Artículo Académico/ Academic Paper

Proposal for Tertiary Voltage Control Applied to IEEE 14-BUS System

Propuesta para el Control Terciario de Voltaje aplicado al Sistema IEEE 14-

BARRAS.
C.F. Gallardo1 M.L. Espinoza2
1
Departamento de Energía Eléctrica, Facultad de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Quito, Ecuador
E-mail: carlos.gallardo@epn.edu.ec
2
Departamento de Energía, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Riobamba, Ecuador
E-mail: mespinoza@espoch.edu.ec

Abstract
Resumen
The purpose of this document is to detail the
calculation of the matrix of nodal admittances in a
El propósito de este documento es detallar el cálculo
systematic way. The Jacobian matrix and the voltage
de la matriz de admitancias nodales de forma
control system 14 bus are solved with the help of
sistemática. La matriz Jacobiana y control de voltaje
Matlab. A model proposed by the Power Factory (14
en un sistema de 14 barras se resuelven con la ayuda
Bus System) software is taken as well. The system
de Matlab. También se toma un modelo propuesto
consists of 14 bus, five generators, 11 loads, 16
por el software Power Factory (14 Bus System). El
transmission lines, and five shunt transformers.
sistema consta de 14 barras, cinco generadores, 11
Three of these five transformers are used to
cargas, 16 líneas de transmisión y cinco
represent a three-phase transformer.
transformadores shunt. Tres de estos cinco
transformadores se utilizan para representar un
Index terms 14 Bus-Bar; Jacobian; Set-point; Q-V
transformador trifásico.
Control; Tertiary
Palabras clave 14 Barras; Jacobiano; Puntos de
ajuste; Control de Q-V; Terciario.

Recibido: Colocar fecha de envío (Ej: 15-07-2016), Aprobado tras revisión: Fecha colocada por el Consejo Editorial
Forma sugerida de citación: Colocar Primer Apellido y la inicial del nombre de todos los autores Ej: Peterchev, A.; Handel, G.
(2017). Nombre del trabajo técnico entre comillas Ej: “Guía para la Preparación y Envío de los
Trabajos Técnicos de la Revista Técnica “energía””. Revista Técnica “energía”. No. 13, Pp. El número de página lo colocará el
Consejo Editorial.
ISSN 1390-5074.
1. INTRODUCTION In the circuit of Figure 1 can be obtained the injected
current in primary side of the transformer
A power system must be able to transmit active
power generators to loads, maintaining voltages within
the operating limits.
Voltage control and reactive power must meet the
following objectives:
(1)
 Voltages at the terminals of all devices in the If the value of the transformer short-circuit reactance
system are within acceptable limits. is defined as:
 The stability of the system is increased to
maximize the transmission system utilization. (2)
 The reactive power flow is minimized to reduce
losses to a practical minimum. Then it can express the value of the injected current
Since the reactive power can´t be transmitted over on node1 as:
long distances, voltage control must be performed by the
use of special devices dispersed throughout the system. (3)

With a similar analysis can be obtained the injected

2. CONTROL Q-V current in the transformer´s secondary side:
2.1. Definition V-Q Control (4)
The Q-V control maintain voltages within appropriate
margins to ensure proper operation of equipment,
constituting the power system and ensuring that adequate With the results in equations (2) and (3) and model Π
levels of satisfactory supply voltage at the point of (pi) milled, which is presented in Fig. 2 is obtained.
consumption. V1 V2
n1n2y
I1 I1
2.2. Equipment used in voltage control.
2.2.1 Transformer with TAP Changer
n2(n2-n1)y (n1-n2)n1y
It is the element that is used for injecting reactive
power in the system
2.2.1.1 Modeling tap:
Figure 2. Π of generalized equivalent transformer model
The generalized model of a transformer tap changing
includes leads (impedance) in both windings of the
transformer. (Figure 1) To simplify the model is considered that n1 = 1and
n1:n2
n2 = t, then the model is obtained in Fig. 3.
V1 V2 p q
Z1 Z2

I1 I1

Figure 1: Generalized model of a transformer tap changing

Where: Figure 3. Π equivalent of the generalized model of changing

V1: Voltage in the primary winding transformer taps in the secondary
V2: Voltage in the secondary winding
Z1: Impedance primary winding
Z2: Impedance of the secondary winding 2.2.2. Transmission lines:
I1: Current primary winding They absorb reactive power when it is overload and
I2: Current secondary winding provide when it isn´t overload.
n1: Number of turns of the primary winding
n2: Number of turns of the secondary winding
2.2.3 Compensations
 They are usually add to supply or absorb reactive
power. Thereby it controls the reactive power balance in
a desired manner.
 Reactors absorb reactive power to the system; reduce
the voltages at the point of installation.
 Capacitors generate reactive power to the system, and
increase the voltages at the point of installation.

2.2.4 Synchronous compensators:

Synchronous generators are used to generate reactive
power to the system operating as motors, they can
generate and absorb reactive power depending on the
excitation.
Figure 5. AVR structure including sub limits and excitement,
UEL and OEL, respectively.

