To miss
To delay To postpone
To deny To appreciate
To enjoy To risk
To fancy To quit
To finish To suggest
To imagine To practise
To involve
Ejemplos: mind closing

I enjoy walking
A finish typing
E TO GO gerundio
To go boating To go shopping
To go bowling To go sightseeing
To go camping To go skating
To go dancing To go skiing
To go fishing To go skydiving
To go hang gliding To go swimming
To go hiking To go trekking
To go jogging To go water-skiing
To go running To go window-shopping
To go sailing
Ejemplos: I go jogging
goes shopping S
T went sightseeing
164 A
T gerundio
H
To accuse someone of
To apologize for
To be accustomed to
To be afraid of
To be capable of
To be fond of
To be tired of
To be used to
To carry on
To dream of/about
To feel like
To forgive somebody for
To get through
To get used to
To give up
To go on
To insist on
To keep on
To look forward to
To prevent somebody from
To put off
To succeed in
To talk about
Ejemplos:
given up smoking
T kept on talking
A is fond of gardening
I look forward to seeing
living
L gerundio
There´s no use N T
It´s no use E I
There´s not much point in N T
Is this... worth I
Is it worthwhile I
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Use the correct preposition in the blank space and the gerund of the verbs in parentheses.
H
T
E
H
Ex. 2. Supply the gerund form of the verb in parentheses
T
H
A 165
T
T
T
F
I
Ex. 3. Complete each sentence with one of these verbs:
answer apply be be listen make see try use wash work write
H
C
I
I I
H
I
H
I
H F
I I
C
S
Ex. 4. Complete the sentences for each situation using -ing.
Ann: Bob:
Ann: D Bob: N
Ann: Bob: S
Ann: Bob: G
A
Ann: Bob: N
Ann: C Bob: S
Ex. 5. Complete the sentences so that they mean the same as the first sentence. Use -ING.
I I
I
I
I
S
S
T
T
166 A
C
Ex. 6. Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use gerunds.
S I I talking to her
I
I
I I
I I
I
Ex. 7. Supply the correct preposition and the gerund form of the verb in parentheses:
T
T
Ex. 8. Join the following pairs of sentences by using INSTEAD OF
I I
I will play tennis instead of working in the garden today.
S S
T T
H H
H H H
T T
A 167
Ex. 9. Complete the sentences by using GERUNDS. Add a preposition after the gerund, if necessary.
I going to/visiting
T T
C
I I
I
S
I
I N C
A A I
A D N I L
A N I
Ex. 10. Complete the sentences in the dialogues. Use the expressions in the list or your own words. Be sure
to use a gerund in each sentence.
buy a new car rain do my homework read a good book

do things repeat that get a Toyota smoke
go to the zoo on Saturday help him try tap your fingernails on the table
A
H raining
A
L
A I H I
D H
A N I
A
I
A G I I I I O
A I
T
A I
A A
A
A A T
O I
A
I T
A
S
A C
D
A S I
168 A
A D
H I
A I
O I T
Ex. 11. Answer the questions. Use the expressions GO +...ING
S
She likes to go swimming
L N H
S
H
S S
S
O S T
C H
H
S
S
S
G
T
T T I
T T
T
T
T
C T
A 169
BASIC VOCABULARY:
A. PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
English Spanish Example

about USA
above
across
after
against
along
among
around
at
at the back of
at the bottom of
at the top of
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
besides C
between
beyond
by
despite
down
during
far from L
for
from USA
in
in front of
in the corner of
inside
into
near
next to
of
off
on
onto
opposite
out
out of
outside
over
since
through
till
to
towards
under
until S
up
with
within
without
170 A
B. Connectors
Coordinating conjunctions:
and both...and...
or either...or
so neither...nor
for not only...but also
not yet
Adverbial connectives:
accordingly last(ly)
actually likewise
although meanwhile
anyway moreover
besides nevertheless
consequently next
despite nonetheless
equally otherwise
finally similarly
first so
furthermore subsequently
hence then
however therefore
indeed thus
initially instead
Phrasal adverbial connectives
after all in fact

as a consequence in addition
as a matter of fact in spite of that
as a result in the first place
even so in the meantime
first of all in the same way
for example on one hand
for instance on the other hand
for one thing to begin with
for that reason to start with
Examples:
and T H
Both and T H
H but
H so
A yet
H besides
H moreover E
T furthermore
T E in addition
I however
nevertheless
I nonetheless
On one hand on the other hand
First then
A 171
Bl 172
Key to answers
UNIT 12
A.
Ex. 2.
Ex. 3. T H
H T H T
H H T
H
Ex. 4. H T
H T H H
A
H H
Ex. 5. N I N I
N I
Ex. 6. I T T
H T
T E
C H
B.
Ex.1
Ex. 2.
Ex. 3.
Ex. 4. D
Ex. 5.
Ex. 6.
Ex. 7.
Ex. 8. S
Ex. 9.
A 173
Ex. 10. T
S
Ex. 11.
174 A
UNIT 13
PART 1. EL TIEMPO PRESENTE PERFECTO CONTINUO (THE PRESENT PERFECCT CONTINUOUS)
E To Be HAVE BEEN HAS BEEN
GERUNDIO
E en forma ininterrumpida
N
T has been working T
T have been living E
ve been studying E N
I ´s been raining H
Compare:
H ´s worked E
H ´s been working E
T ´ve lived S E
T ´ve been living E
L HAVEN´T BEEN HASN´T BEEN GERUNDIO

forma interrogativa HAVE/HAS
T hasn´t been working

T
Have they been H
H have been practising E C
L pregunta más habitual
WHAT HAVE YOU BEEN DOING? U
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Complete the following sentences using the verb provided in the Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
T
T
T
T
A 175
I
T
A
T
T
Ex. 2. Change the following sentences into a) negative, and b) interrogative.
H C
Ex. 3. Ask questions using question words like What, Where, When, How long, etc.
T R H
176 A
PART II. USE OF INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS. (II)
A. VERB + TO-INFINITIVE
C TO WANT TO DECIDE TO WISH TO PLAN

to+Infinitive
To agree A To hope E
To afford D To learn A
To aim A To manage C
To arrange C To mean T
To ask S To offer O
To attempt I To plan
To claim R To pretend F
To decide D To promise
To deserve To refuse R
To fail N To threaten A
To forget O To want
Ejemplos:
S I agreed to lend
I afford to buy H
aim to increase E
T attempted to escape
wants to study T doesn´t want to do
I to help S promised not to be
T to know
1. Verb + to be + adjective
E TO APPEAR TO PRETEND
TO SEEM TO TEND
T seem to be very annoyed

T students to be negligent
2. Verb + to be +Gerund (Continuous Infinitive)
L TO APPEAR TO PRETEND TO SEEM TO

TEND TO BE + Gerund
appeared to be suffering
T seem to be doing
H pretended to be reading
A 177
3. Verb + to have + Past Participle Perfect Infinitive)
H TO HAVE Pasado Participio
T to have been
to have lost
T IRA claimed to have planted
4. Verb + Wh... + to-Infinitive
D TO ASK TO DECIDE TO KNOW TO

UNDERSTAND palabra interrogativa to+infinitivo
asked how to get

H you where to go
I whether to apply
D understand what to do
5. Verb + Somebody+ wh + to-infinitive
L TO SHOW mostrar TO TELL decir TO ASK pedir, solicitar TO ADVISE aconsejar

TO TEACH enseñar complemento indirecto Peter,Mary, the student, me, him,
them, palabra interrogativa what, where, when, to-infinitive
C someone show me how to change

I told them what to do where to go L
taught us how to use
6. Verb + (somebody) + to-infinitive
L to-Infinitive Complemento Indirecto + to-Inifinitive
T I want to go I you to go
T H asked to take part H us to take part
T expect to be you to be
T I begged to see I them to see
T T mean to do I you to do
I I would like to go I you to go
I I´d prefer to do I them to do
I I´d love to go I you to go
I I´d hate to do I the boys to do
B. VERB + BARE INFINITIVE
L TO MAKE hacer, obligar TO LET permitir, dejar BARE INFINITIVO I

TO en la siguiente estructura
TO MAKE / TO LET + Somebody + bare infinitive
make me feel N make me TO feel T

T made Sally open E A
H makes me feel E
H wouldn´t let her go out S
Let me carry
go out
178 A
C. VERBO + GERUND o BARE INFINITIVE
L TO SEE ver TO HEAR oir TO WATCH observar

bare infinitive
Ejemplos:
I crossing L cruzando
I cross L cruzar
singing L cantando
sing L cantar
D. VERB + SOMEBODY + TO-INFINITIVE/BARE INFINITIVE
E TO HELP to-Infinitive bare Infinitive
Ejemplo:
C help me to lift / lift
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Complete the sentences for each situation.
T S
T
C I N I
L H O
T
I
T
Ex. 2. Complete each sentence with a suitable verb.
D I
T
I
I S S
N
Ex. 3. Put the verb into the correct form to-Infinitive or -ing
I I I
I
I D
I I
T T
I I
O
A 179
I
H I
I I
Ex. 4. Make a new sentence using the verb in brackets.
H H
T
E
T
D
T
Ex. 5. Complete each sentence using what/how/whether + one of these verbs:
do get go ride say use

D
C
I I
I I
Ex. 6. Complete the questions. Use DO YOU WANT ME TO...? or WOULD YOU LIKE ME TO...? with one of these
verbs TO COME, TO LEND, TO REPEAT, TO SHOW, TO SHUT, TO WAIT
D
H
S I
D
D I
C
Ex. 7. CompIete the sentences for each situation.
S L H O
Sue told Hans to lock the door
T
I
T
C I N
S H D I
S
T C
T
Ex. 8. Complete these sentences so that the meaning is similar to the first sentence.
I
I
180 A
D
L
H
G
I
I
D
R
A I S
S
I
I
I
H
Ex. 9. Put the verb in the right form : -ing or infinitive (with or without to).
S
I I I
I
S
H
I T
T I
C
E. VERBS +...ING/TO-INFINITIVE
A
L TO PREFER TO BEGIN TO START
TO CONTINUE TO LI E TO LOVE TO
HATE TO INTEND CAN´T STAND
L TO REMEMBER TO REGRET TO STOP

