GENERADOR ELECTRICO

INTRODUCCIÓN
Un generador eléctrico es todo dispositivo capaz de mantener una u na diferencia de potencial eléctrico entre
dos de sus puntos, llamados polos, terminales o bornes. Los generadores eléctricos son máquinas
destinadas a transformar la energía
ene rgía mecánica
mecánica en en eléctrica. Esta transformación se consigue por la acción
de un campo magnético sobre los conductores eléctricos dispuestos sobre una armadura (denominada
también estator. !i mecánicamente se produce un movimiento
movimiento relativo
 relativo entre los conductores " el campo,
se generara una fuerza
fuerza electromotriz
 electromotriz (#.E.$..

En la actualidad, la generación de %.%. se realiza mediante pilas

pilas "
 " acumuladores o se obtiene de la
conversión de %.&. a %.%. mediante los puentes recti'cadores. El uso de la dinamo para la producción
producción de
 de
energía en forma de %. %. se estuvo utilizando asta la llegada de los alternadores, que con el tiempo
tiempo la
 la
an de)ado totalmente desplazada. *o" en día +nicamente se utilizan las dinamos para aplicaciones
especí'cas, como por e)emplo, para medir las velocidades de rotación de un e)e (tacodinamos, "a que la
tensión que presentan en los bornes de salida es proporcional a la velocidad
velocidad de
 de la misma.

!e puede decir que una dinamo es una máquina eléctrica rotativa que produce energía eléctrica en forma
de corriente continua aprovecando el fenómeno de inducción
inducción electromagnética.
 electromagnética. Esta máquina consta
fundamentalmente de un electroimán encargado de crear un campo magnético ')o
magnético ')o conocido por el nombre
de inductor, " un cilindro donde se enrollan bobinas de cobre
cobre,, que se acen girar a una cierta velocidad
cortando el u)o inductor, que se conoce como inducido.
GENERADOR DE CORRIENTE CONTINUA (O DINAMOS)
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1 Producción de corriente alterna en

alterna en una esira !ue "ira en el seno de un ca#o #a"n$tico

%IGURA 1&1& Alternador Ele#ental

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%ada uno de los terminales de la espira se conecta a un anillo metálico conductor, donde dos escobillas de
gra'to recogen la corriente inducida " la suministran al circuito eterior.
eterior.

/ara determinar el sentido de la corriente inducida, en cada posición de los conductores, de la espira se
aplica la regla de los tres dedos de la mano dereca, pudiéndose comprobar
comprobar cómo se obtiene a la salida
una tensión alterna senoidal.

'& Recticación de la corriente #ediante el colector de del"as

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0ado que lo que deseamos es obtener corriente continua en la salida del generador, necesitamos
incorporar un dispositivo que convierta la %.&. generada en %.%. Esto se consigue mediante el colector de
delgas.

!i, tal como se muestra

muestra en
 en la #ig
#igura
ura -.1, conectamos los dos etremos de la espira, no "a en los dos anillos
colectores, sino en dos semianillos conductores aislados uno del otro, sobre los que ponemos en contacto
dos escobillas que reco)an la corriente, conseguiremos obtener a la salida %.%.

%uando la espira gira, la corriente inducida cambia de sentido en una determinada posición. !i observamos
atentamente en la #igura -.2 las dos posiciones de la espira, ésta es solidaria a los dos semianillos - " 1
que giran con ella. !in embargo, las escobillas & " 3 son ')as.
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%i"ura 1&& El sentido de la corriente er#anece constante en la salida de la esira "racias al

colector de del"as&

En la posición de la #ig
#igura
ura -2. a, la corriente inducida en los conductores a " b posee el sentido que se
indica con las ecas. El semianillo - está en contacto con la escobilla &, " el semianillo 1 con la escobilla
3.

&l girar la espira asta la posición de la #igura -.2 b, la corriente inducida en los conductores a " b a
cambiado de sentido, tal como se indica con las ecas, pero como el semianillo - está aora en contacto
con la escobilla 3 " el semianillo 1 queda en contacto con la escobilla &, el sentido de la corriente no
cambia en los conductores & " 3 que suministran energía a la carga.

En resumen, la corriente que u"e por la espira es alterna, pero el colector formado por los semianillos
aislados consiguen recti'car la corriente " convertirla en continua.

%on una sola espira " dos anillos colectores conseguimos una corriente continua similar a la obtenida en un
puente recti'cador de onda completa, tal como se muestra en la #igura -.4.
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%i"ura 1&'*& Es!ue#a de cone/ión de una dina#o con e/citación co#ound&

Gracias a la combinación de los efectos serie " derivación en la ecitación de la dinamo se consigue que la
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%i"ura 1&'6& Cur,a caracter5stica en car"a de una dina#o co#ound

La gran estabilidad conseguida en la tensión por las dinamos con ecitación compound ace que ésta sea
en la práctica la más utilizada para la generación de energía.