2.2.5 Loads
The second hierarchical level consists of regulators
Normally it absorbs reactive power load. PQR power plant, they get the reactive power required
by the regulator regional voltage (RVR) at a higher
hierarchical level (regional controllers) by operating on
3. HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF VOLTAGE the reference control loops primary voltage.
CONTROL.
The third level of control is aimed at optimizing the
Automatic voltage control is structured into three voltage map throughout the system in real time. This
hierarchical levels: involves determining the time of the voltage set points
 The primary level is an immediate action (between 2 for pilot nodes in order to achieve safe operation and
and 20 seconds) economic system.

 The Secondary level acts after passing the transient
being its time constant on the order of minutes (20
seconds and 2 minutes).
 Finally the tertiary level is the last to act, its time
constant is in the order of minutes (over 10 minutes).
Fig.4.
The tertiary loop represents the global coordination in
the voltage plan through automatic control actions. One
objective is to manage the reactive power flow between
areas of the power system to a global low, minimizing
power losses in the system, and increasing the
controllability and stability of the system.
    

4. METHODOLOGY
4.1. Sensitivity Analysis
The study is to determine which bus is outside the
voltage limits, and define the necessary changes to correct
such errors through the incremental model, which relates
variations of voltage and reactive power by the Jacobian
matrix.
Figure 4. Hierarchical Voltage Control Diagram 4.2. Y-bus
The elements are obtained by the following
    The primary regulation involves local control voltage expressions:
synchronous compensators and static synchronous
generators. Control actions are based on local measures
and their objective is to show the voltage at the set point (5)
automatically, this control is considered of high speed
because its acts in few hundred milliseconds to a second.
(6)
The AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) regulates
the terminal voltage of the generator by controlling the
(7)
field excitation voltage V.
 The Y-Bus matrix is: Where:

(11)

4.4.2. Changes in Voltage Setpoint Generators.

In this case the analysis is done at the nodes of
generation ( ); therefore the variation in
reactive power charges is zero:
Computational tools are used, for example MATLAB,
to reduce the calculating complexity. (12)

Finally, the change that the power reactivates in the

4.3. Jacobian Matrix generators approximately is:
(13)

(14)

4.4.3. Change In Transformer’s Taps

Transformations relationships are in the matrix of
admittances which are control variables. The model
should consider incremental generation, load and tap's,
expressed in matrix form as:

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Q-V

Control in Power Systems; the Jacobian Matrix is
composed only by the element of reactive power
variation with respect to voltage.
Where:
The elements of this Jacobian Matrix are calculated
by the following expressions:

(15)

(8)

(9) (16)

Computational tools are used, for example MATLAB,

If the variation in reactive power load is zero (
to reduce the calculating complexity.
), then voltage necessary corrections in the
load are:
4.4. Incremental Model
(17)

If the variation in voltage generation nodes is zero (

This expression generates an easy way to calculate
the magnitude of the necessary actions for obtaining the
desired correction on each node. For control of reactive
power, there are three options:
4.4.1. Injection Reactive Power Load Nodes
If
(10)
), then:
(18)
5. APPLICATION MODEL
5.1. Change in Transformer’s TAP
In the system of figure 6, the data are expressed in pu
relative to a base of 100 MVA, 400 and 220 kV voltage
charging nodes should be between 0.95 and 1.05 pu
acting for them on the generator and two transformers. In
the state shown in Figure 4, shows that the voltages of Matlab:
the nodes 3 and 5 are too low, and that the generator can
´t increase its voltage set-point. Determine the actions to
be performed on the transformers to carry voltages J=
within limits.

Applying the matrix operation of the incremental

model considering the taps:

Figure 6. 5-Bus Power System.

If the variation in reactive power is zero loads and the

Table 1. System Power Data. generator voltage is at the upper limit, you can’t be
Lines analyzed in this, then using equation (18):
i j R X B
1 2 0,005 0,03 0,05
1 4 0,010 0,06 0,06
2 4 0,005 0,03 0,05
3 5 0,010 0,05 0,03
Transformers
i j X T tmin tmax ∆t
2 3 0,05 1,0 0,9 1,1 0,01
4 5 0,05 1,0 0,9 1,1 0,01
Analyzing the most critical nodes, the two
transformers in proportion to their sensitivities, it has
Table 2. Initial Data Power Flow
Nodes
system of equations:
i Vi θi PD QD PG QG
pu grad MW MVAr MW MVAr
1 1,100 0,0 829 564
2 0,896 -7,34
3 0,899 -20,97 400 100
4 0,969 -8,79 Solve:
5 0,893 -21,55 400 100
Approximating taps to the nearest discrete value:

The Y-Bus is determined with the equations (5), (6),

(7) and using MATLAB, whereas taps are in nominal Upon actuation of the two Transformers with
position (t = 1.0). calculated increases, the voltages at load nodes are:

