^MAYN_UAF@F B@_A@MC KÀHYNW FN K^@VNB@H@

I@E^HV@F FN EANMEA@U NECMÕBAE@U
B@VNBÀVAE@U IAM@MEAN_@U A Q AA

_NEC\AH@EAÕM FN IÕ_B^H@U

Eurscs ibpartifcs pcr nl Hic. B. @. Bamunl Ccjca Hõpnz, nm Ecbnrcic Amtnrmacicmal, Nccmcbía
oasafa nm rinskcs y @ufitcría, Gcrmafa Fiaric Ynspnrtima, Eabpus Enmtral ^BK, Enmtrc ^mivnrsitaric
^BK Puntzaltnmamkc y \rn-privafcs nm fistimtcs Enmtrcs _nkicmalns.

_NEC\AH@EAÕM FN @\CQC @ H@ FCENMEA@.

YAA NFAEACM MC ECBN_EA@H 
 ECBNMV@_AC
Nm lcs pribnrcs aðcs fn la fácafa amtnricr, sn nbitiõ la pribnra nficiõm fn nstn icrbularic,
puns bn parnciõ imtnrnsamtn imsistir nm bis alubmcs fn ccbnrcic imtnrmacicmal, nccmcbía
y aufitcría fn la ^mivnrsifaf Bariamc Kálvnz fn Kuatnbala, qun mc mcs ccmicrbnbcs
ccm cpribir um octõm a munstrc ccbputafcr c calculafcra iimamcinra, simc qun
nmtnmfabcs la lõkica fn las cpnracicmns iimamcinras, y fn cõbc ficjas báquimas prccnsam la
imicrbaciõm.

Has iõrbulas fn batnbáticas iimamcinras mcs pnrbitnm nmtnmfnr nsa lõkica, ns pcr nstc, qun
a÷m nm nstcs aðcs fn avamzafa tncmclckía, ccbc fccnmtn fn nxpnrinmcia, prniinrc qun nm bi
clasn, lcs prcolnbas snam rnsunltcs a lápiz y papnl, para mc ikmcrar su prccnsc y nmtnmfnr oinm
lcs ccmcnptcs iimamcinrcs. ^m prcinsicmal fn las cinmcias nccmõbicas fnonría fn snr nl
kuía para crinmtar al qun prckraba lcs cálculcs iimamcinrcs.

Nstn icrbularic ns uma sibpln rnccpilaciõm y mc prntnmfc ccm nllc atriouírbnlc, puns ya
ja nstafc nlaocrafc fnsfn jacn bucjcs aðcs primcipalbnmtn nm lcs tnxtcs fn
batnbáticas iimamcinras y nm ctras umivnrsifafns fnl país.

@lkumcs fccnmtns prniinrnm ir fnspnjamfc las iõrbulas cafa vnz qun rnsunlvnm um prcolnba
ccm sus alubmcs, a quinmns rnspntc pcr su prccnfnr4 sim nboarkc, mc ccbpartc qun
sn fnspnjnm iõrbulas cafa vnz qun sn rnsunlvn um prcolnba puns sn pinrfn la
ccbprnmsiõm tácmica fn la cpnraciõm iimamcinra. Vabpccc ccbpartc ir fnspnjamfc cafa
vnz, scorn tcfc cuamfc ya sn tinmnm lcs imstrubnmtcs, así qun ns bi cpimiõm qun mc
pnrfabcs nl tinbpc fnspnjamfc cuamfc ya sn tinmnm las iõrbulas fnfucifas, puns mc sn
trata fn fnscuorir nl akua azucarafa.

Nl icrbularic ccmsta fn fcs partns, la pribnra imcluyn aplicacicmns fn iõrbulas para snrvicics
iimamcinrcs nm munstrc país y nm la snkumfa partn, bn pnrbitc imcluir iõrbulas traficicmalns,
ccmccifas primcipalbnmtn pcr quinmns mcs krafuabcs nm la ^mivnrsifaf fn Uam Earlcs
fn Kuatnbala.