1&2& Ensaos
Ensaos en
 en una dina#o
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resistencia de aislamiento, la rigidez dieléctrica, etc. &demás, a través de los ensa"os se pueden
determinar las curvas características de la dinamo, como pueden ser>

%aracterística de vacío> @b?f (e /ara una velocidad de rotación ')a (= 7 cte " e stando la dinamo
traba)ando en vacío (H ? :, la curva representa el valor de la tensión en bornes (@b en función
función de
 de la
corriente de ecitación (e.

%aracterística en carga> @ ? f (e /ara una velocidad de rotación ')a (= ? cte " estando la dinamo
traba)ando en carga a una intensidad constante (i ? cte, la curva representa el valor de la tensión en
bornes (@b en función de la corriente de ecitación (e.

%aracterística de ecitación o regulación> e ? f (i. /ara una velocidad de rotación " una tensión en
bornes constantes (= ? cte, @b ? cte, la curva representa la corriente de ecitación (e en función de la
corriente suministrada por el inducido (L.

%aracterística de cortocircuito> ,I ? f (l. /ara una velocidad constante (= ? cte " una tensión en bornes
igual a cero (@b ? :, la curva representa la comente de ecitación (e en función de la corriente
suministrada por el inducido (i.

%aracterística eterior> @?f (í. /ara una corriente de ecitación " velocidad constantes (e ? cte, = 7
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%aracterística interior> E ?f (H. /ara una corriente de ecitación " velocidad constantes (e ? cte, = ?
cte, la curva representa la f.e.m. inducida por la dinamo (E en función de la corriente suministrada por el
inducido (i.

/ara llevar a cabo estos ensa"os son necesarios los siguientes equipos>

$otor de arrastre con posibilidad de regulación " control de velocidad. En la #igura -.15 se a utilizado un
motor de
motor  de corriente continua en derivación en el que, modi'cando su corriente de ecitación (variando el
reostato Jr " tensión del inducido (variando la tensión en la fuente de alimentación #.&.
#.&. regulable se
puede conseguir un amplio margen de velocidad.

#uente de alimentación de %.%. regulable para alimentación del motor de arrastre.

#uente de alimentación de %.%. regulable para alimentación de la ecitación de la dinamo.

&paratos de medida de alcance adecuado para medir tensión " corriente en los diferentes circuitos.

Un tacómetro para medir la velocidad de la dinamo (la ma"or parte de los ensa"os se acen a velocidad
constante, que deberá corresponderse con la nominal de la dinamo. /ara conseguir mantener esta
velocidad constante en el circuito de la #igura -8.15 abrá que a)ustar la ten sión de alimentación " la
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%i"ura 1&'7& Es!ue#a de cone/ión ara la o0tención de las cur,as caracter5sticas de una
dina#o de e/citación indeendiente&

En la #igura -.15 se muestra, como e)emplo, el circuito para obtener las curvas en vacío " carga de una
dinamo de ecitación independiente. /ara realizar las curvas de una dinamo con la ecitación en derivación
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%uando un generador de c7a produce una cantidad de potencia relativamente peque<a, los anillos rozantes
operan satisfactoriamente. /or otra parte, cuando se mane)an potencias elevadas, resulta cada vez más
difícil el aislar su'cientemente sus anillos rozantes " por lo tanto, éstos se convierten en un motivo
frecuente de problemas. 0ebido a esto, la ma"or parte de los generadores de c7a tienen una armadura
estacionaria " un

%ampo rotatorio. En estos generadores, las bobinas de armadura están montadas permanentemente con
arreglo a la circunferencia interna de la cubierta del generador, en tanto que las bobinas de campo " sus
piezas polares están montadas sobre un e)e " giran dentro de la armadura estacionaria. Esta disposición de
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En el campo de una armadura estacionaria, la salida del generador puede conectarse directamente a un
circuito eterno sin necesidad de anillos rozantes ni escobillas, lo cual elimina los problemas de aislamiento
que eistirían si fuese necesario producir corrientes " volta)es elevados a la carga, por medio de anillos
rozantes. =aturalmente, como el devanado de campo gira, deben usarse anillos rozantes para conectar el
devanado a su fuente eterna de ecitación de c7c. !in embargo, los volta)es " corrientes que se mane)an
son peque<os, comparados con los de armadura " no a" di'cultad en suministrar el aislamiento
su'ciente.

Ktra venta)a en usar una

un a armadura estacionaria es que ace posible velocidades de rotación muco más
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'&'& Generadores de c=a #ono:>sicos

%uando se trató de generadores de c7a, la armadura a sido representada por una sola espira. El volta)e
inducido en esta espira sería mu" peque<oF así pues, lo mismo que ocurre en los generadores de c7c, la
armadura consta en realidad de numerosas bobinas, cada una con más de una u na espira. Las bobinas están
devanadas de manera que cada uno de los volta)es en las espiras de cualquier bobina se suman para
producir el volta)e total de la bobina. Las bobinas se pueden conectar de varias maneras, seg+n el método
especí'co que se use para darle las características deseadas al generador.

