Diseño completamente aleatorio con parcelas divididas

Una investigación se llevó acabo con el objetivo de determinar el sistema de riego y la variedad de
quínua más apropiada que maximice el rendimiento de grano en el altiplano de Oruro. Para tal
efecto, en el indicado lugar, se localizaron aleatoriamente 9 parcelas muy similares (c/u de media
hectárea) y entre éstas, se distribuyeron aleatoriamente 3 sistemas de riego (1=riego por goteo,
2=riego por asperción y 3=riego por inundación). Posteriormente, en cada una de las parcelas, se
sembraron aleatoriamente 4 variedades. A la madurez, los rendimientos en tn/ha fueron:

Sistema de Parcela principal

riego Variedad 1 2 3
1 1 1.62 1.94 2.02 5.58 15.91
2 2.76 3.02 2.86 8.64 25.63
3 1.06 1.52 1.55 4.13 29.1 10.83
4 3.44 3.63 3.68 10.75 32.25
8.88 10.11 10.11
2 1 2.13 2.58 2.30 7.01
2 3.31 3.56 3.45 10.32
3 1.61 1.92 2.04 5.57 35.56
4 3.99 4.48 4.19 12.66
11.04 12.54 11.98
3 1 0.86 1.12 1.34 3.32
2 2.04 2.42 2.21 6.67
3 0.35 0.43 0.35 1.13 19.96
4 2.72 3.04 3.08 8.84
5.97 7.01 6.98 84.62
TC 198.9040

options ls=76;
data dca_pd;
input pp sr v rend;
datalines;
1 1 1 1.62
:
:
3 3 4 3.08
;
proc univariate normal plot;
var rend;
run;
proc glm data=dca_pd;
class pp sr v;
model rend=sr pp(sr) v sr*v/ss3;
random pp(sr)/test;
lsmeans sr/stderr tdiff;
lsmeans v sr*v/stderr tdiff;
run;
proc mixed data=dca_pd;
class pp sr v;
model rend=sr v sr*v/ddfm=satterth;
random pp(sr);
lsmeans sr v sr*v/tdiff;
run;

Shapiro-Wilk W 0.979231 Pr < W 0.7195

Dependent Variable: rend

Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F
sr 2 10.23975556 5.11987778 424.89 <.0001
pp(sr) 6 0.71463333 0.11910556 9.88 <.0001
v 3 30.80447778 10.26815926 852.13 <.0001
sr*v 6 0.14582222 0.02430370 2.02 0.1162
Error 18 0.21690000 0.01205000
Corrected Total 35 42.12158889

Source Type III Expected Mean Square

sr Var(Error) + 4 Var(pp(sr)) + Q(sr,sr*v)
pp(sr) Var(Error) + 4 Var(pp(sr))
v Var(Error) + Q(v,sr*v)
sr*v Var(Error) + Q(sr*v)

Tests of Hypotheses for Mixed Model Analysis of Variance

Dependent Variable: rend

Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value Pr > F

* sr 2 10.239756 5.119878 42.99 0.0003
Error: MS(pp(sr)) 6 0.714633 0.119106
* This test assumes one or more other fixed effects are zero.

Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value Pr > F

pp(sr) 6 0.714633 0.119106 9.88 <.0001
* v 3 30.804478 10.268159 852.13 <.0001
sr*v 6 0.145822 0.024304 2.02 0.1162
Error: MS(Error) 18 0.216900 0.012050
* This test assumes one or more other fixed effects are zero.

Standard LSMEAN
sr rend LSMEAN Error Pr > |t| Number
1 2.42500000 0.03168859 <.0001 1
2 2.96333333 0.03168859 <.0001 2
3 1.66333333 0.03168859 <.0001 3

Least Squares Means for Effect sr

t for H0: LSMean(i)=LSMean(j) / Pr > |t|

i/j 1 2 3
1 -12.0125 16.99601
<.0001 <.0001
2 12.0125 29.00851
<.0001 <.0001
3 -16.996 -29.0085
<.0001 <.0001
 Standard LSMEAN
v rend LSMEAN Error Pr > |t| Number
1 1.76777778 0.03659083 <.0001 1
2 2.84777778 0.03659083 <.0001 2
3 1.20333333 0.03659083 <.0001 3
4 3.58333333 0.03659083 <.0001 4