Eaon snðalar qun la imtnmciõm fn nsta rnccpilaciõm mc ns lucrativa, simc nvitar qun nl alubmc
acufa a ctras umivnrsifafns para afquirirlas c oinm nvitar qun rnnscrioa tcfas las
icrbulas vistas nm clasn.

Kuatnbala, nmnrc fn 2<0<

0
 \_ABN_@ \@_VN (A)

@\HAE@EACMNU FN IÕ_B^H@U \@_@

UN_YAEACU IAM@MEAN_CU NM
K^@VNB@H@

2
 0. V@_GNV@U FN E_ÁFAVC
0.0 V`s` crfim`ri` `mu`h p`r` iij`r nm t`rjnt`s
VAC@ 7 VAAN * iactcr fn cafa nbiscr.

Fcmfn7

VAC@7 Vasa crfimaria amual

VAAN7 Vasa fn imtnrás imtnroamcaria fn nquilioric.

0.2 \`kc bímibc bnmsu`h

VCV@H ECMU^BC Q CV_CU E@_KCU
02 bnsns

0.5 Amtnrnsns
bcr`tcrics
\@KC BÍMABC * V@U@ BC_@

0.6 E`rkcs ocmiiie`ohns7

Yalcr ccbpra *tasa fn imtnrás*fías
iimamciafcs

5<

0. > Amtnrnsns pcr iim`mei`binmtc7

Ualfc amtnricr * tasa* fías iimamciafcs 2 Px

5<

Bnmcs7

\akcs rnalizafcs * tasa *fías mc iimamciafcs 2 -Px

5<

Vctal imtnrnsns pcr iimamciabinmtc7 Px

5
 2. _N\C_VCU
2.0 Nh pribnr prneic nm v`hcrns `oschutcs (eu`mfc nh rnpcrt`fc nmtrnk` títuhcs y
rneion fimnrc)

2.0.0  Euamfc nl títulc mc imccrpcra pakcs fn imtnrnsns c imtnrnsns fn cupõm7

\ 2 U
0 + rt

Fcmfn7

U 2 Yalcr al vnmcibinmtc fnl fccubnmtc,

r 2 tasa fn actualizaciõm nm nl bnrcafc 
t 2 tinbpc qun ialta para nl vnmcibinmtc fnl fccubnmtc

2.0.2  Euamfc nl títulc fnvnmka imtnrnsns scorn su valcr mcbimal

-  Un nstaolncn nl valcr actual nm la incja fn la mnkcciaciõm fnl rnpcrtc a
imtnrás ccbpunstc

-bm 
\2 U ( 0 + j/b)

Fcmfn7
U 2 Y`hcr `h vnmeibinmtc fnh fceubnmtc
 j 2 H` t`s` imfie`f` ( mcbim`h)
b 2 H`s e`pit`hiz`eicmns nm nh
`ðc
m 2 Nh tinbpc qun i`ht` p`r` nh vnmeibinmtc fnh fceubnmtc

-  @ fiejc v`hcr sn hn sub`m hcs v`hcrns prnsnmtns fn hcs eupcmns qun imehuy`m h`
t`s` fn `etu`hiz`eiõm nm nh bnre`fc. \nrc ecbc hcs eupcmns scm
v`hcrns ecmst`mtns y e`heuh`fcs ` um` bisb` t`s` fn rnmfibinmtc c
`etu`hiz`eiõm, sn nmeunmtr`m bnfi`mtn `mu`hif`fns, `sí7

 ― bm
Uk 0- (0 + j/b)
Ye 2
*
b/p
 p (0 + j/b)  -0

Fcmfn7
Ye 2 Y`hcr `etu`h fn hcs eupcmns
Uk 2 V`s` fn eupõm k, `phie`f` `h v`hcr `h vnmeibinmtc U.
 p 2 \nricfieif`f c irneunmei` fn hcs p`kcs fn eupõm