TO GO ON
I started snowing I started to snow

continued working continued to work
I like listening I I like to listen I
I love going I love to go
I can´t stand waiting I can´t stand to wait
I remember doing I I R
I remembered to do I I I
I regret saying I I I L
I regret to say I I L
T working
T T to rest
T went on talking H E
A went on to talk D
A 181
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Complete the sentences with the TO-INFINITIVE or the GERUND form of the words in parentheses.
I to study
I cooking
H talking/to talk
S
A
I
T N
E
I T
I
D
S
I I
I
D
T I
I
A
Ex. 2. Use the verb provided in the correct form: TO-INFINITIVE or GERUND. Sometimes either form is
possible.
T
I
I I
I
H
C
C
I
O
T
A S
H I
I
T
Ex. 3. Complete these sentences with a suitable verb in the correct form: TO-INFINITIVE or GERUND.
to lock
A
D A
A D
N I I
182 A
S I
I
H
A
I I
L S
T I
T I
Ex. 4. (Review) Use the verbs given in the correct form, GERUND, TO-INFINITIVE, BARE INFINITIVE. Remember
that in some cases you have two alternatives and that sometimes there is a change in the meaning.
I I
I I
D
I I I
I F
I
I
I A I
C G
I
L S
T
T
I I
T T
I
I
H
I D S
A 183
PART III
TAG ENDINGS.
L Tag Endings
E ¿Verdad? ¿No es cierto? S
entonación descendente.
isn´t she? is she?

don´t you? do you?
didn´t he? did he?
T F can´t they? T F can they?
T hasn´t he? T has he?
C U tag endings
Sujeto + aseveración afirmativa Contracción+ Pronombre (Nunca un nombre)
isn´t she?
don´t you?
T F can´t he?
Sujeto + aseveración negativa Verbo Modal + Pronombre (Nunca un nombre)
is she?
do you?
T F can he?
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Add the proper tag ending:
H He comes here every day, doesn’t he?)

S F
T
H
H
H
S
H
H
T
I
S
Ex. 2. Add the proper tag ending. Note that all these sentences are formed with the verb To BE, used either as
the main verb or as the auxiliary verb:
John is a good student, isn’t he?)

T
T
H E
I
G
184 A
S
T
T
Mary goes shopping every day, doesn’t she?)

S
T
T
T
T
T
H He doesn’t come here every day, does he?)

S
T
S F
T
H
S
T
T
H
T
John often walks to the post office, doesn’t

he?)
H
H S
H
T
T
H
H
H
H
H
H
A 185
Ex. 6. You think, but you are not sure. Ask questions, using tag endings. Read these examples:
S Mary speaks Spanish, doesn`t she?

The children can`t swim well, can they?
186 A
BASIC VOCABULARY: S
SPORTS AND RECREATION D R
amusement park lawn

angling match
athletics movie theater
baths museum
beach night club
bowling oar
boxing obstacle hurdle
car-racing paddling
casino park
cinema pentathlon
circus picnic
climbing ride
competition rink
court rowing
cycling running
championship seaside resort
disco sightseeing tour
diving skating
drive skiing
excursion skiing resort
exhibition sneakers
expedition surfing
fair sweat-shirt
fencing swimming
field sword
fishing theater
game tour
gliding tournament
green track
horse riding trekking
horse-racing trip
hunting trunks
hurdling T-shirt
ice-skating voyage
javelin walk
jogging water-skiing
journey weight-lifting
jumping S
A 187
Bl 188
Key to answers
UNIT 13
PART I.
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2. H H T H
H T H
H
Ex. 3. H
H
H
PART II.
A.
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2.
Ex. 3.
Ex. 4. H T
E T D
T
Ex. 5.
Ex. 6.
I
Ex. 7. H
Ex. 8.
Ex. 9.
B.
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2.
Ex. 3.
A 189
Ex. 4.
C.
Ex. 1. S T H H
H S H
H T I
I S
Ex. 2. T T H
I I G
I S T T
Ex. 3. S
T
T T T
T
Ex. 4. S T S
T H S T
T H T
Ex. 5. H H H T
T
H H H
H H H
Ex. 6. E
T T
T
T I I T
190 A
UNIT 14
PART 1. EL TIEMPO PASADO PERFECTO (THE PAST PERFECT TENSE)
E pasado del verbo modal Have HAD el Participio Pasado
una acción que ocurrió antes que otra acción sucediera
D
H
Hans had left you phoned
H
T
The show had already started Paul arrived at the theater
E
T T
the ambulance arrived, the old man had already died
C
A C
WHEN + S + PASADO SIMPLE: When you phoned this morning; When Paul arrived at
the theatre; By the time the ambulance arrived.
Compare:
They were having lunch

E L
They had already had lunch

E L
E C (They were having lunch)

(when you called)
(They had already had lunch) (when you called)
L HAD NOT HADN´T Participio Pasado

HAD R yet
already E what, where, how,
H had not left

T hadn´t started yet
T hadn´t died
Had Hans left

Had the show started
Where had they lived S
WHAT HAD YOU DONE?
A 191
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Complete the following sentences using the appropriate verbs in the Past Perfect tense.
I
T
S
A T
T
T
Ex. 2. Complete the following sentences using the verbs provided either in the Simple Past or in the Past
Perfect Tenses.
S
T I
T
T R
G A
I I
A I
Ex. 3. Change the following sentences into a) the negative, and b) the interrogative. Remember in the negative
you must use YET instead of ALREADY.
192 A
Ex. 4. Ask questions using question words like What, Where, When, How, How long, etc.
three
D at Harvard University
T UCLA in 1945
sold his house
T F A at 23:25
H A for 29 years
T over US $ 3.000 T
three
John
T French
E
E USA
D
E
E
E
A 193
PART II.
A. FORMATION OF ADVERBS; COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
1. Formation of adverbs
-ly
T slow I slowly
careful H carefully
slow slowly
quick quickly
careful carefully
happy happily
certain certainly
safe safely
E
-ly
Examples:
T hard I hard
T early early
E HARDLY LATELY
Compare:
hard hardly S
T late I lately
2. Comparison of adverbs
C C A U
ER ORE N GRADO
COMPARATIVO DE LOS ADVERBIOS MORE+ ADVERB + THAN
more carefully than

more quickly than
A more slowly than
C SOON, FAST, EARLY, LATE HARD

-ER. THAN
sooner than
A faster than
later
harder than
I earlier than
194 A
H
well better
badly worse
far farther
well better than

badly worse
T far farther
L AS +ADVERB.+ AS
E as well as H
H as early as I
EXERCISES
Ex. 1 Supply the adverb form of the adjective in parentheses:
quickly
S E
H
S
H
H
S
T
Ex. 2. Supply the proper form: adjective or adverb:
H
H
H
T
H
I
T
Ex. 3. Express the words in parentheses in comparative form:
I
H
I
T
H
S
H I
I
H
A 195
I
H
T
Ex. 4. Express in full form, using equality of comparison:
H I
H
E I
H
S
H
H
T
S
H
5. Express in full form, using equality of comparison:
H I
H
S
I I
H
H
S
H
H
B. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
L
Singular Plural
myself ourselves
yourself yourselves
himself
herself themselves
itself
S acciones reflejas
cut himself se cortó

T killed themselves L se suicidaron
S “mismo”, “personalmente”
T himself E R personalmente
I myself mismo
196 A
S by) “alone”
T by himself E solo
H I by myself H solo
T by herself L sola
EXERCISES
Ex. 1 Supply the correct reflexive pronoun:
T
H
S
S
D
T
I
T
H
Ex. 2. Supply the correct reflexive pronoun (emphatic use):
I myself
H
H
T
T
S
T
Ex. 3. For the word ALONE substitute the preposition BY with the correct reflexive pronoun:
alone
S alone
I alone
D alone
H alone
alone
H alone
H alone
I alone
I alone
alone
H alone
A 197
C. EL PASADO DE “GOING TO” (subject + was / were going to + infinitive)
are going to play N vamos a jugar fútbol

were going to play N íbamos a jugar fútbol
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Substitute the past form of GOING To for the italicized, verbs:
I I
I was going to call you yesterday but I forgot.
I
I I
I I
called on
T N
Ex. 2. Answer the questions as in the example
Ann: D
You: N I I I
Ann: D
You: N I I
Ann: D S
You: N I
Ann: D
You: N I
198 A
NATURE L N
a) Geography
air landscape
archipelago moon
bay mountain range
beach ocean
canal peak summit
canyon peninsula
countryside planet
city pond
cliff prairy
coastline rain forest
comet river
continent satellite
country sea
creek shore
channel slopes
desert solar system
earth space
forest spring
galaxy star
ground strait(s)
harbour stream
hill town
island valley
ithmus village
jungle volcano
lake water
land waterfalls
landmark
b) Vegetation
branch plant
bush roots
flower seed
fruit shrub
grass tree
leaf leaves trunk
c) Animals A
alligator flea
ant fly
bear goose geese
bee hare
bird hen
bird of prey horse
búfalo horsefly
bumblebee insect
butterfly lion
cat louse lice
cock cockerel monkey
A 199
cow mouse mice
crocodile ostrich
chicken rabbit
deer rat
dog rhinoceros
dolphin seagull
donkey seal
dragonfly shellfish
duck snake
eagle squirrel
elephant tiger
fish turkey
flamingo whale
200 A
Key to answers
UNIT 14
PART I
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2
Ex. 3 T H T T H
H H T
H H
Ex. 4 H D
UCLA A
F A H A H
T H
Ex. 5 . T I H
S T
USA S
S H
PART II.
A.
Ex. 1
Ex. 2 .
Ex. 3.
Ex. 4.
Ex. 5.
B.
Ex 1
Ex. 2 .
A 201
Ex. 3. S I D
H H
H I I
H
C.
Ex. 1. I
I I
I
T N
Ex. 2. I I I
I I
T
202 A
UNIT 15
PART 1. EL TIEMPO PASADO PERFECTO CONTINUO (THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE)
E BE HAD BEEN GERUNDIO
N continuidad
T had worked
E
T had been working