!i todas las bobinas de armadura se conectan en serie aditiva, el generador tiene una
un a salida +nica. La
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0ebido a que los recti'cadores se oponen al u)o de corriente en la dirección opuesta, no se necesita
relevador de corte de corriente inversa en el regulador de volta)e. &demás, como el alternador es un
generador de alta corriente, tampoco se necesita un regulador de corriente. /or lo tanto, el regulador para
el alternador es muco más simple que para el generador de c7cF .sólo cuenta con un circuito de relevador
para regular el volta)e de salida del alternador, controlando la corriente del campo. =ótese que, a pesar de
ser un alternador, es auto ecitado. Esto se puede acer debido a que la salida recti'cada es c7c.

'&11& %unciona#iento del alternador

El alternador de automóvil trifásico está provisto de devanados de armadura ')a conectados en M, los
cuales, seg+n se a eplicado, producen un volta)e de fase entre dos puntas de salida. La salida del
alternador es un volta)e positivo en relación con tierra
tierra.. /ero ninguna punta de los devanados M está
conectada directamente a tierra debido a que los devanados producen c7aF las tres puntas son
alternativamente negativas " positivas, al recorrer los ciclos de c7a. /or lo tanto, cada punta debe
conectarse a tierra cuando es negativa ", a la salida, cuando es positiva. Esto se logra con recti'cadores.
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Los recti'cadores
recti'cadores sirven como interruptores que cierran una polaridad " abren la otra. =ótese que cada
onda tiene dos recti'cadores conectados en oposición. Un recti'cador conectará la punta a la línea de
salida cuando sea positiva, pero la desconectará cuando sea negativa. El otro recti'cador conecta la
terminal a tierra cuando es negativa " la desconecta cuando es positiva. El diagrama ilustra cómo se
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!i se recuerda lo estudiado acerca del generador de c7c, es fácil comprender que el conmutador era
necesario para efectuar la misma operación siempre que las puntas cambiaran de polaridad, "a que la
armadura siempre produce c7a. /or lo tanto, en el alternador los recti'cadores sirven como conmutadores
electrónicos, por lo que es discutible si el alternador
a lternador es en realidad un alternador o nada más otro tipo de
generador de c7c.

'&1'& Resistencia interna del "enerador

En todo generador, la corriente de carga u"e a través del devanado de armadura. %omo cualquier bobina
o devanado, la armadura tiene resistencia e inductancia. La combinación de esta resistencia " la reactancia
inductiva que ocasiona la inductancia, constitu"e la llamada resistencia interna del generador. %uando
u"e corriente de carga, produce una caída de volta)e en la resistencia interna. Esta caída de volta)e se
resta del volta)e de salida del generador ", en consecuencia, representa volta)e generado, el cual se pierde
" no puede ser aprovecado por la carga.

&dviértase que, cuanto ma"or sea la resistencia interna, ma"or será la parte de volta)e generado que se
presente como caída interna del generador ", en consecuencia, que se pierde. En un generador de c7c con
determinada resistencia interna, la caída de volta)e interno es directamente proporcional a la corriente de
carga, siendo igual a>
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que lo ace la frecuencia. %omo la velocidad de un generador es uno

un o de los factores que determina la
frecuencia, la resistencia interna de un generador de c7a cambiará seg+n la velocidad del generador.
generador.

'&1& El #oto "enerador

Un moto generador consta de un motor eléctrico " un generador conectado mecánicamente de manera
que el motor ace girar al generador.
generador. El motor suministra así la energía mecánica
mecánica que
 que el generador
transforma en energía eléctrica. anto
anto el motor como el generador de un motor generador suelen estar
montados sobre la misma base " pueden moverse e instalarse como una u na sola unidad.

Los moto generadores generalmente se usan para cambiar electricidad

electricidad de
 de un volta)e o frecuencia a otro o
para convertir c7a en c7c ó c7c en c7a. La electricidad que tiene las características que an de transformarse
alimenta al motor " el generador está dise<ado para producir electricidad con las nuevas características
deseadas. /or e)emplo, el motor puede ser impulsado por una fuente de potencia de 5:7cps, en tanto que
el generador produce una salida cu"a frecuencia es de 4::7cps. K bien un motor de c7c puede impulsar a
un generador de c7a para lograr la conversión de c7c en c7a.

%uando el dispositivo cambia una clase

clase de
 de c7a. a otra clase de c7a o a c7c, se llama grupo
grupo moto
 moto generador.
/ero, cuando se usa para convertir c7c en c7a, a veces también se le llama convertidor. $u"
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