\cr hc t`mtc, nh pribnr prneic (c bcmtc fnh rnpcrtc) ns7 \0 2 \ + Ye

6
2.2 Nh pribnr prneic fnh rnpcrtc pcrenmtu`h

\0 7 Bcmtc fnh rnpcrtc (e`heuhc `mtnricr) * 0<<

Y`hcr mcbim`h títuhcs

2.5 Nh snkumfc prneic (eu`mfc nh rnpcrt`fc nmtrnk` fimnrc y sn hn fnvunhvnm hcs

títuhcs)

\2 2 \0 ( 0 + (m /59< *i)

Fcmfn7
\2 2 Unkumfc prneic
\0 2 \ribnr prneic
m 2 tinbpc nm fí`s qun t`rf`rà h` mnkcei`eiõm fn
rnpcrtc i 2 V`s` fn rnmfibinmtc fnsn`fc nm nh rnpcrtc

2.6 Nh rnmfibinmtc

i2 ( \2 / \0 ) -0
m /59<

Fcmfn7
i2 V`s` fn rnmfibinmtc fnh rnpcrtc
\2 2 Unkumfc prneic
\0 2 \ribnr prneic
m 2 tinbpc nm fí`s qun t`rf`rà h` mnkcei`eiõm fnh rnpcrtc

Mcta7

Nm la práctica nm Kuatnbala, sn jam puolicafc iõrbulas fnl rnpcrtc primcipalbnmtn para

nl cálculc fnl rnmfibinmtc nm las oclsas fn valcrns así7

\rncic2 ― \rncic 0 59> 0<<

_nmfibinmtc c _ 2 \rncic0 * Fías

Fcmfn7
_ 2 Vasa fn rnmfibinmtc mcbimal amual nxprnsafa pcrcnmtualbnmtn
\rncic 0 2 \rncic fn la pribnra liquifaciõm fnl rnpcrtc nm tárbimcs pcrcnmtualns
\rncic 2 2 \rncic fn la snkumfa liquifaciõm fnl rnpcrtc nm tárbimcs pcrcnmtualns
Fías 2 \lazc fnl rnpcrtc nm fías

>
5.  @__NMF@BANMVC IAM@MEAN_C

5.0 H` t`s` ` iij`r nm nh ecmtr`tc

\H
i2
0-V

Fcmfn7
i2 V`s` fn rnmfibinmtc nm nh ecmtr`tc
\H 2 \crenmt`jn híquifc fnsn`fc pcr nh
`rrnmf`fcr V2 V`s` fn ibpunstcs qun sn p`k`

5.2 V`s` ` `phie`r nm nh eàheuhc iim`meinrc ecmsifnr`mfc pnricfieif`f

n ibpunstcs

i 2 (V`s`/pnricfieif`f fn p`kc) * 0.02

Fcmfn7
Nh 0.02 ns nh v`hcr fn umc imernbnmt`fc nh 02% fn AY@

5.5 H` rnmt` c euct` fn `rrnmf`binmtc

@i
_2
m
0- (0+ i)    

Fcmfn7
_ 2 H` rnmt` c euct` fn `rrnmf`binmtc
@ 2 Nh v`hcr fnh ecmtr`tc c ecstc fnh oinm mntc c nh v`hcr fnh
iim`mei`binmtc i 2 H` t`s` ninetiv`, `mu`h `phie`ohn
m 2 Nh m÷bnrc fn p`kcs c euct`s
Eu`mfc nm nh ecmtr`tc fn `rrnmf`binmtc, nxistn um v`hcr iim`h qun tnmk` qun p`k`r nh
`rrnmf`t`ric p`r` qunf`rsn ecm nh oinm, `h eu`h hn hh`b`m v`hcr fn h` cpeiõm fn ecbpr`,
 prcenfn qun `h ecstc fnh oinm c v`hcr fnh ecmtr`tc mntc (@), sn hn fnfuze` nh v`hcr
`etu`h ` imtnrás ecbpunstc fnh v`hcr fn h` cpeiõm, `sí7

-m
@ 2 @o - C\ (0 + i)

Fcmfn7
C\ 2 Y`hcr qun `h iim`h tinmn qun p`k`r nh `rrnmf`t`ric c v`hcr fn h` cpeiõm fn
ecbpr`. @o 2 Y`hcr fnh ecmtr`tc c ecstc fnh oinm `mtns fn h` fnfueeiõm fn h` cpeiõm.