E
T d played
E
T d been playing
E
L HAD NOT HADN´T E HAD
T had not been working

E
Had been playing

H
How long had been playing

C
L pregunta más frecuente
WHAT HAD YOU BEEN DOING?
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Complete the following sentences using the appropriate verb in the Past Perfect Continuous tense
T T
T
G G
T
T
N
A 203
Ex. 2. Change the following sentence into a) the negative, and b) the interrogative
T S
Ex. 3. Ask questions using question words like What, Where, How long, etc.
T studying the report
T the stars
S because he was planning to take a trip to Africa
T for about 20 years
H for 2 decades
L S
H E
204 A
PART II.
A. PAST TENSE OF SHOULD - OUGHT TO
L SHOULD OUGHT TO E
HAVE + UN PAST PARTICIPLE E
R OUGHT TO
I F F
I SHOULD HAVE STARTED F I
F
D
OUGHT TO HAVE COME D
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Supply the proper past tense form of SHOULD or OUGHT TO (Alternate should and ought to )
H should have studied

ought to have telephoned
I
H
H E H
I
S
Ex. 2. Complete the following in your own words, using constructions with SHOULD HAVE or OUGHT TO HAVE:
H S
H S S
H
S
H R
H
H
B. IDIOMATIC VERB PHRASES: “WOULD RATHER” AND “HAD BETTER”
E bare infinitive I
“to” A
L “I WOULD RATHER WATCH TV” T “I prefer to watch TV”

“You HAD BETTER SEE a doctor right away” S
I
A 205
E WOULD RATHER HAD BETTER
I d rather
H ´d better
E NOT WOULD RATHER HAD BETTER A

WOULD HAD
I´d rather not ´d better not

would rather had I better
A WOULD RATHER PREFER...... TO o

LIKE..... BETTER THAN
I prefer to I like better than

I prefer T to I like T better than
I´d rather than
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Change these sentences to introduce WOULD RATHER:
I I
S
I
T
I
I S A
H
I
T
Ex. 2. Change these sentences to introduce HAD BETTER
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I H E
Ex.3 Complete the sentences with THAN, BETTER THAN or TO.
I I prefer to
I I like better than
I I’d rather than
I
I
I
I I
I
T
206 A
T
T
T
D
I
I T
C. MODAL VERBS (II)
1. COULD (DO SOMETHING) AND COULD HAVE (DONE SOMETHING)
C COULD CAN
L I can hear
I I could hear
COULD
E COULD podría, podrías,
podríamos, etc
John:
Mary: could go T R
I could go for a walk
N could stay
Jim: I
Tom: I I could
T COULD E COULD
MIGHT
T I could be T T
I T could arrive
I I could sleep E
I I could have slept E
COULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
S could have stayed
H could have hurt himself
A 207
A “WOULD HAVE BEEN ABLE TO”
L S could have got

could have gone away (podríamos haber salido)
T couldn´t have gone
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Answer the questions with a suggestion. Use COULD.
S We could go to Scotland.
I A
I A
T F
Ex. 2 Put in CAN or COULD. Sometimes either word is possible.
A T I T
I I
I
I I I
I H N
H
T
T
Ex. 3. Complete the sentences. Use COULD or COULD HAVE + a suitable verb.
A I
A I
A T
S
A D
N
A
I
Ex. 4. Read this information about Ken:
Ken didn’t do anything on Saturday evening. Ken was short of money last week.
Ken doesn’t know anything about machines. Ken´s car was stolen on Monday.
Ken was free on Monday afternoon. Ken had to work on Friday evening.
S S
T
H
A F
208 A
S
H
2. MUST, CAN´T, MUST HAVE, AND CAN´T HAVE
S MUST
must be D
A
A must be joking D H
C must get very bored S
C CAN´T
can´t be hungry N
T T can´t know N
E MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE o CAN´T HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

E
G H T must
have gone out D
T I I must have been asleep D
S can´t have seen N
I T He must have been watching T H
can´t have been sleeping D T N
must be
T must have
S can´t have
H must have T
H can´t have
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Put in MUST or CAN’T.
T I
T I
I
C
Ex. 2 Complete the sentences with a verb in the correct form.
I I
T T
T H
T H
A 209
T I I S
C S
L H
I S
A I
T H H
Ex. 3. Read the situations and use the words in brackets to write sentences with MUST HAVE and CAN’T HAVE.
T I I 1 must have been asleep.
I I
F I I
I I
3. MAY / MIGHT AND MAY HAVE / MIGHT HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
L MAY / MIGHT
I I
S S E
L MAY NOT MIGHT NOT
I
I I I
I
E MAY HAVE + past participle MIGHT HAVE + past participle
A I
S may have been
A I
might have left it
A I S
S might not have known
A I C
H may not have been feeling
210 A
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Write these sentences in a different way using MAY (or MIGHT)), MAY HAVE (or MIGHT HAVE).
She might be in her office.
In sentences 9-11 use MAY NOT or MIGHT NOT.
Ex. 2 Complete the sentences with a verb in the correct form.
I H be having lunch
A I I
A I I
I T
S I T H
Ex. 3 Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets. Use MAY or MIGHT.
I G I
He may have gone shopping.
He might be playing tennis
I H D
T
I H
T I
Ex. 4. Complete the sentences using MIGHT, MIGHT NOT or COULD, COULDN’T.
A D
N She couldn´t have seen me
A I
T She might not have seen you
A I A
S
A T I
I H
A I D
T
A H I
T
A 211
VOCABULARY: Study these words
THE WEATHER E A
blizzard rainfall
breeze scattered shower
cloud shower
cloudy sleet
cold wave snowfall
cyclone snowflake
dew sunny
downpour sunny intervals
drizzle sunny patches
drought sunny spells
flood thunder
flashflood thunderbolt
fog thunderstorm
foggy thundery
frost tornado
gale twister
hail typhoon
heat wave whirlwind
hurricane wind
ice windy
landslide
lightning flash
mist
misty
212 A
Key to answers
UNIT 15
PART I
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2. S H I H
H I H I T
H T H
Ex. 3. S
H H
Ex. 4.
H T
I I T S
T
PART II
A.
Ex. 1. H H
Ex. 2. R
T U S F E
B.
Ex. 1. S I T I
T I S A
H I T
Ex. 2. H H S
H
E
Ex. 3.
C.1.
Ex. 1.
F
Ex. 2.
Ex. 3.
A 213
Ex. 4.
H H
F H
C.2.
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2.
Ex. 3. S I T I
T S
S I I T
T
C. 3.
Ex. 1. S S S S
S S
S S S
S
Ex. 2.
Ex. 3. S T S I
H H
Ex. 4.
214 A
UNIT 16
PART I. EL TIEMPO FUTURO PERFECTO (THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE)
E E
WILL HAVE PASADO PARTICIPIO L
F by + una fecha futura como by December 15th,
by the end of this month, by this time next week, T WHEN /
IF + S + PRESENTE SIMPLE + UNA FECHA FUTURA When Peter gets home tonight
When we get to that town tomorrow if they arrive after
10 tomorrow
Escuche, lea y aprenda :
By December 15th, we will have lived in this country five years.

H
By the end of this month the spaceship will have reached Jupiter.
H
When Peter gets home tonight, I will have had dinner already. C
When we get to that town tomorrow, we´ll have travelled more than twelve hours.
C
If our team wins the next game, we will have gotten our third trophy.
S
L WILL NOT HAVE + past participle

WILL
T will have finished

T will not/won´t have finished
Will have finished
What time will have finished
La pregunta habitual en este tiempo es:
WHAT WILL YOU HAVE DONE? U
Note como la palabra WHEN cambia el significado de las siguientes oraciones:
You come T vienes

you come C vengas
I have tengo
I have C tenga
S is E está
she is C esté
A 215
EXERCISES
Ex. 1 Complete the following sentences using the verbs provided in the Future Perfect Tense.
I
I
I
D
I O
I
N S
Ex. 2. What things will you have done:

a) by the end of this month?
b) by the end of this year?, and
c) when you retire?
Write at least three sentences for each question.
I E
216 A
L
S U
PART II.
A. SEQUENCE OF VERB TENSES (CONCORDANCIA DE TIEMPOS VERBALES)
PRINCIPAL VERB SUBORDINATE VERB
PRESENT
F
PAST
C
S concordancia de los tiempos verbales
C verbo principal TIEMPO PRESENTE verbos

subordinados TIEMPO PRESENTE TIEMPO FUTURO
C verbo principal TIEMPO PASADO verbos subordinados

TIEMPO PASADO POTENCIAL
D am / is / are, do / does, will, have / has, can, must, may

was / were, did, would, had, could, had to, might
says knows dice conoce

said knew dijo conocía
H is R E es R
H was R E era R
T thinks can T cree puede

T thought could T creía podría
T says will E dice vendrá

T said would E dijo vendría
T say must E dicen deben

T said had to E dijeron debían
A 217
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Change to past tense, following the rule of sequence of tenses:
H
I I
H
I
H
H
T
I
I
H
T
H
I
T
T
I
I
I
I
Ex. 2. Choose the correct form:
H
H
H
I
T
S
I I
H
S
I
I
S
B. THE PRESENT TENSE AFTER IF (EL TIEMPO PRESENTE DESPUES DE IF )
S TIEMPO PRESENTE IF
I comes “will come” tomorrow

I rains “will rain” next Sunday
D PRESENTE WHEN UNTIL

AS SOON AS BEFORE AFTER UNLESS AS LONG AS
218 A
When comes this evening Cuando venga

As soon as I see S tomorrow I En cuanto vea S
until arrives within ten or fifteen minutes E hasta que llegue
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Supply the correct form of the verb in parentheses:
C
D I
I
I
A
D
I
I
Ex. 2. Insert the missing conjunction: UNTIL, WHEN, AS SOON AS, AS LONG AS, WHILE, BEFORE, etc.:
I I N F
D
T S
I
I I
PART III. USE OF “ELSE” Y “OR ELSE”.

