Laboratorio de Hidráulica a Superficie Libre

Informe Flujo gradualmente variado

Cardona Santofimio Juliana

Fernández Tovar Mateo
Galvis Salazar Luis Alejandro
Sánchez Páez Daniel Felipe

Ing. Frank David Velasco Ávila

Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito

Bogotá D.C 12 de Mayo del 2023
Grupo 11

1
Tabla de contenido

Introducción_________________________________________________________________
Objetivos____________________________________________________________________
Objetivo general.______________________________________________________________
Objetivos específicos.__________________________________________________________
Marco Teórico________________________________________________________________
Procedimiento________________________________________________________________
Datos______________________________________________________________________
Cálculos____________________________________________________________________
Análisis de resultados__________________________________________________________
Conclusiones.________________________________________________________________
Bibliografía__________________________________________________________________

2
Introducción

Objetivos

OBJETIVO GENERAL:

OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS:

Marco Teórico

Equipos e instrumentos

 Tornillo de aguja (0.005 Cm) Herramienta utilizada para medir profundidades

en el agua. 

 Flexómetro(1mm): es un instrumento de medida formado por una cinta

metálica flexible con un sistema de freno para mantener fija una medición. 

3
  Caudalímetro(1L/s):  es un instrumento de medida para la medición de caudal
o gasto volumétrico de un fluido o para la medición del gasto másico 

Montaje experimental

Ilustración. Canal de pendiente variable

Fuente: creado por Juliana Cardona

Procedimiento

Datos y cálculos

Durante la práctica, se llevó a cabo una única sesión en la que se realizó la

4
descarga libre de un caudal constante en el canal. Para generar los perfiles S2 y
M2, se varió la pendiente del canal.
Se generaron perfiles S2 y M2 variando la pendiente del canal. Estos perfiles son
representaciones gráficas de la variación del flujo de agua en función de la
distancia a lo largo del canal en diferentes momentos en el tiempo. El perfil S2 se
refiere a la forma de onda que se produce en el flujo de agua en condiciones de
flujo subcrítico, mientras que el perfil M2 se refiere a la forma de onda que se
produce en condiciones de flujo supercrítico.

Lectura a
Abscisa Lectura al Profundidad de
lámina en
(cm) fondo (cm) lámina(cm)
Q1 (cm)
0 17.205 10.315 6.89
20 17.405 12.905 4.5
40 17.405 13.11 4.295
60 17.61 13.65 3.96
80 17.735 13.705 4.03
100 17.735 13.82 3.915
120 17.405 14.11 3.295
140 17.815 14.11 3.705
160 17.905 14.025 3.88
180 17.925 14.22 3.705
200 17.825 14.05 3.775
220 17.925 14.105 3.82
240 17.94 14.125 3.815
260 17.805 14.125 3.68
280 17.905 14.21 3.695
300 18.005 14.22 3.785
320 18.02 14.605 3.415
340 18.015 14.55 3.465
360 18.705 14.705 4
380 18.13 14.915 3.215
400 18.025 14.71 3.315
420 18.105 14.705 3.4
440 18.105 14.705 3.4
460 18.105 14.525 3.58
480 18.15 14.805 3.345
500 17.905 14.95 2.955
520 17.835 14.75 3.085
540 17.705 14.85 2.855
560 17.705 14.55 3.155
580 18.12 14.705 3.415

