_BVÙOCDKG OACD^G_DG@G HB ^B@BYRBCG

MD@D[XB_DA HBC VAHB_ VAVRCG_ VG_G CG BHRKGKDÛ@

R@D^B_[DXG_DG R@D^B_[DHGH VACDXÄK@DKG XB__DXA_DGC HBC
B[XGHA OACÍ^G_

HB[G__ACCA HB GVCDKGKDÛ@ \BO VG_G CG LB[XDÛ@,

_B@HDKDÛ@ T ^B_DNDKGKDÛ@ HB KRB@XG HB D@L_B[A[ V_AVDA[
HB CGHB
[GOB_B[ KAA_HD@GKDÛ@ HB OACD^G_DG@G
CG R@D^B_[DHGH V_AHRKKDÛ@, HB
_BK_BGKDÛ@ T BIB
^B@BYRBCG,
EB_BVGERVGD ^B@Ç, KDRHGH OACÍ^G_-B[XGHA OACÍ^G_

(Vraybkta pgrg aptgr gc kbrtdndkgha hbsgrraccghar

hbsgrraccghar hb gpcdkgkda`bs
wbo)

HAKB@XB[9 GRXA_9

Hakb`tb _bspa`sgocb Kbhb÷a Cbzgmg, Askgr Jbr`ç`

K.D9 ?6.7;<.72>

Hakb`tb Gsbsar

Kduhgh Oacívgr, `avdbmorb ?6?6

 Í@HDKB LB@B_GC

KA@XB@DHA

Í@HDKB LB@B_GC dd

Í@HDKB HB KRGH_A[ vddd

_B[RMB@ dx

D@X_AHRKKDÛ@ 76

KGVÍXRCA D BC V_AOCBMG 78

D.7. Hbskrdpkdû` hbc çrbg hb d`vbstdlgkdû` 78

D.?. Rodkgkdû` 72

D.;. Mdsdû` 72

D.8. ^dsdû` 7>

7.2.- Arlg`dlrgmg hb cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y

[gob
[gobrb
rbss hb cg R`dv
R`dvbr
brsd
sdhg
hgh
h Oa
Oacdcdvg
vgrdg
rdg`g
`g hb ^b
^b`b
`bzu
zubc
bcg
g (RO^
(RO^),
), bi
bib
b
Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç hb Kduhgh Oacívgr-Bstgha Oacívgr, 7>

D.2. Vcg`tbgmdb`ta hbc praocbmg 7<

7.>. Aoibtdvas ?7

7.>.7. Aoibtdva lb`brgc ?7

7.>.?. Aoibtdvas bspbkíndkas ?7

7.<. Iustdndkgkdû` ??

7.:. Gckg`kb ?<

?
 KGVÍXRCA DD MG_KA XBÛ_DKA-XBK@ACÛLDKA ?:

DD.7. G`tbkbhb`tbs hb cg D`vbstdlgkdû` ?:

DD.?. Ogsbs tbûrdkgs ;7

DD.?.7.- Cgs Xdks y cg [akdbhgh hbc Ka`akdmdb`ta. ;?

DD.?.?.- Cgs XDKs y cg Gcngobtdzgkdû` Xbk`acûldkg. ;4

DD.?.;.- Cgs XDKs b` bc Çmodta Arlg`dzgkda`gc. 86

DD.;. Ogsbs Cblgcbs 8?

DD.;
DD.;.7
.7.. Ka`s
Ka`stdt
tdtuk
ukdû
dû`
` hb cg _b
_bpù
pùoc
ocdk
dkg
g Oacdv
Oacdvgr
grdg
dg`g
`g hb ^b`b
^b`bzu
zubc
bcg
g

(Lgkbtg Andkdgc @¶ 2.82;, Bxtrgarhd`grda hb nbkjg ?8 hb mgrza hb

?666). 8?

DDD.;.?. Cby Arlç`dkg hb Kdb`kdg, Xbk`acalíg b D``avgkdû` (Lgkbtg

Andkdgc @¹ ;:.?8?, Hb Nbkjg 6; hb glasta hbc ?662). 88

DDD.;.;. Cby hb D`nalaodbr`a (Lgkbtg @¶ 86.?<8 Hbc 7< hb aktuorb hbc

?67;). 8<

DD
DDD.
D.;
;.8
.8.. Hbkrb
bkrbta
ta Vrbs
Vrbsdh
dhb
b`kdg
`kdgcc @¹4
¹462
627.
7. Cby [a
[ao
orb Gkk
kkbs
bsa
a B

D`tbrkgmoda Bcbktrû`dka Hb Hgtas, D`narmgkdû` T Hakumb`tas B`trb

Cas Ûrlg`as T B`tbs Hbc Bstgha. (iu`da ?67?). 84

DD.8. Hbnd`dkdû` hb Xärmd`as. 27

DD.8.7. Ghmd`dstrghar 27

DD.8.?. Kûhdla 27

DD.8.;. Ka`trac 27

DD.8.8. Hgtas 27

;
DD.8.2. Dmpcbmb`tgkdû` 2?

DD.8.>. [dstbmg 2?

DD.8.<. [dstbmg hb lbstdû` 2;

DD.8.:. Rsugrda 2;

DD.8.4. G`çcdsds y hdsb÷a 2;

DD.8.76. Ogsb hb hgtas 28

DD.8.77. K[[ 28

DD.8.7?. Jgrhwgrb. 22

DD.8.7;. [antwgrb 22

DD..8.78. VJV 22

77.8.72. JXMC 2>

DD.8.7>. D`narmçtdkg 2>

DD.8.7<. [blurdhgh d`narmçtdkg 2>

DD.8.7:. Igvg[krdpt 2<

DD.8.74. Mbtahacalígs hb hbsgrracca hb santwgrb 2:

DD.8.?6. Vralrgmg 2:

DD.8. ?7. Vraybkta sakda-tbk`acûldka 2:

KGVDXRCA DDD MG_KA MBXAHACÛLDKA 24

DDD.7. Xdpa hb D`vbstdlgkdû` 24

DDD.?. Mahgcdhgh hb D`vbstdlgkdû` 24

8
DDD.;. Hdsb÷a hb D`vbstdlgkdû`. >7

DDD.;.7. @a bxpbrdmb`tgc >7

DDD.;.?. Xäk`dkg a D`strumb`ta hb _bkacbkkdû` hb Hgtas >7

DDD.8. Vaocgkdû` y Mubstrg >;

DDD.8.7. Vaocgkdû` >;

DDD.8.?. Mubstrg >8

DD
DDD.
D.2.
2. M
Mbt
btah
ahac
acal
alíg
íg h
hb
b [ds
[dstb
tbmg
mg _RV
_RV (_
(_gt
gtda
da`g
`gcc R`
R`dndndb
dbh
h Vra
Vrakb
kbss
ss)) >2

DDD.2.7.- Ngsbs hb cg mbtahacalíg _RV >2

DDD.>. Kra`alrgmg hb Gktdvd

dvdhghbs9 Nborbra
rbra g Aktuorb ?6?6 >4

DDD.<. Bstuhda hb ngktdodcdhgh <6

DDD.<.7. Ngktdodcdhgh Apbrgtdvg <6

DDD.<.?. Ngktdodcdhgh Xäk`dkg <6

DDD.<.;. Ngktdodcdhgh Bka`ûmdkg9 <7

DDD.<.8. Vrbsupubsta <7

KGVDXRCA D^ HB[K_DVKDA@ HB CG V_AVRB[XG <?

D^.7. Hbskrdpkdû`. <?

D^.?. _bqubrdmdb`ta hb Jgrhwgrb <?

D^.;. _bqubrdmdb`tas hb [antwgrb <;

D^.8. _bqubrdmdb`tas nu`kda`gcbs <;

D^.2. _bqubrdmdb`tas `a nu`kda`gcbs <8

2
 D^.>. Mahbca B`tdhgh _bcgkdû`9 <8

D^.<. Hdglrgmg hbc Kgsa hb usa hbc sdstbmg <2

D^.:. Hbskrdpkdû` Cdtbrgc hb cas Kgsas hb Rsa <2

D^.4. D`tbrngz hb Rsugrda9 Xahgs cgs d`tbrngkbs `bkbsgrdgs pgrg bc

usugrda. <2

D^
D^.4
.4.7
.7.. H
Hbs
bskr
krdp
dpkd
kdû`
û` hb cg ng
ngsb
sb hb dmpc
dmpcbm
bmb`
b`tg
tgkd
kdû`
û` hb
hbcc sds
sdstb
tbmg
mg <2

D^.4.?. Hbskrdpkdû` hb cg pubstg b` nu`kda`gmdb`ta <2

D^.4.;. Hbskrdpkdû` y kgpgkdtgkdû` gc/cas usugrdas <>

D^.4
D^.4.8
.8.. Mbta
Mbtaha
haca
calí
líg
g gpc
gpcdk
dkgh
ghg
gppgr
grg
g ccg
g gpc
gpcdk
dkgk
gkdû
dû`
` hb
hb ccgs
gs prub
prubog
ogss <>
D^.4.2. Kgcb`hgrda hb gpcdkgkdû` hb prubogs <>

D^.4.>. Vrubogs <>

D^.4.2. Karrbkkda`bs <>

KA@KCR[DA@B[ <<

_BKAMB@HGKDA@B[. <:

_BNB_B@KDG[ <4

G@BZA[. :8

g) B`trbvdstg [bmdbstrukturghg D`strumb`ta gpcdkgha g cg mubstrg

kb`sgc, rbprbsb`tghg par kugtra (68) nu`kda`grdas hb cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb
Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs hbc bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç hb cg
RO^, Kduhgh Oacívgr :2
Í@HDKB HB KRGH_A[

>
Kughra 7.Ngktdodcdhgh Bka`ûmdkg hbc Vraybkta Gpcdkgkdû` \bo Vgrg Cg
Lbstdû`, _b`hdkdû` T ^brdndkgkdû` Hb Kub`tg Hb D`lrbsas Vrapdas Hb Cg
Kaarhd`gkdû` Hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` T [gobrbs Hb Cg Rov, Bib

Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç, Kduhgh Oacívgr-Bstgha Oacívgr. 22

Kughra ?. _bqubrdmdb`tas nu`kda`gcbs hbc [dstbmg \bo pgrg aptdmdzgr cg
Lbstdû`, _b`hdkdû` y ^brdndkgkdû` hb kub`tg hb cas D`lrbsas Vrapdas hb cg
Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs hbc bib Ebrbpgeupgd
^b`ç hb cg RO^, Kduhgh Oacívgr. 2<

Kughra ;. _bqubrdmdb`tas `a nu`kda`gcbs hbc [dstbmg \bo pgrg aptdmdzgr

cg Lbstdû`, _b`hdkdû` y ^brdndkgkdû` hb kub`tg hb cas D`lrbsas Vrapdas hb
cg Kaarh
aarhd`
d`g
gkdû
dû`
` hb Vra
rahu
hukkkd
kdû
û`, _bk
bkrb
rbgk
gkdû
dû`
` y [g
[gob
obrrbs hbc bi
bib
b
Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç hb cg RO^, Kduhgh Oacívgr. 2:
_BVÙOCDKG OACD^G_DG@G HB ^B@BYRBCG
MD@D[XB_DA HBC VAHB_ VAVRCG_ VG_G CG BHRKGKDÛ@
R@D^B_[DXG_DG R@D^B_[DHGH VACDXÄK@DKG XB__DXA_DGC HBC
B[XGHA OACÍ^G_

HB[G__ACCA HB GVCDKGKDÛ@ \BO VG_G CG LB[XDÛ@,

_B@HDKDÛ@ T ^B_DNDKGKDÛ@ HB KRB@XG HB D@L_B[A[ V_AVDA[
HB CG KAA_HD@GKDÛ@ HB V_AHRKKDÛ@, _BK_BGKDÛ@ T
[GOB_B[ HB CG R@D^B_[DHGH OACD^G_DG@G HB ^B@BYRBCG, BIB
EB_BVGERVGD ^B@Ç, KDRHGH OACÍ^G_-B[XGHA OACÍ^G_
Gutar9 Kbhb÷a Cbzgmg, Askgr J.
K.D9 ?6.7;<.72>
Hakb`tb _bspa`sgo cb9 Orgva, Cuzmbdhy
_bspa`sgocb9
G÷a9 ?6?6

_B[RMB@

B` u` mu`ha pranusgmb`tb d`tbrka`bktgha, cgs kamputghargs y cgs

kamu`dkgkda`bs sgtbcdtgcbs jg` jbkja pasdocb u` gcta `dvbc hb d`tbrkgmoda

<
hb d`narmg
d`narmgkdû
kdû`` g trg
trgväs
väs hbc
hbc pcg
pcg`bt
`btg.
g. Bs par bcca,
bcca, qub kgkghg
hg híg tdb`b`
tdb`b`
dmpartg`kdg cgs gpcdkgkda`bs wbo, parqub gyuhg` g cgs arlg`dzgkda`bs g
lg`gr kgcdhgh y rgpdhbz b` sus prakbsas prahuktdvas y lbrb`kdgcbs. Hb
gcc
gccí,
í, qu
qub
b bc prbsb
prbsb`tb
`tb praybk
praybkta
ta sak
sakda-
da-tbk
tbk`ac
`acûld
ûldka
ka tb`
tb`lg
lg ka
kamama aoibt
aoibtdva
dva
kb`trgc hbsgrraccgr u`g gpcdkgkdû` wbo pgrg cg lbstdû` hb cg rb`hdkdû` y
vbrdndkgkdû` hb kub`tg hb cas d`lrbsas prapdas hb cg Andkd`g hb Bstuhdas
Gvg`zghas ghskrdtg g cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y
[gobrbs hbc bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç hb cg RO^, Kduhgh Oacívgr, hbodha g
qub cas prakbsas hb ghmd`dstrgkdû` sb rbgcdzg` hb mg`brg mg`ugc. Cg
bstrgtbldg mbtahacûldkg pgrg rbgcdzgr bc praybkta nub hb tdpa hbskrdptdvg,
ka` mahgcdhgh hb praybkta ngktdocb utdcdzg`ha cg mbtahacalíg _RV, pgrg bc
hbsgrracca hb cg Gpcdkgkdû` \bo. Gsdmdsma, sb utdcdzû kama täk`dkgs hb
rbk
rbkacbkkdû` hb hgtas cg aosbrvgkdû` hdr drbbktg y cg b`trbvdstg
sbmdbstrukturghg, cg kugc sb gpcdkû g u`g mubstrg kb`sgc hb 68 pbrsa`gs.
B` ka`kcusdû`, ka` bc hbsgrracca b dmpcbmb`tgkdû` hbc [dstbmg _RV, sb
jg pa pahd
hdha
ha bvbvdh
dhb`
b`kd
kdgr
gr mbia
mbiarg
rgss b` bc mg`bmg`biaia guta
gutamg
mgtdtdzg
zgha
ha hb cg
d`narmgkdû` hb cg Andkd`g hb Bstuhdas Gvg`zghas hb mg`brg d`tbrgtdvg y
gmdlgocb.
gmdlg ocb. Dlugcm
Dlugcmb`tb,
b`tb, sb rbkamdb`hg
rbkamdb`hg bc mg`tb`
mg`tb`dmdb`
dmdb`ta
ta hb cas bqudp
bqudpas,
as,
ogsbs hb hgtas y cg kgpgkdtgkdû` pbrmg`b`tb pgrg cas ghmd`dstrgharbs hbc
sdstbmg.
Vgcgorgs Kcgvbs9 Gpcdkgkdû` wbo, [dstbmg _RV,
_RV, D`narmçtdkg, RO^.

:
 D@X_AHRKKDÛ@

B` u` mu`ha
`ha tb
tbk`
k`a
alc
lcao
aogc
gcdz
dzgh
gha,
a, bs dmp
mpa
asdo
docb
cb dmg
dmgld
ld`
`gr cg
cgss

kamu`dkgkda`bs sd` bc usa hbc d`tbr`bt, bc kugc qub sb jg ka`vbrtdha b`

u`g
u`g jbrr
jbrrgm
gmdb
db`t
`tg
g d`
d`hd
hdsspb
pb`s
`sgo
gocb
cb pgrg
pgrg cg mgmgya
yarí
ríg
g hb cg
cgss pb
pbrs
rsa`
a`gs
gs,,
d`hbpb`hdb`tbmb`tb hb su lä`bra, bhgh a pranbsdû`. Cg rbvacukdû` qub jg
krbg
krbgha
ha bstg
bstg pc
pcgt
gtgn
gnar
armg
mg hd
hdld
ldtg
tgcc sdlu
sdlub
b b` ma
mavd
vdmd
mdb`
b`ta
ta y hb
hbsg
sgrr
rrac
acca
ca
pbrm
pbrmg`
g`b`
b`tb
tb,, g u` rd
rdtm
tma
a gk
gkbc
bcbr
brgh
gha
a b` ha
ha`h
`hb
b cg sakd
sakdbh
bhgh
gh jg pa
pahd
hdha
ha
b`ka`trgr bc bspgkda dhû`ba hb bxprbsdû` hb mùctdpcbs tbmgs.

B` Gmärdkg Cgtd`g gc dlugc qub rbsta hbc sdstbmg tbk`acûldka mu`hdgc

sb bstgocbkdha u`g –kdobrkucturg” nu`hgmb`tghg b` prd`kdpdas y prçktdkgs
hb sacdhgrdhgh y pgrtdkdpgkdû` hbmakrçtdkg b`trb cas mdbmoras hb bstg
kamu`d
kamu`dhgh
hgh-rbh
-rbh.. B` tgc sb`tdh
sb`tdha,
a, u`g gpcdk
gpcdkgkd
gkdû`
û` wbo bs nu`
nu`hgm
hgmb`t
b`tgc
gc y
`bkb
`bkbssgr
grdg
dg,, tb
tb`d
`db`
b`ha
ha b` kub`
kub`tg
tg cas
cas ob
ob`b
`bndndkd
kdas
as qu
qub
b prbs
prbsb`
b`tg
tg`
` cg
cgss
tbk`acalígs hb d`narmgkdû` pgrg lg`gr kgcdhgh y rgpdhbz g cas prakbsas
prahuktdvas, ghmd`dstrgtdvas, bhukgtdvas y hb d`narmgkdû` hb mgsgs. Vbra
g cg pgr
pgr hb
hbcc d`
d`tb
tbr`
r`bt
bt,, md
mdcb
cbss hb us
usug
ugrd
rdas
as b d`
d`st
stdtdtuk
ukda
da`b
`bss hb
hbsk
skgr
grlg
lg`
`
gpcdkgkda`bs wbo hbmastrg`ha qub kghg híg cgs pbrsa`gs bstç` mçs
rbcgkda`ghgs ka` `ubvgs tbk`acalígs y ouskg` mùctdpcbs apkda`bs pgrg
gmpcdgr su lgmg hb sbrvdkdas, saorb taha ogsghas b` cg tbk`acalíg hb cg
`uob. Kgob hbstgkgr qub, cgs gpcdkgkda`bs wbo sa` u` tdpa hb santwgrb
qub sb kahdndkg b` u` cb`lugib sapartgha par cas `gvblgharbs wbo y kuyg
bibkukdû` bs ccbvghg g kgoa par bc `gvblghar b` D`tbr`bt a hb u`g d`trg`bt
(hb gjí qub rbkdog` bc `amorb hb Gpp wbo).

^b`bzubcg `a bskgpg g bstb ka`tbxta mu`ha, y bs par bcca qub,

sblù` u`g b`kubstg hbc Aosbrvgtarda ^b`bzacg`a hb [brvdkdas Vùocdkas,
puocdkgha b` bc hdgrda Bc @gkda`gc Hdldtgc, pgrg bc tbrkbr trdmbstrb hb ?674
bc 86,2% hb cas jalgrbs vb`bzacg`as rbpartû gkkbsa g D`tbr`bt. Dlugc qub
b` cas jalgrbs bc d`tbr`bt bs u`g jbrrgmdb`tg hb dmpartg`kdg b` cgs

d`stdtukda`bs pùocdkgs y prdvghgs, b`trb bccgs bc [dstbmg Bhukgtdva b`

4
tahas sus `dvbcbs, saorb taha, b` tdbmpas hb pg`hbmdg ha`hb gjarg kghg
jalgr bs u`g bskubcg, u` cdkba, u`g u`dvbrsdhgh.

Cas `blakdas, cas mbrkghas d`tbr`as, cg bhukgkdû` y bc trgogia jg`

pahdha sbludr ccbvç`hasb g kgoa katdhdg`gmb`tb hurg`tb cg pg`hbmdg
lrgkdgs g cg ka`bktdvdhgh. Bc d`tbr`bt sb jg ka`vbrtdha b` cg jbrrgmdb`tg
hb kamu`dkgkdû` par bxkbcb`kdg, pubs jg mg`tb`dha g cgs pbrsa`gs b`
sus gktdvdhghbs bskacgrbs a cgoargcbs hb mg`brg katdhdg`g.

G`tb cg `ubvg `armgcdhgh y cg `bkbsdhgh hb gldcdzgr cas prakbsas

ghmd
ghmd`d
`dst
strg
rgtdtdva
vas,
s, b` bc kgsa
kgsa bspb
bspbkí
kíndndka
ka hb cg An
Andk
dkd`
d`g
g hb Bs
Bstu
tuhd
hdas
as
Gvg`zghas ghskrdtg g cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y
[gobrb
[gobrbss hb
hbcc bib Ebr
Ebrbp
bpgeu
geupgd
pgd ^b`
^b`ç
ç hb cg R`dvb
R`dvbrsd
rsdhgh
hgh Oacdvg
Oacdvgrdg
rdg`g
`g hb
^b`bzubcg
^b`bzu bcg (RO^),
(RO^), d`s
d`stdt
tdtukd
ukdû`
û` u`dvbr
u`dvbrsdt
sdtgrd
grdg
g hb kaobrt
kaobrturg
urg `gk
`gkda`
da`gc
gc qub
kub`tg
kub`tg ka` u`g sbhb uoduodkgh
kghgg b` Kdu
Kduhgh
hgh Oacív
Oacívgr,
gr, kgp
kgpdtg
dtgcc hbc Bst
Bstgha
gha
Oacívg
Oacívgr,
r, sb pra
prapus
pusa
a bc hbsgrr
hbsgrracc
acca
a y pas
pastbr
tbrdar
dar dmp
dmpcbm
cbmb`t
b`tgkd
gkdû`
û` hb u`g
gpcdcdkg
gp kgkd
kdû`
û` wbo,
wbo, ut
utdcdcdz
dzg`
g`ha
ha cg mb
mbta
taha
haca
calí
líg
g _G
_GXD
XDA@
A@GC
GC R@DN
R@DNDB
DBH
H
V_AKB[[, (_RV), cg kugc sb utdcdzû b` taha ca rbnbrb`tb g cg rb`hdkdû` y
vbrdndkgkdû` hb cas d`lrbsas hb bstuhdg`tbs hb bstuhdas gvg`zghas, pubsta
qub cas rbldstras
rbldstras sb ccbvg
ccbvg`
` hb mg`brg mg`ugc
mg`ugc b` cdoras hb kub`tgs
kub`tgs qub
cubla sb trg`skrdob` g Bxkbc, taha bsta jgkb muy cb`ta bc prakbsa hb
rb`hdk
rb`hdkdû`
dû` y vbrdndk
vbrdndkgkd
gkdû`
û` hb d`l
d`lrbs
rbsas
as prapda
prapdass hb hdk
hdkjg
jg Kaa
Kaarhd
rhd`gk
`gkdû`
dû` y
ka`sbkub`tbmb`tb sb vb gnbktghg cg cgoar ghmd`dstrgtdvg y lbrb`kdgc hb
hdkjg kaarhd`gkdû`.

B` tgc sb`tdha, bc aoibtdva kb`trgc prapubsta pgrg bstb praybkta nub

Hbsg
Hbsgrr
rrac
accg
cgrr u`g
u`g gp
gpcdcdkg
kgkd
kdû`
û` wbo
wbo pgrg
pgrg cg lb
lbst
stdû
dû`
` hb cg rb`h
rb`hdk
dkdû
dû`
` y
vbrdndkgkdû` hb kub`tg hb cas d`lrbsas prapdas hb cg Andkd`g hb Bstuhdas
Gvg`zghas ghskrdtg g cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y
[gobrbs hbc bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç hb Kduhgh Oacívgr-Bstgha Oacívgr. Bc
kugc
kugc sb ccbv
ccbvû
û g kgoa
kgoa mbhd
mbhdg`
g`tb
tb u`g
u`g bs
bstr
trgt
gtbl
bldg
dg mb
mbta
taha
hacû
cûld
ldkg
kg hb tdtdpa
pa
hbskrdptdvg, ka` mahgcdhgh hb praybkta ngktdocb y sb utdcdzû kama täk`dkg

76
hb rbka
rbkacb
cbkk
kkdû
dû`
` hb hgta
hgtass cg ao
aosb
sbrv
rvgk
gkdû
dû`
` hd
hdrb
rbkt
ktg,
g, cg gp
gpcdk
cdkgk
gkdû
dû`
` hb cg
b`trbvdstg sbmd bstrukturghg, qub sb cg gpcdkû g u`g mubstrg kb`sgc hb
kugtra
kugtra (68
(68)) pbrsa`
pbrsa`gs
gs qub trg
trgogi
ogig`
g` b` cg Kaa
Kaarhd
rhd`gk
`gkdû`
dû` hdrbkt
hdrbktgmb
gmb`tb
`tb

b`kgrl
b`kg rlgh
ghas
as hbc
hbc prprak
akbs
bsa
a hb pr prbd
bd`s
`skr
krdp
dpkd
kdû`
û`,, d`
d`sk
skrd
rdpk
pkdû
dû`,
`, rb`h
rb`hdk
dkdû
dû`
` y
vbrdndkgkdû` hb d`lrbsas prapdas lb`brghas par cg Bstuhdas Gvg`zghas.

Vgrg bc hdsb÷a y hbsgrracca hb cg gpcdkgkdû` \bo, sb bcdldû kama sb

jg sb÷gcgha b` cí`bgs g`tbrdarbs cg mbtahacalíg _RV (_gtda`gc R`dndbh
Vrakbss) kama gmodb`tb hb hbsgrracca, hghg su ngkdcdhgh y bndkgkdg g cg
jarg hb hbsgrraccgr gpcdkgkda`bs wbo. Bstg bstrukturg hd`çmdkg pbrmdtb
qub bc prakbs
prakbsa
a hb hbsgrr
hbsgrracc
acca
a sb
sbg
g nu`hg
nu`hgmb`
mb`tgc
tgcmb`
mb`tb
tb dtb
dtbrgt
rgtdva
dva b` cas
kugtras ngsbs9 g) D`dkda, kuya aoibtdva bs hbtbrmd`gr cg vdsdû` hbc praybkta
y hbnd`dr ca qub sb hbsbg rbgcdzgr5 o) Bcgoargkdû`9 btgpg b` cg qub sb
hbtbrmd`g cg grqudtbkturg ûptdmg hbc praybkta y k) Ka`strukkdû`9 ngsb b` cg
qub sb aotdb`b cg kgpgkdhgh.

Ka` cg dmpcbmb`tgkdû` hbc [dstbmg _RV, sb bspbrg qub cg Andkd`g

hb Bstuhdas Gvg`zghas hb cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y
[gobrb
[gobrbss hb
hbcc Bib Ebrbpg
Ebrbpgeup
eupgd
gd ^b`ç
^b`ç hb cg R`d
R`dvbr
vbrsdh
sdhgh
gh Oac
Oacdvg
dvgrdg
rdg`g
`g hb
Kduhgh Oacívgr, calrb bc aoibtdva hb gldcdzgr cas prakbsas hb cg lbstdû` hb
rb`hdkdû` y vbrdndkgkdû` hb cas d`lrbsas prapdas g trgväs hb u`g gpcdkgkdû`
wbo
wbo d`
d`tb
tbrg
rgtdtdvg
vg y gmdl
gmdlgo
gocb
cb qub
qub gy
gyuh
uhb
b g ma
mahb
hbr`
r`dz
dzgr
gr,, gu
guta
tamg
mgtdtdzg
zgrr y
aptdmdzgr
aptdmdzgr cas prakbs
prakbsas
as ghmd`d
ghmd`dstr
strgtd
gtdvas
vas y lbr
lbrb`k
b`kdgc
dgcbs
bs hb cg andkd`
andkd`g
g hb
Bstuhdas Gvg`zghas hb cg RO^.

Bc sdludb
sdludb`tb
`tb praybk
praybkta
ta sa
sakda
kda tbk
tbk`a
`acûl
cûldka
dka sb bst
bstruk
ruktur
turû
û b` kug
kugtra
tra
kgpítucas9

B` bc kgpítuca D. tdtucgha Bc Vraocbmg, sb bxpa`b cg hbskrdpkdû` hbc

çrbg
çrbg hb d`
d`vb
vbst
stdl
dlgk
gkdû
dû`,
`, su uodk
uodkgk
gkdû
dû`,
`, md
mdsd
sdû`
û` y vd
vdsd
sdû`
û` y sb pc
pcg`
g`tb
tbg
g bc
praocbmg y sus aoibtdvas.

77
 B` bc Kgpítuca DD. _bnbrdha gc Mgrka Xbûrdka y Xbk`acûldka, goarhg
cas g`tbkbhb`tbs hb cg d`vbstdlgkdû`, cgs ogsbs tbûrdkgs, cgs ogsbs cblgcbs
y bc [dstbmg _RV.

B` bc Kgpítuca DDD. Xdtucgha Mgrka Mbtahacûldka, b` bc kugc sb bxpa`b

bc tdpa hb d`vbstdlgkdû` qub sb pcg`tbg, cg mahgcdhgh y bc hdsb÷a, cgs
täk`dkgs utdcdzghgs pgrg cg rbkacbkkdû` hb cas hgtas y cg paocgkdû` y
mubstrg. Gsdmdsma, sb bxpcdkg gmpcdgmb`tb cg gpcdkgkdû` _RV y sus
ngsbs, gsí kama bc kra`alrgmg hb gktdvdhghbs y bc bstuhda hb Ngktdodcdhgh.

B` bc Kgpdtuca D^. Xdtucgha Hbskrdpkdû` hb cg Vrapubstg, sb bxpcdkg bc

hdsb÷a y gpcdkgkdû` hbc [dstbmg _RV b` cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`,
_bkr
_bkrbg
bgkd
kdû`
û` y [g
[gob
obrb
rbss hbc
hbc Bib
Bib Eb
Ebrb
rbpg
pgeu
eupg
pgdd ^b`ç
^b`ç hb cg R`
R`dv
dvbr
brsd
sdhg
hgh
h
Oacdvgrdg`g hb Kduhgh Oacívgr.

7?
 KGVÍXRCA D

BC V_AOCBMG

B` bstb kgpítuca sb jgkb rbnbrb`kdg g cg hbskrdpkdû` hbc çrbg hb

d`vbstdlgkdû` qub, b` bstb kgsa pgrtdkucgr, sb trgtg hb cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb
Vrahuk
Vrahukkdû
kdû`,
`, _b
_bkrb
krbgk
gkdû`
dû` y [gobr
[gobrbs
bs hb cg R`dvbr
R`dvbrsdh
sdhgh
gh Oacdv
Oacdvgrdg
grdg`g
`g hb
^b`bzubcg
^b`bzubcg (RO^
(RO^),
), bib Ebrbpgeu
Ebrbpgeupgd
pgd ^b`ç hb Kduhgh Oacívgr.
Oacívgr. Gsdmds
Gsdmdsma,
ma,
sb hbskrdob su mdsdû`, vdsdû` y uodkgkdû`. Hb dlugc mg`brg, sb jgkb bc
pcg`tbgmdb`ta hbc praocbmg, cas rbspbktdvas aoibtdvas hb cg d`vbstdlgkdû`,

iustdndkgkdû` y gckg`kb hb
hb cg prbsb`tb d`vbstdlgk
d`vbstdlgkdû`.
dû`.

D.7. Hbskrdpkdû` hbc çrbg hb d`vbstdlgkdû`

Bc çrbg hb d`vbstdlgkdû` hbc prbsb`tb trgogia bs cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb

Vrahuk
Vrahukkdû
kdû`,
`, _b
_bkrb
krbgk
gkdû`
dû` y [gobr
[gobrbs
bs hb cg R`dvbr
R`dvbrsdh
sdhgh
gh Oacdv
Oacdvgrdg
grdg`g
`g hb
^b`bzu
^b`bzubcg
bcg (RO^),
(RO^), bib Ebrbpg
Ebrbpgeup
eupgd
gd ^b
^b`ç
`ç hb Kduhgh
Kduhgh Oac
Oacívg
ívgr,
r, Bst
Bstgha
gha
Oacívgr. Bspbkíndkgmb`tb cg andkd`g hb pastlrgha a bstuhdas gvg`zghas hb
cg RO^. Cg Kaarhd`gkdû` bstç bstrukturghg, g su vbz, par kaarhd`gkda`bs,

sdb`ha bc Hr. Hg`dbc _ahrílubz bc Kaarhd`ghar Bstghgc y cg Hrg. Taegry

_gmas Kaarhd`gharg Mu`dkdpgc.

B` bstg andkd`g sb ccbvg gkgoa cgs d`skrdpkda`bs, vgkdgha hb `atgs,

prasbkukdû` gkghämdkg y blrbsas hb tahas cas pgrtdkdpg`tbs hb bstuhdas
gvg`zghas hb bstg Gcmg Mgtbr. Var ka`sdludb`tb, cg Kaarhd`gkdû` kub`tg
ka` vgrdas bqudpas kamputgrdzgha tdpa kamputgharg hb mbsg mgrkg ^dt,
ka` ma`dtar CKH, su rbspbktdva hdspasdtdva pbrdnärdka(tbkcgha), hdska hura
hb ;?6Lo, mbmardg _GM hb ?Lo, prakbsghar Vb`tdum Hugc KA_B B-
2;66 y sdstbmg apbrgtdva cdorb Hbodg` :.

