EN 1991-1-5: 2003 (E)

Annex D
(Informative)

Temperature profiles in buildings and other construction works

(1) Temperature profiles may be determined using the thermal transmission theory.
In the case of a simple sandwich element (e.g. slab, wall, shell) under the
assumption that local thermal bridges do not exist a temperature (x) at a distance
from the inner surface of the cross section may be determined assuming steady
thermal state as
( )
( ) in ( in out ) (D.1)
tot

where:

in
is the air temperature of the inner environment
out
is the temperature of the outer environment
tot
is the total thermal resistance of the element including resistance of
both surfaces
( ) is the thermal resistance at the inner surface and of the element from
the inner surface up to the point (see Figure D.1).

(2) The resistance values tot, and ( ) [m2K/W] may be determined using the
coefficient of heat transfer and coefficients of thermal conductivity given in EN ISO
6946 (1996) and EN ISO 13370 (1998):

tot in out (D.2)

where:

in
is the thermal resistance at the inner surface [m2K/W]
,
out
is the thermal resistance at the outer surface [m2K/W],
i
is the thermal conductivity and i [m] is the thickness of the layer ,
[W/(mK)]
( ) in (D.3)

where layers (or part of a layer) from the inner surface up to point (see Figure D.1)
are considered only.

NOTE: In buildings the thermal resistance in = 0,10 to 0,17 [m2K/W] (depending on the
orientation of the heat flow), and out = 0,04 (for all orientations). The thermal conductivity i
for concrete (of volume weight from 21 to 25 kN/m3) varies from i
= 1,16 to 1,71 [W/(mK)].

44
 - 17 - ENV 1992-4:1998

(102) Se pueden realizar cálculos precisos aplicando la Ecuación (2.22) del apartado 2.5.5.1 de la Norma
Europea Experimental ENV 1992-1-1. Se debe tener en cuenta que es necesario introducir también las
condiciones de compatibilidad y/o equilibrio para obtener una solución (por ejemplo, en una pieza de
sección uniforme completamente coaccionada, tot (t,to) tiene que ser igual a cero para todos los valo-
res de t).

(103) En muchos casos será suficientemente aproximado realizar un análisis elástico basándose en un mó-
dulo de elasticidad para el hormigón que haya sido ajustado para tener en cuenta los efectos de la
fluencia de acuerdo con la Ecuación (2.24) del apartado 2.5.5.1 (12) de la Norma Europea Experi-
mental ENV 1992-1-1.

(104) Cuando un elemento está sometido a temperaturas diferentes en caras opuestas, la diferencia de tem-
peratura a través de la pared en la situación estacionaria viene dada por la ecuación (2.125), (véase la
figura 2.106):

h c
Tss T2 T1 (2.125)
1 h c 2

donde

Tss diferencia de temperaturas en situación estacionaria;

1 resistencia al flujo de calor de la superficie 1. En ausencia de datos específicos para la situación

considerada, se pueden adoptar los valores siguientes para 1:
0,005 m2 ºC/W para líquidos;
0,110 m2 ºC/W para materiales granulares;
0,060 m2 ºC/W para la atmósfera exterior (este valor puede verse afectado significativamente
por el viento);

2 resistencia al flujo de calor de la superficie 2, (valores análogos a los de 1);

h espesor de la pared en m;

c conductividad del hormigón que, en ausencia de datos mejores, puede tomarse como
1,75 W/mºC;

T1 temperatura del material en contacto con la superficie 1;

T2 temperatura del material en contacto con la superficie 2, mayor que T1.

La temperatura media de un muro en la situación estacionaria puede obtenerse de la siguiente expre-

sión:

c 1
Tm T1 0,5 Tss (2.126)
h

AENOR AUTORI ZA EL USO DE ESTE DOCUM ENTO A UNI VERSI DAD POL I TECNI CA M ADRI D
Heat Flow Basics

SURFACE FI L M S
To account for both the radiative and convective heat transfer modes at the exterior and
interior surfaces of building components, the radiative and convective heat transfer
coefficients are used in the form of an equivalent conductance or, alternatively, equivalent
resistances. These equivalent coefficients are termed surface film coefficients. It is important
to recognize that a surface film does not exist in reality. The term film is used simply so that
a layer (of indefinite thickness) can be added to a typical conductive heat flow analysis.
The resistance to heat flow at a surface is small relative to the heat flow resistance of most
modern wall assemblies and therefore need not be accurately estimated for most purposes.
Poorly insulated walls and windows have a lower overall thermal resistance and thus surface
effects are more important. Hence, a more precise calculation of surface films is justified for
these types of enclosures.
The overall equivalent surface conductances, ho, or resistance in Table 1 can be used in to find
heat flow without further modification. Again, note that surface films are fictitious: they do
not physically exist, or have thickness.

Sur face Position Flow Dir ection Resistance Conductance

2
Still Air (e.g. indoor s) RSI [m K/W]? [W/m2K]?
Horizontal (i.e. ceilings Upward 0.11 9.3
and floors) Downward 0.16 6.1
Vertical (i.e. walls) Horizontal 0.12 8.3
M oving Air
(e.g. outdoor s)
Stormy 6.7 m/s (winter) any 0.03 34
Breeze 3.4 m/s (summer) any 0.04 23
Average conditions any 0.06 17
Table 1: Equivelant Total Sur face Film Conductances (ho)
PL ANE A I R SPACES
Plane air spaces are commonly used in building assemblies. Heat is transferred across air
spaces by a combination of conduction through still air, convection flows, and by net
radiation from the warm side to the cold. The modes of heat transfer vary in importance
depending on: the emissivities of the surfaces, the thickness of the air space, and the absolute
and relative temperatures of the two surfaces.
The heat flow across a plane air space can be found with a reasonable degree of accuracy by
using detailed correlations of convection and radiation. However, a high degree of accuracy is
rarely necessary or justified in light of the many poorly known variables (e.g. variable cavity
widths, blocked cavities, etc.) and the relatively small influence that the airspace has on the
thermal resistance of modern enclosure assemblies. Simplified values for most practically
encountered situations are presented in Table 2. The values in Table 2 are also given in terms
of resistances so that they can be directly used in the heat flow equation.

© J. F. Straube 2000-2003 2 UW Building Science