5
 Lectura a
Abscisa Lectura al Profundidad de
lámina en
(cm) fondo (cm) lámina(cm)
Q1 (cm)
0 17.205 9.62 7.585
20 17.405 9.005 8.4
40 17.405 9.63 7.775
60 17.61 9.85 7.76
80 17.735 10.125 7.61
100 17.735 10.43 7.305
120 17.405 10.43 6.975
140 17.815 10.635 7.18
160 17.905 10.815 7.09
180 17.925 11.005 6.92
200 17.825 11.505 6.32
220 17.925 11.525 6.4
240 17.94 11.65 6.29
260 17.805 11.415 6.39
280 17.905 11.105 6.8
300 18.005 11.205 6.8
320 18.02 11.405 6.615
340 18.015 11.245 6.77
360 18.705 11.325 7.38
380 18.13 11.535 6.595
400 18.025 14.505 3.52
420 18.105 12.005 6.1
440 18.105 12.105 6
460 18.105 12.61 5.495
480 18.15 11.945 6.205
500 17.905 12.005 5.9
520 17.835 11.805 6.03
540 17.705 12.315 5.39
560 17.705 12.705 5
580 18.12 12.705 5.415

6
Se uso el método directo para calcular numéricamente el valor la altura de la lamina de
agua, se realizo variando el n de Manning con 3 valores distintos.

Para n=0.009

7
 So>Sc
Q 0.00801 m3/s q 0.04005 m3/s ‐ m
n 0.009 g 9.81 m/s2
So 0.006 SC 0.00374506
Yc 0.05468212 m 0.00824212 m
Paso
Yn 0.04644 m 0.00028421 m
b 0.2 m
X(m) y(m)
0 0.05468212
0.00100 0.05439791
0.00411565 0.0541137
0.009503032 0.05382949
0.017345315 0.05354528
0.027845883 0.05326106
0.041234118 0.05297685
0.057770022 0.05269264
0.077749923 0.05240843
0.101513566 0.05212422
0.129453024 0.05184001
0.162024029 0.0515558
0.19976053 0.05127159
0.243293677 0.05098738
0.293376934 0.05070317
0.350919859 0.05041895
0.41703441 0.05013474
0.493099812 0.04985053
0.580855648 0.04956632
0.682539372 0.04928211
0.801096323 0.0489979
0.940513526 0.04871369
1.106376552 0.04842948
1.306855881 0.04814527
1.55459281 0.04786106
1.87068895 0.04757684
2.294423536 0.04729263
2.912541765 0.04700842
3.987318363 0.04672421
5.799791413 0.04652539

8
 So<Sc
Q 0.00801 m3/s q 0.04005 m3/s ‐ m
n 0.009 g 9.81 m/s2
So 0.002 SC 0.00374506
Yc 0.05468212 m 0.01357788 m
Paso
Yn 0.06826 m 0.0004682 m
b 0.2 m

X(m) y(m)
25.3 0.05468212
25.29650 0.05515032
25.2855976 0.05561853
25.2667116 0.05608673
25.2392041 0.05655493
25.2023566 0.05702313
25.155359 0.05749134
25.0972937 0.05795954
25.0271155 0.05842774
24.9436266 0.05889594

9
 24.8454453 0.05936415
24.7309663 0.05983235
24.59831 0.06030055
24.4452551 0.06076876
24.2691516 0.06123696
24.066802 0.06170516
23.834299 0.06217336
23.5667993 0.06264157
23.258198 0.06310977
22.9006483 0.06357797
22.4838296 0.06404618
21.9937849 0.06451438
21.4109843 0.06498258
20.7069034 0.06545078
19.837496 0.06591899
18.7294375 0.06638719
17.2467879 0.06685539
15.0913241 0.06732359
11.3735065 0.0677918
0.00185005 0.06826

Para n=0.01

10
 So>Sc
Q 0.00801 m3/s q 0.04005 m3/s ‐ m
n 0.01 g 9.81 m/s2
So 0.006 SC 0.004623534
Yc 0.05468212 m 0.00474212 m
Paso
Yn 0.04994 m 0.000163521 m
b 0.2 m