7;
D.?. Rodkgkdû`

Cg Kaar
Kaarhd
hd`g
`gkd
kdû`
û` hb Vr
Vrah
ahuk
ukkd
kdû`
û`,, _b
_bkr
krbg
bgkd
kdû`
û` y [g
[gob
obrb
rbss hb cg

R`dvbrsdhgh Oacdvgrdg`g hb ^b`bzubcg (RO^), bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç hb

Kduhgh Oacívgr, Bstgha Oacívgr, sb uodkg b` cg Gv. Lbrmg`dg ka` Kgccb
G`hräs Obcca, Bhdn. RO^. G`tdlua Bhdn. K^L, Kduhgh Oacívgr‛Bha
Oacívgr‛Bha.. Oacívgr.

Ndlurg 7 Rodkgkdû`. Nub`tb. Laalcb Mgps (?6?6)

D.;. Mdsdû`

Cg Kaar
Kaarhd
hd`g
`gkd
kdû`
û` hb Vr
Vrah
ahuk
ukkd
kdû`
û`,, _b
_bkr
krbg
bgkd
kdû`
û` y [g
[gob
obrb
rbss hb cg
R`dvbrsdhgh Oacdvgrdg`g hb ^b`bzubcg (RO^), bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç hb
Kduh
Kduhgh
gh Oa
Oacícívg
vgr-
r-Bs
Bstg
tgha
ha Oa
Oacícívg
vgr,
r, tdtdb`
b`b
b ka
kama
ma md
mdsd
sdû`
û` ka
kaar
arhd
hd`g
`grr cg
cgss
d`skrdpkda`bs, kaora hb grg`kbcbs, bmdsdû` hb ka`stg`kdgs, prakbsgmdb`ta
hb `atgs y lrghugkda`bs hb cas pgrtdkdpg`tbs hb bstuhdas gvg`zghas hb cg
R`dvbrsdhgh Oacdvgrdg`g hb ^b`bzubcg.

78
D.8. ^dsdû`

Cg Kaar
Kaarhd
hd`g
`gkd
kdû`
û` hb Vr
Vrah
ahuk
ukkd
kdû`
û`,, _b
_bkr
krbg
bgkd
kdû`
û` y [g
[gob
obrb
rbss hb cg

R`dvbrsdhgh Oacdvgrdg`g hb ^b`bzubcg (RO^), bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç hb

Kduhgh Oacívgr, Bstgha Oacívgr, tdb`b kama vdsdû` sbr lgrg`tb hb tahgs cgs
gktdvd
gktdvdhgh
hghbs
bs y gkkda`
gkkda`bs
bs gk
gkghä
ghämdk
mdkgs
gs hb cas pg
pgrtdk
rtdkdpg
dpg`tb
`tbss hb bstuhd
bstuhdas
as
gvg`zghas hbc bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`g, gsí kama tgmodä` hb cas bibs
mu`dkdpgcbs hbc Bstgha Oacívgr.

7.2.- Arlg`dlrgmg hb cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y

[gob
[g obrb
rbss hb cg R`dv
R`dvbr
brsd
sdhg
hgh
h Oacd
Oacdvg
vgrd
rdg`
g`gg hb ^b
^b`b
`bzu
zubc
bcgg (R
(RO^
O^),
), bib
bib
Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç hb Kduhgh Oacívgr-Bstgha Oacívgr,

Kaarhd`ghar
Vastlrgha

Kaarhd`ghar Kaarhd`ghar
Gkghämdka Ghmd`dstrgva

Vbrsa`gc
Vbrsa`gc hb Xäk`dka
[bkrbtgríg
D`narmçkg

72
D.2. Vcg`tbgmdb`ta hbc praocbmg

Gktugcmb`tb cg wbo bs nu`hgmb`tgc y `bkbsgrdg b` u` mu`ha

d`tb
d`tbrk
rkam
amu`
u`dk
dkgh
gha
a y gcgctg
tgmb
mb`t
`tb
b sa
sakd
kdat
atbk
bk`a
`aca
cald
ldzg
zgha
ha.. Bc mu
mu`h`ha
a bs
bstç
tç
ka`skdb`tb hb cas ob`bndkdas qub prbsb`tg` cgs tbk`acalígs hb d`narmgkdû`
pgrg lg`gr kgcdhgh y rgpdhbz b` cas prakbsas prahuktdvas, ghmd`dstrgtdvas,
bhuk
bhukgt
gtdv
dvas
as y hb d`
d`na
narm
rmgk
gkdû
dû`
` hb mg
mgsg
sgs.
s. [a
[a`
` md
mdcb
cbss cg
cgss pbrs
pbrsa`
a`gs
gs b
d`stdtukda`bs qub g hdgrda hbskgrlg` gpcdkgkda`bs wbo hbmastrg`ha qub
bstgmas b` pcb`g brg hb cg rbvacukdû` tbk`acûldkg b d`narmçtdkg. B`
ka`sbkub`kdg, bc usa mgsdva hb cgs `ubvgs tbk`acalígs g `dvbc mu`hdgc,
rblda`
rblda`gc
gc y `gk
`gkda`
da`gc
gc jgkb`
jgkb` qu
qub
b cgs bmp
bmprbs
rbsgs
gs b d`s
d`stdt
tdtukd
ukda`b
a`bss ou
ousqu
squb`
b`
mùctctdp
mù dpcb
cbss ap
apkd
kda`
a`bs
bs pgrg
pgrg gmpc
gmpcdg
dgrr su lgmg
lgmg hb sb
sbrv
rvdk
dkda
das,
s, sa
saor
orb
b taha
taha

ogsghas b` bc usa d`tb`sdva hb d`tbr`bt y rbhbs sakdgcbs.

Kgob hbstgkgr qub cgs gpcdkgkda`bs wbo, sa` u` tdpa hb santwgrb
qub sb kahdndkg b` u` cb`lugib sapartgha par cas `gvblgharbs wbo y kuyg
bibkukdû` bs ccbvghg g kgoa par bc `gvblghar b` D`tbr`bt a hb u`g d`trg`bt
(hb gjí qub rbkdog` bc `amorb hb Gpp wbo). Bs par bsta qub jay híg cas
pralrgmgs y cas pralrgmgharbs tdb`b` u` rac dmpartg`tb b` cas hdstd`tas
çmodtas hb cg vdhg, tgcbs kama b` bc bmprbsgrdgc, d`stdtukda`gc, bhukgtdva,
rbkrbgtdva, b`trb atras.

B` bstb sb`tdha bc usa y hbsgrracca hb cg XDKs b` Gmärdkg Cgtd`g, jg

vb`dha gumb`tg`ha g pbsgr qub bstas pgísbs, b` su mgyaríg, `a kub`tg`
ka` u`g pcgtgnarmg ghbkughg pgrg bc vacumb` hb d`narmgkdû` y hgtas qub
sb mg`big b` cg gktugcdhgh. [blù` d`narmb hbc Og`ka hb Hbsgrracca hb
Gmärdkg Cgtd`g (?674),

–Bc dmpgkta qub tdb`b` cgs XDK b` cas pgísbs, rbhu`hg tg`ta b` su
bka`
bka`am
amíg
íg kama
ama b` cg
cgss pbr
brssa`
a`gs
gs qu
qub
b cas d`
d`tb
tblr
lrg
g`. [b jg
kampraogha qub u` d`krbmb`ta hbc 76% b` cg pb`btrgkdû` hb cg
og`h
og`hg
g g`
g`kj
kjg,
g, lb
lb`b
`brg
rg u` dm
dmpg
pgkt
kta
a hb b`
b`tr
trb
b 7 y 7,62
7,62%
% b` bc

7>
 Vr
Vrah
ahuk
ukta
ta D`
D`tb
tbrd
rdar
ar Orut
Oruta.
a. G su vbz,
vbz, cg
cgss pb
pbrs
rsa`
a`gs
gs qub
qub tdb`
tdb`b`
b`
jgod
jgodcdcdhg
hgh
h b` XD
XDK
K tdtdb`
b`b`
b` mb
mbia
iarb
rbss bv
bvgc
gcug
ugkd
kda`
a`bs
bs b` bc sd
sdst
stbm
bmg
g
bhukgtdva. Bsta ùctdma gyuhg g su vbz g ka`sbludr mçs nçkdcmb`tb

mbiarbs bmpcbas y ka` u` d`krbmb`ta hbc d`lrbsa qub askdcg b`trb

bc 7: y bc ;6%. (pçl. 7)

Gsdmdsma, bc Og`ka hb Hbsgrracca, bxjartg g cas pgísbs hb Gmärdkg

Cgtd`g g dmpcbmb`tgr pacítdkgs qub pramubvg` cg gcngobtdzgkdû` hdldtgc b`
tahas cas `dvbcbs hbshb bmprbsgs jgstg bc sbktar pùocdka, –bs hbkdr, qub
usb` kamputghargs, hbsgrracca hb pçld`gs wbos y hb gpps hb santwgrb.
Xgmo
Xgmodä
dä`
` qu
qub
b sb hbsg
hbsgrr
rrac
accb
cb`
` spd`
spd` anns
anns a bm
bmpr
prb`
b`hd
hdmd
mdb`
b`ta
tass hb og
ogsb
sb
tbk`acûldkg”. (OHGC, ?674, p. 7).

Var su pgrt
pgrtb
b bc Laodbr`a vb`bzacg`a,
vb`bzacg`a, hbshb jgkb mçs hb ?6 g÷as,
jg vb`dha pramavdb`ha bc usa hb cgs XDKs, mbhdg`tb cg pramakdû` hb cg
gcngobtdzg
gcngobtdzgkdû`
kdû` tbk`acûl
tbk`acûldkg
dkg b dmpcb
dmpcbmb`tg
mb`tgkdû`
kdû` hb dmpar
dmpartg`tb
tg`tbss pral
pralrgmgs
rgmgs
pgrg gsblurgr qub cg iuvb`tuh y tahg cg sakdbhgh vb`bzacg`g pubhg
gpravbkjgr cgs XDKs b` su gprb`hdzgib. B`trb cgs pacítdkgs hbc Laodbr`a
Oacdvgrdg`a pgrg cg pramakdû` hbc usa hb cgs XDKs sb pubhb` mastrgr bc
cg`zgmdb`ta hb has sgtäcdtbs, bc [dmû` Oacívgr (^b`bsgt-7) y bc Nrg`kdska
hb Mdrg`hg, gsí kama cg krbgkdû` hb cg bmprbsg ^b`bzacg`g hb D`hustrdgs
Xbk`acûldkgs (^DX), hbstd`ghg g prahukdr kamputghargs g ogia kasta. Cg
`gkda`g
`gkda`gcdcdzg
zgkd
kdû`
û` hb cg Ka
Kamp
mpg÷
g֒g
íg G`
G`û`
û`dmdmgg @g
@gkdkda`
a`gc
gc Xb Xbcä
cäna
na`a
`ass hb
^b`b
^b`bzu
zubc
bcg g (KG@
(KG@X^
X^),
), b` mgya
mgya hb ?66<
?66<,, tgmo
tgmodä
dä`
` d`d`ncncuy
uyb
b b` ququbb ca
cass
praybktas dmpucsghas b` bc çrbg tbk`acûldkg sb jgyg` ka`krbtgha. Cg
bstgtgc bs bc prdmbr pravbbhar hb cas sbrvdkdas hb tbcbna`íg ndig b D`tbr`bt
hb ^b`bzubcg. (KA@GXBC, ?6?7).

@a aostg`tb, g pbsgr hb cas bsnubrzas luobr`gmb`tgcbs tahgvíg

b`ka`trgmas hdndkuctghbs pgrg qub cgs d`stdtukda`bs pùocdkgs gutamgtdkb`
su lbstdû` ghmd`dstrgtdvg y sus sbrvdkdas. Xgc bs bc kgsa hb cg R`dvbrsdhgh

Oacdvgrdg`g hb ^b`bzubcg (RO^), bspbkíndkgmb`tb b` cg Andkd`g Bstuhdas

7<
Gvg`zghas ghskrdtg g cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y
[gobrbs hbc bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç hb Kduhgh Oacívgr, Bstgha Oacívgr. B`
bstg sbhb sb pubhb aosbrvgr u`g hbndkdb`kdg d`narmçtdkg b` bc çrbg hb cg

rb`h
rb`hdk
dkdû
dû`
` y vb vbrd
rdndndkg
kgkd
kdû`
û` hb cacass d`lr
d`lrbs
bsas
as prap
prapda
dass prav
pravb`
b`db
db`t
`tbs
bs hb
pgrt
pgrtdk
dkdp
dpg`
g`tb
tbss hb bstu bstuhd
hdas
as gv
gvg`
g`zgzgha
has,
s, gc ma
mamb
mb`t
`taa hb bnbk
bnbktu
tugr
gr ca
cass
sdludb
sdludb`tb
`tbss prakbs
prakbsas9
as9 cgs prb
prbd`s
d`skrd
krdpkd
pkda`b
a`bs,
s, d`s
d`skrd
krdpkd
pkda`
a`bs,
bs, a sac
sacdkd
dkdtgr
tgr
ka`s
ka`stg
tg`k
`kdg
dgss hb bs
bstu
tuhd
hdas
as y `a
`atg
tgs,
s, b`trb
b`trb atra
atras.
s. B` lb
lb`b
`brg
rgc,c, taha
tahass ca
cass
pr
prak
akbs
bsas
as qu
qub
b sb hb
hbob
ob`
` rb
rbgc
gcdz
dzgr
gr pgrg
pgrg pg
pglg
lgrr ca
cass grg`
grg`kb
kbcb
cbss qu
qub
b bc
pgrtdkdpg`tb g`tbs hb cg kucmd`gkdû` hb sus bstuhdas gvg`zghas.

Cg sdtu
sdtugk
gkdû
dû`
` pr
prao
aocb
cbmç
mçtdtdkg
kg su
surl
rlb
b hbod
hbodha
ha g qu
qub
b cg rb`h
rb`hdk
dkdû
dû`
` y
vbrdndkgkdû` hb cas d`lrbsas (pglas) bnbktughas par cas bstuhdg`tbs g`tb cg
Andkd`g Bstuhdas Gvg`zghas ghskrdtg g cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`,
_bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs hbc bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç hb Kduhgh Oacívgr, sb
ccbv
ccbvg`
g` hb mg`b
mg`brg
rg mg`u
mg`ugc
gc b` cdor
cdoras
as hb ku
kub`
b`tg
tgss y pa
past
stbr
brda
darm
rmb`
b`tb
tb sb
trg`skrdob` b` Bxkbc, ca kugc jgkb muy cb`ta bc prakbsa hb rb`hdkdû` y
vbrdndkgkdû` hb d`lrbsas prapdas hb hdkjg Kaarhd`gkdû`.

B` ka`sbkub`kdg, b` cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y

[gobrbs hbc bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç hb cg RO^, sb jg` hbtbktgha cgs
sdludb`tbs `bkbsdhghbs, qub vdb`b` hdndkuctg`ha u`g oub`g rb`hdkdû` y
vbrdndkgkdû` hb cas d`lrbsas bnbktughas par cas bstuhdg`tbs hb bstuhdas
gvg`zghas9

g) Ngct
Ngctg
g hb u` sdst
sdstbm
bmg
g d`na
d`narm
rmçt
çtdk
dka
a pgrg
pgrg cg Lbst
Lbstdû
dû`,
`, _b
_b`h
`hdk
dkdû
dû`
` T
^brdndkgkdû` hb Kub`tg hb D`lrbsas Vrapdas hb cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb
Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` T [gobrbs hb cg RO^, Bib Ebrbpgeupgd
^b`ç, Kduhgh Oacívgr-Bstgha Oacívgr.
o) Händk
Händkdtdt hb pbrsa`gc
pbrsa`gc b`tr
b`trb`gh
b`gha
a b` bc çrbg hb d`
d`narmç
narmçtdkg
tdkg qub p
pbrmdtg
brmdtg
gldcdzgr bc prakbsa hb Lbstdû`, _b`hdkdû` y ^brdndkgkdû` hb Kub`tg
hb D`lrbsas Vrapdas hb cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû`

7:
 T [gobrbs hb cg RO^, Bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç, Kduhgh Oacívgr-
Bstgha Oacívgr.
k) Ngctg h
hb
b u` mg`
mg`ugc
ugc hb us
usa
a hb cg gpc
gpcdkgkd
dkgkdû`
û` hbc sdstbm
sdstbmg
g d`narm
d`narmçtdka
çtdka,,

qub pb
qub pbrm
rmdtdtg
g gldcd
gldcdzg
zgrr bc pr
prak
akbs
bsa
a hb rb`h
rb`hdk
dkdû
dû`
` y vb
vbrdn
rdndk
dkgk
gkdû
dû`
` hb
kub`tgs b` bc çrbg hb bstuhdas gvg`zghas hb cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb
Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` T [gobrbs hb cg RO^, Bib Ebrbpgeupgd
^b`ç, Kduhgh Oacívgr-Bstgha Oacívgr.

Var atra cgha, bs dmpartg`tb hbstgkgr, qub bxdstb` oub`as bqudpas

kamput
kamputgkd
gkda`g
a`gcbs
cbs,, bspgkd
bspgkda
a nís
nísdka
dka ghbku
ghbkugha
gha,, pb
pbrsa
rsa`g
`gcc ghm
ghmd`d
d`dstr
strgtd
gtdva
va
matdtdvg
ma vgha
ha ka`
ka` ka`a
ka`akd
kdmd
mdb`
b`ta
tass mbhd
mbhdas
as hb mg`b
mg`bia
ia d`
d`na
narm
rmçt
çtdk
dka
a y u`
u`g
g
lbrb`kdg ka`skdb`tb hb cg `bkbsdhgh hb gutamgtdzgr bc prakbsa hb ka`trac
hb bstuhdas, pbrmg`b`kdg y kucmd`gkdû` hb cas bstuhdg`tbs hb Bstuhdas
Gvg`zghas hb cg RO^.
RO^.

Kama sb pubhb aosbrvgr, bc usa cas `ubvas sapartbs y kg`gcbs pgrg

hgr narmg, rbldstrgr, gcmgkb`gr y hdnu`hdr ka`tb`dhas d`narmgkda`gcbs, g
trgväs hb cgs `ubvgs tbk`acalígs yg `a bs u` cuia pgrg bstg u`dvbrsdhgh.
[d` huhg
huhg cg sdt
sdtugk
ugkdû`
dû` g`t
g`tbs
bs hbskr
hbskrdtg
dtg ccb
ccbvg
vg g rbg
rbgcdz
cdzgr
gr g cgs sdlud
sdludb`t
b`tbs
bs
prblu`tgs hb d`vbstdlgkdû`9

◁ ±Kûma sb prakbsg` y sb vbrdndkg` cas d`lrbsas prapdas b` cg

Andkd`g hb Bstuhdas Gvg`zghas hb cg R`dvbrsdhgh Oacdvgrdg`g

hb ^b`bzubcg (RO^)-Kduhgh Oacívgr1
◁ ±Kuçcbs sa` cgs hbndkdb`kdgs qub bxdstb` b` cg Andkd`g hb
Bstuhdas Gvg`zghas hb cg RO^-Oacívgr1 b` bc mamb`ta qub
cas bstuhdg`tbs pglg` sus grg`kbcbs a sacdkdtg` u` sbrvdkda1
◁ ±Bs dmpartg`tb qub sb gutamgtdkb cg Andkd`g hb Bstuhdas
Gvg`zghas hb cg RO^-Oacívgr1.
◁ ±B
±Bcc hb
hbsg
sgrra
rracca
cca b dm
dmpc
pcbm
bmb`
b`tg
tgkd
kdû`
û` hb u`
u`g
g gp
gpcdk
cdkgk
gkdû
dû`
` \b
\bo
o
mbiargríg bc prakbsa hb rb`hdkdû` y vbrdndkgkdû` hb kub`tgs b`

cg Andkd`g hb Bstuhdas Gvg`zghas hb cg RO^-Oacívgr1.

74
7.>. Aoibtdvas

7.>.7. Aoibtdva
Aoibtdv a lb`brgc

Hbsg
Hbsgrra
rraccg
ccgrr u`g
u`g Gpcdk
Gpcdkgk
gkdû
dû`
` \bo
\bo Vg
Vgrg
rg cg Lbst
Lbstdû
dû`,
`, _b
_b`h
`hdk
dkdû
dû`
` T
^brd
^brdndk
ndkgk
gkdû
dû`
` hb Ku
Kub`
b`tg
tg hb D`
D`lr
lrbs
bsas
as Vrap
Vrapda
dass hb cg Ka
Kaar
arhd
hd`g
`gkd
kdû`
û` hb
Vrahuk
Vrahukkdû
kdû`,
`, _b
_bkrb
krbgk
gkdû`
dû` y [gobr
[gobrbs
bs hb cg R`dvbr
R`dvbrsdh
sdhgh
gh Oacdv
Oacdvgrdg
grdg`g
`g hb
^b`bzubcg, Bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç, Kduhgh Oacívgr-Bstgha Oacívgr.

7.>.?. Aoibtdvas
Aoibtdv as bspbkíndkas
bs pbkíndkas

◁ Dh
Dhb
b`t
`tdndndk
dkg
gr cg
cgss hbn
bndk
dkdb
db`k
`kdg
dgss b` cg lb
lbst
stddû`
û`,, rb
rb`h
`hdk
dkdû
dû`
` y
vbrdndkgkdû` hb kub`tg hb d`lrbsas prapdas hb cg Andkd`g hb
Bstu
Bstuhd
hdas
as Gv
Gvg`
g`zg
zgha
hass hb cg Ka
Kaar
arhd
hd`g
`gkd
kdû`
û` hb Vr
Vrah
ahuk
ukkd
kdû`
û`,,
_bkr
_bkrbg
bgkd
kdû`
û` y [g
[gob
obrb
rbss hb cg R`
R`dv
dvbr
brsd
sdhg
hgh
h Oa
Oacdv
cdvgr
grdg
dg`g
`g hb
^b`bzubcg-Oacívgr.
◁ Cbvg`tgr cg hgtg hb cas usugrdas y/a pgrtdkdpg`tbs hb Bstuhdas
Gvg`zghas hb cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y
[gobrbs hb cg R`dvbrsdhgh Oacdvgrdg`g hb ^b`bzubcg-Oacívgr.
◁ Hdsb÷gr cg D`nrgbstrukturg hb ghmd`dstrgkdû` hb cg gpcdkgkdû`
wbo, sblù` mbtahacalíg _RV.
◁ Hbtbrmd`gr cgs rbstrdkkda`bs a hbrbkjas hb cas usugrdas qub
utdcdzgrç` cg gpcdkgkdû` wbo.
◁ Dmp
Dmpcbm
cbmb`t
b`tgr
gr cg gpc
gpcdkg
dkgkdû
kdû`
` wbo og
ogsgh
sghg
g b` cg mbt
mbtaha
ahacal
calíg
íg
_RV, pgrg aptdmdzgr cg lbstdû`, rb`hdkdû` y vbrdndkgkdû` hb
kub`
kub`tg
tg hb d`
d`lr
lrbs
bsas
as pr
prap
apda
dass hb cg An
Andk
dkd`
d`g
g hb Bs
Bstu
tuhd
hdas
as
Gvg`zghas hb cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y
[gobrbs hb cg R`dvbrsdhgh Oacdvgrdg`g hb ^b`bzubcg-Oacívgr.

?6
7.<. Iustdndkgkdû`

B` bstb gpgrtgha sb goarhgrç cg rbcbvg`kdg

r bcbvg`kdg hb cg @ubvgs tbk`acalígs

y cgs gpcdkgkda`bs wbo pgrg mbiargr cg kamu`dkgkdû`, d`narmgkdû` y cas

prakbsas ghmd`dstrgtdvas hb`tra hb cgs bmprbsgs b d`stdtukda`bs y hb
mg`brg bspbkdgc cg dmpartg`kdg qub
qub tdb`b bc hbsgrracca
hbsgrracca hb u`g gpcdkgkdû`
wbo pgrg cg Lbstdû`, _b`hdkdû` y ^brdndkgkdû` hb Kub`tg hb D`lrbsas
Vrapdas hb cg andkd`g hb Bstuhdas Gvg`zghas ghskrdtg g cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb
Vrahuk
Vrahukkdû
kdû`,
`, _b
_bkrb
krbgk
gkdû`
dû` y [gobr
[gobrbs
bs hb cg R`dvbr
R`dvbrsdh
sdhgh
gh Oacdv
Oacdvgrdg
grdg`g
`g hb
^b`bzubcg, Bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç, Kduhgh Oacívgr-Bstgha Oacívgr.

Jay híg bc mg`bia hb d`narmgkdû` mbhdg`tb bc usa hb gpcdkgkda`bs

wbo bs u`g rbgcdhgh b` cg kugc hbob bstgr d`mbrsg tahg d`stdtukdû` hbodha
g cg kg`tdhgh hb hgtg qub sb mg`big b` cg gktugcdhgh. B` bc mu`ha, cgs
gpcdkgkda`bs wbo sb jg` ka`vbrtdha b` jbrrgmdb`tg tbk`acûldkg pgrg u`dr
cgs rblda`bs, pgísbs, krbgr `blakdas, gkbcbrgr bc mbrkgha tbk`acûldka
lcaogc, ka` u`g lrg` vbrsgtdcdhgh b d`nd`dhgh hb gpcdkgkda`bs hb gkubrha g
cgs pbrspbktdvgs hb cgs pbrsa`gs, d`stdtukda`bs, bmprbsgs y sus gckg`kbs,
b`ka
b`ka`t
`trg
rg`h
`ha
a b` cg d`
d`tb
tbr`
r`bt
bt nu
nub`
b`tb
tb vd
vdtg
tgcc hb lb
lb`b
`brg
rgkd
kdû`
û` hb bm
bmpc
pcba
bas,
s,
`blakd
`blakdas
as bn
bndkg
dkgkbs
kbs b d`t
d`tbcd
bcdlb`
lb`tbs
tbs y lrg`
lrg` gyu
gyuhg
hg b` cg ka`
ka`sbk
sbkuk
ukdû`
dû` hb
aoibtdvas y pcg`tbgmdb`tas.

G `dvbc mu`hdgc, b` cgs ùctdmgs häkghgs hbc sdlca ZZ, cas pralrgmgs
y cas pralrgmgharbs jg` gckg`zgha `ubvas culgrbs b` prakurg hb u`
gmodb`tb wbo mçs bstgocb, krbgtdva, bndkdb`tb ha`hb cg d`tbrgkkdû` hbc
usugrda ka` cg rbh, sbg sb`kdccg y prçktdkg pgrg cas usugrdas. Kama bs
sgodha, tahas bstas lrg`hbs gvg`kbs b` jbrrgmdb`tgs tbk`acûldkgs `a
puhdbrg` sbr pasdocb sd` bc usa hb d`tbr`bt, par su rçpdhg gkaldhg, par su
vbcakdhgh hb trg`snbrb`kdg y par cg bnbktdvdhgh hb cas rbkursas gc sbr kgsd
d`mbhdgta bc gkkbsa g sus hdnbrb`tbs gpcdkgkda`bs,

?7
 B` Gm
Gmär
ärdk
dkg
g Cgtd
Cgtd`g
`g,, sb pubh
pubhb
b b`ka
b`ka`t
`trg
rgrr u`
u`g
g gm
gmpc
pcdg
dg rbnb
rbnbrb
rb`k
`kdg
dg
odocdalrçndkg saorb cas gvg`kbs tbk`acûldkas b` bstg rbldû`, b` cgs kugcbs
mukjas gutarbs jg` lb`brgha u` pranusa hbogtb saorb cg pbrspbktdvg

d`strumb`tgc lb`brgcdzghg hb vbr gc D`tbr`bt kama u` d`strumb`ta nubrg hbc

ka`tbxta hb cas kgmodas kucturgcbs, cgs rbcgkda`bs hb pahbr y cas sdstbmgs
sdmoûcdkas y hb kdrkucgkdû` hbc ka`akdmdb`ta b` Gmärdkg Cgtd`g y b`
mu`ha, hb mg`brg bspbkdgc b` bc gspbkta luobr`gmb`tgc, bhukgtdva y hb
d`narmgkdû`, kama sastdb`b Bstbr [kjdgva, kdtghg par Oa`dccg (?667) –Jgy
qub
qub goar
goarhg
hgrr u`
u`g
g pr
prap
apub
ubst
stg
g hb kr
krbg
bgkd
kdû`
û` hb u` `u
`ubv
bva
a jg
jgod
odtu
tuss b` bc
kduhghg`a, bs hbkdr `ubvgs narmgs hb pbrkdodr y b`tb`hbr cg `ubvg brg
hdldtgc (p.7<).

Cg –k
–kdo
dobr
brku
kuctctur
urg”
g” nu
nu`h
`hgm
gmb`
b`tg
tghg
hg b` prd`
prd`kd
kdpd
pdas
as y prçk
prçktdtdkg
kgss hb
sacdhg
sacdhgrdh
rdhgh
gh y pgr
pgrtdk
tdkdpg
dpgkdû
kdû`
` hbmakr
hbmakrçtd
çtdkg
kg b`trb
b`trb cas mdb
mdbmor
moras
as hb bst
bstg
g
kamu
kamu`d
`dhg
hgh-
h-rb
rbh.
h. Va
Varr bcca
bcca,, bs `b
`bkb
kbsg
sgrda
rda ka
ka`t
`tgr
gr ka
ka`
` u` ka
ka`i
`iu`
u`ta
ta hb
pr
prak
akbh
bhdm
dmdb
db`t
`tas
as ar
arhb
hb`g
`gha
has,
s, qub
qub gc sbr
sbr bi
bibk
bkut
utgh
ghas
as prap
prapar
arkd
kda`
a`b`
b`
gutamç
gutamçtdk
tdkgmb
gmb`tb
`tb cg d`n
d`narm
armgkd
gkdû`
û` `bk
`bkbs
bsgrd
grdg
g pgrg
pgrg gp
gpayg
aygrr g cg tam
tamg
g hb
hbkdsda`bs y ka`trac. B` tgc sb`tdha, u`g gpcdkgkdû` wbo bs nu`hgmb`tgc y
`bkb
`bkbssgr
grdg
dg,, tb
tb`d
`db`
b`ha
ha b` kub`
kub`tg
tg cas
cas ob
ob`b
`bndndkd
kdas
as qu
qub
b prbs
prbsb`
b`tg
tg`
` cg
cgss
tbk`ac
tbk`acalí
alígs
gs hb d`n
d`narm
armgk
gkdû`
dû` pg
pgrg
rg lg`gr
lg`gr kgcdhg
kgcdhgh
h y hgr
hgrcb
cb rgpdhb
rgpdhbzz g cas
prakbsas prahuktdvas y lbrb`kdgcbs.

^b`bzubcg `a bskgpg g bstb ka`tbxta mu`ha, y bs par bcca qub,

sblù` u`g b`kubstg hbc Aosbrvgtarda ^b`bzacg`a hb [brvdkdas Vùocdkas,
puocdkgha b` bc hdgrda Bc @gkda`gc Hdldtgc, pgrg bc tbrkbr trdmbstrb hb ?674
bc 86,2% hb cas jalgrbs vb`bzacg`as rbpartû gkkbsa g D`tbr`bt. Dlugc qub
b` cas jalgrbs bc d`tbr`bt bs u`g jbrrgmdb`tg hb dmpartg`kdg b` cgs
d`stdtukda`bs pùocdkgs y prdvghgs, b`trb bccgs bc [dstbmg Bhukgtdva b`
tahas sus `dvbcbs, saorb taha, b` tdbmpas hb pg`hbmdg ha`hb gjarg kghg
jalgr bs u`g bskubcg. (@H, ?674).

??
 Ca qub qudbrb hbkdr qub b` mdcbs hb jalgrbs vb`bzacg`as b` cas
ùc
ùctdtdm
mas tr
trb
bd`
d`tg
tg g÷a
÷ass hb
hbcc sdl
dlca
ca pgsg
sgha
ha cg papu
apucg
cgrd
rdzzgkdû
gkdû`
` hb cgs
kamputghargs sb jdza bvdhb`tbs. Var ca qub cgs kamputghargs pgsgra` hb

sbr mç
sbr mçqu
qud`
d`gs
gs akup
akupg`
g`ha
ha sgcg
sgcgss b`tb
b`tbrg
rgss g jb
jbrr
rrgm
gmdb
db`t
`tgs
gs hb trgo
trgogi
gia
a y
b`trbtb`dmdb`ta pbrsa`gc hb bskrdtarda, qub sb patb`kdgra` gù` mçs ka` cg
d`trah
d`trahukk
ukkdû`
dû` hb cgs gpcdkg
gpcdkgkda
kda`bs
`bs wbo,
wbo, trg
trg`sn
`snarm
armgra
gra`
` par kam
kampcb
pcbta
ta cg
kucturg hbc kdobr ka`sumdsma b` bstb pgís.

