Problema resuelto .

Intercambiadores de calor

Para calentar un depósito de fuel-oil, se utiliza una batería de tubos aleteados por cuyo interior
circula aceite térmico. A su paso por la batería de tubos aleteados, el aceite disipa 15000 W. Después,
el aceite recupera esa cantidad de calor a su paso por la carcasa de un intercambiador de un paso por
carcasa y un paso por tubo. Para ello, se hace pasar por los tubos del intercambiador los gases de
escape del motor diesel de un grupo electrógeno, como se aprecia en la figura:

Figura 1. Esquema del circuito. Donde pone "agua" debería poner "aceite"

El coeficiente global del intercambiador de calor es U=38 W/m2K. La temperatura del aceite a la
entrada al depósito de fuel oil es 150 °C, y la temperatura a la salida del depósito es 140 °C.
Los tubos tienen un radio interior de 1 cm, y un espesor de 1 mm. Los gases salen del motor a una
temperatura de 450 °C, a razón de 240 m3/h.

Calcula:

a) La temperatura de los gases a la salida del intercambiador

b) El número de tubos del intercambiador, si la velocidad máxima admisible de los gases por cada
tubo es vmax=5 m/s

c) El gasto másico de aceite que circula por el circuito

d) La longitud de los tubos del intercambiador

e) Número de unidades de transmisión (NTU) del intercambiador

f) La eficiencia del intercambiador de calor

𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓,𝑒𝑒 +𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓,𝑠𝑠
NOTA 1: Evaluar las propiedades del aceite térmico a la temperatura media, 𝑇𝑇�𝑓𝑓 =
2
NOTA 2: Evaluar las propiedades de los gases de combustión a la temperatura de entrada, Tc,e.
Cengel_Ap1.qxd 2/22/11 7:21 PM Page 885

Calor Conductividad Difusividad Viscosidad Viscosidad Número

Temp., Densidad, específico, térmica, térmica, dinámica, cinemática, de Prandtl,
T, °C r, kg/m3 cp, J/kg · K k, W/m · K a, m2/s m, kg/m · s , m2/s Pr
Gases de combustión
50 2.4035 746 0.01051 5.860  106 1.129  105 4.699  106 0.8019
0 1.9635 811 0.01456 9.141  106 1.375  105 7.003  106 0.7661
50 1.6597 866.6 0.01858 1.291  105 1.612  105 9.714  106 0.7520
100 1.4373 914.8 0.02257 1.716  105 1.841  105 1.281  105 0.7464
150 1.2675 957.4 0.02652 2.186  105 2.063  105 1.627  105 0.7445
200 1.1336 995.2 0.03044 2.698  105 2.276  105 2.008  105 0.7442
300 0.9358 1 060 0.03814 3.847  105 2.682  105 2.866  105 0.7450
400 0.7968 1 112 0.04565 5.151  105 3.061  105 3.842  105 0.7458
500 0.6937 1 156 0.05293 6.600  105 3.416  105 4.924  105 0.7460
1 000 0.4213 1 292 0.08491 1.560  104 4.898  105 1.162  104 0.7455
1 500 0.3025 1 356 0.10688 2.606  104 6.106  105 2.019  104 0.7745
2 000 0.2359 1 387 0.11522 3.521  104 7.322  105 3.103  104 0.8815

Coeficiente
Conducti- de expan-
Densi- Calor espe- vidad Difusividad Viscosidad Viscosidad Número sión volu-
Temp., dad, cífico, cp, térmica, térmica, dinámica, cinemática, de Prandtl, métrica, b,
T, °C r, kg/m3 J/kg ⋅ K k, W/m ⋅ K a, m2/s m, kg/m ⋅ s , m2/s Pr 1/K