X(m) y(m)
0 0.05468212
0.00054 0.0545186
0.002229973 0.05435508
0.005148282 0.05419156
0.009394984 0.05402803
0.015079188 0.05386451
0.02232395 0.05370099
0.031268754 0.05353747
0.042072577 0.05337395
0.054917693 0.05321043
0.070014462 0.05304691
0.087607411 0.05288338
0.107983056 0.05271986
0.131480103 0.05255634
0.158502939 0.05239282
0.189539789 0.0522293
0.225187611 0.05206578
0.266186973 0.05190226
0.313472137 0.05173874
0.368245052 0.05157521
0.43208842 0.05141169
0.507145502 0.05124817
0.596420271 0.05108465
0.704309512 0.05092113
0.837621279 0.05075761
1.007732488 0.05059409
1.235855171 0.05043056
1.568961905 0.05026704
2.149868591 0.05010352
5.799869256 0.04989047

11
 So<Sc
Q 0.00801 m3/s q 0.04005 m3/s ‐ m
n 0.01 g 9.81 m/s2
So 0.002 SC 0.00462353
Yc 0.05468212 m 0.01895788 m
Paso
Yn 0.07364 m 0.00065372 m
b 0.2 m

X(m) y(m)
33.72 0.05468212
33.71547 0.05533584
33.7013153 0.05598956
33.6767786 0.05664328
33.6410073 0.057297
33.5930472 0.05795072
33.5318232 0.05860444
33.4561176 0.05925816
33.3645436 0.05991188
33.2555128 0.0605656
33.1271929 0.06121932
32.9774557 0.06187304

12
 32.8038093 0.06252676
32.6033097 0.06318048
32.372444 0.0638342
32.1069743 0.06448792
31.8017217 0.06514164
31.4502664 0.06579536
31.0445154 0.06644908
30.5740656 0.0671028
30.0252316 0.06775652
29.3795012 0.06841024
28.6109632 0.06906396
27.6817565 0.06971768
26.5333847 0.0703714
25.0683907 0.07102512
23.1058781 0.07167884
20.2482166 0.07233256
15.3045782 0.07298628
-
0.00568198 0.07364

Para n=0.0105

13
 So>Sc
Q 0.00801 m3/s q 0.04005 m3/s ‐ m
n 0.0105 g 9.81 m/s2
So 0.006 SC 0.00509745
Yc 0.05468212 m 0.00302212 m
Paso
Yn 0.05166 m 0.00010421 m
b 0.2 m

X(m) y(m)
0 0.05468212
0.00034 0.05457791
0.001380778 0.0544737
0.003187706 0.05436949
0.005816891 0.05426528
0.009335696 0.05416106
0.013820092 0.05405685
0.019356197 0.05395264
0.02604216 0.05384843
0.033990519 0.05374422
0.043331152 0.05364001
0.054215037 0.0535358
0.066819079 0.05343159
0.081352413 0.05332738
0.098064735 0.05322317
0.117257517 0.05311895
0.139299386 0.05301474
0.164647669 0.05291053
0.193879331 0.05280632
0.227736696 0.05270211
0.267197302 0.0525979
0.313585025 0.05249369
0.368755581 0.05238948
0.435425458 0.05228527
0.517801636 0.05218106
0.622916071 0.05207684
0.763884371 0.05197263
0.969767349 0.05186842
1.329029434 0.05176421
2.497665717 0.05166

14
 So<Sc
Q 0.00801 m3/s q 0.04005 m3/s ‐ m
n 0.0105 g 9.81 m/s2
So 0.002 SC 0.00509745
Yc 0.05468212 m 0.02160788 m
Paso
Yn 0.07629 m 0.0007451 m
b 0.2 m

X(m) y(m)
37.6 0.05468212
37.59502 0.05542722
37.5794336 0.05617232
37.5524039 0.05691742
37.5129772 0.05766252
37.4600892 0.05840762
37.3925412 0.05915272
37.3089758 0.05989782
37.2078476 0.06064291
37.0873863 0.06138801

15
 36.9455507 0.06213311
36.7799699 0.06287821
36.5878683 0.06362331
36.3659666 0.06436841
36.1103529 0.06511351
35.8163073 0.06585861
35.4780629 0.06660371
35.0884703 0.06734881
34.6385177 0.06809391
34.1166203 0.06883901
33.5075379 0.06958411
32.7906547 0.07032921
31.9371128 0.0710743
30.9047419 0.0718194
29.6283799 0.0725645
27.9994439 0.0733096
25.8163313 0.0740547
22.6356923 0.0747998
17.1285211 0.0755449
0.01963517 0.07629

Para el calculo de los errores se van a compararon los valores obtenidos entre los
valores tomados en el laboratorio y los valores calculados.