A. ELSE
E SOME, ANY NO (somebody / someone, something,

somewhere; anybody / anyone, anything, anywhere; nobody / no one, nothing, nowhere)
some other person, any other person, no other person, some other thing, any other thing
Somebody else A
I anything else H
A 219
B. OR ELSE
E if not T
or else
H or else
or else
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Substitute the correct expression with ELSE for the words in italics:
D any other place

No other person
some other person
H I some other place
T any other place
D any other thing
L some other thing
I any other person
C I any other thing S
T no other person
D any other thing
any other place
Ex. 2. Join the following pairs of sentences, substituting OR ELSE for the words in italics:
If we don’t
If you don’t
If we don´t
T If you don’t
S If you don’t
If you don’t
E If you don’t
I If I don’t
H If she doesn’t
If you don’t
220 A
Ex. 3. Repeat the previous exercise, but this time substitute the word OTHERWISE for the words in italics:
otherwise
THE WORKSHOP E T
axe saw
bolt scissors
bucket screw
drill screwdriver
file soldering-iron
hammer spade
jack spanner
lathe square
lever tongs
measuring tape vise
nail washer
needle welding torch
nut wire
plane workbench
pliers wrench
A 221
Bl 222
Key to answers
UNIT 16
PART I.
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2. O
Ex. 3. T H
I
T I E I
PART II.
A.
Ex. 1. H I I H I
H H T
I I
H T H
I T
T I I
I I
Ex. 2.
B.
Ex. 1
Ex. 2.
PART III.
Ex. 1. D N
H I T D
L C I
S T D
Ex. 2.
T S
E
H
Ex. 3.
T S
E
H
A 223
Bl 224
UNIT 17
PART 1. THE PASSIVE VOICE
H voz activa voz pasiva E
verbo transitivo (transitive verb)
complemento directo (direct object)
Peter wrote the letter last year. Mary prepares the meals in the kitchen
S T DO S T DO
The workers will build a new bridge over that river

S T DO
E sujeto pasivo
E una forma del verbo modal Be participio pasado del verbo principal
N sujeto agente (doer)
The letter was written last year. The meals are prepared
S S
A new bridge will be built

S
Active Voice Passive Voice

H T
H T
F H F T
H T
H T
F H F T
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Change to passive voice:
H T
H
S
S
S
S F
T
S
T
S
T
T
T
H
E
T
A 225
T
S
H
T
A
T
Ex. 2. Change to active voice:
T
T
T T
T
T L
T
O
H
T H
T T
T
T
A C
O S
T S
Ex. 3. Change to negative and to question form:
T S T S
S
T T
T S
I C C
226 A
Ex. 4. Change to question form, beginning each question with the question word in parentheses:
A A
T H
T
T
T
T
T
H I
T I
T
Ex. 5. Answer these questions:
A C C
I A
I H S
La voz pasiva en los tiempos continuos.
L presente y pasado continuo la forma continua del verbo modal

Be (am, is, are, was, were + being) pasado participio
A T
The car is being fixed
A T I
The road was being built I
La voz pasiva con verbos modales can, must, may, should, have to
A can, must, may, should, have to,

verbo modal Be pasado participio
A T
This job must be finished
A T
This exercise can be done
A T
This report has to be sent
A 227
Ex. 6. Change to passive voice :
T T
T
S
T I
T
H
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
H
T
T
H
H
T
T
T
H
T
Ex. 9. Change to negative and to question form. State each question twice, once in simple form and once with
some question word like Who, Where, By whom, How, etc.:
H H
H
T
228 A
T
T N
T R
T S
El signo “SE” en español
E SER ARTICI IO ASADO

SE
E es hablado E se habla
U fue librada E se libró
U será construido A se construirá
E E A
A
A 229
S
Ex. 11. Translate the following sentences into Spanish, using the word “SE” in each case.
I E
D S C
230 A
PART II.
THE IDIOMATIC VERB PHRASE “BE SUPPOSED TO”
E E
E E
E
T was supposed S
is supposed S
H is supposed S H F
T is supposed S
Ex. 1. Supply the correct form of SUPPOSED TO:
T T
H
T
H
H
T
H
H
H
H
H
T
T
T
T
Ex. 2. Change to introduce SUPPOSED TO:
Ex. 3. Change to negative and to question form. State each question twice, once in simple form and once with
some question word like WHEN, WHERE, WHAT TIME, etc.:
H H
I
A 231
T
H LA
T USA
232 A
THE ARMED FORCES L F A I
Army E Navy
Air Force F A Rank
Ranks Officer O
Commander Superior
Subordinate
ARMS BRANCHES
Infantry I Artillery A
Armored Cavalry C Signal T
Airborne Engineers I
Transportation T Medical S
Finance I Mechanized
Ordnance
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS O C
Full General G E Lieutenant General T G
Major General G Brigadier General G
Colonel C Lieutenant Colonel T C
Major Captain C
First Lieutenant T Second Lieutenant S
Ensign A Cadet C
NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS S
Sergeant Major S US Staff Sergeant S
Sergeant First Class S Sergeant S S
Corporal C Private First Class S US
Lance Corporal S Private S
Recruit S
TACTICAL UNITS U T
Squad Platoon
Troop Company
Squadron Battery
Battalion Regiment
Brigade División
Corps Army E
ROUND OF AMMUNITION T
Bullet Cartridge case
Propellant Primer
Shrapnel
TACTICAL WEAPONS A T
Pistol Rifle
Gun Knife
Sword Dagger
Machine gun Mortar
Howitzer Hand grenade
Flame-thrower Rocket launcher
Mine Missile
Mass destruction weapon
Bullet Shell
Bomb
A 233
TACTICAL VEHICLES T
Tank APC
Truck Airplane
Fighter plane Bomber
Helicopter Chopper
Speedboat Warship
Airplane carrier Mine sweeper
Submarine Main Battle Tank
LEADERSHIP L
Behavior Command
Commander Confidence
Control Cooperation
Courage Chain of command
Decisiveness Dependability
Determination Dignity
Echelon of command Endurance
Enthusiasm Esprit de corps
Initiative Integrity
Justice Leader
Morale Pride
Span of control Subordinate
Tact Trait
Willing obedience
PARTS OF A RIFLE F
Aiming mechanism Barrel
Bolt Butt
Chamber Firing mechanism
Firing pin Follower
Front sight Hammer
Locking lug Muzzle
Rear sight Receiver
Sighting mechanism Sling
Stock Trigger
Trigger guard
THE TANK E T
Armor Armor plate
Gun Gun tube
Gunner Tank commander
Tank driver Tracks
Turret Wheel
FIRING POSITIONS D
Standing position Sitting position
Prone position Squat position
Kneeling position
234 A
Key to answers
UNIT 17
PART I.
Ex. 1. T T T
S T T S
F T T
T T
T T T
T I
E A
T A H
T O
T
Ex. 2. A T T
L O
A H T
C
A S S
Ex. 3. T T T S
I T H T
T
T H
A A I C C
T T
T H
T T
T
Ex. 4. H
A
I I
Ex. 5. I C C I I
I C I H I
T I
I I I
T S S I I
H
Ex. 6. T T T
I T T
T H T
T T H
Ex. 7. T N T
T T T
T I
H T H
Ex. 8. T T T
T T
A 235
T T T
T T
H
Ex. 9. T I
T H I
C H H
I D
T C
T N H
N T
T R I
R I
S I D
T S I
S
Ex. 10. O
N N
A T T
S D
Ex.11. S S
A S S
I S
D C S H
S
L
PART II.
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2. T S T
O O T
T T H
T
Ex. 3. H
T A
T A
T
H I
H
A
T I
T I
USA
236 A
UNIT 18
PART I. ORACIONES CONDICIONALES
Introducción
S IF S
I S
L U
CONDICIÓN IF RESULTADO
If he comes tomorrow, you will see him S

C R
If he comes tomorrow, you will see him.

You will see him if he comes tomorrow.
FUTURO POSIBLE (Future Possible):

I S
PRESENTE IRREAL (Present Unreal):

I S
PASADO IRREAL (Past Unreal):

I S
I. ORACIONES CONDICIONALES DEL PRIMER TIPO: FUTURO POSIBLE
E IF
R
Condicion Resultado
If + Subject + Present Subject + will + Infinitive
Read, listen and repeat these examples:
I is will go S
I I see I´ll give S
I sit will be able to see S
I don´t study will not get S
I D doesn´t leave she´ll miss S D
I aren´t careful ´ll have S
A 237
E aún cuando nos estamos refiriendo a una acción futura
presente simple
I comes N I Mary will come I will give
D tiempo presente WHEN UNTIL

BEFORE AFTER AS SOON AS AS LONG AS
WHILE UNLESS una expresión de tiempo
futuro tomorrow, this evening, next Monday morning
Read, listen and repeat these examples:
When comes C
As soon as opens E abra verá

I will wait until telephones E
II. ORACIONES CONDICIONALES DEL SEGUNDO TIPO: PRESENTE IRREAL
E situación hipotética
If had a car would drive C S C

Real situation H C
If knew would go S
Real situation S
Condicion Resultado
If + Subject + Past Subject + would/could/might + Infinitive
E TO BE subjuntivo
WERE
I were S
I I were I S
EXERCISES
Ex.1. Supply the proper form of the verb in parentheses in the following PRESENT-UNREAL conditional
statements:
I I I F
I
I I
H E
I I
238 A
Ex. 2 . Supply the proper form of the verb in parentheses:
I
I I
I
S
S E
I
I
S
I
I
I I I
Ex. 3. Change to Present Unreal Conditions:
I I
I
I
I
I I I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
Ex. 4. Complete the following by using Present Unreal Conditions:
H
I F
I F
I E
H
H E
H
S
Ex. 5. Complete the following:
would be very happy

H
I
I I F I
I I I
I F I
I
I I I
I
I
A 239
H
I S
I I I F I I
I
I I I
I I
I I I
I I I
H
H
I
I S
I E
III. ORACIONES CONDICIONALES DEL TERCER TIPO: PASADO IRREAL
E situación hipotética
I had studied would have passed S

Real situation H
I had known would have S

Real situation T
Condicion Resultado
If + Subject + Past perfect Subject + would have/could have/might have + Past participle
240 A
E IF E el verbo
modal HAD precede al sujeto
Had known
EXERCISES
H had known H
I I I
I
I I
I
I I N
I I I
H
I I
I
I he would have succeeded. (succeed)

I
I
H
H
I I
Ex. 3. Complete the following sentences by adding a PAST-UNREAL conditional statement:
he had prepared them he would have learned English better
I F
H E
A 241
Ex. 4. Change to PRESENT-UNREAL and to PAST-UNREAL Conditions:
I comes will speak

I came would speak
I had come would have spoken
I I I
I I I
I I I
Ex. 5. (Open Exercise) Complete the following:
I would take part in the game

I I I
I I I
I I
I I
I I
242 A
I E G
I I I
I I I
I I
I I I I I
H
I I I
I
I
I
H
I S I
I
I
C
I I I
H
I I
I
A 243
PART II.
A. USO DEL SUBJUNTIVO DESPUES DE WISH
D WISH
modo subjuntivo
PASADO PASADO PARTICIPIO E
“Ojalá...”, “Me gustaría...”, o “Me habría gustado...”
I I wish I knew
I I I wish I weren´t
wishes were
I I wish I had seen
C WOULD
I I wish would
I wish wouldn´t
S S
S I S
S F S C
EXERCISES
I I
I I
I I E I
F
I I
I
I
I I
I
I I
I I
I I I
Ex. 2. Complete the following sentences:
I I ( I had one.)
I I
I I
T I
I
T I
I I
I
I
I I
I E I
244 A
I
Ex. 3. Change the sentences to introduce I WISH instead of I´M SORRY:
I E (I wish he spoke English well.)