Least Squares Means for Effect v

t for H0: LSMean(i)=LSMean(j) / Pr > |t|

i/j 1 2 3 4
1 -20.8707 10.90772 -35.0851
<.0001 <.0001 <.0001
2 20.87067 31.77839 -14.2144
<.0001 <.0001 <.0001
3 -10.9077 -31.7784 -45.9928
<.0001 <.0001 <.0001
4 35.08506 14.21439 45.99278
<.0001 <.0001 <.0001

Standard LSMEAN
sr v rend LSMEAN Error Pr > |t| Number
1 1 1.86000000 0.06337718 <.0001 1
1 2 2.88000000 0.06337718 <.0001 2
1 3 1.37666667 0.06337718 <.0001 3
1 4 3.58333333 0.06337718 <.0001 4
2 1 2.33666667 0.06337718 <.0001 5
2 2 3.44000000 0.06337718 <.0001 6
2 3 1.85666667 0.06337718 <.0001 7
2 4 4.22000000 0.06337718 <.0001 8
3 1 1.10666667 0.06337718 <.0001 9
3 2 2.22333333 0.06337718 <.0001 10
3 3 0.37666667 0.06337718 <.0001 11
3 4 2.94666667 0.06337718 <.0001 12

i/j 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 -11.3803 5.392608 -19.2274 -5.31823 -17.6282
<.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
2 11.38026 16.77287 -7.84717 6.062035 -6.24799
<.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
3 -5.39261 -16.7729 -24.62 -10.7108 -23.0209
<.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
4 19.22744 7.847174 24.62004 13.90921 1.599187
<.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.1272
5 5.318227 -6.06204 10.71084 -13.9092 -12.31
<.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
6 17.62825 6.247987 23.02086 -1.59919 12.31002
<.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.1272 <.0001
7 -0.03719 -11.4175 5.355418 -19.2646 -5.35542 -17.6654
0.9707 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
8 26.3308 14.95054 31.72341 7.103366 21.01258 8.702554
<.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
9 -8.40503 -19.7853 -3.01242 -27.6325 -13.7233 -26.0333
<.0001 <.0001 0.0075 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
10 4.053754 -7.32651 9.446362 -15.1737 -1.26447 -13.5745
0.0007 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.2222 <.0001
11 -16.5497 -27.93 -11.1571 -35.7772 -21.868 -34.178
 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
12 12.12407 0.743808 17.51668 -7.10337 6.805843 -5.50418
<.0001 0.4666 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001

i/j 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 0.03719 -26.3308 8.40503 -4.05375 16.54973 -12.1241

0.9707 <.0001 <.0001 0.0007 <.0001 <.0001
2 11.41745 -14.9505 19.78529 7.326509 27.92999 -0.74381
<.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.4666
3 -5.35542 -31.7234 3.012422 -9.44636 11.15712 -17.5167
<.0001 <.0001 0.0075 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
4 19.26463 -7.10337 27.63247 15.17368 35.77716 7.103366
<.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
5 5.355418 -21.0126 13.72326 1.264474 21.86796 -6.80584
<.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.2222 <.0001 <.0001

i/j 7 8 9 10 11 12
6 17.66544 -8.70255 26.03328 13.5745 34.17798 5.504179
<.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
7 -26.368 8.36784 -4.09094 16.51254 -12.1613
<.0001 <.0001 0.0007 <.0001 <.0001
8 26.36799 34.73583 22.27705 42.88053 14.20673
<.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
9 -8.36784 -34.7358 -12.4588 8.144698 -20.5291
<.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
10 4.090944 -22.277 12.45878 20.60348 -8.07032
0.0007 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
11 -16.5125 -42.8805 -8.1447 -20.6035 -28.6738
<.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
12 12.16126 -14.2067 20.5291 8.070317 28.6738
<.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001

The Mixed Procedure

Cov Parm Estimate

pp(sr) 0.02676
Residual 0.01205

Type 3 Tests of Fixed Effects

Num Den
Effect DF DF F Value Pr > F
sr 2 6 42.99 0.0003
v 3 18 852.13 <.0001
sr*v 6 18 2.02 0.1162