B` bstb bskb`grda d`tbr`gkda`gc y `gkda`gc bs bvdhb`tb cg rbcbvg`kdg

hbc usa hb cgs @ubvgs Xbk`acalígs y cgs gpcdkgkda`bs wbo hb`tra hb cgs
bmpr
bmprbs
bsgs
gs b d`
d`st
stdtdtuk
ukda
da`b
`bss pù
pùoc
ocdk
dkgs
gs.. Va
Varr bc
bcca
ca,, bs kg
kghg
hg vb
vbzz mg
mgya
yarr cg
`bkb
`bkbsd
sdhg
hgh
h hb gh
ghqu
qudr
drdr,
dr, hd
hdsb
sb÷g
÷grr y mb
mbia
iarg
rgrr ca
cass sd
sdst
stbm
bmgs
gs hb
hb`t
`tra
ra hb cg
bmprbsg b d`stdtukda`bs pgrg qub pubhg` sbr u` gpaya pgrg cg lbstdû` y
prak
prakbs
bsas
as gh
ghmd
md`d
`dst
strg
rgtdv
tdvas
as tg
tg`t
`ta
a hb
hb`t
`tra
ra hb cg
cgss md
mdsm
smgs
gs,, ka
kama
ma ka
ka`
` su
rbcgkdû` hb kampbtdtdvdhgh b` bc mbrkgha `gkda`gc b d`tbr`gkda`gc.

Hb gcc
gccíí cg dmp
dmpart
artg`k
g`kdg
dg hb
hbcc sdl
sdludb
udb`tb
`tb pra
praybk
ybkta
ta sak
sakdat
datbk`
bk`acû
acûldk
ldka,
a,
mbhdg`tb bc kugc sb rbgcdzû bc hbsgrracca hb u`g gpcdkgkdû` wbo pgrg cg
Lbstdû`, _b`hdkdû` y ^brdndkgkdû` hb Kub`tg hb D`lrbsas Vrapdas hb cg
Andkd`g hb Bstuhdas Gvg`zghas ghskrdtg g cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`,
_bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs hb cg R`dvbrsdhgh Oacdvgrdg`g hb ^b`bzubcg, Bib
Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç,
^b`ç, Kduhgh Oacívgr-Bstgha
Oacívgr-Bstgha Oacívgr, y kuya aoibtdva kb`trgc
brg mbiargr cg lbstdû` hb cg andkd`g ka` bc nd` hb praparkda`grcb g cas
bstuhdg`tbs y nu`kda`grdas u` trgogia ka`ndgocb y pbrtd`b`tb.

Cg `bkbsdhgh hb aptdmdzgr bc hbsgrracca, ka`trac y sbludmdb`ta hb cas

d`lrbsas prapdas hb cg Andkd`g hb Bstuhdas gvg`zghas krbû cg apartu`dhgh
hb hgr rbspubstg ka`ndgocb g cas bstuhdg`tbs-usugrdas y gc pbrsa`gc hb cg
Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs hbc bib Ebrbpgeupgd
^b`ç hb cg RO^, hbodha g qub cg rbcgkdû` hb d`lrbsas sb ccbvgog hb
mg`brg mg`ugc b` cdoras hb kub`tgs y pastbrdarmb`tb sb trg`skrdtas g

?;
Bxkbc, ca kugc jgkíg muy cb`ta bc prakbsa hb rb`hdkdû` y vbrdndkgkdû` hb
d`lrbsas prapdas hb hdkjg Kaarhd`gkdû`.

Kama sb jg sb÷gcgha b` cí`bgs g`tbrdarbs cg Andkd`g hb Bstuhdas

Gvg`zghas kub`tg ka` oub`as bqudpas kamputgkda`gcbs, bspgkda nísdka
ghbkugha, pbrsa`gc ghmd`dstrgtdva matdvgha, ka` ka`akdmdb`tas mbhdas
hb mg`bia d`narmçtdka y u`g lbrb`kdg ka`skdb`tb hb cg `bkbsdhgh hb
gutamgtdzgr bc prakbsa hb ka`trac hb bstuhdas, pbrmg`b`kdg y kucmd`gkdû`
hb cas bstuhdg`tbs hb Bstuhdas Gvg`zghas hb cg RO^.

R`g vbz rbgcdzgha bc hdgl`ûstdka g cg Andkd`g hb Bstuhdas gvg`zghas

y ka`
ka` bc nd`
nd` hb hgr kum
kumpc
pcdm
dmdb
db`t
`ta
a g ca
cass ao
aoib
ibtdv
tdvas
as pcg`t
pcg`tbg
bgha
hass b` bc
trg`skursa hbc hbsgrracca hb cg gpcdkgkdû` \bo sb ka`tbmpcû cas trbs
pdcgrbs hb cg sblurdhgh hb cg d`narmgkdû` qub sa`9 7. D`tblrdhgh9 Wub cg
d`
d`na
narm
rmgk
gkdû
dû`
` sbg ka`n `ndg
dgoc
ocb,
b, kar
arrb
rbkktg y `a sb pubh bhg
g gctb
ctbrgr5
rgr5 ?.
Ka`ndhb`kdgcdhgh9 Wub bc gkkbsa g cg d`narmgkdû` sbg ka`tracghg y qub `a
tb
tb`l
`lg
g` gkkbs
kbsa g cg d`
d`na
narm
rmgk
gkdû
dû`
` pbrsa
brsa`g
`gss `a guta
utard
rdzzgh
ghgs
gs y ;.
Hdspa`dodcdhgh9 Wub cg d`narmgkdû` sb b`kub`trb hdspa`docb b` kugcqudbr
mamb`ta mbhdg`tb bc sdstbmg.

Varr ca g`
Va g`tb
tbss bxpu
bxpubs
bsta
ta sb pu
pubh
bhb
b bv
bvdh
dhb`
b`kd
kdgr
gr cg dm
dmpa
part
rtg`
g`kd
kdg
g hb
hbcc
hbsgrracca hb u`g gpcdkgkdû` wbo qub sacvb`tgrç cg praocbmçtdkg hb bstg

kaarhd
kaarhd`g
`gkd
kdû`
û`,, kama
kama sb jg sb÷g
sb÷gcg
cgha
ha b` cí`b
cí`bgs
gs g`
g`tb
tbrd
rdar
arbs
bs,, mb
mbia
iarg
rgrç
rç
pbrkbptdocbmb`tb bc prakbsa hb rb`hdkdû` y vbrdndkgkdû` hb cas d`lrbsas
prapdas qub jgstg gjarg sb ccbvg hb narmg mg`ugc, krbg`ha u` bxkbsa hb
pgpbcbs, hupcdkg`ha d`narmgkdû`, pubsta qub hb cas cdoras ka`tgocbs, sb
vgkíg` pastbrdarmb`tb b` Bxkbc, ca qub jgkb b`larras
rasa cas
prakbhdmdb`tas hb prb b d`skrdpkdû` hb cas pgrtdkdpg`tbs b` cas Bstuhdas
Gvg`zghas, y tgmodä` hdndkuctg cg rb`hdkdû` y vbrdndkgkdû` hb cas d`lrbsas
prapdas hb cg andkd`g.

Bstg sdtugkdû` bxdlb g cg orbvbhgh pasdocb bc hbsgrracca y gpcdkgkdû`

hb u` sdstbmg d`narmçtdka pgrg bstas prakbsas, ka` bc kugc `a sûca sb

?8
calrgrç ccbvgr bc ka`trac gutamgtdzgha hb hdkjas prakbsas, sd`a tgmodä`
mbiarç`hacas `atgocbmb`tb y pravakg`ha gsí u` dmpgkta pasdtdva b` ca
qub
qub ka
ka`k
`kdb
dbr`
r`b
b g mg
mg`t
`tb`
b`br
br sb
sblu
lura
ra ca
cass rbld
rbldst
stra
rass a d`
d`na
narm
rmgk
gkda
da`b
`bss
gkghämdkgs y ghmd`dstrgtdvgs pgrg tb`br hdspa`dodcdhgh d`mbhdgtg hb cas
hgtas g cg jarg b` qub sbg` `bkbsdtghas y gsí rbsacvbr bndkdb`tbmb`tb cgs
praocbmçtdkgs qub sb prbsb`tg`.

@a sb pahríg acvdhgr qub ghbmçs cg bibkukdû` hb bstb praybkta sbrç

hb mukja ob`bndkda pgrg cg narmgkdû` y hbsgrracca tg`ta d`tblrgc kama
pranbsda`gc hbc lrupa hb d`vbstdlgharbs hb bstb praybkta y ghmd`dstrgtdvas
hb cg andkd`g pgrg su gktugcdzgkdû`, nartgcbkdmdb`ta b d``avgkdû`, b` grgs
hb hgr kumpcdmdb`ta hb rbsacvbr cgs `bkbsdhghbs hb cg rbldû`, sb÷gcghgs
b` cgs cí`bgs hb d`vbstdlgkda`bs vd`kucghg gc praybkta qub, sblù` bc
`ubva hakumb`ta hbc Vralrgmg @gkda`gc hb Narmgkdû` b` D`narmçtdkg, sb
prapa`b cg krbgkdû` hb kb`tras hb d`vbstdlgkdû` gsakdghas gc V@ND pgrg
su gktugcdzgkdû`, nartgcbkdmdb`ta b d``avgkdû`5 qub prapdkdb y gsblurb cg
gktdvdhgh d`vbstdlgtdvg b` d`narmçtdkg.

Dlugcm
Dlugcmb`t
b`tb
b sb qudbrb
qudbrb u`d
u`drr cas kb`tra
kb`trass hb d`v
d`vbst
bstdlg
dlgkdû
kdû`
` hb kgh
kghg
g
d`stdtukdû` u`dvbrsdtgrdg qub lbstda`g bc V@ND b` cg ka`narmgkdû` hb _bhbs
hb D`vbstdlgkdû` y Ka`akdmdb`ta. Var ùctdma, Bstgs cí`bgs hb d`vbstdlgkdû`
gpartg` ncbxdodcdhgh g cg ka`narmgkdû` hb hdvbrsas lrupas hb d`vbstdlgkdû`
hbc V@N b` D`narmçtdkg.

7.:. Gckg`kb

Bc gckg
gckg`k
`kb
b hb bstb
bstb pr
pray
aybk
bkta
ta bs ca
calr
lrgr
gr qub
qub cg Ka
Kaar
arhd
hd`g
`gkd
kdû`
û` hb
Vrah
Vrahuk
ukkd
kdû`
û`,, _bkr
_bkrbg
bgkd
kdû`
û` y [g
[gob
obrb
rbss hbc
hbc Bi
Bib
b Ebrb
Ebrbpg
pgeu
eupg
pgdd ^b
^b`ç
`ç hb cg
R`dvbrsdhgh Oacdvgrdg`g hb Kduhgh Oacívgr, calrb bc aoibtdva hb gldcdzgr cas
prakbsas hb cg lbstdû` hb rb`hdkdû` y vbrdndkgkdû` hb cas d`lrbsas prapdas
g trgväs hbc hbsgrracca hb u`g gpcdkgkdû` wbo ka` bc nd` hb mahbr`dzgr y
gutamgtdzgr cg andkd`g hb Bstuhdas Gvg`zghas.

?2
 KGVÍXRCA DD

MG_KA XBÛ_DKA-XBK@ACÛL
XBÛ_DKA-XBK@ACÛLDKA
DKA

DD.7. G`tbkbhb`tbs hb cg D`vbstdlgkdû`

B` bstb gpgrtgha sb jgkb rbnbrb`kdg g praybktas yg rbgcdzghas pgrg

bc hbsgrracca b dmpcbmb`tgkdû` hb d`vb`tgrdas qub mbiarg` cg lbstdû` hb
prahuktas y ngkdcdtg bc trgogia g cas trgogigharbs hb cas kambrkdas y qub
jg` sdha sbcbkkda`ghas par bc d`vbstdlghar hbodha g qub gpartg` g cg
d`vbstdlgkdû` pcg`tbghg. G ka`td`ugkdû`, sb kdtg` gclu`as praybktas qub
sdrvb` hb sustb`ta g bstg d`vbstdlgkdû`9

^dccgm
^dccgmbhd
bhdg`g
g`g Oda`hd
Oda`hd,, Tb`dnb
Tb`dnbrr Gcb
Gcbig`
ig`hrg
hrg (DR
(DRXO,
XO, `av
`avdbm
dbmorb
orb hb
?6777) –Dmpcbmb`tgkdû` hb u`g gpcdkgkdû` wbo hb u` d`vb`tgrda b` cg
?6
bmprbsg [MKV K.G. Kduhgh Oacívgr, Bha. Oacívgr”.

Bstb
Bstb pr
pray
aybk
bkta
ta sb kb
kb`t
`trû
rû b` bc hd
hdsb
sb÷a
÷a,, hb
hbsg
sgrr
rrac
acca
ca,, krbg
krbgkd
kdû`
û` b
dmpcbmb`tgkdû` hb u` sdstbmg hb d`vb`tgrda pgrg cg bmprbsg [MKV K.G,
bc kugc sbríg hb lrg` gyuhg pgrg bc ka`trac y lbstdû` hb mbrkg`kíg hb bsg

b`tdhgh.
Cg d`vbstdlgkdû` b` lb`brgc `as atarlû u` lrg` gpartb hb luíg
oçsd
oçsdkg
kg pg
pgrg
rg bc hb
hbsg
sgrra
rracca
cca hb bs
bstb
tb pray
praybk
bkta
ta,, pa
parr prbs
prbsb`
b`tg
tgrr ao
aoib
ibtdv
tdvas
as
sdmdcgrbs. T tgmodä` par bstgr hdrdldha g cg mdsmg paocgkdû`, y tahg cg
d`narmgkdû` rbnbrb`tb g bccg `as sdrvb hb gpaya pgrg `ubstrg d`vbstdlgkdû`.

?>
 Jdhgcl
Jdhgcla
a Mgrtí`
Mgrtí`bz
bz Gst
Gstrdh
rdh G`h
G`hrbd
rbd`g
`g (DRX
(DRXO,
O, aktuo
aktuorb
rb hb
hbcc ?67
?677)
7)
–Gpcdkgkdû` wbo pgrg bc ka`trac hb d`vb`tgrda b` bc kambrkdgc [RMBKA
K.G. Kduhgh Oacívgr, Bstgha Oacívgr”.

Bstg
Bstg d`
d`vb
vbst
stdl
dlgk
gkdû
dû`
` bs
bstç
tç ogsg
ogsghg
hg b` cg dm
dmpc
pcbm
bmb`
b`tg
tgkd
kdû`
û` hb u`g
u`g
gpcdkgkdû` wbo ka` bc nd` hb praparkda`gr sacukda`bs pgrg bc ka`trac hb
d`sumas par mbhda hb u` d`vb`tgrda qub gcmgkb`g ngkturg hb kamprgs,
`amorb hb pravbbhar, `¶ hb ngkturg y `amorb hbc grtíkuca. Nub hb lrg`
gpartb pgrg bc sbludmdb`ta hb cg d`vbstdlgkdû`
d `vbstdlgkdû` hb bstb praybkta.

Cgyg
Cgyg,, Hr
Hrby
by (RKG
(RKGO,
O, 78/7
78/76/
6/?67;)) –[
?67; –[ds
dstb
tbmg
mg hb Hdst
Hdstrd
rdou
oukd
kdû`
û` y
Vcg`dndkgkdû` hb kcdb`tbs y pbrsa`gc HK[VG”,

Bs u`g gpcdkgkdû` wbo qub pbrmdtb bc rbldstra, lbstdû` y sbludmdb`ta

b` kug`ta gc gpaya hb cg gsdl`gkdû` hbc pbrsa`gc mçs ghbkugha pgrg
praybktas hb guhdtaríg g kcdb`tbs. Cg nd`gcdhgh hbc sdstbmg bs bvgcugr
vgrdgocbs kugcdtgtdvgs y kug`tdtgtdvgs hb kcdb`tbs y stgnn kama9 rbkurrb`kdg
b` bc `blakda, rbkurrb`kdg ka` bc kcdb`tb, kgrla, kgrgktbrístdkgs, kbrkg`íg
kcdb`tb- stgnn y bxpbrdb`kdg, g nd` hb aptdmdzgr cg pcg`dndkgkdû` hb cas
rbkursas (prbsupubsta b` jargs) y mbiargr cas prakbsas hbc hbpgrtgmb`ta
hb [VG ([ystbm g`h Vrakbss Gssurg`kb).

[b ut
utdcdcdz
dzû
û cg mbta
mbtaha
haca
calí
líg
g hb hb
hbsg
sgrra
rracccca
a [k
[kru
rum,
m, og
ogsg
sghg
hg b` u`
hbsgrracca par "sprd`ts", qub sa` dtbrgkda`bs kartgs, g cg qub sb cb gsdl`g`
tgrbgs, ka` cg nd`gcdhgh hb tb`br u` prahukta b`trblgocb gc nd`gc hb kghg
dtbrgk
dtbrgkdû`
dû`.. Bc pra
praybk
ybkta
ta ka`sds
ka`sdstb
tb oçsdkg
oçsdkgmb
mb`tb
`tb b` u`g gpc
gpcdkg
dkgkdû
kdû`
` wbo,
wbo,
hbsg
hbsgrr
rrac
accg
cghg
hg b` cb
cb`l
`lug
ugib
ib I[V
I[V (I
(Igv
gvg
g sb
sbrv
rvbr
br pg
pglb
lbs)
s) ka
ka`
` bc usa
usa hb
hbcc
nrgmbware I[N (Igvg [brvbr Ngkb) qub pbrmdtb rbgcdzgr cg pcg`dndkgkdû` hb
guhdtardg hb u` kcdb`tb, hbshb cg krbgkdû` hb rbqubrdmdb`tas, gsdl`gkdû`
hb rbkursas, y pcg`dndkgkdû` hb stgnn hb gkubrha g su kbrkg`íg ka` bc
kcdb`tb dmpcbmb`tg`ha bc GVD hb Laalcb Mgps pgrg cg cakgcdzgkdû` y cg
nûrmucg hb Jgvbrsd`b pgrg hdstg`kdgs lbalrçndkgs.

?<
 Bc gpartb hb bstg d`vbstdlgkdû` nub bc hb b`tb`hbr cg dmpartg`kdg hb
cg gs
gsdl
dl`g
`gkd
kdû`
û` y sb
sblu
ludm
dmdb
db`t
`ta
a hb u` kc
kcdb
db`t
`tb,
b, hb
hbsh
shb
b cg krbg
krbgkd
kdû`
û` hb
rbqubrdmdb`tas, gsdl`gkdû` hb rbkursas hb gkubrha g su kbrkg`íg ka` bc
kcdb`tb, kubstdû` bstg dmpartg`tb b` bc mamb`ta hb hbsgrraccgr bc prbsb`tb
praybkta d`narmçtdka qub ouskg mbiargr bc prakbsa hb d`skrdpkdû` hb
pgrtdkdpg`tbs b` Bstuhdas
Bstuhdas Gvg`zghas
Gvg`zghas,, _b`hdkdû` y ^brdndkgkdû`
^brdndkgkdû` hb Kub`tg
hb D`lrbsas Vrapdas hb cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` T
[gobrbs hb cg RO^, Bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç, Kduhgh Oacívgr-Bstgha Oacívgr

Ia`g
Ia`gtj
tjg`
g` H. @b
@blr
lrí`
í` @ (R
(RKG
KGO,
O, mg
mgrz
rza
a ?67;)) trgog
?67; trgogia
ia tdtuc
tdtucgha9
gha9
–Hbs
–Hbsgr
grra
racccca
a hb
hbcc [dst
[dstbm
bmg
g hb Ghmd
Ghmd`d
`dst
strg
rgkd
kdû`
û` hb _b
_bku
kurs
rsas
as y Ka
Kaor
ora
a hb
[brvdkdas hb @uob pgrg Hgyka Xbcbkam, K.G.”

Bstb bs u` praybkta rbgcdzgha pgrg cg bmprbsg Hgyka Xbcbkam K.G.

mbhdg`tb bc kugc cas bspbkdgcdstgs hbc çrbg hb D`lb`dbríg ka`tgra` ka` u`
sd
sdst
stbm
bmg
g qu
qub
b cb
cbss pbrm
pbrmdtdtdrí
dríg
g an
anrb
rbkb
kbrr g ca
cass kc
kcdb
db`t
`tbs
bs `u
`ubv
bvas
as sb
sbrv
rvdk
dkda
dass y
prahuktas
prahuktas pbrtb
pbrtb`bkd
`bkdb`tbs
b`tbs g hdvbr
hdvbrsas
sas pravbbharb
pravbbharbss bxtrg
bxtrg`ibra
`ibras.
s. Vgrg cg
rbgc
rbgcdz
dzgk
gkdû
dû`
` hb bstb
bstb pr
pray
aybk
bkta
ta sb ut
utdcdcdz
dzû
û cg mb
mbta
taha
haca
calí
líg
g hb hbsg
hbsgrr
rrac
acca
ca
–[K_RM” ghgptghg g cg bmprbsg.

Bstg mbtahaca
cal
líg bstç ogsghg b` prakbsas dtbrgt
rgtdv
dva
as b
d`krbmb`tgcbs ca kugc sb utdcdzg kamù`mb`tb b` b`tar`as hb hbsgrracca

çldc hb gpcdkgkda`bs. Bstg mbtahacalíg sb kampa`b hb kugtra (8) btgpgs

oçssdkgs
oç dkgs99 pc
pcg`
g`dndndk
dkgk
gkdû
dû`
` hb cg dtbr
dtbrgk
gkdû
dû`,
`, bi
bibk
bkuk
ukdû
dû`
` hb cg dtbr
dtbrgk
gkdû
dû`
` y
nd`gcmb`tb, D`spbkkdû` y Ghgptgkdû`. Bc praybkta nub hdvdhdha b` akja (:)
mûhucas, cas kugcbs b`lcaog` u`g sbrdb hb nu`kda`gcdhghbs `bkbsgrdgs,
cas mûhucas hbsgrraccgra` nubra`9 Ka`trac hb Gkkbsa y Gutb`tdkgkdû`,
_acbs y Vrdvdcbldas, Ka`bxdû` ka` Vravbbharbs y Gkkda`bs, Ghmd`dstrgkdû`
y Ma`dtarba hb [brvdkdas (Hgsjoagrh), Ka`suctg, Vglas, Ka`ndlurgkdû` hbc
[dstbmg y Hakumb`tgkdû` y Mg`ugc hb Rsugrda.

Bc sdstbmg hbsgrraccgha tb`hrç kama prd`kdpgc nu`kdû` sdmpcdndkgr bc

usa hb jbrrgmdb`tgs par pgrtb hb cas bspbkdgcdstgs, yg qub sb glrupg`

?:
hdvbrsgs nu`kda`gcdhghbs hb mùctdpcbs pcgtgnarmgs, b d`kcudr u`g sbrdb hb
sbrvdkdas y rbkursas gc kgtçcala hb sbrvdkdas hb cg bmprbsg pgrg qub hb
bstg mg`brg cas kcdb`tbs pubhg` tb`br u`g `ubvg lgmg hb prahuktas pgrg
ghqudrdr.

DD.?. Ogsbs tbûrdkgs

B` bstb gpgrtgha sb goarhgrç` gclu`as b`naqubs tbûrdkas qub cb hg`

na
narm
rmg
g y sb vd`k
vd`kuc
ucg`
g` ka` bc ao
aoib
ibtdtdva
va prap
prapub
ubst
sta
a b` bs
bstb
tb pray
praybk
bkta
ta
sakdatbk`acûldka hdrdldha g hbsgrraccgr u`g gpcdkgkdû` wbo pgrg cg Lbstdû`,
_b`hdkdû` y ^brdndkgkdû` hb Kub`tg hb D`lrbsas Vrapdas hb cg Andkd`g hb
Bstu
Bstuhd
hdas
as Gv
Gvg`
g`zg
zgha
hass ghsk
ghskrd
rdtg
tg g cg Kaar
Kaarhd
hd`g
`gkd
kdû`
û` hb Vr
Vrah
ahuk
ukkd
kdû`
û`,,
_bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs hb cg R`dvbrsdhgh Oacdvgrdg`g hb ^b`bzubcg, Bib
Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç, Kduhgh Oacívgr-Bstgha Oacívgr.

[aorb bstb pgrtdkucgr, Grdgs (?67?), gndrmg qub cgs ogsbs tbûrdkgs
sa`9
sa`9 –u`
–u` ka`i
ka`iu`
u`ta
ta hb ka`k
ka`kbp
bpta
tass y prap
prapas
asdk
dkda
da`b
`bss qu
qub
b dm
dmpc
pcdk
dkg`
g` u`
hbsgrracca gmpcda hb cas ka`kbptas y prapasdkda`bs qub ka`narmg` bc
pu`ta hb vdstg a b`naqub ghaptgha, pgrg sustb`tgr a bxpcdkgr bc praocbmg
pcg`tbgha”. (p. 72).

Kgob
Kgob hbstgk
hbstgkgr
gr qub,
qub, hbo
hbodha
dha g cg bxt
bxtb`s
b`sg
g odo
odocda
cdalrg
lrgníg
níg y hdv
hdvbrs
brsas
as
b`naqubs saorb cg dmpartg`kdg hbc usa hb cgs `ubvgs tbk`acalígs b` cg
sakdbhgh gktugc5 b` bstg d`vbstdlgkdû`, sûca sb jgkb rbnbrb`kdg g trbs
b`naq
b`naqubs
ubs qub sb jg` ka
ka`sd
`sdhb
hbrgh
rgha
a gpartg
gpartg`
` y su
sustb
stb`tg
`tg`
` cas aoibt
aoibtdva
dvass
prapubstas b` bc sdludb`tb praybkta sakdatbk`acûldka. Hdkjas b`naqubs
sa`9 cgs Xdks y cg sakdbhgh hbc Ka`akdmdb`ta, cgs XDKs y su dmpartg`kdg
pgrg cg Gcngobtdzgkdû` Xbk`acûldkg, cgs XDKs b` bc Çmodta Arlg`dzgkda`gc.

?4
 DD.?.7.-- Cgs Xdks y cg [akdbhgh
DD.?.7. [akd bhgh hbc Ka`akdmdb`ta.
Ka`ak dmdb`ta.

Cg `akdû` –sakdbhgh hbc ka`akdmdb`ta”, utdcdzghg par prdmbrg vbz par

bc ndcûsana hb cg lbstdû` bmprbsgrdgc Vbtbr Hrukebr (7464-?662). Bstb

ka`kbpta bmbrlb hb cg dmpcg`tgkdû` hb cgs tbk`acalígs hb d`narmgkdû` y
kamu
kamu`d
`dkg
kgkd
kdû`
û` (X
(XDK
DK)) b` cg ka
katdtdhd
hdg`
g`dh
dhgh
gh hb cg
cgss rbcg
rbcgkd
kda`
a`bs
bs sa
sakd
kdgc
gcbs
bs,,
kucturgcbs y bka`ûmdkgs hb cgs kamu`dhghbs, bcdmd`g`ha cgs ogrrbrgs hb
bspgkda y tdbmpa qub bxdstb` b`trb bccgs. Cgs `ubvgs tbk`acalígs kama
bcbmb`ta d``avghar trg`snarmg` cas bcbmb`tas oçsdkas hb cg pbrsa`g
kama bc jgocg, bc rbkubrha a bc gprb`hdzgib, mahdndkg b` mukjas sb`tdhas
cg na
narm
rmg
g b` cg qub
qub bs pa
pasd
sdoc
ocb
b hb
hbsg
sgrr
rrac
accg
cgrr gk
gktdtdvd
vdhg
hghb
hbss prap
prapdg
dgss hb cg
sakdbhgh mahbr`g.

Cg hdnbrb`kdg hb cg sakdbhgh hbc ka`akdmdb`ta y cg sakdbhgh hb cg

d`na
d`narm
rmgk
gkdû
dû`
` rg
rghd
hdkg
kg b` qu
qub
b cg d`na
d`narm
rmgk
gkdû
dû`
` `a bs ca mdsm
mdsma
a qu
qub
b bc
ka`akdmdb`ta. [db`ha cg d`narmgkdû` u` d`strumb`ta hbc ka`akdmdb`ta, sb
kampa`b hb jbkjas y sukbsas, qub g su vbz sa` gqubccas bcbmb`tas qub
aobhbkb`
aobhbkb` prd`kdpgcm
prd`kdpgcmb`tb
b`tb g d`tbr
d`tbrbsbs
bsbs kambrkdgc
kambrkdgcbs.
bs. Bc ka`akdmdb
ka`akdmdb`ta
`ta bs
gqubc qub pubhb sbr kamprb`hdha par kugcqudbr mb`tb jumg`g rgza`gocb
y sb hb
hbnd`
nd`b
b kama
kama cg d`
d`tb
tbrp
rprb
rbtg
tgkd
kdû`
û` hb hd
hdkj
kjas
as jb
jbkj
kjas
as hb
hb`t
`tra
ra hb u`
ka`tbxta, b`kgmd`ghg g gclu`g nd`gcdhgh. (Cûpbz, ?6?7, p.>).

B` tg
tgcc sb`t
sb`tdh
dha
a cg lc
lcao
aogc
gcdz
dzgk
gkdû
dû`
` sa
sakd
kdat
atbk
bk`a
`acû
cûld
ldkg
kg,, jg vb
vb`d
`dha
ha
ardld`g`ha, sblù` cg AKHB (?6?6) u`g `ubvg hd`çmdkg hb trg`snarmgkdû`
qub tdb`b sus rgíkbs b` cas prakbsas hb hdldtgcdzgkdû`, b` cg gmpcdgkdû`
tbmpargc y bspgkdgc hb cas mbrkghas y b` cg rbtragcdmb`tgkdû`, qub tdb`b
kama
kama og
ogsb
sb ca
cass kg
kgmo
moda
dass sa
sakd
kdan
angm
gmdcdcdg
dgrb
rbs,
s, ku
kuctu
cturg
rgcb
cbss y hb
hbcc mu
mu`h
`ha
a hb
hbcc
trgogia.

Cgss ccg
Cg ccgmg
mghgs
hgs Xbk`ac
Xbk`acalí
alígs
gs hb cg D`n
D`narm
armgkd
gkdû`
û` y Kam
Kamu`d
u`dkgk
kgkda`
da`bs
bs
(XDKs) sa` u`g pgrtb hbc `ùkcba hb hbsgrracca hbc prakbsa hb d`tblrgkdû`
hb cas mbrkghas lcaogcbs. [d` bc usa hb cgs XDKs, sbríg hdníkdc kaarhd`gr cas

;6
sbrvdkdas hb prahukkdû` hb hdnbrb`tbs bmprbsgs b d`stdtukda`bs. Kama
sb÷gcg Cûpbz (?6?7)

B` bc mamb`ta hb cg jdstardg b` bc qub `as b`ka`trgmas,

cgs XDK sb sdtùg` b` u` culgr bstrgtäldka hb cg kghb`g
nd`g`kdbrg. Lrgkdgs g bccgs sb pubhb` gnra`tgr praocbmgs g
`dvbc mu`hdgc sd` sgcdr hb u` hbspgkja. (…). Var bsta `a
sûca sa` usghgs par cgs bmprbsgs, sd`a qub tgmodä` cas
arlg`dsmas andkdgcbs bxdstb`tbs cas utdcdzg` pgrg u`dr sus
nubrzgs y ccblgr hb bstg mg`brg g b`nrb`tgr praybktas mçs
lrg`hbs hb cas qub u` sûca pgís bs kgpgz hb ccbvgr g
kgoa. (p. ?).

Gsdmdsma, u`g hb cgs lrg`hbs kugcdhghbs hb cgs XDKs bs qub sa`

kgpgkbs hb hgr sbrvdkda g kugcqudbr sacdkdtg`tb. @a dmpartg hb quä sbktar
pravb`lg bc kcdb`tb, sdbmprb tb`hrç u`g sacukdû` jbkjg g mbhdhg pgrg
sacvb`tgr sus `bkbsdhghbs. Var ca tg`ta, hatg` hb kampbtdtdvdhgh g tahas
cas çmo
çmodta
dtass nd`
nd`g`k
g`kdbr
dbras,
as, sb ka`vd
ka`vdbrt
brtb`
b` b` bcbmb`
bcbmb`ta
ta d`t
d`tblr
blrgha
gharr b`t
b`trb
rb
kugcqudbr tdpa hb kambrkda, sd` hdstd`kda`bs. R`g pbqub÷g bmprbsg qub
sbg kgpgz hb usgr odb` cgs XDK pubhb ccblgr g sbr dlugc hb kampbtdtdvg b`
u` lrg` mbrkgha kama u`g lrg` muctd`gkda`gc. (Ao.kdt. p. ;)

Cgs `ubvgs tbk`acalígs sdbmprb jg` iulgha u` pgpbc krukdgc b` cas

prakbsas hb lcaogcdzgkdû` bka`ûmdkg y sakdgc. B` u` mu`ha
pranusgmb`
pranusgmb`tb
tb d`tbrka`bk
d`tbrka`bktgha,
tgha, cgs kamp
kamputgha
utghargs
rgs y cgs kamu`
kamu`dkgkd
dkgkda`bs
a`bs
sgtbcdtgcbs jg` jbkja pasdocb u` gcta `dvbc, hb d`tbrkgmoda hb d`narmgkdû`,
g trgväs hbc pcg`btg. Bs par bcca, qub bc hbsgrracca tbk`acûldka, saorb taha
bc rbnbrd
rbnbrdha
ha g cgs tbk`a
tbk`acal
calígs
ígs hb cg d`narm
d`narmgk
gkdû`
dû`,, bst
bstç
ç pra
prahuk
hukdb`
db`ha
ha u`
kgmo
kgmoda
da b` cg
cgss mg`
g`br
brgs
gs hb kamu`
amu`dk
dkgk
gkdû
dû`
` b`tr
b`trb
b ca
cass d`
d`h
hdv
dvdh
dhua
uass.
Ka`sbkub`tbmb`tb cgs gpcdkgkda`bs wbo, sa` jbrrgmdb`tgs gkkbsdocbs g
trgväs hb D`tbr`bt a rbhbs d`tbr`gs (d`trg`bts), qub `a rbqudbrb d`stgcgkdû`

pgrg cas usugrdas.