9
5.6 Nh ecstc fnh oinm c v`hcr fnh ecmtr`tc

Eu`mfc mc j`y v`hcr fn cpeiõm fn ecbpr`7

-m
0-(0+i)
@ 2 _ *

@l pactar ccm valcr fn cpciõm fn ccbpra, al valcr qun rnsultn fn aplicar la iõrbula prncnfnmtn,
sn ln fnon aplicar uma ncuaciõm qun imcrnbnmtn nl valcr fn la cpciõm pactafc.

;
6.  ICMFC FN \NMUACMNU

6.0 Nh v`hcr qun ectiz` nh `iihi`fc y h` nbprns`

@p 2 % U^NHFC (`pcrtn fnh tr`o`j`fcr) + % U^NHFC V_@O@G@FC_ (`pcrtn fn h`

nbprns`)

Fcmfn7
@p 2Vct`h `pcrt`fc ` h` eunmt` imfivifu`h.

6.2 V`s` ` `phie`r

i7 (tasa mnta fn ibpunstcs) ―{tasa kastcs afbimistraciõm(0 + tasa mnta fn ibpunstcs)}

Fcmfn7
07 ns nh v`hcr fnpcsit`fc fn P. 0.<

6.5 \rcyneeiõm fnh icmfc fispcmiohn `h iim`h fnh ph`zc nm eunmt` imfivifu`h

6.5.0 _nmt` iij`

m
(0 + i)  -0
U2 @p
* i

Fcmfn7
U 2 Y`hcr nstib`fc c bcmtc `h iim`h fnh ph`zc nm nh qun nh tr`o`j`fcr sn rntirn
@p 2 @pcrtn tct`h ` h` eunmt` imfivifu`h fnh tr`o`j`fcr
i 2 V`s` ninetiv` qun k`r`mtiz` nh icmfc fn imvnrsicmns h` eu`h fnon ecmsifnr`r h`
imih`eiõm `mu`h. ( t`s` ecbpnms`tcri`)
m 2 M÷bnrc fn `pcrtns nm nh ph`zc

6.5.2 _nmta variaoln (ccmsifnramfc fnpõsitcs amticipafcs)

m  m
_   - (0+ i)
U2O *   * (0 + i)
_ - (0+ i )

Fcmfn
U 2 Bcmtc
prcynctafc O 2 \ribnr
pakc amual
_ 2 _azõm c imcrnbnmtc salarial amual

:
6.6 Onmniieics qun sn cotinmnm

\nmsicm tnbpcr`h ` ph`zc iijc7

@i
_2
-m
0- (0 + i )  
Fcmfn
_ 2 \nmsiõm c rnmt` bnmsu`h
i 2 V`s` ninetiv` `mu`h
m 2 m÷bnrc fn rnmt`s nspnr`f`s nm h` pnmsiõm
@ 2 Y`hcr `etu`h c sn` nh v`hcr `eubuh`fc ` p`rtir fn eu`mfc sn rntir` nh `iihi`fc

Mcta7
\unfnm nxistir rnmtas vitalicias nm cualquinra fn sus bcfalifafns ccbc partn fn lcs onmniicics,
pnrc nstas iõrbulas sn ccbnmtam nm nl apartafc AA fnl prnsnmtn icrbularic.