Para n=0.009,0.01 y 0.0105

16
 So>Sc

TEORICO REAL
Profundidad de Profundidad de Error
Abscisa (cm) Abscisa (cm)
lámina(cm) lámina(cm)
5.468212011 0 6.89 0 26%
5.439790907 1.001997606 4.5 20 17%
5.411369803 4.115649562 4.295 40 21%
5.3829487 9.503031987 3.96 60 26%
5.354527596 17.34531526 4.03 80 25%
5.326106492 27.84588343 3.915 100 26%
5.297685388 41.2341178 3.295 120 38%
5.269264284 57.77002193 3.705 140 30%
5.24084318 77.74992313 3.88 160 26%
5.212422077 101.5135656 3.705 180 29%
5.184000973 129.4530242 3.775 200 27%
5.155579869 162.0240292 3.82 220 26%
5.127158765 199.76053 3.815 240 26%
5.098737661 243.2936773 3.68 260 28%
5.070316557 293.3769344 3.695 280 27%
5.041895454 350.9198586 3.785 300 25%
5.01347435 417.0344105 3.415 320 32%
4.985053246 493.0998121 3.465 340 30%
4.956632142 580.8556479 4 360 19%
4.928211038 682.5393723 3.215 380 35%
4.899789934 801.096323 3.315 400 32%
4.871368831 940.5135256 3.4 420 30%
4.842947727 1106.376552 3.4 440 30%
4.814526623 1306.855881 3.58 460 26%
4.786105519 1554.59281 3.345 480 30%
4.757684415 1870.68895 2.955 500 38%
4.729263311 2294.423536 3.085 520 35%
4.700842208 2912.541765 2.855 540 39%
4.672421104 3987.318363 3.155 560 32%
4.652538948 5799.791413 3.415 580 27%
Promedio 29%

So<Sc

17
 TEORICO REAL
Profundidad Profundidad Error
Abscisa Abscisa
de de
(cm) (cm)
lámina(cm) lámina(cm)
5.46821201 25300 7.585 0 39%
5.51503229 25296.5026 8.4 20 52%
5.56185256 25285.5976 7.775 40 40%
5.60867284 25266.7116 7.76 60 38%
5.65549311 25239.2041 7.61 80 35%
5.70231339 25202.3566 7.305 100 28%
5.74913366 25155.359 6.975 120 21%
5.79595394 25097.2937 7.18 140 24%
5.84277421 25027.1155 7.09 160 21%
5.88959449 24943.6266 6.92 180 17%
5.93641477 24845.4453 6.32 200 6%
5.98323504 24730.9663 6.4 220 7%
6.03005532 24598.31 6.29 240 4%
6.07687559 24445.2551 6.39 260 5%
6.12369587 24269.1516 6.8 280 11%
6.17051614 24066.802 6.8 300 10%
6.21733642 23834.299 6.615 320 6%
6.26415669 23566.7993 6.77 340 8%
6.31097697 23258.198 7.38 360 17%
6.35779725 22900.6483 6.595 380 4%
6.40461752 22483.8296 3.52 400 45%
6.4514378 21993.7849 6.1 420 5%
6.49825807 21410.9843 6 440 8%
6.54507835 20706.9034 5.495 460 16%
6.59189862 19837.496 6.205 480 6%
6.6387189 18729.4375 5.9 500 11%
6.68553917 17246.7879 6.03 520 10%
6.73235945 15091.3241 5.39 540 20%
6.77917972 11373.5065 5 560 26%
6.826 1.85005083 5.415 580 21%
Promedio 19%

