List of Connectors

1. Therefore (derfor): Adverbio: por lo tanto, por consiguiente, por

consecuencia, en consecuencia, consiguientemente, consecuentemente.
2. Other (oder): Sustantivo: otro. Adjetivo: otro, distinto. Adverbio: de otra
manera. Pronombre: otro, otros.
3. Whilst (guailst): Conjunción: mientras, mientras que, en tanto que,
aunque.
4. While (guail): Sustantivo: rato, corto tiempo. Verbo: pasar, dejar pasar,
disipar (el tiempo). Preposición (ant.): hasta que. Conjunción: aunque,
mientras, entretanto, mientras que, a pesar de que.
5. Sometimes (somtaims): Adverbio: a veces, algunas veces, alguna vez,
alguna que otra vez, de vez en cuando, de cuando en cuando.
6. Thus (das): Adverbio: así, así de, de esa manera, de esta manera, de ese
modo, de este modo, de tal manera, por lo tanto.
7. Neither (nider, naider, neider): Adjetivo: ningún. Pronombre: ninguno de
los dos. Ejemplos de su uso: “…neither of these is specific for…” ninguno
de estos es específico para. “neither nor” ni-ni. “neither you nor I” ni tú, ni
yo. “…neither more nor less…” ni más, ni menos. Frases idiomáticas: “…
neither here nor there…” no viene al caso, no tiene nada que ver. “…
neither sick nor sorry…” no le importa, no le hace mella.
8. Either (ider, eider, aider): Adjetivo: cualquier, cualquiera, ambos, cada.
Pronombre: cualquiera, cualquiera de los dos. Adverbio: tampoco.
Ejemplos de su uso: “either or” o-o.
9. Although (óldou). Conjunción: aunque, a pesar que, a pesar de que.
10. Whereas (guéreas): Expresiones: mientras que, mientras cuando, visto
que, en vista de que, siendo así que, pues que, ya que, por cuanto,
considerando. Conjunción: mientras que, en tanto que, dado que, pues
que, ya que.
11. Whichever: cualquiera
12. Conversely: por el contrario
13. Whereby:
Relación sustantivos-adjetivos 1

Adjective Meaning Noun Meaning

blind (blaind) ciego blindness ceguera
conscious consciente consciousness conciencia
(conchus)
Aware (eguear) consciente Awareness (eguernes) conciencia
deaf (def) sordo deafness sordera
dizzy (dizi) mareado dizziness mareo
numb (nom) entumecido numbness entumecimiento
adormecido
light-headed atolondrado light-headedness aturdimiento
(laijedid) aturdido (laijedines)
unsteady (onsteri) inestable unsteadiness inestabilidad
indeciso
tender (=) sensible tenderness (=) sensibilidad

Relación sustantivos-adjetivos 2

Noun Meaning Adjective Meaning

absence (absens) ausencia absent (=) ausente
diminution disminución diminished disminuido
(diminiuchon) (diminicht)
flaccidity (flasiditi) flacidez-flaccidez flaccid (flasid) flácido
spasticity (=) espasticidad spastic (=) espástico
Weak (guik) débil Weakness (guiknes) debilidad
wasting (gueistin) atrofia wasted (gueistid) atrofiado
Stiffness (=) rigidez Stiff (=) rígido
Relación sustantivos-adjetivos 3

Noun Meaning Adjective Meaning

affect (=) afecto affective (=) afectivo emotivo
anxiety (ensaieti) ansiedad anxious (enchus) ansioso
behaviour comportamiento behavioural conductista
(bejeiviur) (bijeiviural) situacional
dementia demencia demented demenciado
(dimencha) (dimentid)
disturbance disturbio disturbed (disterd) perturbado
(disturbans) enfermedad alterado
suicide (siuisaid) suicidio suicidal suicida
(siuisaidal)

TYPES OF MEDICATION

 Tablet/tablets (=) tableta.