1
 UNK^MF@ \@_VN (AA)

IÕ_B^H@U V_@FAEACM@HNU FN
B@VNBÀVAE@U IAM@MEAN_@U

0<
 AMVN_NU UAB\HN
AMVN_NU 7 A 2 \mi

Iõrbuh`s fnriv`f`s fnh Amtnrás7

A A
E`pit`h c \ 2 SSSSS V`s` fn i 2 SSS
\rimeip`h mi imtnrás \ m

A
Vinbpc m 2 SSSSS
\ i

BCMVC U2\(0+mi)

Iõrbuh`s fnriv`f`s fnh Bcmtc7

U U/\ - 0
E`pit`h c \ 2 SSSSSSSSSS V`s` fn i 2 SSSSSSSSSSSS
\rimeip`h 0 + m i imtnrás m

U/\ - 0
Vinbpc m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSS
i

I@EVC_NU P^N U^UVAV^QNM @ H@ Y@_A@OHN "m" \@_@ E@HE^H@_ AMVN_NU

NM \N_ACFCU BNMC_NU FN ^M @fiC, FN\NMFANMFC NH BNVCFC
@\HAE@FC.

B NVC F C I@EVC_NU
 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
Amtnrás Nx`etc t/59> c t/599

Amtnrás Crfim`ric t/59<

Fn h`s Cohik`eicmns j/59<

Bixtc j/59> c

j/599

FCMFN7

t 2 M÷bnrc fn fí`s nx`etc nmtrn fcs inej`s f`f`s

j 2 M÷bnrc fn fí`s nmtrn fcs inej`s, ecmsifnr`mfc
tcfcs hcs bnsns fn 5< fí`s.

_NH@EACM NMV_N NH AMVN_NU C_FAM@_AC Q NH AMVN_NU UAB\HN7

Ac 2 An + An/;2 An 2 Ac - Ac/;5

00
 FNUE^NMVC UAB\HN

0
FNUE^NMVC _@EACM@H C B@VNB@VAEC Fr 2 U 0 - SSSSSSSSSSS
0+mi

Nh fnseunmtc r`eicm`h, rn`h, b`tnbàtiec c vnrf`fnrc mc ns b`s qun

`phie`eicmns fnh imtnrás sibphn ` fnseunmtcs.

Iõrbuh`s fnriv`f`s fnh Fnseunmtc _`eicm`h7

Fr V`s` fn Fr
Vinbpc m 2 SSSSSSSS fnseunmtc i 2 SSSSSSSS
\ i \ m

FNUE^NMVC O@ME@_AC Fo 2 U m f

Fo Fo
V`s` fn fnseunmtc f 2 SSSSSSSSSSS Vinbpc m 2 SSSS
Um Uf

Fo
Y`hcr `h vnmeibinmtc U 2 SSSSSSSSS
mf

Iõrbuh`s fnriv`f`s fnh Fnseunmtc O`me`ric7

Mc imehuyn ibptc. Amehuyn Abptc.%
 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

YH YH
Y`hcr `h Ynmeibinmtc U 2 SSSSSSSSSSSS U 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
(Y`hcr Mcbim`h) 0 - mf 0 - (mf+%)

Y`hcr híquifc YH 2 U ( 0 - mf ) YH2 U 0 - (mf+%)

V@U@U NP^AY@HNMVNU

V`s` fn fnseunmtc nquiv`hnmtn V`s` fn imtnrás nquiv`hnmtn

` um tipc fn imtnrás f`fc ` um tipc fn fnseunmtc f`fc
i f
f 2 SSSSSSSSSSS i 2 SSSSSSSSSSSS
0 + mi 0 - mf

02
FNUE^NMVC ^MAEC NP^AY@HNMVN @ ^M@ UN_AN FN FNUE^NMVCU

Fu 2 0 - (0-f ) (0-f ) (0-f )....(0-f )

0 2 5 m

Y@HC_ MNVC FN I@EV^_@ \C_ ^MAF@F FN BCMNF@

YM 2 (0-f ) (0-f ) (0-f )......(0-f )

0 2 5 m

05
 AMVN_NU ECB\^NUVC
V@U@ NINEVAY@ V@U@ MCBAM@H

IC_B^H@U FN_AY@F@U FNH AMVN_NU

m bm
Amtnrás A 2 \ (0 + i) - 0 A 2 \ (0+j/b) - 0

A A
\rimeip`h \ 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS \ 2 SSSSSSSSSSSS
m bm
(0 + i ) - 0 (0 + j/b) - 0

m bm
Bcmtc U 2 \ (0 + i) U 2 \ (0 + j/b)