So>Sc

TEORICO REAL Error

18
 Profundidad de Profundidad de
Abscisa (cm) Abscisa (cm)
lámina(cm) lámina(cm)
5.468212011 0 6.89 0 26%
5.451859873 0.542862355 4.5 20 17%
5.435507734 2.229972677 4.295 40 21%
5.419155596 5.14828229 3.96 60 27%
5.402803458 9.394984379 4.03 80 25%
5.386451319 15.07918813 3.915 100 27%
5.370099181 22.32394951 3.295 120 39%
5.353747043 31.26875392 3.705 140 31%
5.337394905 42.07257704 3.88 160 27%
5.321042766 54.91769325 3.705 180 30%
5.304690628 70.01446214 3.775 200 29%
5.28833849 87.60741062 3.82 220 28%
5.271986351 107.9830559 3.815 240 28%
5.255634213 131.4801031 3.68 260 30%
5.239282075 158.5029393 3.695 280 29%
5.222929936 189.539789 3.785 300 28%
5.206577798 225.1876105 3.415 320 34%
5.19022566 266.1869729 3.465 340 33%
5.173873521 313.472137 4 360 23%
5.157521383 368.2450522 3.215 380 38%
5.141169245 432.0884204 3.315 400 36%
5.124817106 507.1455023 3.4 420 34%
5.108464968 596.4202708 3.4 440 33%
5.09211283 704.3095116 3.58 460 30%
5.075760692 837.6212786 3.345 480 34%
5.059408553 1007.732488 2.955 500 42%
5.043056415 1235.855171 3.085 520 39%
5.026704277 1568.961905 2.855 540 43%
5.010352138 2149.868591 3.155 560 37%
4.989047385 5799.869256 3.415 580 32%
Promedio 31%

So<Sc

TEORICO REAL
Profundidad Profundidad Error
Abscisa Abscisa
de de
(cm) (cm)
lámina(cm) lámina(cm)
5.46821201 3372 7.585 0 39%

19
5.53358401 3371.54684 8.4 20 52%
5.59895601 3370.13153 7.775 40 39%
5.66432801 3367.67786 7.76 60 37%
5.72970001 3364.10073 7.61 80 33%
5.79507201 3359.30472 7.305 100 26%
5.86044401 3353.18232 6.975 120 19%
5.92581601 3345.61176 7.18 140 21%
5.99118801 3336.45436 7.09 160 18%
6.05656001 3325.55128 6.92 180 14%
6.12193201 3312.71929 6.32 200 3%
6.18730401 3297.74557 6.4 220 3%
6.25267601 3280.38093 6.29 240 1%
6.31804801 3260.33097 6.39 260 1%
6.38342001 3237.2444 6.8 280 7%
6.44879201 3210.69743 6.8 300 5%
6.514164 3180.17217 6.615 320 2%
6.579536 3145.02664 6.77 340 3%
6.644908 3104.45154 7.38 360 11%
6.71028 3057.40656 6.595 380 2%
6.775652 3002.52316 3.52 400 48%
6.841024 2937.95012 6.1 420 11%
6.906396 2861.09632 6 440 13%
6.971768 2768.17565 5.495 460 21%
7.03714 2653.33847 6.205 480 12%
7.102512 2506.83907 5.9 500 17%
7.167884 2310.58781 6.03 520 16%
7.233256 2024.82166 5.39 540 25%
7.298628 1530.45782 5 560 31%
7.364 0.56819824 5.415 580 26%
Promedio 19%
So>Sc

TEORICO REAL
Profundidad de Profundidad de Error
Abscisa (cm) Abscisa (cm)
lámina(cm) lámina(cm)
5.468212011 0 6.89 0 26%
5.457790907 0.336102663 4.5 20 18%
5.447369803 1.380777508 4.295 40 21%
5.4369487 3.187705588 3.96 60 27%
5.426527596 5.816891277 4.03 80 26%