;7
 Kug`ha sb jgocg hb @ubvgs Xbk`acalígs, `a sacgmb`tb sb jgkb
rbnbrb
rbnbrb`k
`kdg
dg g cg d`narm
d`narmçtd
çtdkg
kg y sus tbk`ac
tbk`acalí
alígs
gs gsakdg
gsakdghgs
hgs,, tbc
tbcbmç
bmçtdk
tdkg
g y
muctdmbhdg, sd`a tgmodä` cas mbhdas hb kamu`dkgkdû` hb taha tdpa9 cas
mbhdas
mbhdas hb kakamu
mu`d
`dkg
kgkd
kdû`
û` sa
sakd
kdgc
gc ("mg
("mgss
ss mb
mbhd
hdg"
g")) y ca
cass mb
mbhd
hdas
as hb
kamu`dkgkdû` d`tbrpbrsa`gcbs trghdkda`gcbs ka` sapartb tbk`acûldka kama
bc tb
tbcä
cäna
na`a
`a y rb
rbhb
hbss sakdg
akdgcb
cbss. Bs par bc
bcca
ca,, qub Xbk
bk`
`ac
aca
alígs
lígs hb cg
D`narmgkdû` y cgs Kamu`dkgkdû` (XDK) sa` d`kubstda`gocbs y bstç` gjí,
am`dprbsb`tbs b` tahas cas çmodtas hb cg sakdbhgh, narmg` pgrtb hb
cg kdobrtbk`acalíg, bs kgpgz hb gmpcdgr cgs kgpgkdhghbs nísdkgs y mb`tgcbs
hb cas `gtdvas hdldtgcbs, ghbmçs gmpcdg cgs pasdodcdhghbs hb hbsgrracca
sakdgc. (Mgrquäs, ?672).

Cas bnbktas hb cgs `ubvgs tbk`acalígs sb mg`dndbstg` hb mg`brg

muy bspbkdgc b` cgs gktdvdhghbs cgoargcbs y b` bc mu`ha bhukgtdva. [us
gpartbs sb pubhb` aosbrvgr b` tahas cas çmodtas hb cgs gktdvdhghbs
jumg
jumg`g
`gs,
s, sb ka`k
ka`krb
rbtg
tg`
` b` u`
u`g
g sbrdb
sbrdb hb nu`k
nu`kda
da`b
`bss qu
qub
b ngkd
ngkdcdt
cdtg`
g` cg
rbgc
rbgcdz
dzgk
gkdû
dû`
` hb ca
cass tr
trgo
gogi
gias
as,, bc pr
prak
akbs
bsgm
gmdb
db`t
`ta
a hb hg
hgta
tass y tgmo
tgmodä
dä`
` cg
kamu`d
kamu`dkgk
kgkdû`
dû` ka` atrgs pbrs
pbrsa`g
a`gs.
s. Kam
Kama
a sas
sastdb
tdb`b
`b Mgr
Mgrquê
quêss Lrg
Lrgbccs
bccs
(?672) bsta bs prbkdsgmb`tb ca qub anrbkb` cgs XDKs9

◁ Nçkdc gkkbsa g taha tdpa hb d`narmgkdû` , saorb kugcqudbr tbmg

y b` kugcqudbr narmgta (tbxtugc, dkû`dka, sa`ara), bspbkdgcmb`tb
g trgväs hb cg tbcbvdsdû` b D`tbr`bt, pbra tgmodä` mbhdg`tb bc
gkkbsa g cgs `umbrasgs kacbkkda`bs b` hdvbrsas sapartbs.
◁ D`
D`st
stru
rumb
mb`t
`tas
as pgrg
pgrg ta
taha
ha tdpa
tdpa hb prak
prakbs
bsa
a hb hg
hgta
tas.
s. Cas
sdstbmgs d`narmçtdkas, d`tblrghas par arhb`gharbs, pbrdnärdkas y
pralrgmgs, `as pbrmdtb` rbgcdzgr kugcqudbr tdpa hb prakbsa hb
hgtas hb mg`brg rçpdhg y ndgocb.
◁ Kg`gcbs hb kamu`dkgkdû` d`mbhdgtg, sd`krû`dkg y gsí`kra`g,
pgrg hdnu`hdr d`narmgkdû` y ka`tgktgr ka` kugcqudbr pbrsa`g a
d`st
d`stdtdtuk
ukdû
dû`
` hbc
hbc mu
mu`h
`ha
a mbhd
mbhdg`
g`tb
tb cg bhdk
bhdkdû
dû`
` y hd
hdnu
nusd
sdû`
û` hb

;?
 d`narmgkdû` b` narmgta wbo, bc karrba bcbktrû`dka, cas sbrvdkdas
hb mb`sgibríg d`stg`tç`bg, b`trb atras.
◁ Gcmgkb`gmdb`ta hb lrg`hbs kg`tdhghbs hb d`narmgkdû` b`
pbqub÷as sapartbs hb nçkdc trg`spartb qub pubhb` gcmgkb`gr
gcrbhbhar hb mdc mdcca`bs hb kgrgktbrbs.
◁ Gutamgtdzgkdû` hb tgrbgs, mbhdg`tb cg pralrgmgkdû` hb cgs
gktdvdhghbs qub qubrbmas qub rbgcdkb` cgs kamputghargs, qub
ka`stdtuyb` bc kbrbora y bc kargzû` hb tahgs cgs XDK.
◁ D`tbrgktdvdhgh. Cgs kamputghargs `as pbrmdtb` –hdgcalgr” ka`
pr
pral
alrg
rgmg
mgss hb lbst
lbstdû
dû`,
`, vd
vdhb
hbai
aiub
ubla
las,
s, mg
mgtb
tbrd
rdgc
gcbs
bs narm
narmgt
gtdv
dvas
as
muctdmbhdg, sdstbmgs bxpbrtas bspbkíndkas.
◁ Jamalb`bdzgkdû` hb cas kûhdlas bmpcbghas pgrg bc rbldstra
hb cg d`narm
d`narmgkd
gkdû`
û` mbh
mbhdg`
dg`tb
tb cg hdldtgcdzgkdû` hb taha tdpa hb
d`narmgkdû`9 tbxtugc, sa`arg, dkû`dkg y guhdavdsugc.
◁ D`str
D`strumb`t
umb`ta
a kal`dtdva
kal`dtdva qub patb`k
patb`kdg
dg `ubst
`ubstrgs
rgs kg
kgpgk
pgkdhg
dhghbs
hbs
mb`tgcbs y pbrmdtb bc hbsgrracca hb `ubvgs mg`brgs hb pb`sgr.

B` cg gktugcdhgh, cgs gpcdkgkda`bs wbo lazg` hb lrg` papucgrdhgh,

saor
saorb
b ta
taha
ha parq
parqub
ub ù`dk
ù`dkgm
gmb`
b`tb
tb pr
prbk
bkds
dsg`
g` hb u` `gvb
`gvblg
lgha
harr wb
wbo
o ka
ka`
`
d`hb
d`hbpb
pb`h
`hb`
b`kd
kdg
g hb
hbcc sdst
sdstbm
bmg
g ap
apbr
brgt
gtdv
dva.
a. R`
R`g
g hb cg
cgss vb
vb`t
`tgi
gigs
gs hb cg
cgss
gpcdkgkda`bs wbo bs qub `a bs `bkbsgrda d`stgcgr `d`lu`g gpcdkgkdû` b`
cas arhb`gharbs hb tahas cas usugrdas qub cgs usg`. Cgs gpcdkgkda`bs wbo
pubhb` bibkutgrsb b` kugcqudbr pcgtgnarmg hbc mbrkgha. (Mucvdccb, ?67>).

R`g
R`g gp
gpcdk
cdkgk
gkdû
dû`
` wbo
wbo bs u` pr
pral
alrg
rgmg
mg d`
d`na
narm
rmçt
çtdk
dka
a ka
ka`s
`str
trud
udha
ha y
hdsb÷gha pgrg usgrsb bxkcusdvgmb`tb hb`tra hb u` `gvblghar wbo tgc
kama Laalcb Kjramb, D`tbr`bt Bxpcarbr a Mazdccg Ndrbnax, b`trb atras,
gkkbhdb`ha g u` sbrvdhar wbo g trgväs hb d`tbr`bt a hb u`g d`trg`bt. Bs
u`g gpcdkgkdû` hb santwgrb hbsgrraccghg b` u` cb`lugib hb pralrgmgkdû`
pb`sgha pgrg cas `gvblgharbs ha`hb bs prbkdsgmb`tb bc `gvblghar bc
qub sb b`kgrlg hb bibkutgrcg. Bstb tdpa hb gpcdkgkda`bs hbob` hdspa`br

;;
hb bcbmb`tas hb `gvblgkdû` qub gyuhb` g d`tbrgktugr gc usugrda ka` cas
hgtas qub ka`tdb`b`. (LN[ Lcaogc, ?6?6).

Cgss gp
Cg gpcdcdkg
kgkd
kda`
a`bs
bs wbo
wbo sa
sa`
` pa
papu
pucg
cgrb
rbss gk
gktu
tugc
gcmb
mb`t
`tb
b hb
hbod
odha
ha g cg
ngkdcdhgh pgrg gktugcdzgr y mg`tb`brcgs, sd` tb`br qub hdstrdoudr b d`stgcgr
sant
santwg
wgrb
rb g mdcb
mdcbss hb usug
usugrd
rdas
as.. Bs
Bstg
tg kc
kcgs
gsb
b hb gpcd
gpcdkg
kgkd
kda`
a`bs
bs –pbr
–pbrmd
mdtb
tb`
`
rbgcdzgr mùctdpcbs tgrbgs kama krbgr hakumb`tas, bhdtgr natas y bskukjgr
mùsdkg, sd` tb`br qub d`stgcgr kampcbias pralrgmgs”. Ghbmçs, pubhb
dmpcbmb`tgr y bibkutgr mûhucas qub pbrmdtg` ghmd`dstrgr ka`tb`dha kama
`atdkd
`atdkdgs,
gs, nar
narmuc
mucgrd
grdas
as pgr
pgrg
g bc rbldst
rbldstra,
ra, ka
ka`su
`suctg
ctg,, b`v
b`vía
ía hb d`n
d`narm
armgkd
gkdû`,
û`,
sacdkdtuhbs, pbhdhas y kugcqudbr atra tdpa hb ncuia hb hgtas qub pasdodcdtb cg
d`tbrgkkdû` b`trb u` usugrda hb cg gpcdkgkdû` ka` u` sdstbmg b` cí`bg y hb
narmg d`tbrgktdvg, calrg`ha aosbrvgr b` tdbmpa rbgc kugcqudbr tdpa hb
trg`sgkkdû` qub sb tb`lg b`trb bc sdstbmg, y sd bs bc kgsa, u`g ogsb hb
hgtas. (Huqub, ?672, Vp. 7<-7:).

Bstb tdpa hb gpcdkgkda`bs sa` kghg híg mçs kamu`bs lrgkdgs g cg

papucgrdhgh, bxtb`sdû` y usa qub tdb`b cg D`tbr`bt5 ghdkda`gc g bcca, su
ngkdcdh
ngkdcdhgh
gh hb us
usa,
a, gkt
gktugc
ugcdzg
dzgkdû
kdû`,
`, gkk
gkkbsa
bsa y mg`
mg`tb`
tb`dmdb
dmdb`ta
`ta cbs lb
lb`br
`brg
g
vb`tgigs nrb`tb g pralrgmgs hb santwgrb hb bskrdtarda trghdkda`gcbs. B`trb
cgs prd`kdpgcbs vb`tgigs y kgrgktbrístdkgs sb b`kub`trg` cgs sdludb`tbs9

∔ Gja
Gjarrg
rrg tdbmpa
tdbmpa99 [b pub
pubhb`
hb` rbg
rbgcdz
cdzgr
gr tgrbg
tgrbgs,
s, trgog
trgogigr
igr víg a`cd`b
a`cd`b,, sd`
`bkbsd
`bkbsdhgh
hgh hb hb
hbskg
skgrlg
rlgrr pra
pralrg
lrgmgs
mgs `d d`s
d`stgc
tgcgr
gr gpcdkg
gpcdkgkda
kda`bs
`bs ghd
ghdkda
kda`gc
`gcbs
bs b` cg
kamputgharg pbrsa`gc.

∔ Kampgtdodcdhgh muctdpcgtgnarmg9 [ûca bs `bkbsgrda tb`br u` `gvblghar

wbo pgrg bc usa hb bstgs gpcdkgkda`bs. @a bxdstb praocbmg gclu`a ka` bc sdstbmg
apbrgtdva utdcdzgha kama \d`haws, Cd`ux, DA[, b`trb atras. ∔ @a akupg bspgkda
b` bc hdska hura9 Vgrg bstg kcgsb hb gpcdkgkda`bs `a bxdstb cg `bkbsdhgh hb
d`stgcgkdû`.

;8
 ∔ Gktugcdzgkda`bs9 Bc santwgrb bs lbstda`gha par bc prapda hbsgrraccghar, par
ca tg`ta, gc mamb`ta hb usa y ka`bxdû` g cg gpcdkgkdû`, sb gsblurg qub sb bstç
usg`ha cg ùctdmg vbrsdû` sd` `bkbsdhgh hb ccgmgr cg gtb`kdû` hbc usugrda a
d`tbrnbrdr ka` sus jçodtas hb trgogia ka` cg bspbrg`zg qub vg g d`dkdgr `ubvgs
hbskgrlgs y prakbhdmdb`tas hb d`stgcgkdû` (gclu`gs vbkbs dmpasdocb kug`ha sb
bstç trgogig`ha hb`tra hb lrg`hbs arlg`dzgkda`bs.
arlg`dzgkda`bs.

∔ Ogia ka`suma hb rbkursas hbodha g qub cg gpcdkgkdû` `a sb bibkutg

hdrbktgmb`tb b` bc arhb`ghar hbc usugrda.

∔ Vartgodcdhgh9 Bs u`g lrg` kgrgktbrístdkg y vb`tgig hbodha g qub pubhb sbr

usghg hbshb kugcqudbr arhb`ghar y hbshb kugcqudbr culgr, sdbmprb y kug`ha sb
kub`tb ka` u` `gvblghar wbo y gkkbsa g d`tbr`bt.

∔ Vrbk
Vrbkda
da99 Cg
Cgss gpcd
gpcdkg
kgkd
kda`
a`bs
bs wbo
wbo `a rb
rbqu
qudb
dbrb
rb`` cg d`
d`nr
nrgb
gbst
stru
rukt
ktur
urgg hb
hdstrdoukdû`, sapartb täk`dka y mgrebtd`l rbqubrdha par bc santwgrb hbskgrlgocb
trghdkda`gc. ∔ D`narmgkdû` y hgtas a`cd`b9 Ästa pbrmdtb qub bc usugrda gkkbhg g cg
gpcdkg
gpcdkgkdû
kdû`` sd` dmp
dmpart
artgr
gr su uod
uodkg
kgkdû
kdû`` hg
hgha
ha qub kub`tg
kub`tg ka` u`g d`narm
d`narmgkd
gkdû`
û`
kb`trgcdzghg gcmgkb`ghg b` ogsbs hb hgtas rbmatgs.

∔ Mùctdpcbs usugrdas ka`kurrb`tbs9 Vubhb sbr usghg par vgrdas usugrdas gc

mdsma tdbmpa, pubhb` vbr b d`kcusa bhdtgr bc mdsma hakumb`ta hb mg`brg
ka`iu`tg. (Cuig`, ?678. p.>)

Gktugcmb`tb sb b`kub`trg` hdvbrsas usas tg`ta pgrg cas vdsdtg`tbs

hb cgs gpcdkgkda`bs kama pgrg bc mdsma hbsgrraccghar y krbghar tgcbs
kama9 pbrmdtdr g cas usugrdas cakgcdzgr d`narmgkdû` hb narmg rçpdhg y
sb`kdccg, ouskg`ha ka`tb`dha, arlg`dzgrca y `gvblgr par äc hb cg mg`brg
qub bstdmb` apartu`g, rbkalbr, lugrhgr y g`gcdzgr hgtas sumd`dstrghas
par cas vdsdtg`tbs hb cg gpcdkgkdû`, bsta hbodha g qub pbrmdtb lugrhgr
hgtas hb narmucgrdas hdrbktgmb`tb b` u`g ogsb hb hgtas, ghbmçs hb
bxtrgbr hgtas y krbgr d`narmbs ogsghas b` cg wbo pgrg su g`çcdsds,

gktugcdzgkdû` hb cg d`narmgkdû` kuya ka`tb`dha kgmodg ka`stg`tbmb`tb,

;2
bvdtç
bvdtç`h
`hac
acb
b gc hdsb
hdsb÷g
÷gha
harr a hbsg
hbsgrra
rraccccgh
ghar
ar hb cg gpcd
gpcdkg
kgkd
kdû`
û` wb
wbo
o bstg
bstgrr
kgmodg`ha su kûhdla nub`tb. (Ghaob Kammu`dty Jbcp, ?678).

Var taha ca g`tbs bxpubsta, b` bstb praybkta tbk`acûldka sb prapa`b

bc hbsgrracca hb u`g gpcdkgkdû` wbo utdcdzg`ha cg mbtahacalíg _RV, cg kugc
vg g pbrmdtdr mbiargr cg lbstdû` ghmd`dstrgtdvg y hb rb`hdkdû` y vbrdndkgkdû`
hb ku
kub`
b`tg
tg hb d`
d`lr
lrbs
bsas
as pr
prap
apda
dass hb cg Kaar
Kaarhd
hd`g
`gkd
kdû`
û` hb Vrah
Vrahuk
ukkd
kdû`
û`,,
_bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs hb cg RO^, bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç, Kduhgh Oacívgr-
bstgha Oacívgr, tgc kama sb bxpa`b g ka`td`ugkdû`.

DD.?.7.7. _RV (_gtda`gc R`dndbh Vrakbss)

Bc Vrakbsa _gkda`gc R`dndkgha a _RV bs u` prakbsa hb hbsgrracca hb

santwgrb krbgha par cg bmprbsg _gtda`gc [antwgrb, gktugcmb`tb prapdbhgh

hb DOM. [blù` Nrg`kdsk
dska Mgbstrb (?672) bs9

u` prakbsa hb d`lb`dbríg hb santwgrb qub sumd`dstrg u`

b`naqub pgrg gsdl`gr tgrbgs y rbspa`sgodcdhghbs hb`tra
hb u`
u`g
g ar
arlg
lg`d
`dzg
zgkkdû`
dû` hb hb
hbsg
sgrr
rrac
acca
ca.. [u ao
aoib
ibtdtdva
va bs
gsbl
gsblur
urgr
gr cg pr
prah
ahuk
ukkd
kdû`
û` hb sant
santwg
wgrb
rb hb gc
gctg
tg y mg
mgya
yarr
kgcdhgh pgrg sgtdsngkbr cgs `bkbsdhghbs hb cas usugrdas
qub tdb`b` u` kumpcdmdb`ta gc nd`gc hb`tra hb u` címdtb hb
tdbm
tdbmpa
pa y pr
prbs
bsup
upub
ubst
sta
a pr
prbv
bvds
dsdo
docb
cb.. Bc _RV,
_RV, mb
mbia
iarg
rg cg
pr
prah
ahuk
uktdtdvd
vdhg
hgh
h hbc
hbc bq
bqud
udpa
pa,, yg qu
qub,
b, pb
pbrm
rmdtdtb
b qu
qub
b kg
kghg
hg
mdbm
mdbmor
ora
a hb
hbcc lr
lrup
upa
a sd`
sd` dm
dmpa
part
rtgr
gr su rbsp
rbspa`
a`sg
sgod
odcdcdhg
hgh
h
bspb
bspbkí
kíndk
ndkg
g pubh
pubhg
g gk
gkkb
kbhb
hbrr g cg mdsm
mdsmg
g og
ogsb
sb hb hg
hgta
tass
d`kcuyb`ha sus ka`akdmdb`tas. (p.?;)

Kama bs sgodha, pgrg cg rbgcdzgkdû` hb kugcqudbr gpcdkgkdû` wbo bs

`bkbsgrda bmpcbgr u`a a vgrdas pralrgmgs d`narmçtdkas g trgväs hb cas
kugcbs sb pubhg krbgr, hbpurgr, lbstda`gr y/a mg`tb`br cg gpcdkgkdû`. B`
tgc sb`tdha, pgrg cg bibkukdû` hbc prbsb`tb praybkta sb bmpcbû kama sb

sb÷gcg b` pçrrgnas g`tbrdarbs cg mbtahacalíg _RV kama gmodb`tb hb

;>
hbssgrra
hb grracccca,
a, hg
hgh
hg su ng
ngkd
kdcdcdhg
hgh
h y bndk
ndkgkdg
gkdg g cg jarg
arg hb hbs
bsgr
grra
raccccgr
gr
gpcdkgkda`bs wbo. Bstg bstrukturg hd`çmdkg pbrmdtb qub bc prakbsa hb
hbsgrracca sbg nu`hgmb`tgcmb`tb dtbrgtdva b` cas kugtras ngsbs9

D`dkda5 bc aoibtdva bs hbtbrmd`gr cg vdsdû` hbc praybkta y hbnd`dr ca qub

sb hbsbg rbgcdzgr.

Bcgoargkdû`9 btgpg b` cg qub sb hbtbrmd`g cg grqudtbkturg ûptdmg hbc

praybkta.

Ka`strukkdû`9 sb aotdb`b cg kgpgkdhgh apbrgkda`gc d`dkdgc.

DD.?.?.-- Cgs XDKs y cg Gcngobtdz

DD.?.?. Gc ngobtdzgkdû`
gkdû` Xbk`acûldkg.
Xbk`acûl dkg.

G`tb cg krbkdb`tb dmpasdkdû` hb u`g kdobrkucturg y bc usa mgsdva hb

cg d`narmçtdkg, cgs tbcbkamu`dkgkda`bs y cgs rbhbs sakdgcbs, pgrbkb hdníkdc
hbnd`dr qub sb b`tdb`hb gjarg par gcngobtdzgkdû`, pubsta qub, bc ka`kbpta
lb`brgc hb gcngobtdzgkdû` brg b`tb`hdha kama u` mbkg`dsma qub pbrmdtb
kamu`dkgrsb ka` cas hbmçs mbhdg`tb bc hamd`da hb cg cbkturg, cg bskrdturg
y bc kçckuca, ca kugc jgstg
jgstg gjarg jgoí
jgoíg
g mbhdha y hdnbrb
hdnbrb`kdgh
`kdgha,
a, sdbmp
sdbmprb
rb
rbspbtg`ha cg hdvbrsdhgh, bc lrgha hb hbsgrracca hb kghg sakdbhgh.

Vbra
Vbra jay
jay hí
híg
g g cg hbnd
hbnd`d
`dkd
kdû`
û` lb`b
lb`brg
rgcc hb gc
gcng
ngob
obtdtdzg
zgkd
kdû`
û` g`tb
g`tbss
sb÷gcghg, sb cb glrblg cg hb gcngobtdzgkdû` tbk`acûldkg a hdldtgc, bcbmb`ta
qub bstç sdb`ha kghg vbz mçs dmpartg`tb, yg qub su gpcdkgkdû` sb bstç
dmpa`db`ha g `dvbc sakdgc, bstg `ubvg hbnd`dkdû` hb gcngobtdzgkdû` sb
rbndbrb g `a pasbbr cas ka`akdmdb`tas `bkbsgrdas pgrg b`tb`hbr, utdcdzgr y
kamu`dkgrs
kamu`dkgrsb
b utdcdzg`ha
utdcdzg`ha cgs `ubvgs
`ubvgs tbk`a
tbk`acalíg
calígs,
s, ca kugc jg bxkcud
bxkcudha
ha g
sbkt
sbktar
arbs
bs mu
muyy dmpa
dmpart
rtg`
g`tb
tbss hb pa
paoc
ocgk
gkdû
dû`,
`, prah
prahuk
ukdä
dä`h
`has
asb
b u` `u
`ubv
bva
a
nb
nb`û
`ûmb
mb`a
`a sa
sakd
kdgc
gc ccgmg
ccgmgha
ha –o
–orb
rbkj
kjg
g hdld
hdldtg
tgc”
c” bs hb
hbkd
kdr,
r, jg
jgyy mu
mukj
kjís
ísdm
dmgs
gs
pbrsa`gs qub `a bstç` kgpgkdtghgs pgrg kamu`dkgrsb g trgväs hb cas
mbhdas tbk`acûldkas gvg`zghas kama par bibmpca d`tbr`bt.

;<
 Kama sastdb`b Ouked`ljg` (?668),

Cg gpgrdkdû` b dmpcg`tgkdû` mgsdvg b` `ubstrg rbgcdhgh hb

cgs hb`amd`ghgs `ubvgs tbk`acalígs bstç bstrbkjgmb`tb

u`dhg g cg krbgkdû` hb `ubvgs narmgs hb kamu`dkgkdû` y
hb `ubvas cb`lugibs qub jg` gmpcdgha
ka`sdhbrgocbmb`tb cas mahbcas kcçsdkas y hb cas qub `a
pahbmas prbskd`hdr, `d hb u`as `d hb atras y ha`hb bc
hamd
hamd`d
`da
a hb gmoa
gmoass bs nu
nu`h
`hgm
gmb`
b`tg
tgcc pg
pgrg
rg bc hb
hbsg
sgrra
rracccca
a
pralrbsdva hb u`g sakdbhgh b` mavdmdb`ta. (p. >).

Ka`sbkub`tbmb`tb
Ka`sbkub`tbmb`tb cg sakdbhgh hb cg d`narmgkdû` kgrgktbrdzghg par
bc usa lb`brgcdzgha hb cgs `ubvgs tbk`acalígs hb cg d`narmgkdû` y hb cg
kamu`dkgkdû` (XDK) b` tahgs cgs gktdvdhghbs jumg`gs b` taha bc mu`ha
qub jg lb`brgha u`g `ubvg kucturg y g u`g `ubvg narmg hb vbr y hb
b`tb`hbr bc mu`ha qub `as rahbg y gsí b` bstb `ubva ka`tbxta hb
ka`td`uas kgmodas b` tahas cas ûrhb`bs hb cg vdhg, iu`ta ka` cas lrg`hbs
gvg`kbs kdb`tíndkas y täk`dkas, cas d`hdvdhuas sb vb` aocdlghas g ghqudrdr
u`gs hbtbrmd`ghgs kampbtb`kdgs qub sb prbsb`tg` kama
dmpr
dmprbs
bskd
kd`h
`hdo
docb
cbs,
s, pg
pgrg
rg bc hb
hbsg
sgrra
rracccca
a tg
tg`t
`ta
a hb
hbcc d`
d`hd
hdvd
vdhu
hua
a ka
kama
ma hb cg
cgss
bmprbsgs b d`stdtukda`bs.

Bs par bcca qub g`tb bstg `ubvg rbgcdhgh cas sdstbmgs d`narmçtdkas
iublg` u` pgpbc dmpartg`tb pgrg cg lbstdû`, sbludmdb`ta y ka`trac hb cas
prakbsas ghmd`dstrgtdvas, pubsta qub gldcdzg` y mbiarg` `atgocbmb`tb bc
mätaha hb kûma sb ccbvg` g kgoa cg vbrdndkgkdû` hb cas d`lrbsas prapdas
b` cg Andkd`g hb Bstuhdas Gvg`zghas hb cg R`dvbrsdhgh Oacdvgrdg`g hb
^b`b
^b`bzu
zubc
bcg
g (R
(RO^
O^),
), sbhb
sbhb Kduh
Kduhgh
gh Oa
Oacícívg
vgr.
r. [d
[d`
` hu
huhg
hg,, `a og
ogst
stg
g ka
ka`
`
hbsgrraccgr u`g gpcdkgkdû` wbo, tgmodä` jgy qub kgpgkdtgr g cas usugrdas y
nu`kda`grdas pgrg su usa karrbkta.

;:
 DD.?.;.-- Cgs XDKs b` bc Çmodta
DD.?.;. Çm odta Arlg`d
Arlg`dzgkda`gc
zgkda`gc..

Cgs XDKs sa` hb lrg` dmpartg`kdg b` bc çmodta arlg`dzgkda`gc, tg`ta

bmprbs
bmpr bsgr
grdg
dgcc ka
kama
ma d`st
d`stdtdtuk
ukda
da`g
`gc,c, parq
parqub
ub kaka`n
`nar
armb
mb gu gumb
mb`t
`tg`
g` cgcgss
`bkb
`bkbssdhgh
dhghbs
bs tbtbk`
k`ac
acûl
ûldk
dkgs
gs hb cgs cgs arlg
arlg`d
`dzg
zgkd
kda`
a`bs
bs,, cg
cgss sa
sacu
cukd
kda`
a`bs
bs
tbk`ac
tbk`acûld
ûldkg
kgss sdl
sdlub`
ub` anr
anrbkd
bkdb`h
b`ha
a ob`bn
ob`bndkd
dkdas,
as, y sa
saorb
orb tah
taha,
a, ka`
ka`td`
td`ùg`
ùg`
gpartg`ha vgcar pgrg lb`brgr vb`tgigs kampbtdtdvgs g`tb u` mu`ha b`
ka`stg`tb trg`snarmgkdû`.

Var ka`sdludb`tb, cgs XDKs sb jg` ka`vbrtdha b` dmprbskd`hdocbs pgrg

cg
cgss bm
bmpr
prbs
bsgs
gs,, pa
parr mukj
mukjgs
gs rg
rgza
za`b
`bs,
s, yg qu
qub,
b, sa
sa`
` jb
jbrrg
rrgmd
mdb`
b`tg
tgss pg
pgrg
rg
mbiargr y aptdmdzgr prakbsas, pgrg gldcdzgr apbrgkda`bs y cgs gktdvdhghbs
bmprbsgrdgcbs, yg sbg pgrg pahbr kgpturgr cas hgtas hb u`g mg`brg
rçpdhg y sblurg (gpcdkgkdû` apbrgtdvg) a pgrg pahbr prakbsgr bstas hgtas,
y ka`vbrtdrcas b` d`narmgkdû` hb g`çcdsds (gpcdkgkdû` tçktdkg) y par tg`ta,
gyuhgr g cg tamg hb hbkdsda`bs (gpcdkgkdû` bstrgtäldkg) qub ka`kdbr`b` g
cg lbrb`kdg arlg`dzgkda`gc.

Bc usa hb cgs Xbk`acalígs bs dmpartg`tb parqub cgs bmprbsgs b

d`
d`st
stdtdtuk
ukda
da`b
`bss gpay
gpayg`
g` sus
sus pr
prak
akbs
bsas
as lb
lbrb
rb`k
`kdg
dgcb
cbss b` bc hb
hbsg
sgrr
rrac
acca
ca hb
sdstbmgs d`narmçtdkas, ca qub cbs pbrmdtb tb`br u` ghbkugha ka`trac hb cg
lbstdû
lbstdû`,
`, hbc pbr
pbrsa`
sa`gc
gc y hb tah
tahgs
gs cgs trg
trg`sg
`sgkkd
kkda`b
a`bss a pra
prakb
kbhdm
hdmdb`
db`tas
tas
ghmd`dstrgtdvas qub sb rbgcdzg`. Cg ghmd`dstrgkdû` hb cg d`narmgkdû` hb cgs
apbrgkda`bs par mbhda hb ogsbs hb hgtas jgkb mçs rçpdha bc gkkbsa g cg
d`narmgkdû` hb kcdb`tbs/ usugrdas, trg`sgkkda`bs y pravbbharbs, lb`brg
bstghístdkgs y rbpartbs b` kugcqudbr mamb`ta pgrg gyuhgr g cas lbrb`tbs
b` cg tamg hb hbkdsda`bs mçs gkbrtghgs. B`ta`kbs cg dmpartg`kdg hb cgs
XDKs b` cgs arlg`dzgkda`bs sb pubhb rbsumdr hdkdb`ha qub sd` cgs bccgs cgs
bmprbsgs pbrhbríg` kampbtdtdvdhgh y sus prakbsas sbríg` mukja mçs
cb`tas y prapb`sas g brrarbs.

;4
 Bc sbktar bhukgtdva `a bskgpg g bstg rbgcdhgh, kama cg bhukgkdû` bs
u` bcbmb`ta oçsdka b` cg bvacukdû` hb cg sakdbhgh, bstç aocdlghg g dr g cg
pgr qub cg bvacukdû` sakdgc
sakdgc y tbk`acûldkg. Bs prbkdsgmb`tb gquí
gquí ha`hb sb
d`
d`ssbrtg
brtg`
` cgs tb
tbkk`ac
`acal
alíg
ígss hb d`
d`na
narm
rmgk
gkdû
dû`
` y kamamuu`dk
dkgk
gkdû
dû`
` kama
ama
jbrrgmdb`tgs pgrg u` gkkbsa rçpdha g cg d`narmgkdû` b` cg bhukgkdû` b`
tahas sus `dvbcbs.

B` bc kgsa bspbkíndka hbc [uosdstbmg hb Bhukgkdû` R`dvbrsdtgrdg

Hbshb bc pu`ta hb vdstg hb cgs nu`kda`bs lbrb`kdgcbs, cgs XDKs ka`trdouyb`
g aptdmdzgr bc prakbsa ghmd`dstrgtdva, ngkdcdtg`ha bc gjarra hb tdbmpa b` cg
bxpb
bxpbhd
hdkd
kdû`
û` hb ha
haku
kumb
mb`t
`tas
as,, `a
`atg
tgss y ku
kugc
gcqu
qudb
dbrr atra
atra sb
sbrv
rvdk
dkda
da qub
qub sb
rbqudbrg. Bs `bkbsgrda qub tahg d`stdtukdû` bhukgtdvg sb prbakupb par bc

ka`akdmdb`ta y kgpgkdtgkdû` b` rbcgkdû` g cgs XDKs, ca kugc cb vg g pbrmdtdr

u` mbiar hbsbmpb÷a pranbsda`gc b` cgs gktdvdhghbs qub hbsgrraccg.