 Capsule/capsules (capso/el) cápsula.
 Powder/powders (pauder) polvo (para suspensión, bulbo liofilizado).
 Solution/solutions (soluchon) solución oral o intravenosa.
 Suspension/suspensions (suspenchon) suspensión oral.
 Syrup/syrups (sirop) jarabe.
 Pessary/pessaries (pesa/eri) supositorio/óvulo vaginal.
 Suppository/suppositories (supósitori) supositorio.
 Ointment/ointments (oinment) ungüento pomada
 Cream/creams (Krim) crema, pomada
 Paste/pastes (péist) pasta.
 Lotion/lotions (lochon) loción.
 Pomade/pomades (pomeid) pomada.
 Spray/sprays (sprei) aerosol, atomizador, rociada, aspersión.
  Inhaler/inhalers (injeler) inhalador.
 Chewable/chewables (chuabol) masticable. Example: Tablet, chewable.
 Immediate-release (emidiet-rilis) liberación inmediata. E.g., tablet,
immediate-release.
 Extended-release (extended-rilis) liberación prolongada. E.g., tablet,
extended-release.
 IV (intravenous) solution (intravinus soluchon) solución intravenosa.

DRUG ADMINISTRATION ROUTES (ABBREVIATIONS)

 Sublingual (soblingual, s.l)

 Subcutaneous (sobkiuteinius, s.c)
 Per rectum (=, p.r)
 Intravenous (intravinus, i.v)
 Infusion (infiuchon, infus)
 By mouth (bai mauz, p.o)
 Topical (=)
 With meals (guiz mils, c.c)
 Before meals, food (a.c)
 After meals, food (p.c)
 At bed time (q.h.s)
 Take/given once per day (o.d)
 Take/given twice per day (b.i.d) (bd)
 Take/given three times per day (t.i.d)
 Take/given four times per day (q.d.s) (q.i.d)
 Take/given every other day (q.o.d)
 Take/given every…hour (qh)
 As required/needed (p.r.n)
 O/E: on examination
 Drop/gtt: gotas oculares (unit of liquid volume equal to the amount of liquid
which comes from a dropper, or about 1/12 th of a mililiter.
  Dx: diagnosis
 cc: cubic centimeter
 C/O: complains of.
 Rx: treatment
 T: temperature
 XR: X-Ray
 Tablespoonful (teibesponful tbsp): cucharada = 3 teaspoons (tiispuns,
cucharaditas).
 Teaspoonful (tisponful tsp): cucharadita = 1 teaspoons (tiispuns, cucharilla,
5 ml)

CONJUGACIÓN INGLESA EN VOZ ACTIVA

TIEMPOS EN VOZ ACTIVA

1. Simple present

I diagnose
You diagnose
he/she/it diagnoses
we diagnose
you diagnose
they diagnose

2. Present continuous

I am diagnosing
You are diagnosing
he/she/it is diagnosing
we are diagnosing
you are diagnosing
they are diagnosing

3. Simple past

I diagnosed
You diagnosed
he/she/it diagnosed
we diagnosed
you diagnosed
they diagnosed

4. Past continuous

I was diagnosing
You were diagnosing
he/she/it was diagnosing
we were diagnosing
you were diagnosing
they were diagnosing

5. Present perfect

I have diagnosed
You have diagnosed
he/she/it has diagnosed
we have diagnosed
you have diagnosed
they have diagnosed

6. Present perfect continuous

I have been diagnosing

You have been diagnosing
he/she/it has been diagnosing
we have been diagnosing
you have been diagnosing
they have been diagnosing

7. Past perfect

I had diagnosed
You had diagnosed
he/she/it had diagnosed
we had diagnosed
you had diagnosed
they had diagnosed

8. Past perfect continuous

I had been diagnosing

You had been diagnosing
he/she/it had been diagnosing
we had been diagnosing
you had been diagnosing
they had been diagnosing

9. Future

I will diagnose
You will diagnose
he/she/it will diagnose
we will diagnose
you will diagnose
they will diagnose

10. Future continuous

I will be diagnosing
You will be diagnosing
he/she/it will be diagnosing
we will be diagnosing
you will be diagnosing
they will be diagnosing

