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Documentos de Trabajo en Economía - UCN

Enclaves
nclaves EExportadores Modernos versu
ersus
Tradicionales:
cionales: la minería extranjera en la región
re
de Antofagasta

Jan Cademartori

Martín Arias

Serie de Documentos de Trabajo en Economía - UCN


https:
https://sites.google.com/a/ucn.cl/wpeconomia
Identificador: WP2010-10
Antofagasta – Diciembre 2010

www.ucn.cl
Avda. Angamos 0610, Pab. X10, Antofagasta, Chile
Tel: + 56 55 355746 - Fax: + 56 55 355883
 

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