Hb gccí cg dmpartg`kdg hbc prbsb`tb trgogia sakdatbk`acûldka, qub g

trgväs hbc hbsgrracca hb u`g Gpcdkgkdû` \bo pgrg cg Lbstdû`, _b`hdkdû` T
^brdndkgkdû` hb Kub`tg hb D`lrbsas Vrapdas hb cg Andkd`g hb Bstuhdas
Gvg`zghas hb cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs Hb
Cg R`dvbrsdhgh Oacdvgrdg`g hb ^b`bzubcg ka` sbhb b` Kduhgh Oacívgr, jg
vb`d
vb`dha
ha g aptd
aptdmd
mdzg
zgrr ca
cass pr
prak
akbs
bsas
as ghmd
ghmd`d
`dst
strg
rgtdtdva
vass ka
ka`k
`kbr
br`d
`db`
b`tb
tbss g cg
rbkg
rbkguh
uhgk
gkdû
dû`
` hb ca
cass d`
d`lr
lrbs
bsas
as pr
prap
apda
dass y sa
sacdcdkd
kdtu
tuh
h hb sb
sbrv
rvdk
dkda
dass kama
kama
ka`stg`kdgs hb prbd`skrdpkdû`, d`skr
d`skrdpkdû`
dpkdû` y hb `atgs b`trb atras.

DD.;. Ogsbs Cblgcbs

Ka` bc nd` hb calrgr cas aoibtdvas prapubsta b` bstb praybkta y lgrg`tdzgr

su cbldtdmdhgh g`tb cg `armgtdvg cblgc qub rdlb cg krbgkdû` b d``avgkdû`
tbk`acûldkg hbc pgís. G ka`td`ugkdû
ka`td`ugkdû`,
`, sb bxpa`
bxpa`b`
b` cgs ogsbs
ogsbs cblgcbs q
qub
ub
sustb`tg` bstb praybkta.

86
 DD.;.7.
DD.;.7. Ka`stdtukd
Ka`stdtukdû`
û` hb cg _bpùocdkg
_bpùocdkg Oacdv
Oacdvgrdg`
grdg`gg hb ^b`b
^b`bzubc
zubcgg
(Lgkbtg Andkdgc @¶ 2.82;, Bxtrgarhd`grda hb nbkjg ?8 hb mgrza hb
?666).

Grtíkuca 4:9 Cg kr
krbg
bgkd
kdû`
û` kuct
kuctur
urgc
gc bs cdcdor
orb.
b. Bs
Bstg
tg cdcdob
obrt
rtgh
gh
kamprb`hb bc hbrbkja g cg d`vbrsdû`, prahukkdû` y hdvuclgkdû` hb cg
aorg krbgtdvg, kdb`tíndkg, tbk`acûldkg y jumg`ístdkg, d`kcuyb`ha cg
pratbkkdû` cblgc hb cas hbrbkjas hbc gutar a hb cg gutarg saorb sus
aorgs. Bc Bstgha rbka`akbrç y pratblbrç cg prapdbhgh d`tbcbktugc
saor
saorb
b cg
cgss aorg
aorgss kd
kdb`
b`tí
tíndndkg
kgs,
s, cdtb
cdtbrg
rgrdg
rdgss y grtí
grtíst
stdk
dkgs
gs,, d`
d`vb
vb`k
`kda
da`b
`bs,
s,
d`
d``a
`avg
vgkd
kda`
a`bs
bs,, hb
hb`a
`amd
md`g
`gkd
kda`
a`bs
bs,, pg
pgtb
tb`t
`tbs
bs,, mg
mgrk
rkgs
gs y cb
cbmg
mgss hb
gkubrha ka` cgs ka`hdkda`bs y bxkbpkda`bs qub bstgocbzkg` cg cby y

cas trgtghas d`tbr`gkda`gcbs suskrdtas y rgtdndkghas par cg _bpùocdkg

b` bstg mgtbrdg.

Grtíkuca 7649 Bc Bstgha rbka`akbrç cg guta`amíg u`dvbrsdtgrdg

kama prd`kdpda y ibrgrquíg qub pbrmdtb g cas pranbsarbs, pranbsargs,
bstuhdg`tbs, blrbsghas y blrbsghgs hb su kamu`dhgh hbhdkgrsb g cg
oùsqubhg hb ka`akdmdb`tas g trgväs hb cg d`vbstdlgkdû` kdb`tíndkg,
jumg`ístdkg y tbk`acûldkg pgrg ob`bndkda bspdrdtugc y mgtbrdgc hb cg
@gkdû`.

Grtíkuca 7769 Bc Bstgha rbka`akbrç bc d`tbräs pùocdka hb cg

kdb`
kdb`kd
kdg,
g, cg tb
tbk`
k`ac
acal
alíg
íg,, bc ka`a
ka`akd
kdmd
mdb`
b`ta
ta,, cg d`
d``a
`avg
vgkd
kdû`
û` y su
suss
gpcdkg
gpcdkgkda
kda`bs
`bs y cas sbr
sbrvdk
vdkdas
das hb d`n
d`narm
armgkd
gkdû`
û` `bk
`bkbsg
bsgrda
rdass par sbr
d`strumb`tas nu`hgmb`tgcbs pgrg bc hbsgrracca bka`ûmdka, sakdgc y
pacítdka hbc pgís, gsí kama pgrg cg sblurdhgh y saobrg`íg `gkda`gc.
Vgrg bc namb`ta y hbsgrracca hb bsgs gktdvdhghbs, bc Bstgha hbstd`grç
rbku
rbkurs
rsas
as su
sundndkd
kdb`
b`tb
tbss y kr
krbg
bgrç
rç bc sd
sdst
stbm
bmg
g `g
`gkd
kda`
a`gc
gc hb kd
kdb`
b`kd
kdg
g y
tbk`acalíg hb gkubrha ka` cg cby. Bc sbktar prdvgha hbobrç gpartgr
rbkursas pgrg cas mdsmas. Bc Bstgha lgrg`tdzgrç bc kumpcdmdb`ta hb
cas prd`kdpdas ätdkas y cblgcbs qub hbob` rbldr cgs gktdvdhghbs hb

87
 d`vb
d`vbst
stdl
dlgk
gkdû
dû`
` kdb`
kdb`tí
tíndndkg
kg,, jumg
jumg`í
`íst
stdk
dkg
g y tbk`
tbk`ac
acûl
ûldk
dkg.
g. Cg cb
cbyy
hbtb
hbtbrm
rmd`
d`gr
grç
ç ca
cass ma
maha
hass y mb
mbhd
hdas
as pgrg
pgrg hg
hgrr ku
kump
mpcdm
cdmdb
db`t
`ta
a g bs
bstg
tg
lgrg`tíg.

DD
DDD.
D.;.
;.?.
?. Cby
Cby Ar
Arlç
lç`d
`dkg
kg hb Kdb`
Kdb`kd
kdg,
g, Xb
Xbk`
k`ac
acal
alíg
íg b D``a
D``avg
vgkd
kdû`
û`
(Lgkbtg Andkdgc @¹ ;:.?8?, Hb Nbkjg 6; hb glasta hbc ?662).

Grtíkuca ?. –Cgs gktdvdhghbs kdb`tíndkgs, tbk`acûldkgs, hb d``avgkdû`

y sus gpcdkgkda`bs sa` hb d`tbräs pùocdka pgrg bc bibrkdkda hb cg saobrg`íg
`gkda`gc b` tahas cas çmodtas hb cg sakdbhgh y cg kucturg”.

Grtíkuca ;. [a` suibtas hb bstg Cby9

7. Cg guta
gutardh
rdhgh
gh `gkd
`gkda`
a`gc
gc ka
ka`
` kamp
kampbtbtb`
b`kd
kdg
g b` mg
mgtb
tbrd
rdg
g hb kd
kdb`
b`kd
kdg
g
tbk`acalíg, d``avgkdû` y sus gpcdkgkda`bs, sus ûrlg`as y b`tbs
ghskrdtas.
?. Xa
Xahg
hgss cgs
cgs d`st
d`stdtdtuk
ukda
da`b
`bs,
s, pbrs
pbrsa`
a`gs
gs `g
`gtu
turg
rgcb
cbss y iu
iurí
ríhd
hdkg
kgss qu
qub
b
lb`brb
lb`brb`,
`, hbs
hbsgrr
grracc
accb`
b` y trg
trg`sn
`sndbr
dbrg`
g` ka`akd
ka`akdmdb
mdb`ta
`tass kdb
kdb`tí
`tíndk
ndkas,
as,
tbk`acûldkas, hb d``avgkdû` y sus gpcdkgkda`bs.
;. Ca
Cass md`
md`ds
dstb
tbrd
rdas
as hb
hbcc Vahbr
ahbr Vap
Vapuc
ucgr
gr qu
qub
b kam
amp
pgrtb
grtb`
`, ka
ka`
` cg
guta
gutard
rdhg
hgh
h `gkd
`gkda`
a`gc
gc ka`
ka` ka
kamp
mpbt
btb`
b`kd
kdg
g b` mg
mgtb
tbrd
rdg
g hb kd
kdb`
b`kd
kdg,
g,
tbk`acalíg, d``avgkdû` y sus gpcdkgkda`bs, cg ka`strukkdû` hb cgs
ka`hdk
ka`hdkda
da`b
`bss sa
sakd
kdgc
gcbs
bs,, kdb`
kdb`tí
tíndndkg
kgss y tbk`
tbk`ac
acûl
ûldk
dkgs
gs pg
pgrg
rg cg
dmpcbmb`tgkdû` hbc Vcg` @gkda`gc hb Hbsgrracca Bka`ûmdka y
[akdgc hb cg @gkdû`.
8. Cgs kamu
kamu`gs
`gs qub rbg
rbgcdk
cdkb`
b` gkt
gktdvd
dvdhg
hghbs
hbs hb kdb
kdb`kd
`kdg,
g, tbk
tbk`ac
`acalí
alíg,
g,
d``avgkdû` y sus gpcdkgkda`bs.

Grtíkuca 29 Hb gkubrha ka` bstg Cby, cgs gkkda`bs bstgtgcbs b`

mgtbrdg hb kdb`kdg, tbk`acalíg, d``avgkdû` y sus gpcdkgkda`bs bstgrç`
hdrdldhgs g cas suibtas mb`kda`ghas b` bc grtíkuca ;, hb`tra hb cgs

8?
 mbtgs pcg`tbghgs b` bc Vcg` @gkda`gc hb Hbsgrracca Bka`ûmdka y
[akdgc hb cg @gkdû`, pgrg kumpcdr ka` cas
c as sdludb`tbs aoibtdvas9

7. Narmu
Narmucgr
cgr cg pacítdkg
pacítdkg `gk
`gkda`g
da`gcc hb kdb`kdg,
kdb`kdg, tbk`acal
tbk`acalíg,
íg, d``avgkdû`
d``avgkdû` y
sus gpcdkgkda`bs, gsí kama dmpucsgr y ka`tracgr cg bibkukdû` hb
cgs pacítdkgs pùocdkgs pgrg cg sacukdû` hb praocbmgs ka`krbtas hb
cg sakdbhgh y bc bibrkdkda pcb`a hb cg saobrg`íg `gkda`gc, g trgväs
hb pcg`bs `gkda`gcbs pgrg cg ka`strukkdû` hb u`g sakdbhgh iustg
b dlugcdtgrdg.
?. Ka
Kaar
arhd
hd`
`gr
gr,, gr
grtdtdku
kucg
cgr,
r, hdndnu
u`hdr
`hdr b d`k
`kb
b`tdv
`tdvgr
gr cg
cgss gk
gktdtdvd
vdh
hghb
ghbs
d`
d`jb
jbrb
rb`t
`tbs
bs g cg kd
kdb`
b`kd
kdg,
g, cg tbk`
tbk`ac
acal
alíg
íg,, cg d`
d``a
`avg
vgkd
kdû`
û` y su
suss
gpcdkgkda`bs.

;. Dmpucs
Dmpucsgr
gr bc bstg
bstgocbkd
ocbkdmdb`t
mdb`taa hb rbhbs `
`gkda
gkda`gcbs
`gcbs y rb
rblda`
lda`gcbs
gcbs hb
kaapbrgkdû` kdb`tíndkg y tbk`acûldkg.
8. Vram
Vramav
avbr
br bc gp
gpar
artb
tb bn
bnbk
bktdtdva
va hb cg kdb
db`k
`kdg
dg,, cg tbk`
tbk`ac
acal
alíg
íg,, cg
d``avgkdû` y sus gpcdkgkda`bs gc hbsgrracca y nartgcbkdmdb`ta hb cg
prahukkdû` ka` u` gcta `dvbc hb vgcar glrblgha vb`bzacg`a qub
na
nart
rtgc
gcbz
bzkg
kg `u
`ubs
bstr
trg
g saob
saobrg
rg`í
`íg
g `g
`gkd
kda`
a`gc
gc,, hb gk
gkub
ubrh
rha
a ka
ka`
` ca
cass
aoibtdvas hbc Vcg` @gkda`gc hb Hbsgrracca Bka`ûmdka y [akdgc hb
cg @gkdû`.
2. Vrama
Vramavbr
vbr mbk
mbkg`dsm
g`dsmas
as hb hdv
hdvuclgk
uclgkdû`,
dû`, hdnusdû`
hdnusdû` b d`tbrkg
d`tbrkgmoda
moda hb

ca
cass rb
rbsu
suctctgh
ghas
as lb`
lb`br
brgh
ghas
as b` bc pgpgís
ís par cg gk
gktdtdvvdh
dhg
gh hb
d`vbstdlg
d`vbstdlgkdû
kdû` ` b d``avg
d``avgkdû
kdû`
` tbk`ac
tbk`acûld
ûldkg,
kg, gog
gogrkg
rkg`ha
`ha g tah tahg
g cg
sakdbhgh `gkda`gc, b` tahgs sus rblda`bs y sbktarbs sakdgcbs g
trgväs hb pralrgmgs hb bhukgkdû` narmgc b d`narmgc, kaarhd`ghas
par cgs gutardhghbs `gkda`gcbs ka` kampbtb`kdg b` mgtbrdg hb
bhukgkdû`, kucturg y kamu`dkgkdû`.

Grtíkuca ;?9 Cg bhukgkdû` u`dvbrsdtgrdg pranu`hdzg bc prakbsa hb

narmgkdû` d`tblrgc y pbrmg`b`tb hb kduhghg`as krítdkas y kduhghg`gs
krítdkgs, rbncbxdvgs, sb`sdocbs y kamprambtdhgs a kamprambtdhgs, sakdgc y
ätdkgmb`tb ka` bc hbsgrracca hbc pgís, d`dkdgha b` cas `dvbcbs bhukgtdvas

8;
prbkb
prbkbhb`
hb`tbs
tbs.. Xdb`b
Xdb`b kama
kama nu`
nu`kdû
kdû`
` cg krb
krbgkd
gkdû`,
û`, hdnusd
hdnusdû`,
û`, sakdgc
sakdgcdzg
dzgkdû
kdû`,
`,
prahukkdû`, gprapdgkdû` y ka`sbrvgkdû` hbc ka`akdmdb`ta b` cg sakdbhgh,
gsí kama bc bstímuca hb cg krbgkdû` d`tbcbktugc y kucturgc b` tahgs sus
narmgs.

[u nd`
d`g
gcdh
cdhgh bs narmgr pranbsda`gcbs b d`vbstdl
dlg
gharbs a
d`vb
d`vbst
stdl
dlgh
ghar
args
gs hb cg mç
mçss gc
gctg
tg kgcd
kgcdhg
hgh
h y gu
gusspd
pdkd
kdgr
gr su pb
pbrm
rmg`
g`b`
b`tb
tb
gktugc
gktugcdzg
dzgkdû
kdû`
` y mbi
mbiarg
argmdb
mdb`ta
`ta,, ka` bc prapûs
prapûsdta
dta hb bst
bstgoc
gocbkb
bkbrr sûc
sûcdha
dhass
nu
nu`h
`hgm
gmb`
b`ta
tass qu
qub,
b, b` ca jumg
jumg`í
`íst
stdk
dka,
a, kd
kdb`
b`tí
tíndndka
ka y tbk`
tbk`ac
acûl
ûldk
dka,
a, sb
sbg`
g`
sapartb pgrg bc pralrbsa gutû`ama, d`hbpb`hdb`tb y saobrg`a hbc pgís b`
tahgs cgs çrbgs.

Cg bhukgkdû` u`dvbrsdtgrdg bstgrç g kgrla hb d`stdtukda`bs d`tblrghgs

b` u` suosdstbmg hb bhukgkdû` u`dvbrsdtgrdg, hb gkubrha ka` ca qub
bstgocbzkg cg cby bspbkdgc karrbspa`hdb`tb y b` ka`karhg`kdg ka` atrgs
cbybs bspbkdgcbs pgrg cg bhukgkdû` u`dvbrsdtgrdg. Cg cby hbc suosdstbmg hb
bhukgkdû` u`dvbrsdtgrdg hbtbrmd`grç cg ghskrdpkdû`, cg kgtblardzgkdû` hb
sus kampa`b`tbs, cg ka`narmgkdû` y apbrgtdvdhgh hb sus arlg`dsmas y cg
lgrg`tíg hb pgrtdkdpgkdû` hb tahas y tahgs sus d`tblrg`tbs.

Grtíkuca ;>9 Bc bib

bibrkd
rkdkda
kda hb cg narmgk
narmgkdû`
dû`,, krb
krbgkd
gkdû`
û` d`t
d`tbcb
bcbktu
ktugc
gc b
d`tbrgkkdû` ka` cgs kamu`dhghbs y tahg atrg gktdvdhgh rbcgkda`ghg ka` bc

sgobr b` bc suosdstbmg hb bhukgkdû` u`dvbrsdtgrdg sb rbgcdzgrç` ogia bc

prd`kd
prd`kdpda
pda hb cg cdo
cdobrt
brtgh
gh gkghäm
gkghämdkg
dkg,, b`
b`tb`
tb`hdh
hdhg
g äst
ästg
g ka
kama
ma bc hbr
hbrbkj
bkja
a
d`gc
d`gcdb
db`g
`goc
ocb
b g kr
krbg
bgr,
r, bxpa
bxpa`b
`brr a gpcd
gpcdkg
kgrr b`
b`na
naqu
qubs
bs mb
mbta
taha
hacû
cûld
ldka
kass y
pbrs
pbrspb
pbkt
ktdv
dvgs
gs tb
tbûr
ûrdk
dkgs
gs,, ka
ka`n
`nar
armb
mb g ca
cass prd`
prd`kd
kdpd
pdas
as bs
bstg
tgoc
ocbk
bkdh
dhas
as b` cg
Ka`stdtukdû` hb cg _bpùocdkg.

Grtíkuca ;:9 Cg gutardhgh `gkda`gc ka` kampbtb`kdg b` mgtbrdg hb

kdb`kdg, tbk`acalíg, d``avgkdû` y sus gpcdkgkda`bs dmpucsgrç pralrgmgs
hb pram
pramak
akdû
dû`
` g cg d`
d`vb
vbst
stdl
dlgk
gkdû
dû`
` y cg d`
d``a
`avg
vgkd
kdû`
û` pgrg
pgrg lg
lgrg
rg`t
`tdz
dzgr
gr cg
lb`brgkdû` hb u`g kdb`kdg, tbk`acalíg, d``avgkdû` y sus gpcdkgkda`bs qub

88
prapdkdb` cg sacukdû` hb praocbmgs ka`krbtas hbc pgís, b` bc bibrkdkda
pcb`a hb cg saobrg`íg `gkda`gc.

B` cgs hds
hdspas
pasdkd
dkda`b
a`bss nu`
nu`hgm
hgmb`t
b`tgcb
gcbss bxpa`b
bxpa`b qu
qub
b tah
tahg
g gk
gktdv
tdvdhg
dhgh
h
kdb`tíndkg, tbk`acûldkg, hb d``avgkdû` y sus gpcdkgkda`bs sa` hb d`tbräs
pùocdka y hb d`tbräs lb`brgc, par ca tg`ta qubhg` ghskrdtgs g bstg cby tahgs
cg
cgss d`
d`st
stdtdtuk
ukda
da`b
`bss pùoc
pùocdk
dkgs
gs a pr
prdv
dvgh
ghgs
gs sd
sdbm
bmpr
prb
b y ku
kug`
g`ha
ha hb
hbsg
sgrr
rrac
accb
cb`
`
ka`akdmdb`tas kdb`tíndkas y tbk`acûldkas.

B` bc rbsta hb cas grtíkucas mb`kda`ghas bxpcdkg qub tahgs bstgs

gktdvdhghbs hbob` sbr rbgcdzghgs g nd` hb ka`trdoudr ka` bc odb`bstgr hb cg
jumg`dhgh, cg rbhukkdû` hb cg paorbzg, b`trb atrgs kasgs.

DDD.;.;. Cby hb D`nalaodbr`a (Lgkbtg @¶ 86.?<8 Hbc 7< hb aktuorb

hbc ?67;).

Grtíkuca ;9 –R
–R`d
`dvvbr
brsg
sgcdcdzg
zgrr bc gk
gkkb
kbsa
sa hb cg
cgss pb
pbrs
rsa`
a`gs
gs g cg
cgss
tb
tbk`
k`ac
acal
alíg
ígss hb d`
d`na
narm
rmgk
gkdû
dû`
` cdor
cdorbs
bs y lg
lgrg
rg`t
`tdz
dzgr
gr su gp
gpra
rapd
pdgk
gkdû
dû`
` pgrg
pgrg
ob`bndkda hb cg sakdbhgh”.

Grtíkuca ??9 B` cgs gktugkda`bs qub rbgcdkb` bc Vahbr Vùocdka y bc

Vahbr Vapucgr g trgväs hb cgs tbk`acalígs hb d`narmgkdû`, sûca sb bxdldrç`
g cgs pbrsa`gs cgs mbhdhgs hb sblurdhgh `bkbsgrdgs sblù` cg `gturgcbzg
hb cas trçmdtbs y gktugkda`bs g rbgcdzgr. Dlugcmb`tb, sb rbqubrdrç` cas
hgtas qub sbg` bstrdktgmb`tb `bkbsgrdas pgrg trgmdtgr cas gsu`tas qub
jgyg sacdkdtgha, g cas nd`bs hb lgrg`tdzgr bc kumpcdmdb`ta hb cas prd`kdpdas
y hbrbkjas bstgocbkdhas b` cg Ka`stdtukdû` hb cg _bpùocdkg y cg cby.

Grtí
Grtíku
kuca ;<9 [b kr
ca ;<9 krbg
bg bc Ka`s
Ka`sbi
bia
a @gkd
@gkda`
a`gc
gc pgrg
pgrg bc Rsa
Rsa hb cg
cgss
Xbk`acalígs hb D`narmgkdû` b` bc Vahbr Vùocdka, kama mçxdma ûrlg`a hb
ka`suctg pgrg cg pcg`dndkgkdû` y gsbsargmdb`ta hbc Vahbr Vùocdka b` cas
gsu`tas rbcgkda`ghas ka` cgs tbk`acalígs hb d`narmgkdû`, ka`trdouyb`ha
b` cg ka`sacdhgkdû` hb cg sblurdhgh, hbnb`sg y saobrg`íg `gkda`gc. Bs

82
prbsdhdha par bc ^dkbprbsdhb`tb Bibkutdva a ^dkbprbsdhb`tg Bibkutdvg hb cg
_bpùocdkg y tb`hrç kama nd` pramavbr y ka`sacdhgr bc usa, hbsgrracca,
dmpcbmb`tgkdû` y gpravbkjgmdb`ta hb cgs tbk`acalígs hb cg d`narmgkdû`
b` bc Vahbr Vùocdka, mbhdg`tb cg kaarhd`gkdû` hb cgs gkkda`bs g tgc bnbkta
sb bstgocbzkg`.

G`gcdzg`ha cas
c as grtíkucas g`tbs bxpubstas hb cg Cby hb D`nalaodbr`a
bstgocbkb qub tahg pbrsa`g tdb`b hbrbkja g lazgr hb cg tbk`acalíg y ästg
pubhb sbr utdcdzghg kumpcdb`ha ka` prakbsas hb sblurdhgh `bkbsgrdas
pgrg su usa.

DDD.;.8. Hbkrbta Vrbsdhb`kdgc @¹ :?2. D`tbr`bt Kama Vrdardhgh Hbc

Bstgha (mgya ?666).

Grtíkuca 79 [b hbkcgrg bc gkkbsa y bc usa hb D`tbr`bt kama pacítdkg

prdardtgrdg pgrg bc hbsgrracca kucturgc, bka`ûmdka, sakdgc y pacítdka hb cg
_bpùocdkg Oacdvgrdg`g hb ^b`bzubcg.

Grtíkuca ?9 Cas ûrlg`a

ûrlg`ass hb cg Ghmd`d
Ghmd`dstr
strgkd
gkdû`
û` Vùo
Vùocdk
cdkg
g @gkda`
@gkda`gc
gc
hbobrç` d`kcudr b` cas pcg`bs sbktardgcbs qub rbgcdkb`, gsí kama b` bc
hbsgrracca hb sus gktdvdhghbs, mbtgs rbcgkda`ghgs ka` bc usa hb D`tbr`bt
pgrg
pgrg ng
ngkkdcdt
dcdtgr
gr cg tr
trg
gmdtdtg
gkd
kdû`
û` hb ca
cass gs
gsu
u`ta
`tas hb sus rbs
rbspbk
bktdtdvvgs
kampbtb`kdgs.

Grtíkuca ;9 Cas arlg`dsm

dsmas pùocdk
dka
as hbobrç` utdcdzgr
prbnbr
prbnbrb`
b`tbm
tbmb`t
b`tb
b D`tbr`
D`tbr`bt
bt pg
pgrg
rg bc d`t
d`tbrk
brkgmo
gmoda
da hb d`n
d`narm
armgkd
gkdû`
û` ka` cas
pgrtdkucgrbs, prbstg`ha sbrvdkdas kamu`dtgrdas g trgväs hb D`tbr`bt, tgcbs
kama oacsgs hb trgogia, ouzû` hb hb`u`kdgs, trçmdtbs kamu`dtgrdas ka`
cas kb`tras hb sgcuh, bhukgkdû`, d`narmgkdû` y atras, gsí kama kugcqudbr
atra sbrvdkda qub anrbzkg ngkdcdhghbs y sacukda`bs g cgs `bkbsdhghbs hb cg
paocgkdû`. Cg utdcdzgkdû` hb D`tbr`bt tgmodä` hbobrç suskrdodrsb g cas nd`bs
hbc nu`kda`gmdb`ta apbrgtdva hb cas arlg`dsmas pùocdkas tg`ta d`tbr`g
kama bxtbr`gmb`tb.

8>
 B` rbsumb`, bstb hbkrbta hdspa`b bc usa y gkkbsa g D`tbr`bt kama
prdardhgh pgrg bc hbsgrracca bka`ûmdka, kucturgc, sakdgc y pacítdka hb cg
_bpùocdkg Oacdvgrdg`g hb ^b`bzubcg. Cas arlg`dsmas pùocdkas hbobrç`
d`kcudr bc usa hb d`tbr`bt b` bc hbsgrracca hb sus gktdvdhghbs pgrg trg`smdtdr
nçkdcmb`tb taha ca rbnbrb`tb
r bnbrb`tb g sus rbspbktdvgs kampbtb`kdgs, ghbmçs pgrg
bc d`tbrkgmoda hb d`narmgkdû` ka` cas pgrtdkucgrbs, prbstg`ha sbrvdkdas
kamu`dtgrdas g trgväs hb D`tbr`bt.

DD
DDD.
D.;.
;.8.
8. Hb
Hbkr
krbt
bta
a Vrbs
Vrbsdh
dhb`
b`kd
kdgc
gc @¹
@¹46
4627
27.. Cb
Cbyy [a
[aor
orbb Gk
Gkkb
kbsa
sa B
D`tbrkgmoda Bcbktrû`dka Hb Hgtas, D`narmgkdû` T Hakumb`tas
B`trb Cas Ûrlg`as T B`tbs Hbc Bstgha. (iu`da ?67?).

Grtíkuca ?9 Bstç` sambtdhas g cg gpcdkgkdû` hb cgs hdspasdkda`bs hbc

prbsb`tb Hbkrbta ka` _g`la, ^gcar y Nubrzg hb Cby9

7. Cas ûrlg`as hbc Vahbr Vùocdcdkka @gkda

da`
`gc, Bstghgc y
Mu`dkdpgc.
?. Cas d`stdtut
d`stdtutas
as pùo
pùocdk
cdkas
as `g
`gkda
kda`gc
`gcbs,
bs, bstghgcb
bstghgcbs,
s, hds
hdstrdt
trdtgcb
gcbss y
mu`dkdpgcbs.
;. Bc Og`k
Og`ka
a Kb
Kb`tr
`trgc
gc hb ^b
^b`bz
`bzub
ubcg.
cg.
8. Cgs R`dv
`dvbr
brssdh
dhg
ghb
hbss pùo
ùocdcdkkgs `g
`gkkda
da`g
`gcb
cbss gutû`
utû`am
amg
gs y
bxpbrd
bxpbrdmb`
mb`tgc
tgcbs,
bs, gsí kam
kama
a ku
kugcq
gcqudb
udbrr atr
atrg
g d`s
d`stdt
tdtukd
ukdû`
û` hb
hbcc
sbktar u`dvbrsdtgrda hb `gturgcbzg pùocdkg.
2. Cgs hbm
hbmçs pbr
brsa
sa`
`gs hb hbrbk
brbkj
ja pùoc
ocdk
dka
a `gk
`gkda
da`g
`gcb
cbs,
s,
bstghgcbs, hdstrdtgcbs y mu`dkdpgcbs.
>. Cgs sakdbh
sakdbhghb
ghbss hb kugcqu
kugcqudbr
dbr `gt
`gturg
urgcbz
cbzg
g b` cgs kugc
kugcbs
bs cgs
pbrsa`gs g qub sb rbndbrb` cas `umbrgcbs g`tbrdarbs tb`lg`
u`g pgrtdkdpgkdû` b` su kgpdtgc sakdgc supbrdar gc kd`kub`tg
par kdb`ta (26%), cgs qub sb ka`stdtuyg` ka` cg pgrtdkdpgkdû`
hb gquäccgs, a qub, g trgväs hb atra mbkg`dsma iuríhdka,
tb`lg bc ka`trac hb sus hbkdsda`bs.

8<
 <. Cgs nu`hgkda`bs y gsakdgkda`bs kdvdcbs y hbmçs
d`
d`st
stdtu
dtukd
kda`
a`bs
bs kr
krbg
bghg
hgss ka`
ka` na`h
na`has
as pù
pùoc
ocdk
dkas
as,, a qu
qub
b sb
sbg`
g`
hdrdldhgs par cgs pbrsa`gs g qub sb rbndbrb` cas `umbrgcbs
g`tbrdarbs, a b` cgs kugcbs tgcbs pbrsa`gs hbsdl`b` sus
guta
gutard
rdhg
hghb
hbs,
s, a kukug`
g`ha
ha ca
cass gp
gpar
artb
tbss prbs
prbsup
upub
ubst
stgr
grda
dass a
ka`trdoukda`bs bnbktughas b` u` bibrkdkda, par u`g a vgrdgs
hb cgs pbrsa`gs g qub sb rbndbrb` cas `umbrgcbs g`tbrdarbs,
rbprbsb`tb` bc kd`kub`tg par kdb`ta (26%) a mçs hb su
prbsupubsta.
:. Cas hbmç
hbmçss b`t
b`tbs
bs hb kgrç
kgrçktb
ktbrr pùo
pùocdk
cdka.
a.

Grtíkuca ??9 Cas ûrlg`as y b`tbs hbc Bstgha bstç` aocdlghas g

pbrmdtdr b`trb sí, bc gkkbsa, d`tbrkgmoda y rbutdcdzgkdû`, par mbhdas

bcbktrû`dkas, hb cas hgtas hb gutaríg, d`narmgkdû` y hakumb`tas hb
gkkb
gkkbsa
sa pù
pùoc
ocdk
dka
a qu
qub
b pa
passbg
bg`,
`, b` ca
cass tärm
tärmd`
d`as
as y ka
ka`h
`hdk
dkda
da`b
`bss
bstgocbkdhgs b` bc prbsb`tb Hbkrbta ka` _g`la, ^gcar y Nubrzg hb
Cby y hbmçs `armgtdvg gpcdkgocb.

Grtíkuca ?49 Cas ûrl

rlg`
g`a
as y b`tb
`tbs hbc Bstg
stgha tdtdb`
b`b
b` cg
aocdlgkdû` hb dmpcbmb`tgr sbrvdkdas hb d`narmgkdû` d`tbrapbrgocbs, g
ndnd`
` hb pbrm
pbrmdtdtdr
dr bc gkk
gkkbsa
bsa b d`tb
d`tbrk
rkgm
gmod
oda
a bc
bcbk
bktr
trû`
û`dk
dka
a hb hg
hgta
tas,
s,
d`narmgkdû` y hakumb`tas, g kugcqudbr ûrlg`a a b`tb hbc Bstgha qub
ca rbq
bqu
udb
dbrg
rg ka
kam
ma hgt
gta
a kam
kampcb
cbmb
mb`t
`tg
grd
rda5
a5 b` ca
cass tärm
tärmd`
d`a
as y
ka`hdkda`bs bstgocbkdhas b` bc prbsb`tb Hbkrbta ka` _g`la, ^gcar y
Nubrzg hb Cby y hbmçs `armgtdvg gpcdkgocb.