11. Future perfect

I will have diagnosed

You will have diagnosed
he/she/it will have diagnosed
we will have diagnosed
you will have diagnosed
they will have diagnosed

12. Future perfect continuous

I will have been diagnosing

You will have been diagnosing
he/she/it will have been diagnosing
we will have been diagnosing
you will have been diagnosing
they will have been diagnosing

Conditional

1. Conditional present
I would diagnose
You would diagnose
he/she/it would diagnose
we would diagnose
you would diagnose
they would diagnose

2. Conditional present progressive

I would be diagnosing
You would be diagnosing
he/she/it would be diagnosing
we would be diagnosing
you would be diagnosing
they would be diagnosing

3. Conditional perfect

I would have diagnosed

You would have diagnosed
he/she/it would have diagnosed
we would have diagnosed
you would have diagnosed
they would have diagnosed

4. Conditional perfect progressive

I would have been diagnosing

You would have been diagnosing
he/she/it would have been diagnosing
we would have been diagnosing
you would have been diagnosing
they would have been diagnosing

Subjunctive

1. Present subjunctive

I diagnose
You diagnose
he/she/it diagnose
we diagnose
you diagnose
they diagnose
 2. Past subjunctive

I diagnosed
You diagnosed
he/she/it diagnosed
we diagnosed
you diagnosed
they diagnosed

3. Past perfect subjunctive

I had diagnosed
You had diagnosed
he/she/it had diagnosed
we had diagnosed
you had diagnosed
they had diagnosed

Imperative

You diagnose

We Let´s diagnose

You diagnose

Participle

Present participle diagnosing

Past participle diagnosed

Infinitive to diagnose

Simple past diagnosed

Examen Físico Neurológico: ordenes

 Show me a big smile (muéstrame una sonrisa)

 Show me your teeth (enseñame los dientes)
 Squeeze (scuis) my hand hard (aprieta mi mano fuerte)
 Give me a hard squeeze
 Hold my hand tight (tai) (aprieta mi mano fuerte)
 Just look at my nose, how many fingers?
 Ok, now how many? How many now?
 I will light your eyes with my flashlight
 I am going to show my light in your eyes
 Now look at the light and follow it as it moves
 Now wacht the light and just follow it when it moves
 Up and down, to the right, to the left
 Stick out your tongue (saque la lengua)
 Shrug (chroop) your shoulders up (encoge tus hombros hacia arriba)
 Now I am going to whisper a number in your ear. You just tell the number.
 Very good, now you can open your eyes
 Arms forward, palms up (brazos hacia adelante palmas hacia arriba)
 Arms up (brazos hacia arriba)
 Push me (empújeme)
 Press towards you against my hand
 Push back against my hand (presione hacia atrás)
 Press back against my hand (apriete hacia atrás contra mi mano)
 Press me on (presioname)
 Bend the hand up (at the wrist)
 Bend the hand down (at the wrist)
 Bend the fingers up and down (at metacarpophalangeal joints)
 With plams flat on table or flat on the other hand, turn them outward and in
 Spread fingers and apart make a fist.
 Touch the thumb to each finger and to the base of little finger.
 Kick up, kick out
 Lift your right leg off the bed
The Nervous System. The Physical Examination.

Neurological assessment begins with your first contact with the patient and
continues during the history. Note facial expression, demeanour (diminor), dress,
posture, gait and speech. The general examination and mental state examination,
are integral parts of the neurological examination.

Neurologic Screening Examination: Important Areas of Examination.