V`s` fn 0/m 0/bm

imtnrás i 2 (A/\ + 0) - 0 j 2 b (A/\ + 0) -
0

Hck ( A/\ + 0 ) Hck ( A/\ + 0 )

Vinbpc m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
Hck ( 0 + i ) b Hck ( 0 + j/b )

IC_B^H@U FN_AY@F@U FNH BCMVC

-m -bm
\rimeip`h \ 2 U(0+i) \ 2 U ( 0 + j/b )

V`s` fn 0/m 0/bm

Amtnrás i 2 ( U/\ ) - 0 j 2 b ( U/\ ) - 0

Hck ( U/\ ) Hck ( U/\ )

Vinbpc m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
Hck (0 + i) b Hck (0 + j/b)

06
 V@U@U NP^AY@HNMVNU

V`s` ninetiv` fn imtnrás V`s` mcbim`h fn imtnrás

nquiv`hnmtn ` um` mcbim`h nquiv`hnmtn ` um` ninetiv`
b 0/b
i 2 ( 0 + j/b) - 0 j 2b (0+i) -
0 (b)
Nm `hkumcs eàheuhcs `etu`ri`hns p`r` qun h` t`s` j, hhnkun ` snr schc bnmsu`h ` h` icrbuh` sn hn
supribn ‘b‒  prnvic `h ecrejntn

V`s` fn imtnrás sibphn nqui- V`s` fn imtnrás ecbpunstc

v`hnmtn ` um` fn imtnrás ecb- nquiv`hnmtn ` um` fn imtn-
punstc fur`mtn "m" `ðcs rás sibphn fur`mtn "m"`ðcs

m 0/m
(0 + ie) - 0 ie 2 (is m + 0) -
0 is 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
m

V`s` ninetiv` nquiv`hnmtn ` um` t`s` mcbim`h ecm imtnrnsns

`mtieip`fcs

-b 
i` 2 ( 0 - j`/b ) -0

C
oinm7
b 
0
i` 2 SSSSSSSSSSSS - 0
0 - (j`/b)

V`s` mcbim`h ecm imtnrnsns `mtieip`fcs nquiv`hnmtn

` um` t`s` ninetiv`

-0/b
 j` 2 b ( 0 - ( i` + 0 )  )

0>
 @M^@HAF@FNU

E@UCU P^N UN \_NUNMV@M7

A ^m p`kc fn rnmt` nm nh `ðc y t`s` ninetiv` fn

imtnrás AA ^m p`kc fn rnmt` nm nh `ðc y t`s` mcbim`h fn
imtnrás
AAA Y`rics p`kcs fn rnmt` nm nh `ðc y t`s` ninetiv` fn imtnrás
AY Y`rics p`kcs fn rnmt` nm nh `ðc y t`s` mcbim`h fn imtnrás

IC_B^H@U FNH BCMVC I@EVC_

E@UC YNMEAF@U FN @MVAEA\@EACM

m
(0+i)-0
A U 2 _ SSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+i)
i

bm
( 0 +j/b) - 0 b
AA U 2 _ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +j/b)
b
(0 + j/b) - 0

m
(0+i)-0 0/p
AAA U2 _ SSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+i
) 0/p
(0+i) -0

bm
( 0 +j/b) - 0 b/p
AY U 2 _ SSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +j/b)
b/p
(0 + j/b) - 0

Nm h` oiohickr`ií` fn B`tnbàtie`s Iim`meinr`s, sn hhnk` ` h` ecmehusiõm

qun mc ns mnens`ric utihiz`r tcfcs hcs e`scs. Nh e`sc AY punfn `phie`r
p`r` tcfcs, pcr hc qun sn h` hh`b` h` iõrbuh` knmnr`h.