Grtíkuca ;29 Cas sdstbmgs hb d`narmgkdû` d`tbrapbrgocbs y sbrvdkdas

hb d`n
d`narm
armgkd
gkdû`
û` hbo
hbobrç
brç`
` sbr hbsgrra
hbsgrraccg
ccghas
has ogi
ogia
a bst
bstç`
ç`hgr
hgrbs
bs godbrt
godbrtas
as y
santwgrb cdorb.

B` su prdmbr grtíkuca bxpa`b su aoibtdva, bc kugc bs bc

bstgocbkdmdb`ta hb ogsbs y prd`kdpdas nu`hgmb`tgcbs pgrg bc gkkbsa b
d`tbrkgmoda bcbktrû`dka hb d`narmgkdû` b`trb cas ûrlg`as hbc Bstgha.

8:
 Xaha
Xahass ca
cass b`tb
b`tbss hb
hbcc Bs
Bstg
tgha
ha sb b`ku
b`kub`
b`tr
trg`
g` b` cg aocd
aocdlg
lgkd
kdû`
û` hb
kampgrtdr par mbhdas bcbktrû`dkas, cg d`narmgkdû` y hakumb`tas qub sbg`
hb gkkbsa pùocdka5 par ca qub hbob` dmpcbmb`tgr sbrvdkdas hb d`narmgkdû`
d`tbrapbr
d`tbrapbrgo
gocbs
cbs,, cas kugcbs
kugcbs hbob`
hbob` bstgr
bstgr hbs
hbsgrr
grracc
accgha
ghass og
ogia
ia bstç`
bstç`hgr
hgrbs
bs
godbrtas y santwgrb cdorb.

DD.8. Hbnd`dkdû` hb Xärmd`as.

DD.8.7. Ghmd`dstrghar
Ghmd`dst rghar

[blù` cg pçld`g wbo [dstbmgs, u` ghmd`dstrghar sb hbnd`b kama cg

pbrsa`g (a pralrgmg) rbspa`sgocb hb aptdmdzgr y ka`tracgr cas rbkursas
bxdstb`tb
bxdstb`tbss b`trb
b`trb vgrdas
vgrdas us
usugr
ugrdas
das,, bs
bsta
ta bs, lbs
lbstda
tda`gr
`gr.. Gu`
Gu`qub
qub bxd
bxdstb
stb`
`
hdvbrs
hdvbrsas
as tdp
tdpas
as hb ghmd`d
ghmd`dstr
strgha
gharbs
rbs,, kug`h
kug`ha
a jgo
jgocgm
cgmas
as hb arh
arhb`g
b`ghar
harbs
bs
sacbmas jgocgr hb ghmd`dstrghar hb sdstbmgs.

DD.
DD.8.?.
8.?. Kûhd
Kûhdla
la

[a` cg bsb`kdg hbc cb`lugib qub mg`big` cgs kamputghargs. Cas

hdvbrsas cb`lugibs d`narmçtdkas bstç` bxprbsghas ka` ogsb b` u` kûhdla.
Kamprb`hbr u` cb`lugib hb bstb tdpa bs cgoar hb pralrgmgharbs b dmpcdkg

u` `dvbc hb gostrgkkdû` dmpartg`tb. Cg mgyaríg hb sdstbmgs d`narmçtdkas

ut
utdcdcdz
dzg`
g` u`g mds
dsmg
mg kahahdndndk
dkgk
gkdû
dû`
` kam
ama
a ogsb hb gcl clu
u`g
`gss hb sususs
gpcdkgkda`bs y nu`kda`bs. ().

DD.8.;. Ka`trac

[dtugkdû` b` qub sb hdspa`b hb ka`akdmdb`tas kdbrtas y rbgcbs hb ca

qub bstç pgsg`ha b` u`g d`stdtukdû` u arlg`dzgkdû`, tg`ta d`tbr`gmb`tb
kama b` su b`tar`a y pbrmdtb pcg`dndkgr, b` kdbrtg mg`brg, ca qub pgsgrç
b` bc nutura. (Algccg, ?662).

84
 DD.
DD.8.8.
8.8. Hgt
Hgtas
as

R` hgta bs u`g rbprbsb`tgkdû` sdmoûcdkg (`umärdkg, gcngoätdkg, btk.)

hb u` gtrdouta hb u`g b`tdhgh. R` hgta `a tdb`b vgcar sbmç`tdka (sb`tdha)
b` sí mdsma, pbra gc sbr prakbsgha pubhb sbrvdr pgrg rbgcdzgr kçckucas a
tamg
tamg hb hbkdsda
hbkdsda`bs
`bs.. Cas hgtas
hgtas sa` sus
suskbp
kbptdo
tdocbs
cbs hb sbr kam
kamprd
prdmdh
mdhas,
as,
b`krdptghas, trg`smdtdhas y gcmgkb`ghas. B` su `dvbc mçs ruhdmb`tgrda,
cas hgtas hb u`g kamputgharg sa` u` ma`tû` hb u`as y kbras, ka`akdhas
kama hgtas od`grdas. Kama tahas cas hgtas hb cg kamputgharg bstç` b`
na
narm
rmgt
gta
a od`g
od`grd
rda,
a, sb pu
pubh
bhb`
b` kr
krbg
bgr,
r, prak
prakbs
bsgr
gr,, lu
lugr
grhg
hgrr y gc
gcmg
mgkb
kb`g
`grr
hdldtgcmb`tb. (Hdkk. D`n y Xbk., ?6?6).

DD.8.2. Dmpcbmb`tgkdû`
Dmpcbmb `tgkdû`

Cg dmpcbmb`tgkdû` ka`sdstb b` bc usa hb u` sdstbmg par pgrtb hb cas

usugrdas nd`gcbs hb mg`brg qub sb pubhg utdcdzgr pgrg bc nd` qub nub
krbgh
krbgha.
a. Vgrg
Vgrg Iug`
Iug` Kar
Kartçz
tçzgr
gr (?662
(?662)) cg dmpcbmb`
dmpcbmb`tgk
tgkdû`
dû` ka`s
ka`sdst
dstb
b b` cg
"gpcdkgkdû`" hb u` hdsb÷a prbvdgmb`tb bcgoargha, `blakdgha y gkarhgha.
(p.7).

DD.
DD.8.>.
8.>. [ds
[dstbm
tbmgg

R` sdstbmg d`narmçtdka bs bc ka`iu`ta ka`stdtudha par cas bcbmb`tas

ní
nísd
sdka
kass y cûld
cûldka
kass (s
(san
antw
twgr
grb)
b) `bkb
`bkbsg
sgrd
rdas
as pg
pgrg
rg kg
kgpt
ptgr
gr d`
d`na
narm
rmgk
gkdû
dû`,
`,
gcmgkb`grcg y prakbsgrcg (rbgcdzgr apbrgkda`bs ka` bccg). Bs, pubs, u`
ka`i
ka`iu`
u`ta
ta b` bc qu
qub
b sb d`
d`kc
kcuy
uyb`
b` tg
tg`t
`ta
a cg
cgss mçqu
mçqud`
d`gs
gs (kam
(kampu
putg
tgha
harg
rgs,
s,
pbrdnärdkas, rbhbs), kama cgs gpcdkgkda`bs (pralrgmgs hb kamputgharg).

Atrg gkbpkdû` hb sdstbmg b` bc mu`ha hb cg tbk`acalíg bs cg qub sb

rbndbrb g cas sdstbmgs apbrgtdvas5 u` sdstbmg apbrgtdva bs u` santwgrb qub
bstç b` ka`tgkta hdrbkta ka` bc jgrhwgrb y jgkb hb d`tbrngz b`trb bstb y bc
usugrda jumg`a. Bs prbkdsgmb`tb bstg kgpgkdhgh pgrg d`stgcgr y bibkutgr

26
gpcdk
gpcdkgk
gkda
da`b
`bss qu
qub
b hdnb
hdnbrb
rb`k
`kdg
dg u` sd
sdst
stbm
bmg
g ap
apbr
brgt
gtdv
dva
a hb atra
atrass tdtdpa
pass hb
santwgrbs y ndrmwgrbs pgrg hdspasdtdvas bcbktrû`dkas, yg qub bstas sa`
kbrrghas y `a ghmdtb` cg gmpcdgkdû` hb sus nu`kda`gcdhghbs mbhdg`tb
pralrgmgs bxtbr`as. ([dstbmgs, ?6?6)

DD.8.<. [dstbmg
[dstbm g hb lb
lbstdû`
stdû`

Ka`iu
Ka`iu`ta
`ta hb prakbs
prakbsas,
as, kam
kampa
partg
rtgmdb
mdb`ta
`tass y jbr
jbrrgm
rgmdb`
db`tgs
tgs qu
qub
b sb
bmpcbg
bmpcbg pgrg
pgrg lgrg`t
lgrg`tdzg
dzgrr qub cg arlg`d
arlg`dzgk
zgkdû`
dû` rbg
rbgcdz
cdzg
g tahgs
tahgs cgs tgrbgs
tgrbgs
`bkbs
`bkbsgrdg
grdgss pgr
pgrg
g gckg`z
gckg`zgr
gr sus aoibtdvas. Bc prap
aoibtdvas. prapûs
ûsdta
dta prd`
prd`kd
kdpg
pgcc hb u`
sdstbmg hb lbstdû` hb cg d`narmgkdû` bs jgkbr qub cg tamg hb hbkdsda`bs
par pgrtb hb cas lbrb`tbs sbg mçs bndkdb`tb y prahuktdvg. Mbhdg`tb cg

kamod`gkdû` hb cg d`narmgkdû` hb u`g vgrdbhgh hb nub`tbs b` u`g sacg

ogsb hb hgtas y cg prbsb`tgkdû` hb cg d`narmgkdû` b` u` narmgta cûldka, u`
MD[ pubhb praparkda`gr g cas ghmd`dstrgharbs taha ca qub `bkbsdtg` pgrg
ta
tamg
mgrr hb
hbkd
kdsd
sda`
a`bs
bs gc
gctg
tgmb
mb`t
`tb
b d`
d`na
narm
rmgh
ghgs
gs y rbgc
rbgcdz
dzgr
gr u` g`
g`çc
çcds
dsds
ds b`
pranu`hdhgh hb cgs kubstda`bs apbrgtdvgs. (D`lrgm, ?6?65 Algccg, ?662).

DD.
DD.8.:.
8.:. Rsug
Rsugrda
rda

Vgrg cg d`narmçtdkg u` usugrda bs gqubccg pbrsa`g qub utdcdzg u`

hdsp
hdspas
asdtdtdv
dva
a a u`g
u`g kamp
kamput
utgh
ghar
arg
g y rb
rbgc
gcdz
dzg
g mù
mùctctdp
dpcb
cbss ap
apbr
brgk
gkda
da`b
`bss ka
ka`
`
hdstd`
hdstd`tas
tas prapûs
prapûsdta
dtas5
s5 ghb
ghbmçs
mçs,, cas bmp
bmpcbg
cbg pgrg
pgrg kam
kamu`d
u`dkgr
kgrsb
sb ka
ka`
` atr
atras
as
usugrdas, lb`brgr ka`tb`dha y hakumb`tas, utdcdzgr santwgrb hb hdvbrsa
tdpa y mukjgs atrgs gkkda`bs pasdocbs. (Hbnd`dkdû` GOK, ?6?6).

DD.8.4. G`çcdsds
G`çcdsd s y hdsb÷a

Bc g`çcdsds y hdsb÷a hb sdstbmgs hb d`narmgkdû` d`kcuyb bc bstuhda hb

cg sdtugkdû` hb hdkja sdstbmg, ka` cg nd`gcdhgh hb aosbrvgr kûma trgogig
gktugcmb`tb y g pgrtdr hb bcca hbkdhdr sd bs `bkbsgrdg u`g mbiarg5 bc
b`kgrlgha hb ccbvgr g kgoa bstg gkkdû` bs bc g`gcdstg hb sdstbmgs. Kgob

27
hbstgkgr qub g`tbs hb kamb`zgr ka` bc hbsgrracca hb kugcqudbr praybkta
sb ccbv
ccbvg
g g kgoa
kgoa u` bstu
bstuhd
hda
a hb sdst
sdstbm
bmgs
gs pg
pgrg
rg hb
hbtb
tbrm
rmd`
d`gr
gr taha
tahass ca
cass
gspbktas hb cg sdtugkdû` gktugc hb cg bmprbsg, b` bstb kgsa b` pgrtdkucgr,
bs hb
hbtb
tbrm
rmd`
d`gr
gr ku
kuçc
çc bs cg sdtu
sdtugk
gkdû
dû`
` gk
gktu
tugc
gc hb cg Ka
Kaar
arhd
hd`g
`gkd
kdû`
û` hb
Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` T [gobrbs hb cg RO^, bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç,
Kduhgh Oacívgr-Bstgha Oacívgr. Cg d`narmgkdû` rbsuctg`tb hbc bstuhda sdrvb
hb ogsb
ogsb pgrg
pgrg cg narmuc
narmucgkd
gkdû`
û` hb hdstd`
hdstd`tgs
tgs bst
bstrgt
rgtbld
bldgs
gs hb hds
hdsb÷a
b÷a.. Cas
ghmd`dstrgharbs hbkdhdrç` quä bstrgtbldgs ghaptgr. Cas usugrdas nd`gcbs
hbcc sd
hb sdst
stbm
bmg
g sa
sa`
` ca
cass qub,
qub, gy
gyuh
uhgr
grç`
ç` gc g`çc
g`çcds
dsds
ds y hb
hbsg
sgrra
rracccca
a hb hd
hdkj
kjg
g
prapubstg pgrg gsí kumpcdr, hb narmg kgogc, kghg u`a hb cas aoibtdvas
pcg`tbghas. ([blavdg, ?67:).

DD.8.76. Ogsb hb hgtas

Bs bc ka`iu`ta hb d`narmgkda`bs gcmgkb`ghgs b` u` sapartb cbldocb

par arhb`ghar y arlg`dzghgs d`tbr`gmb`tb par rbldstras (narmgha par
tahas cas kgmpas rbnbrdhas g u`g b`tdhgh u aoibta gcmgkb`gha) y kgmpas
(kgh
(kghg
g u`
u`a
a hb ca
cass bc
bcbm
bmb`
b`ta
tass qu
qub
b ka
kamp
mpa`
a`b`
b` u` rbld
rbldst
stra
ra).
). Vb
Vbrm
rmdtdtb
b
rbkup
rbkupbrg
brgrr kugcqu
kugcqudbr
dbr kcg
kcgsb
sb hb d`n
d`narm
armgkd
gkdû`9
û`9 rbn
rbnbrb
brb`kd
`kdgs,
gs, ha
hakum
kumb`t
b`tas
as
tbxtugcbs, dmçlb`bs, hgtas bstghístdkas, b`trb atras. (Macd`g, ?677).

DD.
DD.8.77
8.77.. K[[

Cgs K[[ bs u` bstç`hgr hdsb÷gha prd`kdpgcmb`tb pgrg sbpgrgr cas

gtrdoutas prbsb`tgkda`gcbs (kama bc kacar hb na`ha, bc tgmg÷a hb cg nub`tb
a cg sg`lríg) hbc ka`tb`dha. Gu`qub ästb pubhb trgogigr ka` mukjas tdpas
hb hakumb`tas, bs mgyarmb`tb utdcdzgha kama u`g narmg hb pravbbr
d`
d`na
narm
rmgk
gkdû
dû`
` pr
prbs
bsb`
b`tg
tgkd
kda`
a`gc
gc b` pçld
pçld`g
`gss wb
wbo.
o. Cg sbpg
sbpgrg
rgkd
kdû`
û` b`
b`tr
trb
b
ka`tb`dha y prbsb`tgkdû` mbiarg cg ncbxdodcdhgh, pbrmdtdb`ha g cas gutarbs
hbnd`dr u` ù`dka ka`iu`ta hb bstdcas qub mdcbs hb hakumb`tas utdcdzgrç`,
rbhu
rbhukkdb`h
db`ha
a gs
gsíí bc tdtdbm
bmpa
pa y tr
trgo
gogi
gia
a qu
qub
b sb hb
hbob
ob d`
d`vb
vbrt
rtdr
dr b` kg
kghg
hg

2?
gktu
gktugc
gcdz
dzgk
gkdû
dû`.
`. Gs
Gsdm
dmds
dsma
ma,, cg dmpc
dmpcbm
bmb`
b`tg
tgkd
kdû`
û` hb K[[
K[[ pb
pbrm
rmdtb
dtb g u`
hakumb`ta sbr bxkcusdvgmb`tb sbmç`tdka, gc cdobrgrca hb cg `bkbsdhgh hb
usgr bcbmb`tas prbsb`tgkda`gcbs. (Va`kb, ?6?6)

DD.8.7?. Jgrhwgrb.

B` kamputgkdû` b d`narmçtdkg, sb ka`akb kama jgrhwgrb (u`dû` hb

cas vakgocas hbc d`lcäs jgrh, ríldha, y wgrb, prahukta, mbrkg`kíg) gc tatgc
hb cas bcbmb`tas mgtbrdgcbs, tg`ldocbs, qub narmg` gc sdstbmg d`narmçtdka
hb u`g kamputgharg u arhb`ghar. Bsta sb rbndbrb g sus kampa`b`tbs hb
tdpa
tdpa mbk
mbkç`d
ç`dka
ka,, bcb
bcbktr
ktrû`d
û`dka,
ka, bcä
bcäktr
ktrdka
dka y pb
pbrdnä
rdnärdk
rdka,
a, sd` ka`sd
ka`sdhbr
hbrgr
gr cas
pralrgmgs y atras bcbmb`tas hdldtgcbs, qub narmg` b` kgmoda pgrtb hbc

santwgrb. (Ka`kbptas.bs, ?6?6)

DD.8.7;. [antwgrb

Bc santwgrb ka`sdstb b` cas pralrgmgs hb d`strukkda`bs y hgtas qub

hbnd`b` pgrg bc jgrhwgrb cas gclardtmas `bkbsgrdas pgrg cg rbsacukdû` hb
prao
praocb
cbmg
mgs.
s. G ka
ka`t
`td`
d`ug
ugkd
kdû`
û`,, mb`k
mb`kda
da`g
`grb
rbma
mass gc
gclu
lu`a
`ass ka
ka`k
`kbp
bpta
tass hb
sant
santwg
wgrb
rb ùt
ùtdcdcbs
bs pg
pgrg
rg b`tb
b`tb`h
`hbr
br bc nu
nu`k
`kda
da`g
`gmd
mdb`
b`ta
ta hb ca
cass sd
sdst
stbm
bmgs
gs
apbrgtdvas. Xgmodä` bcc santwgrb sb pubhb hbnd`dr kama u` ka`iu`ta hb

pralrgmgs
pralrg mgs,, d`s
d`stru
trukk
kkda`
da`bs
bs y rbl
rblcgs
cgs d`narm
d`narmçtd
çtdkgs
kgs qub pbr
pbrmdt
mdtb`
b` bib
bibkut
kutgr
gr
hdstd`tgs tgrbgs b` u`g kamputgharg. ([dl`dndkghas.Kam, ?6?6).

DD..8.78. VJV

VJV bs bc gkrû`dma hb Jypbrtbxt Vrbprakbssar. [b trgtg hb u`

cb`lugib hb kûhdla godbrta ogstg`tb ka`akdha, qub sb usg pgrg hbsgrraccgr
pçld`gs wbos y bstç muy prbsb`tb, b` taha ca rbnbrb`tb ka` bc ogke b`h
hb ku
kugc
gcqu
qudb
dbrr pç
pçld
ld`g
`g hdsp
hdspa`
a`do
docb
cb b` d`
d`tb
tbr`
r`bt
bt b` cg gk
gktu
tugc
gcdh
dhgh
gh.. Va
Varr ca
lb`brgc, sb rbkurrb gc VJV saorb taha pgrg bc hbsgrracca hb ka`tb`dha

2;
hd`çmd
hd`çmdka,
ka, gsí ka
kama
ma tgmodä
tgmodä`
` pgrg
pgrg bstgo
bstgocbk
cbkbr
br cg kamu`d
kamu`dkg
kgkdû
kdû`
` ka` bc
sbrvdhar b` u`g wbo. Bs u`a hb cas prdmbras cb`lugibs hb pralrgmgkdû`
`gkdhas ka` bstg nd`gcdhgh y qub, gc mdsma tdbmpa, sb pahíg` g÷ghdr
hdrbktgmb`tb g u` hakumb`ta JXMC pgrg nu`kda`gr, sd` `bkbsdhgh hb
jgkbr ccgmghgs g grkjdvas a nu`kda`bs. (@bagttgke,?6?6).

77.8.72. JXMC

JXMC
JXMC sa`
sa` cgs
cgs sdlc
sdlcgs
gs hb
hbsd
sdl`
l`gh
ghgs
gs pg
pgrg
rg –J
–Jyp
ypbr
br Xb
Xbxt
xt Mg
Mgre
reup
up
Cg`luglb”, qub trghukdha gc bspg÷ac sdl`dndkg –Cb`lugib hb Mgrkgs hb
Jdpbrtbxta”. JXMC bs u` cb`lugib utdcdzgha b` cg
c g d`narmçtdkg, kuya nd` bs bc
hbsgrracca hb cgs pçld`gs wbo, d`hdkg`ha kugcbs sa` cas bcbmb`tas qub cg

kampa`hrç
kampa` hrç`,
`, ard
ardb`t
b`tg`h
g`ha
a jgk
jgkdg
dg kuçc
kuçc sb
sbrç
rç su bst
bstruk
ruktur
turg
g y tgm
tgmodä
odä`
` su
ka`tb`dha, oçsdkgmb`tb bs su hbnd`dkdû`5 par mbhda hbc JXMC sb d`hdkg
tg
tg`t
`ta
a bc tb
tbxt
xta
a kama
kama cg
cgss dm
dmçl
çlb`
b`bs
bs pb
pbrtb
rtb`b
`bkd
kdb`
b`tb
tbss g kg
kghg
hg pç
pçld
ld`g
`g hb
d`tbr`bt. (Ka`kbptahbnd`dkda`.hb, ?674).

DD.8.7>. D`narmçtdkg
D`narmçt dkg

G pbsgr hb qub bc tbrmd`a d`narmçtdkg sb jg vb`dha hbsgrraccg`ha

rçpdhgmb`tb gù` `a bxdstb rbgcmb`tb u`g hbnd`dkdû` ù`dkg y u`dvbrsgc hb

ca qub cg d`narmçtdkg bs, qudzç parqub sb trgtg hb u`g hb cgs kdb`kdgs hb

mçs rbkdb`tb ardlb`. @a aostg`tb, hdvbrs
hdvbrsas
as gutarbs kad`kdhb`
kad`kdhb` b` hbnd`dr cg
d`narm
d`narmçtd
çtdkg
kg a kamput
kamputgkd
gkdû`
û` kam
kama
a cg kdb`kd
kdb`kdg
g qub bst
bstuhd
uhdg
g cas mät
mätaha
ahass y
täk`dkgs
täk`dkgs pgrg gcmgkb`g
gcmgkb`gr,
r, prakbsgr
prakbsgr y trg`s
trg`smdtdr
mdtdr d`nar
d`narmgkdû
mgkdû`
` hb mg`brg
gutamg
gutamgtdz
tdzghg
ghg,, y mçs bsp
bspbkí
bkíndk
ndkgmb
gmb`tb
`tb,, b` narmgt
narmgta
a hdl
hdldtg
dtgcc bmp
bmpcbg
cbg`ha
`ha
sdstbmgs kamputgrdzghas. (OO^G, ?6?6).

DD.8.7<. [blurdhgh d`narmçtdkg

Bs cg hdskdpcd`g qub sb akupg hb hdsb÷gr cgs `armgs, prakbhdmdb`tas,

mätahas y täk`dkgs hbstd`ghas g ka`sbludr u` sdstbmg hb d`narmgkdû`

28
sblu
sblura
ra y ka
ka`n
`ndg
dgoc
ocb.
b. Cg sb
sblu
lurd
rdhg
hgh
h d`
d`na
narm
rmçt
çtdk
dkg
g bs u` ka
ka`i
`iu`
u`ta
ta hb
jbrrgm
jbrrgmdb`
db`tgs
tgs,, prakbh
prakbhdmd
dmdb`t
b`tas
as y bst
bstrgt
rgtbld
bldgs
gs qub tdb
tdb`b`
`b` kam
kama
a aoi
aoibtd
btdva
va
lgrg`tdzgr cg d`tblrdhgh, hdspa`dodcdhgh y ka`ndhb`kdgcdhgh hb cg d`narmgkdû`
hb u`g b`tdhgh b` u` sdstbmg.

Cg sblurdhgh d`narmçtdkg sb kgrgktbrdzg par cg pratbkkdû` hb hgtas y

hb kamu`dkgkda`bs b` u`g rbh gsblurg`ha, b` cg mbhdhg hb ca pasdocb,
cas trbs prd`kdpdas oçsdkas9

◁ Cg d`tblrdhgh hb cas hgtas9 cg mahdndkgkdû` hb kugcqudbr tdpa hb

d`
d`na
narm
rmgk
gkdû
dû`
` hb
hbob
ob sbr
sbr ka`a
ka`akd
kdhg
hg y gu
guta
tardz
rdzgh
ghg
g pa
parr bc gu
guta
tarr a
b`tdhgh.
◁ Cg hd
hdsspa
pa`d
`dod
odcdcdhg
hgh
h hbc
hbc sdst
sdstbm
bmg9
g9 cg apbr
apbrgk
gkdû
dû`
` ka`td
a`td`u
`ug
g pg
pgrg
rg
mg`tb`br cg prahuktdvdhgh y cg krbhdodcdhgh hb cg bmprbsg.
◁ Cg ka`ndhb`kdgcdhgh9 cg hdvuclgkdû` hb hgtas hbob sbr gutardzghg y
cas hgtas pratbldhas ka`trg gtgqubs qub vdacb` bstb prd`kdpda.
([dl`dndkghas.Kam, ?6?6).

DD.8.7:. Igvg[krdpt

Igvgskrdpt bs u` cb`lugib hb pralrgmgkdû` qub pbrmdtb ccbvgr g kgoa

gktdvdhghbs tg`ta sdmpcbs kama kampcbigs b` pçld`gs wbo. Bs u` sdstbmg
qub lazg hb cg pbkucdgrdhgh hb `a `bkbsdtgr kampdcgkdû` gclu`g, yg qub
sa` cas prapdas `gvblgharbs cas qub sb b`kgrlg` hb cbbr bc kûhdla pgrg
gsdmdcgrca y ccbvgr g kgoa cgs gkkda`bs qub bstb d`hdkg. G híg hb jay bs bc
bstç`hgr kug`ha sb qudbrb` pcg`tbgr mbkg`dsmas mçs kampcdkghas hb ca
jgodtugc b` u`g wbo.

Igvgskrdpt sdrvb pgrg qub b` u`g pçld`g wbo sb ka`sdlg u` mgyar

í`hdkb hb d`tbrgktdvdhgh ka` cas usugrdas y, par tg`ta, cg bxpbrdb`kdg hb
bstas sbg mukja mbiar y mçs b`rdqubkdhg. Bs gcla qub sb bmpcbg pgrg

hatgr hb mçs nu`kda`bs, ngkdcdtgr cg kamu`dkgkdû` y, ghbmçs, atarlgr tahgs

22
cgs mbiargs pasdocbs sd` gpb`gs d`kdhdr b` bc pbsa hb cg pçld`g, ca qub
lgrg`tdzg u`g mgyar vbcakdhgh hb kgrlg y u`g mbiar rbputgkdû` g aias hb
Laalcb. (@bagttgke, ?6?6).

DD.8.74. Mbtahacalígs hb hbsgrracca hb santwgrb

Bs u` mgrka hb trgogia usgha pgrg bstrukturgr, pcg`dndkgr y ka`tracgr

bc prakbsa hb hbsgrracca b` sdstbmgs hb d`narmgkdû`. B` u` praybkta hb
hbsgrracca hb santwgrb cg mbtahacalíg gyuhg g hbnd`dr9 Wudä` hbob jgkbr
Wuä Kuç`ha y Kûma hbob jgkbrca. Cg mbtahacalíg pgrg bc hbsgrracca hb
santwgrb bs u` maha sdstbmçtdka hb rbgcdzgr, lbstda`gr y ghmd`dstrgr u`
praybkta pgrg ccbvgrca g kgoa ka` gctgs pasdodcdhghbs hb äxdta. (RKCG-

Kjdmoatb, ?67<, p. >).

DD.
DD.8.?6
8.?6.. Vral
Vralrgmg
rgmg

Bs bc ka`iu`ta hb grlumb`tas a d`strukkda`bs pgrg cg kamputgharg,

gcmgkb`gha b` cg mbmardg prdmgrdg hb cg kamputgharg iu`ta ka` cas
hgtas rbqubrdhas pgrg sbr bibkutgha, b` atrgs pgcgorgs, jgkbr qub cgs
d`strukkda
d`strukkda`bs
`bs sbg` rbgcd
rbgcdzghgs
zghgs par cg kamputgh
kamputgharg.
arg. ([dl`
([dl`dndkg
dndkghas.
has.Kam,
Kam,
?6?6).

DD.8. ?7. Vraybkta sakda-tbk`acûldka

Bs gqubc qub sb trgogig pgrg nu`hgmb`tgr ka`akdmdb`tas y trgogias

tb
tbk`
k`ac
acûl
ûldk
dkas
as b` nu
nu`k
`kdû
dû`
` gc ob
ob`b
`bndndkd
kda
a hb cg sa
sakd
kdbh
bhgh
gh yg sb
sbg
g u`
u`g
g
kamu`d
kamu`dhgh
hgh,, d`s
d`stdtu
tdtukdû
kdû`
` pùo
pùocdk
cdkg,
g, b`t
b`trb
rb atrgs
atrgs b`t
b`tdhg
dhghbs
hbs.. [u nd`
nd`gcd
gcdhgh
hgh bs
prapdkdgr bc hbsgrracca a cg mahdndkgkdû` hb u` prahukta, u` sbrvdkda, u`
prakbsa, ka` bc aoibtdva hb qub su bnbkta sbg u`g mbiarg b` cg kgcdhgh hb
vdhg. Ca jgodtugc bs gsakdgr bstg kcgsb hb praybktas g d`narmçtdkg a
bcbktrû`dkg, gu`qub cg dhbg hb tbk`acalíg bs mçs gmpcdg. (Hbnd`dkda`.hb,
?6?6).

2>
 KGVÍXRCA DDD

MG_KA MBXAHACÛLDKA

B` bs
bstb
tb kg
kgpí
pítu
tuca
ca sb pr
prbs
bsb`
b`tg
tg cg ka`k
ka`kbp
bpkd
kdû`
û` mb
mbta
taha
hacû
cûld
ldkg
kg hb
hbcc
praybkta sakda-tbk`acûldka, hb gccí, qub sb bxpa`b bc tdpa hb d`vbstdlgkdû`,
mahgcdhgh, hdsb÷a, täk`dkgs hb rbkacbkkdû` hb hgtas, paocgkdû` y mubstrg
y cg prbsb`tgkdû` hb cg Mbtahacalíg hb [dstbmg _RV

DDD.7. Xdpa hb D`vbstdlgkdû`

Cg prbsb`tb d`vbstdlgkdû` bs tdpa hbskrdptdvg, cg kugc kama ca hdkb

su `amorb, sb utdcdzg pgrg hbskrdodr cg rbgcdhgh hb sdtugkda`bs, bvb`tas,
pbrsa
pbrsa`gs
`gs,, lrupas
lrupas a kam
kamu`d
u`dhgh
hghbs
bs qub sb bst
bstä`
ä` goa
goarhg
rhg`h
`ha
a y qu
qub
b sb
prbtb`hg g`gcdzgr.

DDD.?. Mahgcdhgh hb D`vbstdlgkdû`

Cg d`vbstdlgkdû` sb b`mgrkû g cg mahgcdhgh hb praybkta ngktdocb, yg

qub sb hbsgrraccû y sb dmpcbmb`tû u`g gpcdkgkdû` wbo pgrg cg lbstdû` hb
cg rb`h
rb`hdk
dkdû
dû`
` y vbrd
vbrdndk
ndkgk
gkdû
dû`
` hb kub`
kub`tg
tg hb ca
cass d`
d`lr
lrbs
bsas
as prap
prapda
dass hb cg
Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs hbc bib Ebrbpgeupgd
^b`ç hb cg RO^ b` Kduhgh Oacívgr. Xaha bsta ka` bc prapûsdta hb hgr
sacu
sacukd
kdû`
û` gc pr
prao
aocb
cbmg
mg bx
bxds
dstb
tb`t
`tb
b y sd
sdrv
rvdb
db`h
`ha,
a, gs
gsíí ka
kama
ma d`
d`st
stru
rumb
mb`t
`ta
a
dmpartg`tb pgrg mbiargr cg kaarhd`gkdû`.

[blù` Ndhdgs Grdgs (?67?) Vraybkta Ngktdocb, bs u`g prapubstg hb

gkkd
gkkdû`
û` pg
pgrg
rg pahb
pahbrr rb
rbsa
sacv
cvbr
br u` pr
prao
aocb
cbmg
mg,, prçk
prçktdk
tdkg
g a sg
sgtdtdsn
sngk
gkbr
br u`
u`g
g
`bkbs
`bkbsdhg
dhgh.
h. Bs d`hdsp
d`hdspb`s
b`sgoc
gocb
b qub cg prapub
prapubstg
stg sb gk
gkamp
ampg÷b
g÷b hb u`
u`g
g
d`vbstdlgkdû` qub hbmubstrb su ngktdodcdhgh a pasdodcdhgh hb rbgcdzgkdû`.