I
I
I
I
I I
I H
I
I
I
B. VERBOS SEGUIDOS DEL PRESENTE DEL SUBJUNTIVO
L TO RECOMMEND, TO SUGGEST, TO DEMAND, TO REQUIRE, TO ASK, TO INSIST y TO PROPOSE

THAT + PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO
E S las personas usan la forma simple del infinitivo no
se debe agregar -s o -es
H wait esperara
I see viera
C TO BE am/is/are BE
S asked be E estuviéramos
T recommended I be E estuviera
E should infinitive
H recommended should wait

I suggested should see
S asked should be
T recommended I should be
T “It is necessary that...”, “It´s essential hat...”,

“It´s imperative that...”, “It´s advisable that...”
It is necessary that see

It´s advisable that be
EXERCISES
H H
H
I
H
I
T
H
I
H
T S
A 245
Ex. 2. Change the sentences to introduce SUGGESTED / INSISTED / RECOMMENDED instead of ASKED:
I I suggested that John wait for me.)

I
T
T
T
Ex. 3. Supply the correct form in the following:
I (would be)
H I I
I
I I S
H
H I I
I
I
I
I
I
H
I I F
I I
H I
H
I I F I
I
I
T
I I
H
I
H
Ex. 5 Answer these questions:
G C
E S A
246 A
I I
I I
I I E
A 247
THE ARMED FORCES L F A II
Allied forces Mercenary

Armistice Militant
Assault Mountaineer
Attacking unit Nurse
Barrack Offensive action
Battle Orderly
Battlefield Parade
Bombardment Paratrooper
Campaign Peace
Carnage Peace treaty
Casualty Peacekeeping forces
Ceasefire
Chaplain Policeman
Civilian Preemptive action
Clash
Combatant Preventive action
Combat Prisoner
Commando Raid
Conflict Ranger
Coup détat Rear
Siege Rear position
Curfew Reconnaissance
Defeat Reinforcement
Defensive action Relief
Demilitarized zone Rescue team
Deployment Reservist
Destruction Reveille
Detachment Retreat
Deterrent Review
Direct fire Revolt
Disengament Riot
Diver Salute
Doctor Sharp shooter
Drill Skirmish
Enemy fire Slaughter
Fight Spy
Flank Strategy
Foe Struggle
Friendly fire Surrender
Front Surveillance
Front line Tactics
Garrison Truce
Guerrilla Unmanned
Headquarters Veteran
Hostage Victory
Indirect fire War
Killing Warfare
Logistic support Warrior
Losses Withdrawal
Maneuvers
248 A
Verbs:
To accomplish To kill
To aim To lead
To ambush To lose
To arm To mobilize
To attack To occupy
To besiege To overcome
To blow up To overrun
To bomb To patrol
To bombard To raid
To break out To recruit
To capture To retreat
To carry out To review
To command To salute
To conquer To seize
To defeat To shell
To defend To sight
To deploy To spy
To destroy To struggle
To disarm To supply
To drill To support
To endure To surrender
To engage To wage
To fight To win
To fire To withdraw
To give up To inspect
To invade
A 249
Bl 250
Key to answers
UNIT 18
PART I
B)
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2 .
Ex. 3. I I
I I I I I
I I I
I I I I I I
Ex. 4.
I I
O I I I F I
I CEO C E O
Ex. 5. F
E C
Ex. 6.
Ex. 7. S I I I I
I I I I A I O H
I
C)
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2.
Ex. 3. I I
I I
C I I I
I I D C
I I
Ex. 4. I I
I I I
I I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I I I
A 251
I I
I I I
I I
I I
Ex. 5. S
I
T
E S I N I I I
I I I I
N I I O
H N H
N I N
I I
PART II
A)
Ex. 1.
Ex. 2. I I I
I I
Ex. 3. I I I
I I I I H
I I I
I I
B)
Ex. 1.
E I I
H I
T T I
T
H I
Ex. 3.
Ex. 4.
Ex. 5. I I I
E I E I I I I
I I I
I E
252 A
UNIT 19
THE REPORTED SPEECH (DISCURSO DIRECTO E INDIRECTO)
C
Discurso Directo
“Direct Speech”
Discurso Indirecto Indirect Speech E

U
I D S
I N D S
I S
N I S
I. DISCURSO INDIRECTO CON ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS O NEGATIVAS
E
E
Cambios Verbales (obligatorios):
H I´m working
H
S S H I
H he always worked
H I have worked
H he had worked
S H I worked
H he had worked
F C H I will work
H he would work
C C H I can use
H he could use
H H I must do
H he had to do
H It may rain
H it might rain
H H H H I have to do
H he had to do
Cambios de orden cronológico o geográfico O
N T H I
H
T T H I
H
T T H I
H
T T H I
H
T T H I
H
A 253
T T H I
H
H T H I
H
T L H I
H
L T T H I
H
N U
TOLD SAID
I N
N
II. DISCURSO INDIRECTO CON PREGUNTAS
C S
S
T
T
D N
I N
III. DISCURSO INDIRECTO CON ORDENES, REQUERIMIENTOS, ADVERTENCIAS, ETC,
Subject Verb Object Pro (Noun). To/not To + Infinitive.
H asked to
told to
T warned to
T requested not to
T ordered not to
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Change from direct to indirect form:
I
I
S
H I
T
I
H I
H
S
H I
254 A
S I
H H
Ex. 2. Change from direct to indirect form:
H H
S D
I
H D
H A
T D
H E
H
I
H H
I
S D
I
Exercise 3. Change to indirect form:
T D
I
H
H T
H D
H D
S H D I
H
H S
Ex. 4. Change the following imperative sentences to indirect form. Begin each one with THE TEACHER TOLD ME:
S T
C
D
G S
D
D
S
G
T
Ex. 5. Answer the following questions in indirect form. Begin each answer with the words given in parentheses
after the question:
I I
I S
C
I I
H H
S
A 255
H S
H
I C
C
I S I
I
H I
I I
A
Ex. 6. . Change from indirect to direct form:
H H I
H I
H N
S
S S
S
H
H
H
H
H I
H
H I H I
I I I
C
H
H
H
I
I
I
H
I
H
D G
256 A
BASIC VOCABULARY
Verbos principales: Verbos Regulares e Irregulares
T S
R
I S D ED L
I
E
work N
worked N
worked N
working N
T speak S E
T spoke E E
T spoken S E
T speaking E E
A. Verbos regulares de uso frecuente
Infinitive Past Past Part. Gerund Spanish

To watch watched watched watching
To work worked worked working
To love loved loved loving
To play played played playing
To study studied studied studying
To fit fitted fitted fitting
To stop stopped stopped stopping
To guide guided guided guiding
To repeat repeated repeated repeating
NOTAS:
L -y precedida de una vocal -ed -y precedida de consonante
-y -ied
L consonante+vocal+consonante cons+cons+vocal+cons duplicar la última
consonante -ed.
A -t, -te, -d, -de -d/ed /id/ una sílaba más
Infinitive Past Tense /past Participle Spanish

T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
A 257
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
B. Verbos irregulares de uso frecuente
Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle Spanish

T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
258 A
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
A 259
Bl 260
Key to answers
UNIT 19
Ex. 1. S H
T
H H
S H S
H
Ex. 2. H I S
I H I
H I T I
H I E H I
H I I
S I
Ex. 3. T I H
H H H
H H
H
Ex. 4. T T T
T S T
T T
T T T
T
Ex. 5. S C I
H S
S C
C I
S I I I
A
Ex. 6. H H D N S I
S S S H D
H I H H H L
H D H I
Ex. 7. I
Ex. 8. A H
E I I H
H S
A 261
Bl 262
UNIT 20
USEFUL ENGLISH PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH FOR TRAVELLERS
Frases y expresiones útiles en inglés para viajeros
A. At a social gathering (en una reunion social)
Hallo!/Hello!/Hi! H
Good morning
Good afternoon
Good evening
Good bye/Bye bye H
Good night
See you later H
See you tomorrow H
See you this evening H
Thank you/Thank you very much
You´re welcome D
How are you today? C UD
I´m very well, thank you E
I´m fine, thanks and how are you? E U
I´m not very well I´m afraid N
How do you do. My name is.. .. E
Please let me introduce myself. My name is...
I´d like you to meet Mr/Mrs/Miss/Captain/Doctor... S S S C D
This is Mr/Mrs/Miss/Captain/Doctor... E S S S C D
Pleased to meet you E
I´m glad to meet you
Please
I´m sorry L
I´m sorry I´m late L
I´m afraid L
I´m afraid I don´t know D
I´m afraid I can´t L
What´s your first name? C
What´s your surname/last name? C
What do you do? U
I´m an army officer S
What is your rank? C
Do you speak French/German/Italian/ H U
No, I don´t. But I speak Spanish and English N
I´m sorry I don´t understand French L N
Are you married or single? E U
Have you got a...? T U
Have you got any children? T U
How many children have you got? C U
Where are you from? D U
I´m from Chile S C
Where do you come from? D U
I come from Santiago, Chile S C
Do you live here?
Which hotel are you staying at? E U
What´s your room number? C
A 263
What´s your telephone number? C
What´s your address? C
Can I help you?
Can you help me?
Pardon?
Could you speak more slowly please?
Yes, of course/certainly/sure S
No, I´m afraid not N
With pleasure C
I´m sorry I must go now L
I´m afraid it´s late and I have to go now. L
It was nice meeting you F U
Can/may I come in?
Please, come in and sit down
Wait a moment, please E
Can you wait a minute? UD
Can you repeat your question, please? UD
How do you spell your name? C U
Can you spell it please?
Sit down, please S
Don´t open the window, please N
Let´s sit here S
Let´s go inside/outside E S
It´s cold in here H
It´s too hot here H
What time is it?
What´s the date today?
Are you all right? E U
Are you tired? E
Are you cold? T
Are you hot? T
Are you hungry? T
Are you thirsty? T
Are you sleepy? T
Are you happy? E U
Are you sad? E U
Are you worried? E
Are you sick/ill? E U
Do you mind if I smoke? L
No, I don´t mind. Go ahead N H
Is it all right if I sit here? E
Yes, please do S
You´re right T U
You´re wrong U
I agree with you C U
I don´t agree with you N U
I don´t think so N
I hope so A
Yes, I think so S
Yes, that´s right S
That´s what I mean E
What do you mean by that?
What does this word mean?
What´s the meaning of this word? C
264 A
Remember: Recuerde:
1. What´s your... ? 1. ¿Cuál es su... ?
were you estaba

2. What are you ... 2. ¿Qué está ... UD?
will you be estará
did
3. What do you... 3. ¿Qué UD?
will
4. Do you mind if I... 4. ¿Le molesta a UD si yo... ?
Would ¿Querría Ud.