09
 IC_B^H@U FNH Y@HC_ @EV^@H I@EVC_NU FN
E@UC YNMEAF@U @MVAEA\@EACM FAIN_ABANMVC

-m
0-(0+i) -y
A @ 2 _ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+i) (0+i)
i

-bm
0 - ( 0 +j/b) b -by
AA @ 2 _ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +j/b) (0 +j/b)
b
( 0 + j/b) - 0

-m
0-(0+i) 0/p -y
AAA @ 2 _ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+i) (0+i)
0/p
(0+i) -0

-bm
0 - ( 0 +j/b) b/p -by
AY @ 2 _ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0 +j/b ) (0 +j/b)
b/p
( 0 +j/b) -
0

Nm h` oiohickr`ií` fn B`tnbàtie`s Iim`meinr`s, sn hhnk` ` h` ecmehusiõm

qun mc ns mnens`ric utihiz`r tcfcs hcs e`scs. Nh e`sc AY punfn `phie`r
p`r` tcfcs, pcr hc qun sn h` hh`b` h` iõrbuh` knmnr`h.

0;
 IC_B^H@U FN H@ _NMV@ NM I@EVC_
E@UC I^MEACM FNH BCMVC - YNMEAF@U - FN @MVAEA\@EACM

Ui -0
A _ 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+i
)m
(0+i)-0

b
U (0+j/b) - 0
-b
AA _ 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +j/b )
bm
( 0 +j/b) - 0

0/p
U (0 + i) -
0
-0/p
AAA _ 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+i)
m
(0+i)-0

b/p
U (0+j/b) -
0
-b/p
AY _ 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +j/b )
bm
( 0 +j/b) -
0

0:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IC_B^H@U FN H@ _NMV@ NM I^MEACM I@EVC_NU FN
E@UC FNH Y@HC_ @EV^@H, YNMEAF@U @MVAEA\@EACM FAIN_ABANMVC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

@i -0 y
A _ 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+i) (0+i)
-m
0-(0+i
)

b
@ ( 0 +j/b) - 0
-b by
AA _ 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +j/b) (0 +j/b)
-bm
0 - ( 0 +j/b)

0/p
@ (0+i) -0
-0/p ( 0 + i ) y
AAA _ 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+i
-m )
0-(0+i)

b/p
@ ( 0 +j/b) - 0
-b/p
_ 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +j/b) by
AY -bm 0 - ( 0 +j/b) (0 +j/b)

01
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IC_B^H@U FNH VANB\C NM I@EVC_
E@UC I^MEACM FNH BCMVC - YNMEAF@U - FN @MVAEA\@EACM
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ui
Hck SSSSSSS+ 0
_ *
A m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+i)
Hck ( 0 + i )

b
U (0 +j/b) -
0
Hck SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS + 0
_ * b
AA m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +j/b)
b Hck ( 0 + j/b )

0/p
U (0 + i) - 0
Hck SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS + 0
_ * 0/p
AAA m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+i)
Hck ( 0 + i )

b/p
U (0 +j/b) - 0
Hck SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS + 0
_ * b/p
AY m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +j/b)
b Hck ( 0 + j/b )

* Hcs I`etcrns fn @mtieip`eiõm, eu`mfc sn` mnens`ric utihiz`rhcs,

p`s`ràm buhtiphie`mfc ` h` _nmt`, snk÷m imfie` nh `stnrisec.

2<
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IC_B^H@U FNH VANB\C NM I^MEACM I@EVC_NU FN
E@UC FNH Y@HC_ @EV^@H, YNMEAF@U @MVAEA\@EACM FAIN_ABANMVC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

0
 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
@i
Hck 0 - SSSSSSS
_** -y
A m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+i) (0+i)
Hck ( 0 + i )

0
 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
b
@ (0 +j/b) -
0 Hck 0 - SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
_ ** b -by
AA m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0 +j/b) (0 +j/b)
b Hck ( 0 + j/b )

0
 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
0/p
@ (0 + i) -
0 Hck 0 - SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
_ * * 0/p -y
AAA m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0 + i ) (0 + i
)
Hck ( 0 + i )

0
 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
b/p
@ (0+j/b) -
Hck 0 - 0
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
_ * * b/p -by
AY m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+j/b ) (0+j/b)
b Hck ( 0 +j/b )