2<
 Bc pr
pray
aybk
bkta
ta g bibk
bibkut
utgr
gr sb ka`s
ka`sdh
dhbr
brg
g ngkt
ngktdo
docb
cb parq
parqub
ub sb pu
pubh
bhb
b
dmpcbmb`tgr y bibkutgr bndkgzmb`tb. Bstb tdpa hb d`vbstdlgkdû` sb uodkg
b` u` `dvbc d`tbrmbhda b` kug`ta g cg pranu`hdhgh hb cas ka`akdmdb`tas sb
rbndbrb.

2:
DDD.;. Hdsb÷a hb D`vbstdlgkdû`.

DDD.;.7. @a bxpbrdmb`tgc

Cg prbsb`tb d`vbstdlgkdû
dû`
` rbspa`hb g tdpa hb hdsb÷a `a
bxpbrdmb`tgc parqub pgrg kamprb`hbr y rbsacvbr cg sdtugkdû` gktugc hb cg
Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs hbc bib Ebrbpgeupgd
^b`ç hb Kduhgh Oacívgr, bc rbgcdzghar hbc praybkta sb hdrdldû jgstg cg
d`stdtukdû` pgrg aosbrvgr b` u` gmodb`tb `gturgc cgs gkkda`bs y hbkdsda`bs
tg`ta hbc pbrsa`gc kama hb cas b`kgrlghas ha`hb sb aotuva hgtas muy
rbcbvg`tbs qub gpartû pgrg bc hbsgrracca hbc sdstbmg wbo.

Vgrg Grdgs (?67?) bc hdsb÷a `a bxpbrdmb`tgc bs gqubc qub sb rbgcdzg

sd` mg`dpucgr hbcdobrghgmb`tb vgrdgocbs. [b ogsg nu`hgmb`tgcmb`tb b`
cg aosbrvgkdû` hb nb`ûmb`as tgc y kama sb hg` b` su ka`tbxta `gturgc
pgrg hbspuäs g`gcdzgrcas.

DDD.;.?.. Xäk`dkg a D`strumb`ta

DDD.;.? D` strumb`ta hb _bkacbkkdû`
_ bkacbkkdû` h
hbb Hgtas

Cgs täk`dkgs sb rbndbrb` gc kûma rbkalbr cg d`narmgkdû`, mdb`trgs

qub cas d`s
d`stru
trumb`
mb`tas
tas ka`std
ka`stdtuy
tuyb`
b` cgs jbr
jbrrgm
rgmdb`
db`tgs
tgs.. Cgs täk
täk`dk
`dkgs
gs hb
rbkacbkkdû` hb d`narmgkdû` sb sbcbkkda`g` ka` ogsb b` bc tdpa hb d`hdkda g
trgväs hbc kugc sb mg`dndbstg bc bvb`ta hb bstuhda. Gclu`as d`hdkdas sb
pubh
pubhb`
b` aos
aosbr
brvg
vgr,
r, at
atra
rass jgy
jgy qu
qub
b prbl
prblu`
u`tg
tgrc
rcas
as,, y atra
atrass mç
mçss bs
bstç
tç`
`
rbldstrghas b` hakumb`tas. Kghg täk`dkg tdb`b su prapda d`strumb`ta. B`
bc kgsa bspbkíndka hb bstg d`vbstdlgkdû` sb utdcdzgra`9 Cg aosbrvgkdû`
Hdrbktg y cg gpcdkgkdû` hb u`g b`trbvdstg sbmds bstrukturghg g cg mubstrg
kb`s
kb`sgc
gc hb 68 nu
nu`k
`kda
da`g
`grd
rdas
as qu
qub
b cgoa
cgoarg
rg`
` b` cg Andk
Andkd`
d`g
g hb Bs
Bstu
tuhd
hdas
as
Gvg`zghas ghskrdtg g cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y
[gob
[gobrb
rbss hb cg RO^,
RO^, bib
bib Eb
Ebrb
rbpg
pgeu
eupg
pgdd ^b
^b`ç
`ç,, Kd
Kduh
uhgh
gh Oa
Oacícívg
vgr-B
r-Bst
stgh
gha
a
Oacívgr.

24
 [blù` _gmírbz (?66<) –cg mubstrg kb`sgc bs gqubccg ha`hb tahgs
cgs u`dhghbs hb d`vbstdlgkdû` sa` ka`sdhbrghgs kama mubstrg. Hb gccí,
qub cg paocgkdû` g bstuhdgr sb prbkds
dsb
b kama kb`sgc par sbr
sdmuctç`bgmb`tb u`dvbrsa, paocgkdû` y mubstrg” (p. <2).

DDD.;.?.7. Aosbrvgkdû` hdrbktg

Kama sastdb`b Jurtgha (?66<), cg aosbrvgkdû` hdrbktg9 –Ka`sdstb b`

kgptgr hdrbktgmb`tb ca qub bstç akurrdb`ha ka` bc bvb`ta. Bc d`vbstdlghar
hbob sbr tbstdla hb cg akurrb`kdg hbc bvb`ta y pbrkdodrca g trgväs hb cas
sb`tdhas. @a sdrvb kug`ha sb trgtg hb bvb`tas qub yg akurrdbra`”. (p.;8).

Xgmodä` bs gqubc d`strumb`ta utdcdzgha kug`ha bc d`vbstdlghar sb

pa`b b` ka`tgkta pbrsa`gcmb`tb ka` bc jbkja a nb`ûmb`a qub trgtg hb

d`vbstdlgr. Kama cg hbnd`dkdû` hdkb sb gpcdkû bstb tdpa hb täk`dkg ka` bc nd`
hb rbkgogr d`narmgkdû` saorb cg praocbmçtdkg rbnbrdhg g cg rb`hdkdû` y
vbrdndkgkdû` hb kub`tg hb cas d`lrbsas prapdas hb cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb
Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs hbc bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç, y gsí tb`br
cgs jbrrgmdb`tgs pgrg hdsb÷gr u` sdstbmg wbo qub mbiarbs cas prakbsas
ghmd`dstrgtdvas y hb rb`hdkdû` hb kub`tgs hb hdkjg kaarhd`gkdû`.

DDD.;.?.?. B`trbvdstg [bmd bstrukturghg

Cg b`trb
b`trbvds
vdstg
tg ka`
ka`std
stdtuy
tuyb
b u` d`stru
d`strumb`
mb`tata hb kam
kamu`
u`dkg
dkgkdû
kdû`
` y u`g
täk`dkg hb d`vbstdlgkdû` nu`hgmb`tgc b` cgs kdb`kdgs jumg`gs. [b bmpcbg
b` cg d`vbstdlgkdû` sakdgc (rbkapdcgkdû` hb hgtas) y b` tgrbgs pranbsda`gcbs
ka` hdvbr
hdvbrsas
sas nd`bs
nd`bs99 d`narmgkd
d`narmgkdû`
û` (pbrda
(pbrdahdsma
hdsma),
), gyuh
gyuhg
g sakdg
sakdgcc (gsds
(gsdstb`k
tb`kdg
dg
sakdgc), gsbsargmdb`ta psdkacûldka (psdkacalíg), gsbsargmdb`ta bhukgtdva,
vakgkda`gc y pbrsa`gc (ardb`tgkdû`), psdkatbrgpdg (psdqudgtríg), sbcbkkdû`
pranbsda`gc y gkghämdkg hb pastucg`tbs (bvgcugkdû` hb kg`hdhgtas) b`trb
atras. (Huhavsed kdtgha b` Mbiíg, ?6?6).

>6
 Lrgk
Lrgkdg
dgss g bs
bstb
tb tdtdpa
pa hb tä
täkk`d
`dkg
kg sb pu
puha
ha rbka
rbkapd
pdcg
cgrr dmpa
dmpart
rtg`
g`tb
tb
d`
d`na
narm
rmgk
gkdû
dû`
` b` rb
rbcg
cgkd
kdû`
û` g cg sdtu
sdtugk
gkdû
dû`
` gk
gktu
tugc
gc hb cg Kaar
Kaarhd
hd`g
`gkd
kdû`
û` hb
Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs hbc bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç hb cg RO^,
Kduhgh Oacívgr b` ca qub y cas praocbmgs b` ca qub sb rbndbrb g cg pgrtb
tbk`acûldkg pgrg cg lbstdû`, rb`hdkdû` y vbrdndkgkdû` hb kub`tg hb d`lrbsas
prapdas hb cg Kaarhd`gkdû`.

Kgob hbstgkgr qub sb gpcdkû u`g b`trbvdstg sbmd bstrukturghg tg`ta

gc pbrsa`gc ghmd`dstrgtdvas kama g cas lbrb`tbs hb cg Kaarhd`gkdû`, pgrg
bcca sb rbgcd
rbgcdzû
zû u` ludû` ka` cgs sdlud
sdludb`tbs
b`tbs d`tbrralg`t
d`tbrralg`tbs9
bs9 g) ±Kûm
±Kûma
a bs bc
prak
prakbs
bsa
a gktu
gktugc
gc pgrg
pgrg cg lbst
lbstdû
dû`
` hb cg rb`h
rb`hdk
dkdû
dû`
` y vb
vbrdn
rdndk
dkgk
gkdû
dû`
` hb ca
cass
d`lrbsas prapdas hb cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs

hbc Bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç15 o) ±Wuä rbqubrdmdb`tas nu`kda`gcbs krbb

ustbh hbob` bspbkdndkgrsb b` cg gpcdkgkdû` wbo pgrg cg lbstdû` hb cg
rb`hdkdû` y vbrdndkgkdû` hb kub`tg hb cas d`lrbsas prapdas cg Kaarhd`gkdû`
hb Vrahukkdû
Vrahukkdû`,
`, _bkrbgkdû`
_bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs
[gobrbs hbc Bib Eb
Ebrbpge
rbpgeupgd
upgd ^b`
^b`ç15
ç15 k)
±Kûm
±Kûma
a gy
gyuh
uhgr
gríg
íg cg gpcdk
gpcdkgk
gkdû
dû`
` wb
wbo
o b` cg lbst
lbstdû
dû`
` hb cg rb`h
rb`hdk
dkdû
dû`
` y
vbrdndkgkdû` hb cas d`lrbsas prapdas1 T h) ±Hb quä narmg sb pubhb
aptdmdzgr cg gpcdkgkdû` wbo pgrg gsblurgr su karrbkta nu`kda`gmdb`ta1.

DDD.8. Vaocgkdû` y Mubstrg

DDD
DDD.8.7
.8.7.. Vaocgkdû`
Vaocg kdû`

_bprbsb`tg tahgs cgs u`dhghbs hb cg d`vbstdlgkdû` qub sb bstuhdg hb

gkubrha g cg `gturgcbzg hbc praocbmg, bs hbkdr, cg sumg tatgc hb cgs
u`dhghbs qub sb vg` g bstuhdgr, cgs kugcbs hbob` pasbbr kgrgktbrístdkgs
kamu`bs hg`ha ardlb` g cg d`vbstdlgkdû`.

Grdgs (?67?), sb÷gcg qub –bs bc ka`iu`ta hb bcbmb`tas ka`

kgrgktbrístdkgs kamu`bs qub sa` aoibtas hb g`çcdsds y pgrg cas kugcbs
sbrç
sbrç`
` vç
vçcdh
cdhgs
gs cg
cgss ka`k
ka`kcu
cusd
sda`
a`bs
bs hb cg d`
d`vb
vbst
stdl
dlgk
gkdû
dû`”
`”.. (p.4
(p.4:)
:).. Vg
Vgrg
rg bc

>7
hbsgrracca hb bstg d`vbstdlgkdû`, sb `bkbsdtû rbgcdzgr u` bstuhda hb cg
paocgkdû` hb cg d`stdtukdû`, pgrg pahbr sgobr kûma gpcdkgr cg prapubstg y
kama gnbktgog y ob`bndkdgog g kghg d`tblrg`tb hb cg mdsmg.

Var ka`sdludb`tb, cg paocgkdû` hb cg prbsb`tb d`vbstdlgkdû` bstuva

d`tblrghg par u` lrupa hb kd`ka (68) pbrsa`gs, qub pgrg bc prapûsdta hbc
pray
praybk
bkta
ta sb hdvd
hdvdhd
hdbr
bra`
a` b` (6
(6?)
?) gsds
gsdstb
tb`t
`tbs
bs gh
ghmd
md`d
`dst
strg
rgtdtdva
vass y u` (6?)
(6?)
kaarhd`gharbs, qudb`bs bstç` cdlghas hdrbktgmb`tb b` cg praocbmçtdkg hb
bstuhda.

DDD
DDD.8.?
.8.?.. Mubstrg
Mubs trg

Bs u`g pgrtb hb cg paocgkdû`, a sbg, u` `ùmbra hb d`hdvdhuas u

aoibtas sbcbkkda`ghas kdb`tíndkgmb`tb, kghg u`a hb cas kugcbs bs u`
bcbmb`ta hbc u`dvbrsa. Vgrg Nd`ac y Kgmgkja (?66>) cg mubstrg –bs
aotb
aotb`d
`dhg
hg ka`
ka` bc nd`
nd` hb d`
d`vb
vbst
stdl
dlgr
gr,, g pg
pgrt
rtdr
dr hb
hbcc ka`a
ka`akd
kdmd
mdb`
b`ta
ta hb sus
sus
kgrgktbrístdkgs pgrtdkucgrbs, cgs prapdbhghbs hb u`g paocgkdû`” (p.7;:).
Vgrg Jurtgha (?666), ka`sdstb9 –b` cgs paocgkda`bs pbqub÷gs a nd`dtgs `a
sb sbc
bcbk
bkkkda
da`
`g mubs
mubstr
trg
g gcl
clu
u`g pgr
grg
g `a gnbk
gnbktg
tgrr cg vg
vgcdcdh
hbs hb ca
cass
rbsuctghas”. (p.<<).

B` vd
vdsstg hb qub cg pao
paocg
cgkkdû
dû`
` hb bstb
stb prayb
raybkt
kta
a bs pb
pbqu
qub÷
b÷g
g
rbprbsb`tghg par kugtra (68) pbrsa`gs, sb tamgrç tahg pgrg bc bstuhda y
bsta sb hb`amd`g mubstrba kb`sgc. Kama sb jg sb÷gcgha, cg paocgkdû` bs
pbqub÷g, par ca tg`ta, sb tamgrç tahg pgrg bc bstuhda y bsta sb hb `ûmd`g
mubstrba kb`sgc. Cg mubstrg kb`sgc bs gqubccg parkdû` qub rbprbsb`tg
tahg cg paocgkdû`, par ca tg`ta, sd cg paocgkdû` bs mb`ar g kd`kub`tg (26)
d`hdvdhuas, cg paocgkdû` bs dlugc g cg mubstrg. (Kgstra (?66; p. >4)5 Cûpbz
(744:, p. 7?;).

>?
DDD.2. Mbtahacalíg hb [dstbmg _RV (_gtda`gc
( _gtda`gc R`dndbh Vrakbss)

Bc Hbsgrracca hb cg Gpcdkgkdû` \bo, ka` bc nd` hb mbiargr cg Lbstdû`,

_b`hdk
_b`h dkdû
dû`
` y ^br brdndndk
dkgk
gkdû
dû`
` hb Kub`Kub`tg
tg hb D`l
D`lrbsa
rbsass Vrap
Vrapddas hb cg
Kaar
Kaarhd
hd`g
`gkd
kdû`
û` hb Vrah
Vrahuk ukkdkdû`
û`,, _bkr
_bkrbg
bgkd
kdû`
û` y [g
[gob
obrb
rbss hb cg RO^,
RO^, bi
bib
b
Ebrbp
Ebrbpgeu
geupgd
pgd ^b`
^b`ç,
ç, Kdu
Kduhgh
hgh Oacívg
Oacívgr-B
r-Bstg
stgha
ha Oac
Oacívg
ívgr,
r, bs cg mbtaha
mbtahacal
calíg
íg
_RV.

DDD.2.7.-
DDD.2.7 .- Ngsbs hb cg mbtahacalíg
mbt ahacalíg _RV
_R V

_RV, bs u`g bstrukturg hd`çmdkg qub pbrmdtb qub bc prakbsa hb

hbsgrracca sbg nu`hgmb`tgcmb`tb dtbrgtdva b` kugtras ngsbs9 7) d`dkda5 ?)

Bcgoargkdû`5 ;) Ka`strukkdû` y 8) Xrg`sdkdû`. (vbr ndlurg 7).

Ndlurg 7. Ngsbs hbc mätaha _RV

DDD.2.7.7. Ngsb hb d`dkda

Bc aoibtdva hb cg ngsb hb d`dkda bs hbtbrmd`gr cg vdsdû` hbc praybkta y

hbnd`dr ca qub sb hbsbg rbgcdzgr. Vgrg bcca bc sdstbmg d`hdkg qub ca prdmbra
qub jgy qub jgkbr bs b`ka`trgr cas gktarbs y cas kgsas hb usa, pgrg cubla
prdardzgr y hbtgccgrcas. B` bstg ngsb b`trg cg gpcdkgkdû` hb hdstd`tgs täk`dkgs

>;
y jbrrgmdb`tgs hb rbkacbkkdû` hb hgtas, hb mg`brg qub sb hdbra` cgs
prdmbrgs rbu`da`bs b`trb bc lrupa hb praybkta ka` bc kcdb`tb b` kubstdû`
pgrg bspbkdndkgr kuçcbs sbríg` bsas aoibtdvas y bc gckg`kb hbc praybkta
qub sbríg bc hb jgkbr u`g gpcdkgkdû` qug aptdmdzgr cg Lbstdû`, _b`hdkdû` y
^brd
^brdndk
ndkgk
gkdû
dû`
` hb Ku
Kub`
b`tg
tg hb D`
D`lr
lrbs
bsas
as Vrap
Vrapda
dass hb cg Ka
Kaararhd
hd`g
`gkd
kdû`
û` hb
Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs hb cg RO^, bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç,
Kduhgh Oacívgr-Bstgha Oacívgr.

Xgmodä` sb goarhgra` cas rbqubrdmdb`tas nu`kda`gcbs, ghbmçs hb

cgs prdmbrgs jdstardgs hb usugrda hb mg`brg d`narmgc, b` kghg u`g hb
bcc
bccgs
gs sb bspbk
bspbkdndk
dndkû
û kuç`t
kuç`tas
as `dv
`dvbcb
bcbss hb usu
usugrda
grdass sb hdsb÷g
hdsb÷gríg
ríg`
` y qub
prdvdcbldas y `dvbcbs tb`hríg kghg u`a hb bccas. Cas rdbslas prbsb`tbs

nubra` cgs ngctgs hb d`tbräs a gog`ha`a hb pgrtb hb gcludb` hbc lrupa, bc

kasta y hdndkuctgh hb trg`spartb a u`g jbrrgmdb`tg vdtgc pgrg cg oub`g
bibkuk
bibkukdû`
dû` hbc pra
praybk
ybkta,
ta, mgc
mgcg
g bstdm
bstdmgkd
gkdû`
û` hb
hbcc tdb
tdbmpa
mpa,, gcl
gclù`
ù` dmp
dmprbv
rbvdst
dsta
a
täk`dka ka` bc kamputghar. Hb dlugc narmg sb pcg`tbgra` cgs prdmbrgs
dtbrgkda`bs, qub, gu`qub subcb` sbr hb ; sbmg`gs, b` bstb kgsa nubra`
gsdl`ghgs b` u` mçxdma hb > sbmg`gs.

DDD.2.7.?. Ngsb hb bcgoargkdû`

B` bstg
bstg ng
ngsb
sb bs qub
qub sb hbtb
hbtbrm
rmd`
d`g
g cg grqu
grqudtdtbk
bktu
turg
rg ûp
ûptdtdmg
mg hb
hbcc

pray
praybk
bkta
ta.. B` tg
tgcc sb
sb`t
`tdh
dha,
a, sb bs
bstg
tgoc
ocbk
bkdb
dbra
ra`
` ha
hass jd
jdta
tas9
s9 g) G`çc
G`çcds
dsds
ds ca
cass
rbqudsdtas qub bxdlb bc kcdb`tb y hboíg kumpcdr bc sdstbmg y o) prbpgrgkdû`
hb cas mgkeups a mgqubtg. Hb tgc mg`brg, qub sb rbgcdzû u` prdmbr
b`sgy
b`sgya
a hb cg gpcdk
gpcdkgkd
gkdû`
û` pgr
pgrg
g tb`
tb`br
br dhbg
dhbg hb cas rbquds
rbqudsdta
dtass qub hboíg
kumpcdr bc sdstbmg, cas kgsas hb usa gsakdghas y cas gktarbs b`kgrlghas
hb cas mdsmas.

Kama sb pubhb bvdhb`kdgr b` bstg ngsb sb hbnd`dû, g`gcdzû y hdsb÷û

cgs grqudtbkturgs hbc sdstbmg, b` pakgs pgcgorgs sb pcg`tbû taha bc hdsb÷a
hbc sdstbmg, tg`ta cg ogsb hb hgtas kama cg d`tbrngz prd`kdpgc. Kama sb
sb÷gcû g`tbrdarmb`tb sb tamgra` cgs jdstardgs hb usugrdas y b` ogsb g

>8
bccg
bccgss sb kr
krbg
bgra
ra`
` ca
cass pr
prdm
dmbr
bras
as hdgl
hdglrg
rgmg
mgss hb kg
kgsa
sa hb us
usa
a ha
ha`h
`hb
b sb
bspb
bspbkkdndndk
dkg
g ca
cass `d
`dvvbc
bcbs
bs hb us
usug
ugrd
rda
a b` bc sds
dstb
tbm
mg y kuç
uçcc sbrí
sbríg
g cg
nu`kda`gcdhgh hb kghg u`a hb bccas. Hb dlugc narmg sb jdza bc hdsb÷a hb cg
ogsb hb hgtas y sb bstgocbkdbra` cgs rbcgkda`bs b`trb kghg b`tdhgh. Bc
hdsb÷a hb cg d`tbrngz pgrtdû hb u` mahbca sulbrdha par bc bqudpa hb cg
Kaarhd`gkdû` y bc bstuhdg`tb bc kugc nub ghgptgha g cgs nu`kda`gcdhghbs
rbqubrdhgs.

>2
 DDD.2.7.;. Ngsb hb ka`strukkdû`
ka`strukkdû`..

B` cg ngsb hb ka`strukkdû` a hbsgrracca, bs ha`hb sb aotdb`b cg

kgpgkdhgh apbrgkda`gc d`dkdgc. Ka` cg hbtbrmd`gkdû` hb cg nu`kda`gcdhgh hbc
sdstbmg sb gckg`zgr cg kgpgkdhgh apbrgkda`gc hb cg gpcdkgkdû` hb narmg
krbkdb`tb g trgväs hb cgs sukbsdvgs dtbrgkda`bs. B` bstg ngsb sb jdza u`
pcg` hb trgogia hb mg`brg qub sb puhdbrg trgogigr cas hdstd`tas mûhucas.
Varr su pg
Va pgrt
rtb,
b, cg ka
kahd
hdndndkkgk
gkdû
dû`
` sb jd
jdza
za sd
sdlu
ludb
db`h
`ha
a bc pc
pcg`
g` rbgc
rbgcdz
dzgh
gha
a
kamb`zg`ha par cas mûhucas hb rbldstra y lbstdû` hb usugrda b d`dkda hb
sbsd
sbsdû`
û`,, rb
rbld
ldst
stra
ra y lbst
lbstdû
dû`
` hb pr
prah
ahuk
ukta
ta,, y ca
cass mû
mûhu
huca
cass hb ka
ka`s
`suc
uctg
tg y
rbpartbs.

Vgrg cg kahdndkgkdû` sb jdza usa hbc cb`lugib hb pralrgmgkdû` VJV,

cas cb`lugibs hb mgrkg9 JXMC, Igvg[krdpt, K[[ y bc lbstar hb ogsb hb
hgtas My[WC. Kgob hbstgkgr qub tahas cas hdsb÷as yg rbgcdzghas sb
dmpcbmb`tgrç` y sbrç` praoghas pgrg gsí aotb`br u`g vbrsdû` obtg hb ca
qub sbrç cg gpcdkgkdû` jgkdg cas usugrdas.

8) Ngsb hb trg`sdkdû`

B` bstg ngsb sb aotdb`b bc prahukta gkgogha y hbnd`dha pgrg gsí sbr

b`trblgha gc usugrda, b` bstg ngsb tgmodä` sb rbgcdzû u` ka`iu`ta hb
prubogs pgrg hbpurgr brrarbs qub pubhb` prbsb`tgrsb y kucmd`gr ka` cg
kgpgkdtgkdû` g cas usugrdas nd`gcbs.

>>
DDD.>. Kra`alrgmg hb Gktdvdhghbs9
Gktdvdhghbs9 Nborbra g Aktuorb ?6?6

><
 >:

DDD.<. Bstuhda hb ngktdodcdhgh

Bsta sb rbndbrb g cg hdspa`dodcdhgh hb cas rbkursas `bkbsgrdas pgrg

ccbvgr g kgoa cas aoibtdvas a mbtgs sb÷gcghas. Bc sdludb`tb praybkta sb
gpayg b` ngktdodcdhghbs9 bka`ûmdkgs, apbrgtdvg, täk`dkg y sakdgc.

DDD.<.7. Ngktdodcdhgh Apbrgtdvg

[b rbndbrb g tahas gqubccas rbkursas ha`hb d`tbrvdb`b gclù` tdpa hb

gktdvdhgh (prakbsas), hbpb`hb hb cas rbkursas jumg`as qub pgrtdkdpb`
hurg`tb cg apbrgkdû` hbc praybkta. Hurg`tb bstg btgpg sb dhb`tdndkg` tahgs
gqubccgs gktdvdhghbs qub sa` `bkbsgrdgs pgrg calrgr bc aoibtdva y sb
bvgcùg y hbtbrmd`g taha ca `bkbsgrda pgrg ccbvgrcg g kgoa, tgcbs kama9 g)
Kgpgkdtgkdû` gutû`amg vdrtugc5 o) Kursa oçsdka hb gpcdkgkdû` wbo b` cg
RVXBO, k) ^dsdtgs g cg bmprbsg y h) Gsbsarígs ka` bc tutar täk`dka.

DDD.<.?.. Ngktdodcdhgh
DDD.<.? Ngktd odcdhgh Xäk`dkg

[b rb
rbndndb
brb g ca
cass rb
rbkkur
ursa
sass `bk
`bkbs
bsgr
grda
dass kama jbrrg
brrgmd
mdb
b`tg
`tgs,
ka`akdmdb`tas, jgodcdhghbs, bxpbrdb`kdgs, b`trb atras, qub sa` `bkbsgrdas

pgrg bnbktugr cgs gktdvdhghbs a prakbsas qub rbqudbrb bc praybkta. Kgob

hbstgkgr qub bc praybkta hbob ka`sdhbrgr sd bstas rbkursas täk`dkas sa`
cas sundkdb`tbs a hbob` kampcbmb`tgrsb, g nd` hb calrgr u`g gpcdkgkdû`
ngktdocb pgrg cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs hb cg
RO^ Bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç, Kduhgh Oacívgr. Bc hdgl`ûstdka hb ngktdodcdhgh
tä
täk`
k`dk
dkg
g gr
grra
raiû
iû qu
qub
b cg Ka
Kaar
arhd
hd`g
`gkd
kda`
a` kub`
kub`tg
tg ka` ku
kub`
b`tg
tg ka
ka`9
`9 g) 7
kamputgharg ka` sdstbmg \d`haws y tahas sus pbrdnärdkas5 o) Mg`big cas
`gvblgharbs hb d`tbr`bt9 Laalcb Kjramb y Ndrbnax5 k) tdb`b u` KVR hb
?Lo hb _GM, hdska hura hb ;?6Lo5 h) tdb`b cas pralrgmgs pgrg bc

>4
hbsgrracca hb cg gpcdkgkdû`9 [uocdmb tbxt, Zgmmp5 y b) bc pbrsa`gc tdb`b
ka`akdmdb`tas oçsdkas hb JXMC, K[[, Igvg[krdpt, VJV, y My[WC.

DDD.<.;. Ngktdodcdhgh Bka`ûmdkg9

B` bstg d`kcuyb` bc g`çcdsds hb kastas y ob`bndkdas gsakdghas ka`

kghg gctbr`gtdvg hbc praybkta. Ka` g`çcdsds hb kastas/ob`bndkdas, tahas cas
kastas
kastas y ob`bnd
ob`bndkda
kdass hb ghq
ghqudr
udrdr
dr y apbrgr
apbrgr kg
kghg
hg sds
sdstbm
tbmg
g gct
gctbr`
br`gtd
gtdva
va sb
dhb`tdndkg` y sb jgkb u`g kampgrgkdû` hb bccas. Cg ngktdodcdhgh bka`ûmdkg
sb hbslcasg b` bc kughra sdludb`tb9

Kughra 7.Ngktdodcdhgh Bka`ûmdkg hbc Vraybkta Gpcdkgkdû` \bo Vgrg Cg

Lbstdû`, _b`hdkdû` T ^brdndkgkdû` Hb Kub`tg Hb D`lrbsas Vrapdas Hb Cg
Kaarhd`gkdû` Hb Vrahukkdû`,
Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç, _bkrbgkdû`
Kduhgh Oacívgr-Bstgha T [gobrbs Hb Cg Rov, Bib
Oacívgr.

Hb`amd`gkdû` Kasta Os.

Kgpgkdtgkdû` ;.666.666,66

D`tbr`bt ?.666.666,66
Xrg`spartb :66.666

Xatgc, Oacívgrbs 2.:66.666,66

Nub`tb9 Bcgoargkdû` Vrapdg.

DDD
DDD.<.8
.<.8.. Vrbsupubsta
Vrbsupub sta

Vgrg bc bmprb`hdmdb`ta hbc praybkta sb `bkbsdtû gpraxdmghgmb`tb

u` prbsupubsta hb Os. 2.:66.666,66

<6
 KGVÍXRCA D^

HB[K_DVKDÛ@ HB CG V_AVRB[XG

D^.7. Hbskrdpkdû`.

B` bstb gpgrtgha sb tdb`b kama nd`gcdhgh cg rbsacukdû` hb cas

hd
hdst
std`
d`ta
tass pr
prao
aocb
cbmg
mgss qu
qub
b sb b`ka
b`ka`t
`trg
rgra
ra`
` b` C g Ka
Kaar
arhd
hd`g
`gkd
kdû`
û` hb
Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs hbc bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç, yg qub,
parr kg
pa kgrb
rbkb
kbrr hb u`
u`g
g gp
gpcdk
cdkgk
gkdû
dû`
` wbo
wbo pgrg
pgrg ccccbv
bvgr
gr g kgoa su Lbstdû`,
kgoa

_b`hdkdû` y ^brdndkgkdû` hb kub`tg hb cas D`lrbsas Vrapdas hb cg

Kaarhd`g
Kaarhd`gkdû`,
kdû`, cas ghmd`dstrgtdvas y cas lbrb`tbs hb hdkjg çrbg sb vb`
cdmdtdtgh
cdm ghas
as b` su lb
lbst
stdû
dû`,
`, pubs
pubsta
ta qub
qub cg
cgss gk
gktdtdvd
vdhg
hghb
hbss sb jg
jg`
` vb
vb`d
`dha
ha
jgkdb`ha hb mg`brg mg`ugc, y par b`hb, sb vb` gnbktghas pgrg calrgr u`
mbiar hbsbmpb÷a cgoargc. Kama ogkjdccbr hb cg R`dvbrsdhgh Vacdtäk`dkg
Xbrrdtardgc hbc Bstgha Oacívgr (RVXBO) rbgcdkä u`g gpcdkgkdû` wbo pgrg
hdkjg kaarhd`gkdû` ka` bc nd` hb aptdmdzgr cgs cgoarbs ghmd`dstrgtdvgs b` cg
mdsmg.

D^.?. _bqubrdmdb`ta hb Jgrhwgrb

Kgob hbstgkgr qub cas rbqubrdmdb`tas oçsdkas hb jgrhwgrb pgrg bc

oub` hbsbmpb÷a hb hdkjg gpcdkgkdû` sa` cas
c as sdludb`tbs9

7. Ma`
a`dtdtar
ar CKH
?. Vbrdnä
Vbrdnärdk
rdka(t
a(tbkc
bkcgha
gha)) y maus
mausb.
b.
;. Hdsk
Hdska
ahhur
ura
a hb
hb ;?6
;?6Lo
Lo..
8. Mbma
Mbmard
rdg
g__GM
GM hb ?Lo.
?Lo.
2. Vrakbs
Vrakbsgh
ghar
ar Vb`
Vb`tdu
tdum
m Hug
Hugcc KA_B B-
B-2;6
2;66.
6.
>. [dstbm
[dstbmg
g apbrg
apbrgtdv
tdva
a cdo
cdorb
rb Hb
Hbodg
odg`
`:

<7
D^.;. _bqubrdmdb`tas hb [antwgrb

[b puha bvdhb`kdgr b` bc hdgl`ûstdka d`dkdgc qub cas rbqubrdmdb`tas

mí`dmas hb santwgrb bstgog` prbvdgmb`tb d`stgcghas b` bc kamputghar,
cas kugcbs sa` prd`kdpgcmb`tb bc [.A. Cdorb a Vrdvgtdva ka` tahg su cdorbríg
qub rbka`akb tahas cas hdspasdtdvas ka`bktghas g cg kamputgharg.

