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Primer Parcial – Cursada de Verano 2019
a) What is this?
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c) Have this app had a political use lately? When? Where? Who?
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Leé el siguiente texto y realizá las actividades posteriores. No te olvides de aplicar las estrategias de
lecto-comprensión.
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B) Identificá en qué parte del abstract se presentan. Si alguna no está presente, indicarlo.
C) Corrige las siguientes oraciones de ser necesario. Lo puedes hacer en español si lo deseas.
social movements – fake news – social media – rumors – WhatsApp - “res publica”- fleeting events – India - president
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E) Luego de haber seleccionado las palabras claves en el ejercicio anterior, explica brevemente de que se tratará el
artículo que presenta el abstract.
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F) Observando los elementos paratextuales del texto que sigue, ¿Cuál sería tu 1° hipótesis de lectura?
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A woman holds a sign with an image of then-presidential candidate Jair Bolsonaro that reads, “He lies on WhatsApp,” during a protest in São Paulo, Brazil. Oct.
20, 2018. (Nacho Doce/Reuters)
RIO DE JANEIRO — Brazil’s presidential election, which ushered the far-right candidate and former military captain Jair Bolsonaro
into office, followed a familiar pattern: a populist strongman who rode a wave of anger and resentment to power. But as recent
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revelations have exposed, Bolsonaro may have also benefited from elaborate disinformation campaigns, possibly linked to the
president-elect himself.
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As the Brazilian newspaper Folha de S.Paulo reported on Oct. 18, several companies supporting Bolsonaro, such as the depart-
ment store Havan, spent millions of dollars to blast targeted messages on WhatsApp against his opponent, the leftist Fernando
Haddad. The plan was, as Folha reported, to infest WhatsApp with inflammatory rumors the week prior to the run-off election.
Época magazine reported a week later that paid activists and Bolsonaro supporters collaborated to send fake news blasts, poten-
tially using illegally-acquired phone lists. They may have also used foreign cell phone chips to obscure their location and circum-
vent WhatsApp’s spamming restrictions.
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These reports not only confirm the damage that online technology can do to fragile democracies like Brazil’s but also illustrate how
efforts by Facebook, Twitter and other public social media platforms to crack down on fake news are driving misinformation “un-
derground,” into end-to-end encrypted channels like WhatsApp where it is harder to track.
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There were widespread false reports, for example, of how the Venezuelan government hacked Brazil’s electronic voting system
and of how Bolsonaro’s rival, Haddad, handed out baby bottles with penis-shaped tops at schools to combat homophobia. One of
Bolsonaro’s own sons, Flávio, helped spread such rumors. On Oct. 7, the day of the first round of presidential voting, he tweeted a
video that had already been zinging around WhatsApp falsely claiming that the Brazilian voting system was rigged to automatically
give all votes to Haddad. When the video was later debunked, Flávio subsequently deleted his tweet, but the damage was done. At
least 800,000 people shared the video on Facebook and Twitter. Because of encryption, however, we don’t know how many of
WhatsApp’s 120 million active users in Brazil saw it.
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So what is Facebook and WhatsApp doing about fake news? Since May, Facebook has partnered with fact-checking organizations
in Brazil, such as Aos Fatos, in order to downrank content flagged as fake or manipulated and to warn social media users that the
content they might be engaging with includes doctored images and videos or links to low-quality websites.
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This fact-checking effort, however, has not been applied to WhatsApp. For its part, WhatsApp claims it counteracts the spread of
fake news on its channels with its “best-in-class spam detection technology,” which “spots accounts that engage in abnormal or
automated behavior so they can’t be used to spread spam or misinformation.” Unfortunately, detecting spam isn’t enough to coun-
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ter disinformation, and as seen in Brazil’s case, spam detectors can be circumvented. WhatsApp needs to create built-in fact-
checking tools in order to tackle fake news.
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As Bolsonaro prepares to take office, checking the facts on fake news and disinformation is essential. Facebook’s decision to hire
non-partisan, third-party fact-checkers like Aos Fato is not a perfect solution, but it is a step in the right direction. Still, the fact is
that without the cooperation of all social media platforms to combat disinformation, including WhatsApp, fake news will migrate and
find a new platform on which to flourish.
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https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/theworldpost/wp/2018/11/01/whatsapp-2/?utm_term=.2d6abeec404f
G) Subraya cognados y palabras claves en cada párrafo. ¡No confundas falsos cognados! Escribe una breve idea
debajo de cada párrafo utilizando dichas palabras. Luego revisa tu 1° hipótesis: ¿Sigue siendo la misma? ¿Rea-
lizarías algún cambio?
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I) Pensá y respondé V o F.
2. Because of encryption, however, we don’t know how many of WhatsApp’s 120 million active users in Brazil saw it.
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El verbo principal de esta oración es HAS. _____
Esta oración introduce consecuencias. _____
4. WhatsApp claims it counteracts the spread of fake news on its channels with its “best-in-class spam detection technolo-
gy,”
Esta oración enfatiza las consecuencias/influencia de las noticias falsas _____
El tiempo verbal de esta en presente simple. _____
J) ¿Cómo relacionas este texto con el “abstract” leído anteriormente? ¿Encuentras similitudes? SI –No ¿Por qué? (80-100 pa-
labras)
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