Least Squares Means

Standard
Effect sr v Estimate Error DF t Value Pr > |t|
sr 1 2.4250 0.09963 6 24.34 <.0001
sr 2 2.9633 0.09963 6 29.74 <.0001
sr 3 1.6633 0.09963 6 16.70 <.0001
 v 1 1.7678 0.06567 9.89 26.92 <.0001
v 2 2.8478 0.06567 9.89 43.36 <.0001
v 3 1.2033 0.06567 9.89 18.32 <.0001
v 4 3.5833 0.06567 9.89 54.57 <.0001
sr*v 1 1 1.8600 0.1137 9.89 16.35 <.0001
sr*v 1 2 2.8800 0.1137 9.89 25.32 <.0001
sr*v 1 3 1.3767 0.1137 9.89 12.10 <.0001
sr*v 1 4 3.5833 0.1137 9.89 31.50 <.0001
sr*v 2 1 2.3367 0.1137 9.89 20.54 <.0001
sr*v 2 2 3.4400 0.1137 9.89 30.24 <.0001
sr*v 2 3 1.8567 0.1137 9.89 16.32 <.0001
sr*v 2 4 4.2200 0.1137 9.89 37.10 <.0001
sr*v 3 1 1.1067 0.1137 9.89 9.73 <.0001
sr*v 3 2 2.2233 0.1137 9.89 19.55 <.0001
sr*v 3 3 0.3767 0.1137 9.89 3.31 0.0080
sr*v 3 4 2.9467 0.1137 9.89 25.91 <.0001