5. Could ? 5. ¿Podría Ud.... ?
Can ¿Puedes
Will ¿Quieres
Can
6. I... ? 6. ¿Puedo yo... ?
May
7. Sit here... please. 7. Siéntese aquí por favor

Don´t... please. No por favor
8. Shall I... ? 8. ¿Le ? L
9. Let´s 9. S nos
A 265
B. At a hotel (en un hotel)
I want to check in D
What´s my room number? C
Could you take this suitcase to my room please?
Is there a colo(u)r TV in the room? H T

The central heating/air conditioner isn´t working well L E
My bed hasn´t been made yet

I need another blanket N
Could you change the towels?
Could you get me some soap/shampoo, please?
What is the voltage used here? 220 or 110? C
Could you get me an adaptor for my electric shaver?
Is there a coin operated washing machine? H

I want to have these clothes washed and ironed, D
please
I need to make an international call to Chile. D C
My country code number is 56 and the code number E

for Santiago is 2 S
I want to make a collect call, please
Can I send a fax/an e-mail from the hotel?

At what time do you serve breakfast/lunch/dinner? A
Can I have breakfast in my room?
Could you get me a newspaper in Spanish, please?
Is there a swimming pool/casino/gym in the hotel? H
Can you wake me up at six oćlock?

Could you get me a taxi please?
Is there a money exchange in the hotel? H
Could you bring a... to my room please?
Where´s the restaurant? Upstairs or downstairs? D A A
Until what time is the bar open? H
Have I got any messages? T
Can I have my room key, please? Room number 206
H
Is there a telephone in the lobby? H
Can I have my bill/check, please?
There´s an error in my bill/check, I think H
I didn´t have dinner here last night.
I didn´t have/eat/drink/order this.
Is there a barber´s shop here. H
Could you post these letters/postcards for me? U
Where are the lifts/elevators? D
Take the lift/elevator to the tenth floor. T
I want to check out at... oćlock
I liked/I didn´t like the service/the food/the room very N
much
266 A
Remember: Recuerde:
1. I want to... 1. Quiero...

I would like to... Desearía...
2. Where is the... ? 2. ¿Dónde está el... ?

Where are the... ? ¿Dónde están los ... ?
3. Is there a... in the hotel? 3. ¿Hay un... ?
4. Could you... please? 4. ¿Podría Ud... ?
A 267
C. At a restaurant (en un restaurante)
I need a table for three (people) please Necesito una mesa para tres (personas) por favor.
Is there a table in the non-smoking area, near the ¿Hay una mesa en la zona no fumadores, cerca
window? de la ventana?
What time do you start serving lunch/dinner? ¿A qué hora comienzan a servir el almuerzo/la
cena?
Can I pay by credit card/by cheque/cash? ¿Puedo pagar con tarjeta de crédito/con cheque/
en efectivo?
Can you charge this into my hotel bill? Room 2105 ¿Puede cargarme ésto en mi cuenta del hotel?
Habitación 2105
Can I take a look at the menu? ¿Puedo mirar el menú?
Would you like an appetizer? ¿desea un aperitivo?
I´ll have a glass of white wine and some cheese,
salted almonds or peanuts, please
What would you like to start with? ¿Con qué desearía comenzar?
I think I´ll have chicken soup, please Creo que me serviré una sopa de pollo, por favor
What will you have to follow? ¿Qué se servirá a continuación?
I´ll have rump steak, potato chips and a mixed salad Me serviré un trozo de lomo, papas fritas y una
ensalada mixta
Could you get me another knife? ¿Me podría traer otro cuchillo? Este está sucio.
This one is dirty.
Could you pass me the salt, please? ¿Podría pasarme la sal, por favor?
I´d like to have a glass of soda water Desearía servirme un vaso de soda.
Would you like something to drink? Wine, beer or a ¿Desearía algo para beber? Vino, cerveza o una
soft drink? gaseosa?
Can I havea draught beer please? Podría servirme una cerveza de barril, por favor?
How do you want your meat? Do you want it rare, ¿Cómo quiere la carne. La quiere a punto, regular
medium or well-done? o bien cocida?
I want it well done please. La quiero bien cocida, por favor.
What will you have for dessert? ¿Qué se servirá de postre?
I´d like to order a fruit salad. Desearía ordenar una ensalada de fruta.
Could I have some coffee? ¿Podría servirme un café?
Would you like some liqueur? Scotch, cherry, ¿Desearía un bajativo? Whisky, cognac, amareto?
amaretto?
Could you bring me the bill/check, please? ¿Me podría traer la cuenta, por favor?
I really enjoyed the meal. It was very good indeed. Realmente disfrute la comida. Fue muy buena en
verdad.
Thank you very much. You can keep the change. Muchísimas gracias. Puede conservar el vuelto.
Good bye. Hasta luego.
Remember: Recuerde:
1. What do you want to. 1. ¿Qué quiere Ud.

What would you like to. ¿Qué desearía Ud.
2. How do you want your... 2. ¿Cómo quiere Ud su

How would you like your... ¿Cómo desearía Ud su
3. I want to have... 3. Quiero servirme...

I´d like to have... Desearía servirme...
Can I have... ¿Puedo servirme...
Could you get me... ¿Me podría traer...
I´d like to order... Desearía pedir...
268 A
Restaurants: Useful vocabulary (Restaurantes: Vocabulario util)
Waiter G FISH AND SEAFOOD ESCADOS ARISCOS

Menu C Abalone L
Breakfast D Cod
Lunch A Cuttlefish
Supper C Herring A
Dinner C King-crab C
Snack R Lobster L
Chef Mussels C
Check bill C Octopus
Tip Oysters O
Change Prawns G
Salmon S
BREAKFAST DESA UNO Sardine S
Bacon and eggs H Scallops O
Boiled eggs H Sea-urchin E
Bread Shrimps L
Bread and butter sole, plaice L
Coffee C Squid
Cornflakes C Trout T
Fried eggs H tuna fish A
Ham
Ham and eggs BEVERAGES, DRINKS E IDAS TRAGOS
Jam Alcoholic drink
Marmalade Beer C
Milk L Bitter C
Poached eggs H Brandy C
Scrambled eggs H Champagne C
Tea T Fruit juice
Toast T Herbal tea A
Wholemeal bread Iced tea T
Lager C
LUNCH /DINNER AL UER O CENA Lemon tea T
Dessert Lemonade L
French dressing A Liqueur L
Fruit F Milk L
hors d’oeuvres E Mineral water A
main course Red wine
Mayonnaise Rosé R
Salad E Shandy C
Sauce S Soft drink G
Soup S Tea T
Starter E Whisky
White wine
MEATS CARNES
Beef VEGETABLES: ERDURAS
Chicken Artichoke A
Chops C Asparragus E
Duck Avocado
Fillet steak F Brussels sprouts
Lamb C Cabbage R
Meatballs A Carrot
Mutton C Celery A
A 269
Pork C Corn
Ribs C Cucumber
Roast beef R Green beans
Rump steak L Leek
Sirloin steak L Lettuce L
T-bone / E Mushrooms C
Turkey Peas A
Veal T Potato
Red pepper
HOW MEAT IS COOKED COCCI N DE CARNES Tomato T
Medium to rare R
Rare A
Well done
HOW FOOD IS PREPARED CO O ESTA RE ARADA FRUIT FRUTA

LA CO IDA DESSERTS OSTRES
Baked cake Apple
Boiled eggs H Apricot D
Broiled chicken Banana
Chilled wine Blackberry
Chopped fruit F Cake T
Fried fish Cherry G
Grated cheese Chocolate mousse
Grilled steak Grapefruit
Ground coffee C Grapes
Iced tea T Ice cream H
Melted sugar A Melon
Minced meat C Mints
Mixed salad E Orange N
Poached eggs H Peach D
Roast beef Pear
Sliced bread Pineapple
Smoked salmon S Plum C
Steamed fish Raspberry F
Stewed beef Redcurrant G
Stuffed turkey Scone
Whipped cream C Strawberry F
Sweets
MISCELLANEOUS ISCELANEO Watermelon S
Ashtray C Yoghourt
Beerglass
Bottle of wine HOW FOOD TASTES SA ORES
Bottle opener A Bitter A
Bread knife C Hot
Butter dish Salty S
Cruet A Sour A
Cup T Spicy C
Dessertspoon C Sweet D
Fork T
Goblet C SPICES CONDI ENTOS
Jug Bay leaf L
Knife C Chilli pepper A
Lighter E Cinnamon C
Match F Garlic A
270 A
Mug T Ginger G
Napkin S Ketchup
Place mat I Mustard
Plate Parsley
Saucer Pepper
Soup bowl Salt S
Sugar bowl A Thyme T
Tablecloth
Tablespoon C
Teaspoon C
Tin opener A
Tumbler
Wineglass
A 271
D. How to get to places (como llegar a lugares)
Have you got/Do you have a map of London? T U L

I want to go to the cathedral. Could you show me the D C
way please?
Excuse me. Where´s the post office, please? D
Could you tell me where the bank is, please?
Excuse me. Do you know where the station is, S U

please?
Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the park,
please?
Excuse me, how do I get to the museum? C
Look at the map. We are here, outside the station. Go E
straight ahead until you come to the bridge. S
You have to take bus 44 here and get off at the T

Railway Station.
Walk along this street as far as the traffic lights. C
Turn left at the next corner and walk down the street D
for two blocks.
Take the third turning on the right and then walk for T
about 40 meters.
It´s not very far. Drive along this road till you come to N C
Clark Avenue. Then turn right and you´ll see the tower C
at the end of the road. E
Sorry I don´t know. I´m a stranger here myself. Ask a L N

policeman.
Excuse me which bus do I need to take to go to the
National Art Gallery? N A G
How far is the airport from here? A
It´s about 20 kilometers. You need to take the train. E N
Excuse me, does this bus go to the stadium?