** Hcs I`etcrns fn @mtieip`eiõm y/c fn Fiinribinmtc, eu`mfc sn` mnens`ric utihiz`rhcs,

p`s`ràm buhtiphie`mfc ` h` _nmt`, snk÷m imfie`m hcs `stnrisecs

IC_B^H@U FN H@ V@U@7
Mc nxistnm icrbuh`s fn h` t`s` puns mc punfnm j`hh`rsn firnet`bnmtn. \`r` j`hh`rh` sn
sukinrn utihiz`r h`s icrbuh`s fnh bcmtc c v`hcr `etu`h snk÷m nh e`sc y fnspnj`rh`, hunkc
j`enr t`mtncs n imtnrpch`eicmns.

20
 @M^@HAF@FNU \@K@FN_@U E@F@ "D" @fiCU
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V@U@ NINEVAY@ FN AMVN_NU I@EVC_NU FN
YNMEAF@U @MVAEA\@EACM FAIN_ABANMVC
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
m
(0+i)-0 d
BCMVC7 U 2 [ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+i)
d
(0+i) -0

d
_NMV@ NM (0+i) -0 -d
I^MEACM [ 2 U SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0 + i )
FNH BCMVC m
(0+i) -0
d
U ((0 + i) - 0)
Hck SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS + 0
VANB\C NM [* d
I^MEACM m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+i)
FNH BCMVC Hck ( 0 + i ) *

-m
Y@HC_ 0-(0+i) d -y
@EV^@H7 @ 2 [ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+i) (0+i)
d
(0+i) -0

d
_NMV@ NM (0+i) -0 -d y
I^MEACM [ 2 @ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+i) (0+i)
Y@HC_ @EV^@H -m
0- (0+i)

0
 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
d
VANB\C NM @ ((0 + i) -0)
I^MEACM Hck 0 - SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
FNH Y@HC_ [ * * d y
-
@EV^@H m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0 + i ) (0 + i

** Nm h`s iõrbuh`s fnh tinbpc, hcs i`etcrns fn `mtieip`eiõm y/c

fiinribinmtc, buhtiphie`m ` h` rnmt` "[" nm h` pcsieiõm qun nst` ceup`
nm h` iõrbuh` ecrrnspcmfinmtn.

22
 @M^@HAF@FNU \@K@FN_@U E@F@ "D" @fiCU
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V@U@ MCBAM@H FN AMVN_NU I@EVC_NU FN
YNMEAF@U @MVAEA\@EACM FAIN_ABANMVC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bm
( 0 +j/b) - 0 bd
BCMVC7 U 2 [ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +j/b)
bd (
0 +j/b) - 0

bd
_NMV@ NM ( 0 +j/b) - 0 -bd
I^MEACM [ 2 U SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +j/b)
FNH BCMVC bm
( 0 +j/b) - 0

bd
U ((0+j/b) S 0))
Hck SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS + 0
VANB\C NM [ * bd
I^MEACM m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +j/b)
FNH BCMVC b Hck ( 0 +j/b) *

-bm
Y@HC_ 0 - ( 0 +j/b) bd -by
@EV^@H7 @ 2 [ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +j/b) ( 0 +j/b)
bd
( 0 +j/b) -
0

bd
_NMV@ NM ( 0 +j/b) - 0 -bd by
I^MEACM [ 2 @ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +j/b) ( 0 +j/b)
Y@HC_ @EV^@H -bm
0 - ( 0 +j/b)

0
 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
bd
VANB\C NM @ ((0+j/b) -0)
I^MEACM Hck 0 - SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
FNH Y@HC_ [ * * bd -by
@EV^@H m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0 +j/b) (0 +j/b)
b Hck ( 0 +j/b) * *

** Nm h`s iõrbuh`s fnh tinbpc, hcs i`etcrns fn `mtieip`eiõm y/c

fiinribinmtc, buhtiphie`m ` h` rnmt` "[" nm h` pcsieiõm qun ást` ceup`
nm h` iõrbuh` ecrrnspcmfinmtn.

25