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micropipeta
lo caro es empezar …
extender requiere fuerza constante
free energy has a contribution from membrane bending,
El inventario de energías participantes
L
Gbend = 8πKb + πKb + 4πKb
r
spherical part cylindrical part hemispherical end cap
L
= 12πKb + πKb .
r
The expressions for the sphere and the cylinder are obtained
ing the sum of the principal curvatures squared, which is 4
the sphere and 1/r 2 for the cylinder, and multiplying it w
corresponding area.
vesículas en:
endocitosis
exocitosis
tráfico intracelular
dinamina en verde
w
e energy of membrane deformation, but the resulting equations
is represented mathematically as
Se resuelve
e minimizing en unaprofile
deformation dimensión,
would y noselonger
enroscabe sobre el canal.
as simple
one derived below. While mathematically rigorous, the u(R)cylindri-
= 12 W − w0 ,
ordinate approach does not add anything to our understanding
role of membrane mechanics andin insists that of
the gating theMscL.
lipid bilayer at the protein–lipid
half-width
simplicity, we focus on a model given by the size of the
of a mechanosensitive hydrophobic patch
protein
W . A second condition is present on the slope of the fi
nly induces thickness variation and no midplane bending. In this
given by
or the one-dimensional problem, the energy depends upon the
mation u(x) = w(x)
suponiendo que−w as variación en h, y sólo en w:u′ (R) = 0,
no0 hay
Equation 11.36, we have to say something about how the field u(x)
behaves K ! ∞ !boundaries—namely,
at the 2
"2
whichKsays !∞ at in
that thethis
channel
simpleitself
model(for
of axcylindrical
= R) pro
b d u possible
t solutions.
2 This
R physical
es el tamaño statement
del canal
[u(x)]
Ghand also
= very far away dx
from the
+ lower
and u(x) of
channel
leaflets dx.
(the (11.36)
far field
the lipid as glue
bilayer x → onto
∞). the pro
2 R dx2 2w
ematical2 R boundary conditions described in E
One of the conditions is cally.the hydrophobic
The0 other two“gluing” condition,
conditions
W essay that which
la regiónthe membrane
hidrofóbica
is represented mathematicallyWhat
very we learn
as from
far from this
the protein,
hydrophobic mismatch
and analysis
del are
canalgiven byis that the
bending energy
the general
1
form
u(R) = W −w , u(∞) = 0(11.37)
roduce the notation Gh with subscript 2 “h”0 to signify that the ! x
nergy arises
queremos from the
encontrar hydrophobic
u(x), que es elmismatch
perfil labetween u(x)
the = C
mem- has
2 e 2 + C e!3
3
and insists that the lipid and
bilayer at thedeprotein–lipid
membrana alrededor
interface delacanal
protein and surrounding
half-width given by thelipids.
size ofIn
theorder to compute
hydrophobic theonenergy
patch the channel,
atedWwith membrane
. A second which
deformation,
condition is presentwe decays
on must as a
find of
the slope thefunction
u ′
profile
the (∞) of
u(x)
field u(x), distance
= 0.and is from
minimizes scale to
this free energy subject
given by λ−1 , where
the boundary conditions.
As was shown in the appendix of Chapter 5, the m
solving a partial differential equation like that derived from !
energy ′functionals
u (R) = 0, like that of Equation 11.36
(11.38)
K is an
t
= 4of such
calculus of variations. Recall that theλidea
2
.calcu
ogous
which says that in this simple to minimizing
model an ordinary
of a cylindrical protein, functionKbby
the upper w0settin
decaimiento
al free energy
Ahora loforenroscamos
the “spring sobre
constant” induced
el canal: by membrane
costo deformation. The
por circunferencia.
GMscL = Ghnificance of this result for the gating of mechanosensitive channe
+ Gtension
shown in Figure 11.47. What we note is that at low tension, the cl
state has 2 lower free energy. With increasingresorte:
Kt Uthe tension, the minim
2
+ the√open radius 2π
= G0at R
decreases τ π R and. ultimately
− in energy (11.59)
supersedes
2w0 λ2
closed state. The picture, then, is of a competition between the u
vorable energy circumference
energy/length of channel gating (due
loading to a larger annulus of defor
device
~20 kT/nm3
lipid bilayer) and the favorable energy associated with the tensio
he outcome of Indeed,
our long thecalculation
critical tension canout
turns be computed by searching for
to be a startlingly
tensionintuitive
ple and physically at which the free In
result. energies of the the
particular, open and
Rcclosed
membrane≈ 23Å,states
equal, namely, GMscL (Rc ) = GMscL (R0 ), which results in
ormation term depends upon the channel radius linearly while
Ro ≈the
35Å
d term scales quadratically with
1 2radius according
2 1 to
2 2
2 KU 2π Rc − τ πRc = 2 KU 2π R0 − τ πR0 . (11
abrir el canal es caro (R sube),
1 2 2
G = G +
pero lo paga la tensión de la2
MscL 0 K U 2π R − τ π R , (11.60)
membrana
ere
c of we have introduced the compact notation
the free t =0
as a ffunction
= Gtension tensión linealforbidden forbidden
different
!
(steric" (dissolution)
sion, τ . The √ " Kt3 Kb
constraint)
ve line tension K = 2# 4
6
, (11.61)
t1
λ. Note that
w0
GMscL
hat results
increasing
s a minimum t2 sig-
the “spring constant” induced by membrane deformation. The
0
tension
>