Please, take me to the Oxford Hotel, in Park Street. H O C
Excuse me, where is the nearest underground D

station?
Can I walk, or do I have to take a bus?
Excuse me, is there a restaurant near here? H

Yes, there´s one in Bridge Street., opposite the I S H
cinema.
What time do the banks open? A
What time do buses start running? A
What time do the shops close? A
Does the supermarket open on Sunday? A
272 A
Useful vocabulary (vocabulario util)
City, Building Supermarket

Town Hotel Department store
Street Lift T
Pavement, Elevator US Book store
Sidewalk US Restaurant book shop
Bus stop Store/Shop Post office O C
Underground Station (Br) S C Police station C
S C Cinema
Subway Station (US) Library Theater
Museum Night club
Railway Station Park
Hospital
Airport
Square
Traffic lights
Park
Remember: Recuerde:
1. How do I get to... C

Could you tell me the way to...
Could you show the way to...?
2. Do you know where the... is, please? S UD

Can you tell me where the...is, please?
3. Where is the... please?. D

Where is the nearest... please? D
4. Which bus do I need to take to go to the...? C
5. What time do the...s. open / close? A

What time does the...open / close? A
6. How far is the... from here? A
7. I need to buy a / some...? Is there a... near here? N

H
A 273
E. At the station / airport (en la estacion / aeropuerto)
Can I have your passport, please?

What´s your last name. Can you spell it please? C
Can I see your ticket?

I want a ticket to Milan
How much is a single ticket to Naples? How much is a C N
return ticket to Lyon? C
L
How much is the bus ticket to the zoo? C
Is it a direct journey /flight? E
How long does the journey /flight take? C
What time does the train /plane leave? A
What time does the train /plane /get there? A
Which platform /gate does it leave from? D
How long does it take to get to Budapest? C
What time do we need to check in? A
Do they serve lunch on board? S
Can I have a seat by the window?
I want a seat in the non smoking area D

These are my suitcases E
Please carry my suitcases with care
I will carry this handbag myself.
Where is the luggage /baggage claim? D
I have nothing to declare N
How many bottles can I take with me? C
Do I have to pay sales tax /customs duties? D I A
Is there a duty-free shop here? H I A
Where is the bar? /restaurant? D
Are we landing /arriving soon? E
We´re landing /arriving in a few minutes. E
Please remain seated until the plane /train has stopped.
Please put your cigarette out now.

Fasten your seat belt, fold the table and put the back of A
your seat in the upright position.
We hope you´ve enjoyed your trip /flight E
274 A
F. Shopping (de compras)
I
C I
C I
H H C C
D T
I
C I
C I
H H C C
C I
C I A US
I D N T U
U
I C
I E
H C
H C
A 275
Bl 276
UNIT 21
ASSESSMENT TEST
(Prueba de Evaluación Final)
INSTRUCCIONES GENERALES
E
A LISTENTING ART A E
READING ART E
U QUESTION BOOKLET C ANSWER SHEET H R
LISTENTING PART A E
EXAMINER´S TEXT T E E
READING PART E 35
minutos.
U ANSWER KEY C
R E
Pauta de Evaluación
S L
R
O S
A 277
Bl 278
BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND VOCABULARY
A SHORT COURSE IN ENGLISH FOR ADULT
ASSESSMENT TEST 1
QUESTION BOOKLET (Cuadernillo de Preguntas)
A. LISTENING PART
I U E U A
C D U U
HO A DE RES UESTAS N
A A
C C
D D
A A
C C
D D
A A
C C
D D
A A
C C
D D
A A
C C
D D
A A
C C
D D
A A
C C
D D
A H
C H
D
A 279
I U D U
A C D
A O A H
L H
C A C H
D A D H
A H
H A H
C H H
D H C H
D H
A D
D A T
C D T
D D C T
D T
AH
H A T
C H T
D H C T
D T
A A
A A T
C A T
D A C I
D T
A H
H A H
C H T
D H C H
D H
A S
S A T
C S T
D S C T
D T
A
C
D
I U A
C D U
A H
H
C H
D H
A H
H
C H
D H
280 A
A H
H
C H
D H
C
D
C
D
A T H
T
C I
D T H
A R
R
C R
D R
A H
T
C I
D T
A T
T
C T
D T
A S
S
C S
D S
I E E E
E A C D U
A
S
C S
D S
C
D
A A
A F
C A
D A
A 281
A
C
D
A T G
G
C T
D G
A T
T I S
C T
D T
A T L
T
C T I
D T
A G
G
C G A
D I
C I
D
C
D I
THIS IS THE END OF THE LISTENING PART OF THE TEST
282 A
B. READING PART
I E
A C D HO A DE
RES UESTAS N
D
N I
A D C
H D H
C T I
A C
D
A C
D
A I I
A C
D
A C
H D H
S S
A C
D
A C
D
A C
D
U N F
E
A H C H
H D H
A 283
A C
D
G I
D I
A C
D
T I
T
A C
D
A C
A C
D
I I
A C
D
A C
D
S H
C H
A C
D
A C
D
A C
D
A C
D
A C
D
284 A
D
A C
D
A A A I
A C
D
I T I
A C
D
I H
A C
D
H I
A C
D
F T
A C
D
I I
I I I
A C
D
A C
D
S I
A C
D
A I
A C
D
A 285
I C E
A C D R HO A
DE RES UESTAS N
S E
A C
D
A C
D
I I
A C
D
A C
D
A H C H
D H
A C
D
A C
D
A C
D
A C
D
A C
D
A C
D
286 A
T L A
A C
D
A C
D
H H
A C
D
A C
D
I L E
A C D U R
Before she left, Mrs Soames gave last minute instructions to the baby-sitter, a young girl of seventeen. The girl had
never done baby sitting before, and Mrs Soames was a little worried.
“Make yourself comfortable, Carol,” Mrs Soames said. “I’ve prepared a tray of food for you. It’s on the table. You
can, of course, listen to the radio or watch television, but don’t have it too loud because you might wake our little boy. If the
boy wakes up, go to his room and stay there for a few minutes. He´ll go back to sleep at once. Anyway, he’s four years old, so
you should not have any trouble. My husband and I will be back at about eleven o’clock.”
Mr and Mrs Soames returned rather later than they had expected A light was still on in the living-room, and the television
could just be heard. Mrs Soames went to the living-room right away and came out again a moment later holding the boy.
“What was he doing there?” Mr Soames exclaimed. “He’s wide awake.”
“He was looking at the television,” Mrs Soames said.
“Where’s Carol?” Mr Soames asked.
“She’s still in the living-room. She’s fast asleep!”
A T
T
C T
D T
C
D
C
D
A 287
C S
A C
T C
C T
D T
A I
I
C I
D I
A G T
C
D D
A C
D
A H
H
C H
D H
A C
D
A C
D
I E
U HO A DE RES UESTAS E
A C D E N C
A C D E
A C D E
A C D E
A C D E
A C D E
A C D E
A C D E
A C D E
A C D E
A C D E
288 A
A C D E
A C D E
A C D E
A C D E
A C D E
THIS IS THE END OF THE ASSESSMENT TEST 1
A 289
Bl 290
ASSESSMENT TEST 1
ANSWER SHEET (Hoja de respuestas)
S N D S
A. LISTENING PART
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
B. READING PART T
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A 291
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
292 A
ASSESSMENT TEST 1
EXAMINER´S TEXT (Texto para el Examinador)
A. LISTENING PART
I U E U A
C D U U
I
I
T I
I E I
A I I
A I
T
R S
T
T I
I I
I
I
A I
I U D U
A C D
R R
H
T R
T R
T H H
T
A 293
T
C
C
T
H
I U A C
D U
H
H
H
T
R
I
T
S
I E E E
E A C D U
“A holiday abroad? Yes, of course, Mrs Green. I’m sure we can arrange something for you.”
The travel agent smiled at the old lady across the counter. He knew her well. At one time, years before, she and her husband
used to go to Brighton every summer. In those days, he booked a family hotel for them. Then they started to take their
holidays in France - and he got them their boat tickets. Later, when their children grew up, they ‘discovered’ Italy and Spain.
He bought their air tickets or found cheap holidays for them.
But then, the previous autumn, Mr Green died. “Well, no more holidays abroad for Mrs Green,” he thought. “She’ll probably
start going to Brighton again!”
But he was wrong! Here she was, only a few months after her husband’s death, back in his office asking about holidays abroad.
“Have you any particular place in mind?” he asked. “How about Portugal, for instance? A nice, friendly place, with good weather... “
Mrs Green shook her head. “As a matter of fact,” she said, “I was thinking of India!”
India! For a moment, the travel agent was surprised, but then he thought: “Of course! Lots of people
want to go to India these days. It’s all these programmes and films on TV. However, at her age...” “India …” he said.
“Well, yes. I’m sure we can fix up something for you.” He showed Mrs Green a brochure. “How about a two-week tour,
for example? Complete with air ticket, hotels, meals and guides. You’ll see the really important places - and you won’t
have to think about a thing!”
“Thank you,” said Mrs Green. “That’s exactly what 1 don’t want.” The travel agent looked puzzled. “Look,” Mrs Green
went on. “I’ve got a guidebook of India here.” She waved it at him. “It says you can go everywhere by bus or train. There
are plenty of cheap hotels - and food is cheap too. So all I need is a cheap air ticket! Can you get me one or not?”
G
I S
G
G
I
G
THIS IS THE END OF THE LISTENING PART OF THE TEST
294 A
ASSESSMENT TEST 1
KEY TO ANSWERS (Clave de respuestas)
A. LISTENING PART
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
B. READING PART T
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A 295
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
A C D A C D E
296 A
APENDICE 1
CHART 1. BASIC VERB TENSES
PRESENT SIMPLE I write I do write

(S + DO / DOES + INFINITIVE) (Yo escribo una carta todos los días;)
Mary writes Mary does write

(Mary escribe una carta todos los días)
CONTINUOUS I am writing
(S + AM / IS / ARE + ING) (Yo estoy ecribiendo una carta ahora)
PERFECT I have written

(S + HAVE / HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE) (Yo he escrito varias cartas hoy)
PERFECT CONTINUOUS I have been writing

(S + HAVE / HAS BEEN + ING) (Yo he estado escribiendo cartas desde las 8:30 de la mañana)
PAST SIMPLE I wrote I did write

(S + DID + INFINITIVE ) (Yo escribí una carta ayer)
CONTINUOUS I was writing

(S + WAS / WERE + ING) Yo estaba escribiendo una carta cuando John llegó a las 8:45 esta tarde)
PERFECT I had written

(S + HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE) Yo ya había escrito tres cartas cuando John llegó al las 8:45 esta tarde)
PERFECT CONTINUOUS I had been writing