G=

5.2. Changes in Voltage Set-point Generators.

B=
The IEEE 14-Bus System represents a portion of the
American Electric Power System and Figure 7 shows the
single-line diagram modeling in Power Factory
The Jacobian is determined with the equations (8) y DIgSILENT program.
(9) for generation nodes and load nodes; (15) y (16) for
taps:
 14 1,036 -16,04

Table 5. Load Flow Generators for IEEE 14-Bus System.

i PG (MW) QG (MVAr)
1 232,32 -16,89
2 40,00 42,40
3 0,00 23,39
6 0,00 12,24
8 0,00 17,36

After power flow, the Y-Bus is calculated with the

equations (5), (6) and (7). Next, the Jacobian is
calculated using the equations (8) and (9) with the new
Figure 7. IEEE 14-Bus System.
set-points.
The main parameters of system are detailed in Table The Y- Bus is:
3.

Table 3. System Data for IEEE 14-Bus System.

Lines
i j R X B SMAX(MVA)
1 2 0,01938 0,05917 0,0528 100
1 5 0,05403 0,22304 0,0492 100
2 3 0,04699 0,19797 0,0438 100
2 4 0,05811 0,17632 0,0374 100
2 5 0,05965 0,17388 0,0340 100
3 4 0,06701 0,17103 0,0346 100
4 5 0,01335 0,04211 0,0128 100
6 11 0,09498 0,19890 0,0000 100
6 12 0,12291 0,25581 0,0000 100
6 13 0,06615 0,13027 0,0000 100
9 10 0,03181 0,08450 0,0000 100
9 14 0,12711 0,27038 0,0000 100
10 11 0,08205 0,19207 0,0000 100
12 13 0,22092 0,19988 0,0000 100
13 14 0,17093 0,34802 0,0000 100
Transformers
i j R X B SMAX(MVA)
4 7 0,00000 0,20912 0,0000 100 The Jacobian is:
4 9 0,0000 0,55618 0,0000 100
5 6 0,0000 0,25202 0,0000 100
7 8 0,0000 0,17615 0,0000 100
7 9 0,0000 0,11001 0,0000 100

In Table 4 and 5 is shown the result of power flow

result, and identify bus where the voltage correction is
necessary. The voltage should be between 0.94 and 1.06.

Table 4. Load Flow Bus for IEEE 14-Bus System. Applying the incremental model:
i Vi (pu) θi (grad)
1 1,060 0,00
2 1,045 -4,98
3 1,010 -12,72
4 1,019 -10,32
5 1,020 -8,78 Where:
6 1,070 -14,22 Node No. Node
7 1,062 -13,37
Generation 1, 2 ,3, 4, 5
8 1,090 -13,37
Load 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
9 1,056 -14,95
11, 12, 13, 14
10 1,051 -15,10
11 1,057 -14,80 The voltage control is performed in the nodes with
12 1,055 -15,08
13 1,050 -15,16 magnitude voltage over the upper limit, in this case in
bus bars 4 and 5 and your set-points are:

Applying control ( ) and the equation (12)

Reactive power, which gives each generator, is:

Where the voltage set-point to be applied on

generation nodes are: 6. SIMULATIONS

Solving the matrix operation is obtained the voltage

set-points for load nodes:

Figure 8. Voltages without Control Q-V for IEEE 14-Bus System.

Applying equation (13) and considering the base of

100 MVA is obtained variation reactive power Figure 9: Reactive Power without Control Q-V for IEEE 14-Bus
generators: System.
 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

[1] J. Anderson, “Handbook of electrical power system dynamics

Figure.10. Voltages with Control Q-V for IEEE 14-Bus System.
modeling, stability, and control-Wiley-IEEE Press” USA, 2013.
[2] A. Gómez, “Electric power system”, Pretince Hall, USA, 1998.
[3] F. Gonzalez, “Q-V Control”, January 2014.
[4] P. Ledesma, “Frequency and power regulation”, September 2008.
[5] J. Barquín, “Voltage and reactive regulation”, 2005.
[6] G. Arguello, “Analyze and control of electric power system”,
March 1988.
[7] P. Valero, “Operating of power system in the presence of voltage
collapse”, June 2001.
[8] C. Bonilla, “Transaction and remuneration of reactive power in
the MEM”, February 2001.
[9] DIgSILENT – Power Factory 14 Bus System.
[10] Matlab ®, “User guide”, USA, 2009.

Figure 11: Reactive Power with Control Q-V for IEEE 14-Bus
System.

7. CONCLUSIONS
It is possible to improve the transmission
characteristics of the system by using capacitors,
reactances or other equipment that generate or consume
reactive power. These are called compensation
equipment.
It also should ensure stable operating conditions to
avoid a scenario in which the system collapses and will
be impossible to recover. In order to get Suitable voltage,
there are some alternatives controls. For example, control
Q-V, which controls applying reactive set-points on
power actuators generators.
One advantage of performing the control is that QV
provides good power transfer capability since high levels
of tension can cause equipment damage (transformers,
switches, etc.) and low voltage levels can cause damage
motors, electrical or electronic devices users.