Differences of Least Squares Means

Standard
Effect sr v _sr _v Estimate Error DF t Value Pr > |t|
sr 1 2 -0.5383 0.1409 6 -3.82 0.0088
sr 1 3 0.7617 0.1409 6 5.41 0.0017
sr 2 3 1.3000 0.1409 6 9.23 <.0001
v 1 2 -1.0800 0.05175 18 -20.87 <.0001
v 1 3 0.5644 0.05175 18 10.91 <.0001
v 1 4 -1.8156 0.05175 18 -35.09 <.0001
v 2 3 1.6444 0.05175 18 31.78 <.0001
v 2 4 -0.7356 0.05175 18 -14.21 <.0001
v 3 4 -2.3800 0.05175 18 -45.99 <.0001
sr*v 1 1 1 2 -1.0200 0.08963 18 -11.38 <.0001
sr*v 1 1 1 3 0.4833 0.08963 18 5.39 <.0001
sr*v 1 1 1 4 -1.7233 0.08963 18 -19.23 <.0001
sr*v 1 1 2 1 -0.4767 0.1609 9.89 -2.96 0.0144
sr*v 1 1 2 2 -1.5800 0.1609 9.89 -9.82 <.0001
sr*v 1 1 2 3 0.003333 0.1609 9.89 0.02 0.9839
sr*v 1 1 2 4 -2.3600 0.1609 9.89 -14.67 <.0001
sr*v 1 1 3 1 0.7533 0.1609 9.89 4.68 0.0009
sr*v 1 1 3 2 -0.3633 0.1609 9.89 -2.26 0.0478
sr*v 1 1 3 3 1.4833 0.1609 9.89 9.22 <.0001
sr*v 1 1 3 4 -1.0867 0.1609 9.89 -6.76 <.0001
sr*v 1 2 1 3 1.5033 0.08963 18 16.77 <.0001
sr*v 1 2 1 4 -0.7033 0.08963 18 -7.85 <.0001
sr*v 1 2 2 1 0.5433 0.1609 9.89 3.38 0.0071
sr*v 1 2 2 2 -0.5600 0.1609 9.89 -3.48 0.0060
sr*v 1 2 2 3 1.0233 0.1609 9.89 6.36 <.0001
sr*v 1 2 2 4 -1.3400 0.1609 9.89 -8.33 <.0001
sr*v 1 2 3 1 1.7733 0.1609 9.89 11.02 <.0001
sr*v 1 2 3 2 0.6567 0.1609 9.89 4.08 0.0023
sr*v 1 2 3 3 2.5033 0.1609 9.89 15.56 <.0001
sr*v 1 2 3 4 -0.06667 0.1609 9.89 -0.41 0.6874
sr*v 1 3 1 4 -2.2067 0.08963 18 -24.62 <.0001
sr*v 1 3 2 1 -0.9600 0.1609 9.89 -5.97 0.0001
sr*v 1 3 2 2 -2.0633 0.1609 9.89 -12.83 <.0001
sr*v 1 3 2 3 -0.4800 0.1609 9.89 -2.98 0.0139
sr*v 1 3 2 4 -2.8433 0.1609 9.89 -17.68 <.0001
sr*v 1 3 3 1 0.2700 0.1609 9.89 1.68 0.1245
sr*v 1 3 3 2 -0.8467 0.1609 9.89 -5.26 0.0004
sr*v 1 3 3 3 1.0000 0.1609 9.89 6.22 0.0001
sr*v 1 3 3 4 -1.5700 0.1609 9.89 -9.76 <.0001
sr*v 1 4 2 1 1.2467 0.1609 9.89 7.75 <.0001
sr*v 1 4 2 2 0.1433 0.1609 9.89 0.89 0.3941
sr*v 1 4 2 3 1.7267 0.1609 9.89 10.73 <.0001
sr*v 1 4 2 4 -0.6367 0.1609 9.89 -3.96 0.0028
sr*v 1 4 3 1 2.4767 0.1609 9.89 15.40 <.0001
sr*v 1 4 3 2 1.3600 0.1609 9.89 8.45 <.0001
sr*v 1 4 3 3 3.2067 0.1609 9.89 19.93 <.0001
sr*v 1 4 3 4 0.6367 0.1609 9.89 3.96 0.0028
sr*v 2 1 2 2 -1.1033 0.08963 18 -12.31 <.0001
sr*v 2 1 2 3 0.4800 0.08963 18 5.36 <.0001
sr*v 2 1 2 4 -1.8833 0.08963 18 -21.01 <.0001
sr*v 2 1 3 1 1.2300 0.1609 9.89 7.65 <.0001
sr*v 2 1 3 2 0.1133 0.1609 9.89 0.70 0.4973
sr*v 2 1 3 3 1.9600 0.1609 9.89 12.18 <.0001
sr*v 2 1 3 4 -0.6100 0.1609 9.89 -3.79 0.0036
sr*v 2 2 2 3 1.5833 0.08963 18 17.67 <.0001
sr*v 2 2 2 4 -0.7800 0.08963 18 -8.70 <.0001
sr*v 2 2 3 1 2.3333 0.1609 9.89 14.51 <.0001
sr*v 2 2 3 2 1.2167 0.1609 9.89 7.56 <.0001
sr*v 2 2 3 3 3.0633 0.1609 9.89 19.04 <.0001
sr*v 2 2 3 4 0.4933 0.1609 9.89 3.07 0.0121
sr*v 2 3 2 4 -2.3633 0.08963 18 -26.37 <.0001
sr*v 2 3 3 1 0.7500 0.1609 9.89 4.66 0.0009
sr*v 2 3 3 2 -0.3667 0.1609 9.89 -2.28 0.0461
sr*v 2 3 3 3 1.4800 0.1609 9.89 9.20 <.0001
sr*v 2 3 3 4 -1.0900 0.1609 9.89 -6.78 <.0001
sr*v 2 4 3 1 3.1133 0.1609 9.89 19.35 <.0001
sr*v 2 4 3 2 1.9967 0.1609 9.89 12.41 <.0001
sr*v 2 4 3 3 3.8433 0.1609 9.89 23.89 <.0001
sr*v 2 4 3 4 1.2733 0.1609 9.89 7.92 <.0001
sr*v 3 1 3 2 -1.1167 0.08963 18 -12.46 <.0001
sr*v 3 1 3 3 0.7300 0.08963 18 8.14 <.0001
sr*v 3 1 3 4 -1.8400 0.08963 18 -20.53 <.0001
sr*v 3 2 3 3 1.8467 0.08963 18 20.60 <.0001
sr*v 3 2 3 4 -0.7233 0.08963 18 -8.07 <.0001
sr*v 3 3 3 4 -2.5700 0.08963 18 -28.67 <.0001