1. Mental Status (level of consciousness)

2. Cranial Nerves
3. Motor Function
4. Sensory Function
5. Reflexes
6. Meningeal Irritation

Mental Status

Verbos Importantes en Medicina

 Diagnosticar: to diagnose (daignous, daignos), diagnosing (daignosin),

diagnoses (dainosis), diagnosed (daignous)
 Quejar (se): to complain (complein), complaining (compleining), complains
(compleins), complained (compleind)
 Fallecer: to pass away (=), passing away (=), passes away (=), passed
away (pasteguay)
 Ingresar, admitir: to admit (=), admitting (admirin), admits (=), admitted
(admirid)
 Dar alta: to discharge (discharch), discharging (discharching), discharges
(discharches), discharged (discharcht)
 Analizar: to test (=), testing (=), tests (tes-s), tested (testid)
 Indicar: to order (=), ordering (=), orders (=), ordered (orderd)
 Realizar: to perform (=), performing (=), performs (=), performed (d)
 Evaluar: to assess (eses), assessing (esesin, asesin), assesses (eseses),
assessed (esest)
 Prescribir: to prescribe (priscraib), prescribing (priscraibing), prescribes
(priscraibs), prescribed (priscrait)
 Remitir: to refer (=), referring (=), refers (=), referred (d)
 Enviar: to send (=), sending (sendin), sends (=), sent (=)
 Traer: to bring (brin), bringing (bringin), brings (brins), brought (broot)
 Atender: to assist (assist) assisting (=), assists (asis-s), assisted (id)
 OJO: diagnostic (daignostic) es adjetivo, eg. Diagnostic procedures.
diagnosis (daignoses) es sustantivo y significa diagnóstico en singular, eg.
Differential diagnosis. En plural es diagnoses (daignosis).
 Examinar: to examine (examin), examining (=), examines (examins),
examined (d)
 Chequear: to check, checking, checks, cheked
 Provocar: to provoke (provok), provoking, provokes (provoks), provoked
(provokt).
 Disparar, desencadenar: to trigger (=), triggering (=), triggers (=), triggered
(=)
 Obtener, povocar: to elicit (elisit), eliciting (eliciting), elicites (elisaits), elicited
(elisitid)
 Considerar, creer: to deem (diim), deeming (diiming), deems (diims),
deemed (diimd)
 Confirmar: to confirm (kenferm), confirming (kenferming), confirms
(kenferms), confirmed (kenfermd).
 Descartar: to rule out (rulaut), ruling out (rulinaut), rules out (rulsaut), ruled
out (ruldaut)
 Responder al tratamiento: to respond (rispond), responding (risponding),
responds (risponds), responded (rispondid)
 Mostrar: to show (chou), showing (chouin), shows (chous), showed (choud),
shown (chon)/showed (choud)
  Reportar: to report (riport), reporting (riportin/riporin), reports (riports),
reported (riportid/riporid)
 Sugerir: to suggest (suyest), suggests (suyes-s), suggesting (suyestin),
suggested (suyestid)
 Revelar: to reveal (rivíal), revealing (rivílin), reveals (rivíals), revealed
(rivíald)
 Aconsejar: to advise (edvais), advises (edvaises), advising (edvaisin),
advised (edvaist)
 Recomendar: to recommend (récomend), recommending (récomendin),
recommends (récomends), recommended (récomendid)
 Decir: to say (sei), saying (seyin), seys (ses), said (sed)

Palabras Importantes:

 Disease, illness, (enfermedad), disorder (trastorno), condition (condición),

disturbance (disturbio).
 Atrophy (átrofi): atrofia.
 Dysphagia (disféiya)
 Dysphonia (disfónia)
 Dysarthria (disartria)
 Difficulty in phonation
 Difficulty (díficolti) in swallowing (sualouing), chewing (chuing), speaking
(spikin).
 Myasthenia (maiestinia)
 Crisis (craises)
 Cholinergic (colineryic)
 Insufficiency (ínsufichensi)
 Failure (felior)
 Impairment (empeirment)
 Blurred (blerd) vision
 Myosis (mayosis)
 Muscle (mosel)
 Muscular (moskiular)
 Twitching (tuichin)
 Excessive (éksesif) lacrimation
 Increased (encrist) salivation
 Tachycardia (takicardia)/Bradycardia (bredicardia)
 Chest tightness (taines).
 Wheezing (guising)
 Coughing (cofing)
 Difficulty breathing (briding)
 Loss of bowel or bladder control