D^.8. _bqubrdmdb`tas nu`kda`gcbs

[a` gqubccas qub hbskrdob` kugcqudbr gktdvdhgh qub cg gpcdkgkdû`

wbo hbob rbgcdzgr, gsí kama, bc kampartgmdb`ta a nu`kdû` pgrtdkucgr hb
hdkja sdstbmg
sdstbmg a santwgr
santwgrb
b kug`ha sb kumpc
kumpcb`
b` kdbrtgs ka`hdkda
ka`hdkda`bs.
`bs. (^br
Kughra ?).

Kughra ?. _bqubrdmdb`tas nu`kda`gcbs hbc [dstbmg \bo pgrg aptdmdzgr cg

Lbstdû`, _b`hdkdû` y ^brdndkgkdû` hb kub`tg hb cas D`lrbsas Vrapdas hb cg
Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs hbc bib Ebrbpgeupgd
^b`ç hb cg RO^, Kduhgh Oacívgr.
Hb`amd`gkdû`
_N67.Cald`
_N6?._bldstra hb Xrg`sgkkda`bs
_N6;.Lbstdû` hb kgtblarígs
_N68._bpartbs
Hbskrdpkdû`
◁ D`lrbsgr gc [dstbmg.
◁ _blds
bldstr
tra
a y gutb`utb`tdtdndndkkgkd
kdû`
û` hb
kub`tgs.
◁ _bldstra hb d`lrbsas.
◁ _bldstra hb lgstas.
◁
◁
Ka`suctgr lgstas/d`lrbsas
lgstas/d`lrbsas.
lgstas/d`lrbsas .
Glrblgr lgstas/d`lrbsas
◁ Mahdndkgr lgstas/d`lrbsas.
◁ Bcdmd`gr lgstas/d`lrbsas.
◁ Lb`brgr rbpartbs.
◁ Hbskgrlgr rbpartbs.

Nub`tb9 Bcgoargkdû` prapdg.

<?
D^.2. _bqubrdmdb`tas `a nu`kda`gcbs

_bpr
_bprbs
bsb`
b`tg
tg`
` kg
kgrg
rgkt
ktbr
brís
ístdtdkg
kgss lb`b
lb`brg
rgcb
cbss y rbst
rbstrdk
rdkkd
kda`
a`bs
bs hb cg
gpcdkgkdû` a sdstbmg qub sb bstä hbsgrraccg`ha. (^br Xgocg ;).

Kughra ;. _bqubrdmdb`tas `a nu`kda`gcbs hbc [dstbmg \bo pgrg

aptdmdzgr cg Lbstdû`, _b`hdkdû` y ^brdndkgkdû` hb kub`tg hb cas D`lrbsas
Vrapdas hb cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs hbc bib
Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç hb cg RO^, Kduhgh Oacívgr.

_@N6
_@N67. 7. ^dsd
^dsdod
odcdcdhg
hgh
h hbc
hbc bstg
bstgha
ha hbc
hbc [d
[dst
stbm
bmg9
g9 [b tb`h
tb`hrç
rç tahg
tahgss cg
cgss
pasdodcdhghbs qub hdspa`b cg gpcdkgkdû` g cg vdstg b` taha mamb`ta
lrgkdgs g cg d`tbrngz lrçndkg y g sus mb`ùs.
_@N6?.Rtdcdzgr bc cb`lugib hb cas usugrdas9 gc `a ka`akbr bxgktgmb`tb
gc pasdocb usugrda taha sb ka`tracg ka` mb`ùs d`tudtdvas ghbmçs
hb utdcdzgr tärmd`as kdb`tíndka-täk`dkas gprapdghas.
_@N6;.Ka`trac y cdobrtgh pgrg bc usugrda9 bc usugrda tdb`b ka`trac tatgc
saorb cg gpcdkgkdû` y tahgs cgs apbrgkda`bs qub pubhb jgkbr. @a
jgy hdstd`kda`bs `d pbrmdsas bspbkdgcbs.
_@N68Ka`s
_@N68K a`sdst
dstb`k
b`kdg
dg y bst
bstç`h
ç`hgrb
grbs9
s9 lr
lrg`
g` hds
hdstd`
td`kdû
kdû`
` b`t
b`trb
rb tahgs
tahgs cgs
gkkd
gkkda`
a`bs
bs qu
qubb sb pupubh
bhb`
b` rbgc
rbgcdz
dzgr
gr y su
suss `a
`amo
morb
rbss pg
pgrg
rg bvdt
bvdtgr
gr
ka`nusda`bs.
_@N62.Vrb
_@N62. Vrbvb`
vb`kdû
kdû`
` hb brrarbs9 cg gpcd
brrarbs9 gpcdkg
kgkd
kdû`
û` hb
hbob
ob sb
sbrr raou
raoust
stgg y
ka`sdstb`tb.
_@N6>.Hdçcalas bstätdkas y hdsb÷a md`dmgcdstg9 cg d`tbrngz lrçndkg sb
jg hdsb÷gha pgrg qub ka`tb`lg cg d`narmgkdû` `bkbsgrdg pgrg su
usa y `ghg mçs.
_@N6<.Gkk
_@N6<.Gkkbsd
bsdodc
odcdhgh9 gq
dhgh9 gquí
uí `as
`as rb
rbnb
nbrd
rdma
mass g cgs
cgs kg
kgpg
pgkd
kdhg
hghb
hbss hb
ghgptgkdû` qub pubhb hdspa`br cg gpcdkgkdû`.

Nub`tb9 Bcgoargkdû` Vrapdg.

D^.>. Mahbca B`tdhgh _bcgkdû`9

[b rbndbrb g u` mahbca ka`kbptugc hb hgtas, bspbkdndkg`ha sus

b`tdhghbs, gtrdoutas y rbcgkda`bs b`trb bccgs.

<;
D^.<. Hdglrgmg hbc Kgsa hb usa hbc sdstbmg

[b rb
rbndndb
brb gc kgsa
gsa hb usa lb`b
`brg
rgcc hbc sds
dstb
tbm
mg `a mah
mahbc
bcg
g u`
pgrtdkda`
pgrtdkda`gmd
gmdb`t
b`ta
a (a hbtgcc
hbtgccb)
b) nu`kda
nu`kda`gc
`gc d`tbr`
d`tbr`a
a hbc sdstbm
sdstbmgg pu
pubs
bs sb
ka`kdob hbshb cg pbrspbktdvg hb cas gktarbs, bs hbkdr u`g vdsdû` bxtbr`g
hbc sdstbmg.

D^.:. Hbskrdpkdû` Cdtbrgc hb cas Kgsas hb Rsa

D`hdkg cas pgsas a gkkda`bs qub hbobrç` hb sukbhbr pgrg lbstda`gr u`

kgsa hb usa, ha`hb sb bspbkdndkg `amorb hbc kgsa hb usa, hbskrdpkdû`,
prapûsdta, rbspa`sgodcdhghbs, kgsas hb usas gsakdghas, gsí kama sus
gkkda`bs.

D^.4. D`tbrngz hb Rsugrda9 Xahgs cgs d`tbrngkbs `bkbsgrdgs pgrg bc

usugrda.

D^.4. Dmpcbmb`tgkdû`

D^.4.7. Hbskrdpkdû` hb cg ngsb hb dmpcbmb`tgkdû` hbc sdstbmg

B` bstg ngsb sb hbob hbskrdodr cgs gktdvdhghbs `bkbsgrdgs pgrg

pa`br g hdspasdkdû` hb cas usugrdas bc sdstbmg prapubsta.

D^.4.?. Hbskrdpkdû`
Hb skrdpkdû` hb ccgg pubstg b` nu`kda`gmdb`t
nu`k da`gmdb`ta
a

[b hbskrdob kghg pgsa hbtgccghgmb`tb pgrg kacakgr bc sdstbmg b`

nu`kda`gmdb`ta

<8
 D^.4.;. Hbskrdpkdû`
Hb skrdpkdû` y kg
kgpgkdtgkd
pgkdtgkdû`
û` g cas usugrdas

[b hbskrdob` cgs gktdvdhghbs rbgcdzghgs pgrg cg kgpgkdtgkdû` hb

cas usugrdas

D^.4.8. Mbtahacalíg gpcdkghg pgrg cg gpcdkgkdû` hb cgs prubogs

[b hb
hbsk
skrdo
rdob`
b` ca
cass mäta
mätaha
hass ut
utdcd
dcdzg
zgha
hass pg
pgrg
rg gp
gpcdk
cdkgr
gr cgs prub
prubog
ogss
karrbspa`hdb`tbs gc sdstbmg.

D^.4.2. Kgcb`hgrda hb gpcdkgkdû`

gpcdkgk dû` hb prubogs
prubog s

Kamprb`hb u` narmgta ha`hb sb mb`kda`g cg nbkjg b` qub nub

rbgcdzghg cg prubog, bc tdpa hb prubog rbgcdzghg, y cas hbtgccbs hb cg
bibkukdû` hb kghg prubog.

D^.4.>.
D^.4 .>. Vrubogs
Vrub ogs

Ka`sdstb b` cg bibkukdû` y rbvdsdû` hb cgs nu`kda`bs hb sdstbmg

D^.4.2.
D^.4 .2. Karrbkkda
Karrb kkda`bs
`bs

[b hb
hbsk
skrd
rdob
ob`
` ca
cass hbtg
hbtgccb
ccbss hb cg
cgss pa
pasd
sdoc
ocbs
bs ngcc
ngccgs
gs a brra
brrarb
rbss
b`ka`trghas.

<2
 KA@KCR[DA@B[

B` bc praybkta sakda tbk`acûldka hbsgrraccgha pgrg hgr rbspubstg g cg

`bkb
`bkbsd
sdhg
hgh
h hb ap
aptdtdmd
mdzg
zgkd
kdû`
û` y guta
gutamg
mgtdtdzg
zgkd
kdû`
û` hb cg Kaar
Kaarhd
hd`g
`gkd
kdû`
û` hb
Vrahukkdû`, _bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs hbc bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç hb cg RO^,
Kduhgh Oacívgr, bspbkíndkgmb`tb b` bc çrbg hb rb`hdkdû` y vbrdndkgkdû` hb
cas d`lrbsas hb bstuhdg`tbs hb Bstuhdas Gvg`zghas sb pubhb ka`kcudr
qub9

Ka` bc hdsb÷a b dmpcbmb`tgkdû` hb cg gpcdkgkdû` wbo _RV, b` ngsb

bxpbrdmb`tgc jg mbiargha `atgocbmb`tb cas prakbsas ghmd`dstrgtdvas y hb
gtb`kdû` g cas pgrtdkdpg`tbs hb Bstuhdas Gvg`zghas hb cg RO^.

[b calrû arlg`dzgr b d`karpargr gc [dstbmg _RV, u`g dmpartg`tb

kg`tdhgh hb hgtas gc [dstbmg.

[b kgpgkdtû gc pbrsa`gc ghmd`dstrgtdva qub vg ghmd`dstrgr bc [dstbmg

[b jdza b`sgyas hb prbd`skrdpkdû` d` sdtu par d`trg`bt, ca kugc mbiarû

cas krdtbrdas hb usa hbc [dstbmg _RV d`stgcgha.

<>
 _BKAMB@HGKDA@B[.

R`g vbz d`stgcghg cg gpcdkgkdû` _RV, b` su ngsb hb prubog

b` cg Kaarhd
Kaarhd`gk
`gkdû`
dû` hb Vrahuk
Vrahukkdû
kdû`,
`, _bk
_bkrbg
rbgkdû
kdû`` y [go
[gobrb
brbss hbc bib
Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç hb cg RO^, Kduhgh Oacívgr sb rbkamdb`hg9

Cg d`stgcgkdû` hbnd`dtdvg hbc [dstbmg _RV, ca kugc gmbrdtg qub bc

bqudpa hb kamputgkdû` bstb b` ûptdmgs ka`hdkda`bs y hb sbr pasdocb
d`karpargr u` `ubva bqudpa, pubsta qub sb prapa`b qub cas hgtas sb
rbldstrb` b` bc sdstbmg hdgrdgmb`tb, y `a gc nd`gc hb mbs.

Kam
ama
a cg kgr
grgk
gktb
tbrí
ríst
stdk
dkg
g prd
rd`k
`kdp
dpg
gc hbc [ds
dstb
tbm
mg _RV bs cg
vbrsgtdcdhgh5 bsta qudbrb hbkdr qub sd b` bc nutura sb qudbrb mbiargr, sb
pubhb` g÷ghdr `ubvas mûhucas, nu`kda`gcdhghbs a rbpartbs pgrg calrgr
rbsu
rbsuctg
ctgha
hass mçs
mçs gm
gmpc
pcda
dass y ng
ngva
varb
rbkb
kbrr b` mgya
mgyarr mb
mbhd
hdhg
hg cg lb
lbst
stdû
dû`
`
ghmd`dstrgtdvg hb cg Kaarhd`gkdû`. Vgrg bstb nd`, sb hbig g hdspasdkdû`
hb prûxdmas d`vbstdlgharbs bc kûhdla nub`tb hb cg mdsmg.

[bludr suodb`ha cg ogsb hb hgtas hb cas pgrtdkdpg`tbs hb Bstuhdas

Gvg`zghas, ca kugc pbrmdtdrç aptdmdzgr cg kgcdhgh hbc [brvdkda g`tbs,
hurg`tb y hbspuäs hbc prakbsa hb d`skrdpkdû`, pbrmg`b`kdg y blrbsa hb
cas pgrtdkdpg`tbs hb Bstuhdas Gvg`zghas hb cg RO^.

[b rbkamdb`hg qub bc pbrsa`gc ghmd`dstrgtdva hbob ka`td`ugr ka` cg

kgpgkdtgkdû` täk`dkg, ca kugc pbrmdtdrç u` mbiar mg`bia hbc [dstbmg _RV.

[b suldbrb gc pbrsa`gc ghmd`dstrgtdva b`kgrlgha hb ghmd`dstrgr bc

sdstbmg _RV, cbbr bc tutardgc hb cg gpcdkgkdû` wbo ka` bc nd` hb jgkbr hb su
usa gcla mçs glrghgocb y nu`kda`gc.

<<
 _BNB_B@KDG[

Ghaob Kammu`dty Jbcp. (?678). Gspbktas oçsdkas hb cgs

gpcdcdkg
gp kgkd
kda`
a`bs
bs wbo.
wbo. UB`
UB` cí`b
cí`bg
g ?6
?678
78.7
.748
48.7
.7.?
.?].
]. Hd
Hdsp
spa`
a`do
docb
cb b`
b`99
jttps9//kammu`dty.ghaob.kam/.

Grdgs, Ndhdgs (?67?). Bc Vraybkta hb D`vbstdlgkdû`. (>tg. Bhdkdû`),

Bpdstbmb, Kgrgkgs. _bkupbrgha sbptdbmorb ?6?6
jttps9//oaaes.laalcb.ka.vb/oaaes1
jc=bs&cr=&dh=\2`6OlGGWOGI&ad=n`h&pl=VG
jc=bs&cr=&dh=\2`6OlGGWOGI&ad=n`h&pl=VG77&hq=ndhdgs+gr
77&hq=ndhdgs+gr

dgs+praybkta&ats=eTiC:csvq4&sdl=acdKZrwnyAq<-
I:Tm;jrJ888_x8#v=

OO^G
OO^G Apb
Apb`
` Md`h.
Md`h. (?6?6)
(?6?6).. Ka`kbp
Ka`kbpta
ta hb D`narm
D`narmçtd
çtdkg.
kg. Hds
Hdspa`
pa`doc
docb9
b9
jttps9//ka`kbpta.hb/d`narmgtdkg/.

Oa`d
Oa`dccg
ccg,, M. y Ld
Ldccccbs
bs Kcdk
Kcdkjb
jb,, (B
(Bh)
h).. (?66
(?667)
7) D`tb
D`tbr`
r`bt
bt y sa
sakd
kdbh
bhgh
gh b`
Gmärdkg Cgtd`g y bc Kgrdob, d`vbstdlgkda`bs pgrg sustb`tgr bc
hdçcala. Ncgksa. Bkughar.

Ouke
Ouked`
d`lj
ljg`
g`,, H. (?
(?66
668)
8).. Bhuk
Bhukgk
gkdû
dû`
` b` mb
mbhd
hda.
a. Gc
Gcng
ngob
obtdtdzg
zgkd
kdû`
û`,,
gprb
gprb`h
`hdz
dzgi
gib
b y kuct
kuctur
urg
g ka
ka`t
`tbm
bmpa
parç
rç`b
`bg.
g. Og
Ogrk
rkbc
bca`
a`g9
g9 Vg
Vgdh
dhûs
ûs..
_bkupbrgha 78 nborbra hb ?6?7.
jttps9//nbg`hgcukdg.kkaa.bs/haku/p2sh<;;?.phn

KGN
KGN (?
(?6
674).
74). Gvg
vg`k
`kb
b hb cg
cgss XdK
dKss b` Gm
Gmär
ärdk
dkg
g Cgtd`
gtd`g
g, Og`
Og`ka
D`tbrg
D`tbrgmbr
mbrdkg
dkg`a
`a hb Hbs
Hbsgrr
grracc
acca.
a. _bk
_bkupb
upbrgh
rgha
a [bp
[bptdb
tdbmor
morb
b 7?,
jttps9//www.kgn.kam/bs/gktugcdhgh/`atdkdgs/?678/68/bc-gvg`kb-

hb-cgs-tdk-b`-gmbrdkg-cgtd`g.
 <:

KA@G
KA@GXB
XBC.
C. (?
(?6?
6?7)
7).. ^b`b
^b`bzu
zubc
bcg
g pr
pram
amub
ubvb
vb us
usa
a hb cg
cgss XDK
XDK pg
pgrg
rg bc
bmpahbrgmdb`ta hb cg iuvb`tuh, Ka`gtbc, Kgrgkgs. _bkupbrgha 7>

hb nborb
nborbra
ra b`9 jttp9
jttp9//www
//www.ka`g
.ka`gtbc.l
tbc.lao.v
ao.vb/vb`
b/vb`bzub
bzubcg-pr
cg-pramubv
amubvb-us
b-usa-
a-
hb-cgs-tdk-pgrg-bc-bmpahbrgmdb`ta-hb-cg-iuvb`tuh/

Ka`kbptah
Ka`kbptahbnd`dk
bnd`dkda`,h
da`,hb.
b. (?6?6)
(?6?6) Ka`kbpta
Ka`kbpta hb Jgrhw
Jgrhwgrb.
grb. Hdspa
Hdspa`docb
`docb99
jttps9//ka`kbpta.hb/jgrhwgrb/.

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ (?674). Hbnd`dkdû` hb JXMC, ùctdmg bhdkdû` 74 hb
iucda hbc ?674. _bkupbrgha
_bkupbrgha hb9 //ka`kbptahbnd`dkda`.hb/JXMC/.
//ka`kbptahbnd`dkda`.hb/JXMC/.

Kartçzgr, I. (?662). Cg dmpcbmb`tgkdû` hb cas pralrgmgs sakdgcbs

kama
kama prakbs
prakbsa
a bst
bstrgt
rgtäl
äldka
dka y lbr
lbrb`k
b`kdgc.
dgc. KCG
KCGH,
H, _bk
_bkupb
upbrgh
rgha9
a9
jttp9//ach.kcgh.arl/partgc/puocdkgkda`bs-hbc-kcgh/rbvdstg-kcgh-
rbnarmg.

Hbndnd`d
Hb `dkd
kdû`
û` GOK9
GOK9 Xu Hdkk
Hdkkda
da`g
`grd
rda
a jbkj
jbkja
a nçkd
nçkdc.c. (?6?
(?6?6)
6).. Rs
Rsug
ugrd
rda.
a.
Hdspa`docb9
jttps9//www.hbnd`dkda`gok.kam/tbk`acaldg/usugrda.pjp.

Hbndnd`d
Hb `dkd
kda`
a`.h
.hb.
b. (?
(?6?
6?6)
6).. Ka`k
Ka`kbp
bpta
ta Vray
Vraybk
bkta
ta [a
[akd
kda-
a-Xb
Xbk`
k`ac
acûl
ûldk
dka.
a.
Hdspa`docb9 jttps9//hbnd`dkda`.hb/praybkta
jttps9//hbnd`dkda`.hb/praybkta-tbk`acaldka/.
-tbk`acaldka/.

Hdkkda`grda hb D`narmçtdkg y Xbk`acalíg (?6?6). Hgta. Gcblsg.Kam.Gr.

_bkupbrgha9 jttps9//www.gcblsg.kam.gr/Hdk/hgta.pjp.
jttps9//www.gcblsg.kam.gr/Hdk/hgta.pjp.

Huqub, K. (?672) Hbsgrracca hb u`g Gpcdkgkdû` \bo qub Vbrmdtb qub

cgs
cgs Md
Mdkr
krab
abmp
mprb
rbsg
sgss Ka
Kamb
mbrk
rkdg
dgcb
cbss Ka`a
Ka`azk
zkg`
g` su Vu
Vu`t
`ta
a hb
Bqudcdorda y Bstgha hb _bsuctghas Mb`sugcbs pgrg cg Xamg hb
 <4

Hbkdsda`bs
Hbkdsda`bs,, R`dv
R`dvbrsdh
brsdhgh
gh Xbk`acûl
Xbk`acûldkg
dkg hb Vbrb
Vbrbdrg-Ng
drg-Ngkuctg
kuctgh
h hb
D`lb`dbríg D`hustrdgc, Vbrbdrg, Kacamodg.

Nd`a
Nd`ac,c, X. y Kg
Kgmg
mgkkja,
ja, J. (?
(?66
66>)
>).. Bc prak
prakbs
bsa
a hb d`
d`vb
vbst
stdl
dlgk
gkdû
dû`
`
kdb`tí
kdb`tíndk
ndkg/M
g/Md`b
d`bdrg
drg Nd`ac
Nd`ac hb Nrg`ka
Nrg`ka y Jbr
Jbrmbc
mbcd`h
d`hg
g Kgmgkj
Kgmgkja.
a.
BHDCRY, Mgrgkgdoa, ^b`bzubcg.

Jdhgcla, G. (?677). –Gpcdkgkdû` wbo pgrg bc ka`trac hb d`vb`tgrda b` bc

kamb
kambrk
rkdg
dgcc [R
[RMB
MBKA
KA K.G.
K.G. Kd
Kduh
uhgh
gh Oa
Oacív
cívgr
gr,, Bs
Bstg
tgha
ha Oa
Oacícívg
vgr”.
r”.
Xrgogia hb Lrgha, DRXO, aktuorb hbc ?677.

Jurtg
Jurtgha
ha,, I. (?
(?66
666)
6).. Mbta
Mbtaha
haca
calí
líg
g hb cg D`vb
D`vbst
stdl
dlgk
gkdû
dû`
` Jací
Jacíst
stdk
dkg.
g.
Kgrgkgs9 Nu`hgkdû` [ypgc-NR@HGKDXB.

D`lrgm, H. (?6?6). Wuä bs u` sdstbmg hb lbstdû` hb cg d`narmgkdû`.

Cg ^az hb Jausta`-BBRR. Hdspa`docb9
jttps9//pymb.cgvaztx.kam/qu-bs-u`-sdstbmg-hb-lbstd`-hb-cg-
d`narmgkd`-<>46.jtmc.

Cgyg, H. (?67;). –[dstbmg hb Hdstrdoukdû` y Vcg`dndkgkdû` hb kcdb`tbs y

pbrsa`gc HK[VG”, RKGO, Xrgogia hb Lrgha, 78 hb aktuorb
?67;.

Cûpbz, K. (?6?7). D`ncub`kdg hb cgs XDK b` bc prakbsa hb lcaogcdzgkdû`

MRDX, BX[DX R`dvbrsdhgh Vacdtäk`dkg hb Mghrdh ?. _bkupbrgha
7: nb
nbor
orbr
bra
a ?6?7
?6?7.. jt
jttp
tp9/
9//b
/bka
ka`a
`amd
mdgh
ghdl
dldtg
dtgc.b
c.bts
tsdtdt.u
.upm
pm.b
.bs/
s/wp
wp--
ka`tb`t/upcaghs/?672/7?/KcgrgCapbz.phn

Cuig`
Cuig`,, [. (?
(?67
678)
8) Vr
Vral
alrg
rgmg
mgkd
kdû`
û` hb gp
gpcdk
cdkgk
gkda
da`b
`bss wb
wbo9
o9 Jd
Jdst
star
ardg
dg,,
 :6

prd`kdpdas oçsdkas y kcdb`tbs wbo. Hdspa`docb9

jttps9//www.rbsbgrkjlgtb.`bt/puocdkgtda`/;?6:6
jttps9//www.rbsbgrkjlgtb.`bt/puocdkgtda`/;?6:6:<7;QVralrgmg
:<7;QVralrgmg

kda`QhbQgpcdkgkda`bsQwboQjdstardgQprd`kdpdasQogsdkas
kda`QhbQgpcdkgkda`bsQwboQjdstardgQprd`kdpdasQogsdkasQyQkcdb`t
QyQkcdb`t
bsQwbo.

Mgrquäs V. (?672) Cgs XDK y sus Gpartgkda`bs g cg [akdbhgh, Ndcbh

R`hbr9 Mbhdg & D`narmgtda` Cdtbrgky, _bsaurkbs, Iu`b ;6, ?672.
_bkupbrg
_bkupbrgha
ha b` jttps
jttps9//mdcu
9//mdcu`bsk
`bska.u`g
a.u`gak.a
ak.arl/mdc
rl/mdc-rbsa
-rbsaurkbs
urkbs/cgs-
/cgs-
tdk-y-sus-gpartgkda`bs-g-cg-sakdbhgh/.

_gmírb
_gmírbz,
z, X. (?66<
(?66<).
). Kama
Kama jgk
jgkbr
br u` Vraybk
Vraybkta
ta hb D`vbst
D`vbstdlg
dlgkdû
kdû`.
`.
Bhdtardgc Vg`gpa. Kgrgkgs ^b`bzubcg.

Mbiíg X, (?6?6). B`trbvdstg hb D`vbstdlgkdû`9 Xdpas y Kgrgktbrístdkgs.

Cdnbhbr.Kam. Hdspa`docb9 jttps9//www.cdnbhbr.kam/b`trbvdstg-hb
jttps9//www.cdnbhbr.kam/b`trbvdstg-hb--
d`vbstdlgkda`/.

@blr
@blrí`
í`,, I. (?
(?67
67;)
;).. Hbsg
Hbsgrr
rrac
acca
ca hb
hbcc [d
[dst
stbm
bmg
g hb Ghmd
Ghmd`d
`dst
strg
rgkd
kdû`
û` hb
_bkursas y Kaora hb [brvdkdas hb @uob pgrg Hgyka Xbcbkam,
K.G. (XDK), RKGO, ^b`bzubcg.

@ba
@bagt
gttg
tgkke. (?
(?6
6?6)
6).. Ka`k
Ka`kbp
bpta
ta hb D`na
D`narm
rmç
çtdtdkkg. Hd
Hdsspa`
pa`do
docb
cb99
jttps9//`bagttgke.kam/ocal/.

Algccg, N. (?662). [dstbmg hb lbstdû`. R`g luíg prçktdkg9 kûma pgsgr

hb cg kbrtdndkgkdû` hb cg kgcdhgh g u` b`naqub d`tblrgc hb lbstdû`.
Hdgz hb [g`ta, Mghrdh, Bspg÷g. _bkupbrgha9
jttps9//www.mgrkdgcpa`s.bs/cdoras/sdstbmg-hb-lbstda`/4<::8<4<
 :7

:>42;/

Va`k
Va`kb
b hb Cb Cbû`
û`,, H. (?
(?6?
6?6)
6).. K[[. JXMCW
K[[. JXMCWudke.
udke. Hdspa`docb
Hdspa`docb99
jttps9//www.jtmcqudke.kam/bs/tutardgcs/kss.jtmc#ka`kbpt.

[blavdg, E. (?67:). G`çcdsds y Hdsb÷a hb [dstbmgs hb D`narmgkdû`).

Hdspa`docb9 jttps9//sblavdgkgmpa
jttps9//sblavdgkgmpasegrbcyhibsus.oca
segrbcyhibsus.ocalspat.kam/.
lspat.kam/.

[dstbmgs. (?6?6). Hbnd`dkdû` hb [dstbmg b` D`narmçtdkg. Hdspa`docb9

jttps9//sdstbmgs.kam/sdstbmg-d`narmgtdkg.pjp.

RKCG (?67<). Mbtahacalíg hb Hbsgrracca hb [antwgrb. _bktargha

(vbrs
rsdû
dû`
` 667). RKCG, Kjdmoatb, Vbrù.
rù. _bkupbrgha9
jttps9//www.ucghbkj.bhu.pb/dmglbs/stardbs/u`dv
jttps9//www.ucghbkj.bhu.pb/dmglbs/stardbs/u`dvbrsdhgh/hakumb
brsdhgh/hakumb
`tas/?67:/mbtahacaldg-hbsgrracca-santwgrb-v667.phn.

^dccgmbhdg`g, T. (?677) –Dmpcbmb`tgkdû` hb u`g gpcdkgkdû` wbo hb

u` d`vb`tgrda b` cg bmprbsg [MKV K.G. Kduhgh Oacívgr, Bha.
Oacívgr”. DRXO, Xrgogia hb Lrgha, `avdbmorb hb ?677.

LN[ Lcaogc.. (7
Lcaogc (7<
< hb iucd
iucda
a hb ?6
?6?6
?6).
). Ao
Aotb
tb`d
`dha
ha hb LN
LN[
[ Lcao
Lcaogc
gc99
jttps9
jttps9//b
//bhu.
hu.lkn
lknlca
lcaogc
ogc.ar
.arl/
l/ bs/
bs/d`n
d`narm
armgtd
gtdkg-
kg-ogs
ogsdkg
dkg/qu
/qub-b
b-bs-u
s-u`-
`-
pralrgmg-a-gpcdkgkda`/7/.

Mucvdccb, L. (?; hb glasta hb ?67>). ODH-D@^B[X. Aotb`dha hb ODH-

D@^B[X
D@^B[X99 jtt
jttps9
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//dhod
hod`vb
`vbst.
st.arl
arl/bs
/bs/oc
/ocal/
al/trg
trg`sp
`spart
artb/g
b/gmbr
mbrdkg
dkg--
cgtd`g-y-bc-kgrdob-b`-cg-acg-hb-cgs-gpcdkgkda`bs-mavdcbs.
 :?

G@BZA[.
 :;

g) B`trbvdstg [bmdbstrukturghg D`strumb`ta gpcdkgha g cg mubstrg

kb`sgc, rbprbsb`tghg par kugtra (68) nu`kda`grdas hb cg Kaarhd`gkdû`
hb Vrahukkdû`,
RO^, _bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs hbc bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç hb cg
Kduhgh Oacívgr

Aoibtdva hb cg b`trbvdstg9 Hbsgrraccgr u`g gpcdkgkdû` wbo pgrg cg

lbstdû` hb cg rb`hdkdû` y vbrdndkgkdû` hb kub`tg hb cas d`lrbsas prapdas hb
cg kaarhd`gkdû` hb prahukkdû`, rbkrbgkdû` y sgobrbs hbc bib Ebrbpgeupgd
^b`ç hb Kduhgh Oacívgr-Bstgha Oacívgr.

Hdrdldha g9 G kugtra (68) nu`kda`grdas

nu`kda`grdas hb cg RO^, ghskrdtas g cg has
(6?) ghmd`dstrgtdvas y has (6?) Lbrb`tbs, ghskrdtas g cg Kaarhd`gkdû`.

Xdbmpa gpraxdmgha hb cg b`trbvdstg9 26 md`utas (Lrupa Nakgc 7

Gutardhghbs), 7966 jarg (Lrupa Nakgc ?. Ghmd`dstrgtdvas).

_bkursas9 cg luíg hb b`trbvdstg, guhda a vdhba lrgogharg.

Nbkjg hb b`trbvdstg9 gordc ?6?6

Ludû`9

g) ±Kûma bs bc prakbsa gktugc pgrg cg lbstdû` hb cg rb`hdkdû` y

vbrdndkgkdû` hb cas d`lrbsas prapdas hb cg Kaarhd`gkdû` hb Vrahukkdû`,

_bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs hbc Bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç1

o) ±Wuä rbqubrdmdb`tas nu`kda`gcbs krbb ustbh hbob` bspbkdndkgrsb

b` cg gpcdkgkdû` wbo pgrg cg lbstdû` hb cg rb`hdkdû` y vbrdndkgkdû` hb
kub`
kub`tg
tg hb ca
cass d`
d`lr
lrbs
bsas
as pr
prap
apda
dass hb cg Kaar
Kaarhd
hd`g
`gkd
kdû`
û` hb Vrah
Vrahuk
ukkd
kdû`
û`,,
_bkrbgkdû` y [gobrbs hbc Bib Ebrbpgeupgd ^b`ç1.

k) ±Kûma gyuhgríg cg gpcdkgkdû` wbo b` cg lbstdû` hb cg rb`hdkdû` y

vbrdndkgkdû` hb cas d`lrbsas prapdas1 T h) ±Hb quä narmg sb pubhb

aptdmdzgr cg gpcdkgkdû` wbo pgrg gsblurgr su karrbkta nu`kda`gmdb`ta1.

:8
 :8

h) ±H
±Hb
b qu
quä
ä na
narm
rmg
g sb pu
pubh
bhb
b aptd
aptdmdz
mdzgr
gr cg gp
gpcdk
cdkgk
gkdû
dû`
` wb
wbo
o pg
pgrg
rg
gsblurgr su karrbkta nu`kda`gmdb`ta1.
:2