(S + HAD BEEN + ING)
(Yo había estado escribiendo cartas por cerca de dos horas cuando John llegó a las 8:45 esta tarde)
FUTURE SIMPLE
A) (S + WILL + INFINITIVE) I will write
B) (S +AM / IS / ARE + GOING TO + INF) (Yo escribiré una carta a Juan mañana)
C) (S + AM / IS / ARE + ING) I am going to w rite
(Yo voy a escribir una carta a John mañana )
I am writing
(Estoy escribiendo una carta a Juan dentro de unos pocos minutos)
CONTINUOUS I will be writing

(S + WILL BE + ING ) (Yo estaré escribiendo cartas cuando tú vengas a verme esta tarde)
PERFECT I will have written

(S + WILL HAVE + PAST PART) (Yo habré escrito varias cartas cuando vengas a verme esta tarde)
PERFECT CONTINUOUS I will have been writing

(S + WILL HAVE BEEN + ING )
(Yo habré estado escribiendo cartas por más de dos horas cuando vengas al mediodía.)
A 297
Bl 298
APENDICE 2
CHART 2. BASIC VERB TENSES: STRUCTURE AND USAGE
A. CONTINUOUS (OR PROGRESSIVE) TENSES
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
USO: USO: USO:
Describe una acción que se está realizando Describe una acción que se estaba Describe una acción que se estará realizando
o está ocurriendo en este momento y que realizando o estaba ocurriendo en un o estará ocurriendo en un momento
aún no han concluido. momento determinado en el pasado determinado en el futuro
ESTRUCTURA: ESTRUCTURA: ESTRUCTURA:

S + AM / IS / ARE+ ING S+WAS / WERE +ING S+WILL BE+ ING
S + AM / IS / ARE + GOING TO BE + ING
EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO: EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO: EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO:

N S Past S Present
F
A A
EJEMPLOS: EJEMPLOS: EJEMPLOS:

John is speaking John was speaking John will be speaking
John is not / isn´t speaking when I saw him yesterday. at this time tomorrow.
John was not / wasn´t speaking John will not / won´t be speaking
Is John speaking when I saw him yesterday at this time tomorrow.
Was John speaking Will John be speaking
when I saw him yesterday? at this time tomorrow.
PREGUNTA HABITUAL: PREGUNTA HABITUAL: PREGUNTA HABITUAL:

What are you doing (now)? What were you doing (at that time)? What will you be doing (at 8:30 this
evening) ?
U U U
SAMPLE DIALOG: SAMPLE DIALOG: SAMPLE DIALOG:

S H What are you doing? D What will you be doing
Are you watching the news? S
No, I´m not. I´m S I´ll be flying L
studying history. I S I What time will you be landing
I was washing the H
A car. A
S I´m looking for Mary. I D We won´t be arriving
N She was
Yes, she is. She´s reading the attending a conference
paper I A S
S T I I D D O We will be
working S
D I I I Billy
was watching TV T
A 299
B. SIMPLE TENSES
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
USO: USO: USO:

D D D
como todos los
días, siempre,etc. ayer, el sábado mañana,
pasado. el próximo sábado.

S+DO / DOES+INFINITIVE* S+DID+INFINITIVE* S+WILL+INFINITIVE D
E E S + Past. S+AM / IS / ARE+GOING TO + INF
S + Infinitive. H E I
did + infinitive E S+AM / IS / ARE+ING A
E
do / does + infinitive E

E T
A S S
T
O T

I speak I do speak I spoke I did speak with the manager I will speak
yesterday.
I do not speak I did not speak with the manager I will not speak
Do I speak Did I speak with the manager....? I
Jane speaks Jane does speak I´m going to speak
Jane does not speak I´m not going to speak

Does Jane speak A I
I´m speaking
I ´m not speaking
Am I speaking

What do you do (every day) ? What did you do (yesterday)? What will you do (tomorrow) ? /
U U wot wil iú dú: tumórou / ¿Qué hará
Ud. mañana?)
What are you going to do
(tomorrow)? / wót a:r iu: gói_ tu dú:
tomórou / ¿Qué va a hacer ...?
What are you doing (tomorrow)? /
wót a:r iu: dúi_ tumórou / ¡Que tiene
previsto hacer....?
300 A
PRESENT PAST FUTURE

Where do you live, N What did you do What will you do
N I live C S I went A We will C
How do you get here Did you go When are you going to leave?
N I didn´t. I went A we´re going to make
N I take the bus. We had reservations
Does your husband take the
bus Where did you stay? Are you going to visit
N N He usually We rented C
walks. It doesn´t take What did you do S A I My friends and
I we went I are meeting this evening
swimming we
went to a disco. T
A 301
C. PERFECT TENSES
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
USO: USO: USO:

D D D

S + HAVE / HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE S + HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE S + WILL HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

For.....; since.......; already ; not...yet; When + S + Past When + S+ Present + tomorrow / next
Just; before; lately, never. By the time + S + Past Monday,etc
Once, twice, three times,Several times, Several times before; many times before, By this time tomorrow / next month, etc.
many times Ever? never.....before By the end of this month / year,etc.

I have lived in Santiago for ten years The train had already left when we got When Peter gets here today, we will
I have lived in Santiago since 1992. to the station. have had lunch already.
Your train has just left, Sir We had had dinner by the time they They will have gone by the time Peter
Peter has been in Chicago twice. arrived last night. arrives this evening
Mrs. Jackson has never travelled She had never been in Paris before.
abroad. He had worked in the Army for about
Have you ever drunk tequila? 30 years when he retired.

What have you done (since you arrived What had you done (before Peter What will you have done (by the end
this morning)? / wot av iu: dán sins iu: arrived yesterday)? / wot had iu: dán bifó: of this month)? / wot wil iu: hav dán bai
arráivd is mó:rni / ¿Que ha hecho Ud. r pí:ter arráivd iésterdei / ¿Que había hecho i énd ov is mán / ¿Qué habrá hecho
desde que llegó esta mañana? ud. antes que Peter llegara ayer? ud. hacia fines de este mes?

O I N H
U S
N S I´ve come here N t I had been in New N I they will
York a couple of times before. have finished building it
O Have you ever been I had never visited it
G C I C How many bridges will they have
N I have never been built
one of my brothers has I But they will have
visited it several times. H H He had built several important roads
not saved enough money and our economy will have
O I grown
I
302 A
D. PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
USO: USO: USO:

Al igual que el Presente Perfecto describe Describe una acción que se había estado Describe una acción que se habrá estado
una acción que comenzó a realizarse en realizando en forma ininterrumpida antes realizándose en forma ininterrumpida
una fecha u hora en el pasado y que ha que otra ocurriera. antes que otra ocurra otra acción en el
continuado en forma ininterrumpida hasta futuro, antes de una fecha futura.
este momento.

S + HAVE / HAS+BEEN + ING S + HAD + BEEN + ING S+WILL HAVE + BEEN + ING

F S S For...... by the time + S + Present
S S

I have been working on this project John had been working in his office Peter will have been living
for five years by the end of this
They have been waiting for the bus for It had been raining for about two month.
about twenty minutes so far. hours I will have been working
for more than three months by the time
this term ends.

What have you been doing since you What had you been doing before What will you have been doing by the
arrived here this morning? Peter arrived yesterday? end of this month?
U U U

What have you been doing since What had your friends been A A
you got up this morning? doing
I´ve been doing They´d been celebrating
I´ve been working They´d been dancing They will have been
I have been studying and singing. A they had also discussing
been sitting and talking
I haven´t been sleeping A

well since this term started A I I
A I They had been trying to sleep, I
hadn´t been able to do so
A
A 303
Bl 304

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BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR

STRUCTURES AND VOCABULARY

A SHORT COURSE IN ENGLISH FOR ADULT STUDENTS

Prof. Juan Gmo. Moya Montaña

STUDENT´S NAME ________________________________________

DE ARTA ENTO CO UNICACIONAL DEL E RCITO

Con mucho afecto y gratitud a la querida Institución,

Prof. Juan Gmo. Moya Montaña

Militar, la Escuela Militar y la Escuela de Telecomunicaciones del

Registro de Propiedad Intelectual N° 151.465

HAVE GOT / HAS GOT U

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE N

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE E

UNIT 8 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE I: Will

UNIT 9 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE II :

UNIT 10 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE III :

UNIT 11 FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE T

UNIT 12 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE I

UNIT 17 THE PASSIVE VOICE T

UNIT 18 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES I

UNIT 19 REPORTED SPEECH H

UNIT 20 USEFUL ENGLISH PHRASES A

UNIT 21 ASSESSMENT TEST S

1. El verbo TO BE tiene tres formas en el tiempo presente: AM - IS - ARE

E I’m. You´re, He´s, She´s, It´s, We´re, They´re.

Escuche, repita y aprenda:

Escuche, repita y aprenda estas preguntas y respuestas:

Escuche, repita y aprenda:

Ex. 1. Use the correct form of the verb TO BE (am/is/are)

Ex. 2. Answer these questions, as in the example

Ex. 3. Answer the questions as in the example:

Ex. 4 Ask questions, as in the example below:

B. EL TIEMPO PASADO: WAS - WERE

1. El verbo TO BE tiene las siguientes formas en el tiempo pasado: WAS - WERE

Escuche, lea y aprenda:

When? C Why? How old?

Escuche, lea y aprenda:

3. La forma interrogativa se expresa invirtiendo el orden de WAS / WERE con el sujeto

Escuche, lea y aprenda:

Ex. 2. Change the following sentences into a) Negative b) interrogative

I´ll be You´ll be He´ll be They´ll be

Escuche, lea y aprenda:

How long? C Until For What time? Tomorrow

Escuche, lea y aprenda:

Escuche, lea y aprenda:

Ex. 1. Complete the sentences as in the example:

A because it´s Sunday

Ex. 4. Answer the following questions, in English.

Ex. 5. Translate the following sentences into English:

Ex. 1. ¿Puede leer estas series de letras?

Ex. 2. Escuche, lea y aprenda:

Ex. 3. Practique estos diálogos con algún amigo:

Ex. 4. ¿Puede deletrear estas palabras?

¿Puede agregar algunas otras siglas de uso frecuente?

THE PHONETIC ALPHABET

There is a book Hay un libro

L THERE IS NOT THERE ISN´T THERE ARE NOT / THERE AREN´T

There is not a book

H There is There are HOW MUCH?

How much whisky is there There´s very little

Estudie la siguiente tabla:

Afﬁrmative SOME There´s some

C THERE IS/THERE ARE

There´s water There´s no