20
 5.416106492 9.335696007 3.915 100 28%
5.405685388 13.82009226 3.295 120 39%
5.395264284 19.3561966 3.705 140 31%
5.38484318 26.04215981 3.88 160 28%
5.374422077 33.99051872 3.705 180 31%
5.364000973 43.33115209 3.775 200 30%
5.353579869 54.21503678 3.82 220 29%
5.343158765 66.81907912 3.815 240 29%
5.332737661 81.35241314 3.68 260 31%
5.322316557 98.06473485 3.695 280 31%
5.311895454 117.2575167 3.785 300 29%
5.30147435 139.2993858 3.415 320 36%
5.291053246 164.6476687 3.465 340 35%
5.280632142 193.8793312 4 360 24%
5.270211038 227.7366956 3.215 380 39%
5.259789934 267.1973025 3.315 400 37%
5.249368831 313.5850252 3.4 420 35%
5.238947727 368.7555809 3.4 440 35%
5.228526623 435.4254578 3.58 460 32%
5.218105519 517.8016363 3.345 480 36%
5.207684415 622.9160707 2.955 500 43%
5.197263311 763.8843714 3.085 520 41%
5.186842208 969.7673487 2.855 540 45%
5.176421104 1329.029434 3.155 560 39%
5.166 2497.665717 3.415 580 34%
Promedio 32%

So<Sc

TEORICO REAL
Profundidad Profundidad Error
Abscisa Abscisa
de de
(cm) (cm)
lámina(cm) lámina(cm)
5.46821201 3760 7.585 0 39%
5.54272194 3759.50154 8.4 20 52%
5.61723187 3757.94336 7.775 40 38%
5.6917418 3755.24039 7.76 60 36%
5.76625173 3751.29772 7.61 80 32%
5.84076166 3746.00892 7.305 100 25%
5.91527159 3739.25412 6.975 120 18%

21
5.98978153 3730.89758 7.18 140 20%
6.06429146 3720.78476 7.09 160 17%
6.13880139 3708.73863 6.92 180 13%
6.21331132 3694.55507 6.32 200 2%
6.28782125 3677.99699 6.4 220 2%
6.36233118 3658.78683 6.29 240 1%
6.43684111 3636.59666 6.39 260 1%
6.51135104 3611.03529 6.8 280 4%
6.58586097 3581.63073 6.8 300 3%
6.6603709 3547.80629 6.615 320 1%
6.73488083 3508.84703 6.77 340 1%
6.80939076 3463.85177 7.38 360 8%
6.88390069 3411.66203 6.595 380 4%
6.95841062 3350.75379 3.52 400 49%
7.03292055 3279.06547 6.1 420 13%
7.10743049 3193.71128 6 440 16%
7.18194042 3090.47419 5.495 460 23%
7.25645035 2962.83799 6.205 480 14%
7.33096028 2799.94439 5.9 500 20%
7.40547021 2581.63313 6.03 520 19%
7.47998014 2263.56923 5.39 540 28%
7.55449007 1712.85211 5 560 34%
7.629 1.96351686 5.415 580 29%
Promedio 19%
So<Sc So>Sc
Error Error
n n
promedio promedio
0.009 18.56% 0.009 29%
0.01 18.77% 0.01 31%
0.0105 18.71% 0.0105 32%

22
Análisis de resultados
Se puede observar que, al momento de graficar los datos tomados en el momento
de la práctica, se pueden encontrar posibles errores de medición, pero al observar
la tendencia de los datos, se confirma el confortamiento de perfiles S2 y M2
respectivamente.

Conclusiones.

Bibliografía

23
  Rodríguez Díaz, H.A. (2001). Hidráulica Experimental (Primera Edición).
Bogotá DC, Colombia: Editorial Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería

Firmas

24
25