Aceite térmico
0 899.0 1 797 0.1469 9.097  108 3.814 4.242  103 46 636 0.00070
20 888.1 1 881 0.1450 8.680  108 0.8374 9.429  104 10 863 0.00070
40 876.0 1 964 0.1444 8.391  108 0.2177 2.485  104 2 962 0.00070
60 863.9 2 048 0.1404 7.934  108 0.07399 8.565  105 1 080 0.00070
80 852.0 2 132 0.1380 7.599  108 0.03232 3.794  105 499.3 0.00070
100 840.0 2 220 0.1367 7.330  108 0.01718 2.046  105 279.1 0.00070
120 828.9 2 308 0.1347 7.042  108 0.01029 1.241  105 176.3 0.00070
140 816.8 2 395 0.1330 6.798  108 0.006558 8.029  106 118.1 0.00070
150 810.3 2 441 0.1327 6.708  108 0.005344 6.595  106 98.31 0.00070
a) Temperatura de los gases (fluido caliente, 'c') a la salida del intercambiador

1112 + 1156 𝐽𝐽
𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝,𝑐𝑐 = = 1134
2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

0,7968 + 0,6937 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝜌𝜌𝑐𝑐 = = 0,74525 3
2 𝑚𝑚

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 240 𝑚𝑚3 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑚𝑚̇𝑐𝑐 = 𝜌𝜌𝑐𝑐 × 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐̇ = 0,74525 3
× = 0,049683
𝑚𝑚 3600 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠

𝑄𝑄̇𝑐𝑐 = 𝑚𝑚̇𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝,𝑐𝑐 �𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐,𝑒𝑒 − 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐,𝑠𝑠 �

𝑄𝑄̇𝑐𝑐 15000
𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐,𝑠𝑠 = 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐,𝑒𝑒 − = 450 − = 183,8 °𝐶𝐶
𝑚𝑚̇𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝,𝑐𝑐 0,049683 × 1134

b) Número de tubos del intercambiador

vmax=5 m/s

𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑚𝑚̇ 0,049683

= 𝜌𝜌 ∙ 𝑣𝑣 ∙ 𝐴𝐴 → 𝑁𝑁 = = = 42,4 → 𝑁𝑁 = 43
𝑁𝑁 𝜌𝜌 ∙ 𝑣𝑣 ∙ 𝐴𝐴 0,74525 × 5 × �𝜋𝜋0,022 �
4

𝑚𝑚̇ 0,049683
𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = = = 4,94 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
𝑁𝑁 ∙ 𝜌𝜌 ∙ 𝐴𝐴 43 × 0,6 × �𝜋𝜋0,022 �
4

c) El gasto másico de aceite (fluido frío, 'f') que circula por el circuito

2395 + 2441 𝐽𝐽
𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝,𝑓𝑓 = = 2418
2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑄𝑄̇ = 𝑄𝑄̇𝑓𝑓 = 𝑄𝑄̇𝑐𝑐 = 15000 𝑊𝑊 →

15000 15000
15000 = 𝑚𝑚̇𝑓𝑓 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝,𝑓𝑓 �𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓,𝑠𝑠 − 𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓,𝑒𝑒 � → 𝑚𝑚̇𝑓𝑓 = = = 0,62 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑠𝑠
𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝,𝑓𝑓 �𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓,𝑠𝑠 − 𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓,𝑒𝑒 � 2418 × (150 − 140)

d) La longitud de los tubos del intercambiador

𝑄𝑄̇ = 𝑈𝑈 ∙ 𝐴𝐴 ∙ ∆𝑇𝑇𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐿𝐿 × 𝑁𝑁

∆𝑇𝑇1 − ∆𝑇𝑇2
∆𝑇𝑇𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 =
∆𝑇𝑇
ℓ𝑛𝑛 �∆𝑇𝑇1 �
2

∆𝑇𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 450 − 150 = 300 °𝐶𝐶

∆𝑇𝑇2 = 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 183,8 − 140 = 43,8 °𝐶𝐶

300 − 43,8
∆𝑇𝑇𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = = 133,1 °𝐶𝐶
300
ℓ𝑛𝑛 �43,8�

𝑄𝑄̇ = 𝑈𝑈 ∙ (𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐿𝐿 × 𝑁𝑁) ∙ ∆𝑇𝑇𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 →

𝑄𝑄̇ 15000
𝐿𝐿 = = = 0,998 ≈ 1 𝑚𝑚
𝑈𝑈 ∙ 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ∙ 𝑁𝑁 ∙ ∆𝑇𝑇𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 38 × 𝜋𝜋 × 0,022 × 43 × 133,1

e) Número de unidades de transmisión (NTU) del intercambiador

𝑈𝑈 ∙ 𝐴𝐴 𝑈𝑈 ∙ (𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐿𝐿 × 𝑁𝑁)
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = =
𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑊𝑊
𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 = 𝑚𝑚̇𝑐𝑐 · 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝,𝑐𝑐 = 0,049683 × 1134 = 56,3
𝐾𝐾
𝑊𝑊
𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓 = 𝑚𝑚̇𝑓𝑓 · 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝,𝑓𝑓 = 0,62 × 2418 = 1500
𝐾𝐾
𝑊𝑊
→ 𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = min�𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 , 𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓 � = 56,3
𝐾𝐾
38 × (𝜋𝜋 × 0,022 × 0,998 × 43)
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = =2
56,3

f) La eficiencia del intercambiador de calor

𝑄𝑄̇𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 �𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐,𝑒𝑒 − 𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓,𝑒𝑒 � = 56,3 × (450 − 140) = 17453 𝑊𝑊

𝑄𝑄̇ 15000
𝜀𝜀 = = = 0,86
𝑄𝑄̇𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 17453

𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 450 − 183,8

𝜀𝜀 = = = 0,86
𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 450 − 140
Termodinámica Aplicada y Fenómenos de Transporte

Problema propuesto. Intercambiadores de calor

Se desea climatizar el agua de una piscina descubierta a una temperatura de 22,5OC, utilizando un
sistema de producción de agua caliente mediante caldera e intercambiador como el que se muestra
en la figura 1. La caldera impulsa un caudal de 25 l/min de agua a 62OC, mientras de la piscina
retorna un caudal de 8,2 m3/h de agua a la temperatura de consigna.

Figura 1. Sistema de calentamiento de una piscina climatizada descubierta

Datos del intercambiador Bowman 5113‐2 S:

L=500 mm; Dcarcasa=230 mm; Dint,tubo=12 mm; etubo=0.75 mm

Ntubos=15; Configuración: 1 paso por carcasa ‐ 4 pasos por tubos
hext=1300 W/m2·K
Material: Acero Inoxidable

El intercambiador utilizado corresponde al modelo Bowman 5113‐2 S, cuyas características

geométricas se indican más abajo. Calcula:

a) Coeficiente global de transmisión de calor (U) del intercambiador disponible, para las
condiciones de operación planteadas (30%)

a.1 Calcula r1, r2 haciendo uso de los datos geométricos del intercambiador

a.2 Calcula el coeficiente de convección en el interior de los tubos, siguiendo los siguientes pasos:

a.2.1 Calcula la velocidad del agua fría por los tubos (m/s)
a.2.2 Calcula el número de Reynolds y el número de Prandtl del flujo de agua fría
a.2.3 Elige la correlación correspondiente para flujo interno (flujo laminar, turbulento, etc), y
calcula el número de Nusselt.
a.2.4 Despeja el valor de α1

a.3 Ya tienes toda la información para calcular el coeficiente global U

b) Número de unidades de transmisión (NTU) del intercambiador (10%)

b.1 Calcula la superficie total de intercambio, basado en el área exterior de los tubos. Observa que
existen 15 tubos por cada paso del intercambiador (4 pasos en total)

b.2 Calcula las capacidades caloríficas de los fluidos frío y caliente. Determina la capacidad
calorífica mínima, Cmin.

Intercambiadores de Calor
Termodinámica Aplicada y Fenómenos de Transporte

c) Eficiencia del proceso de intercambio de calor (10%)

c.1 Calcula el cociente CR=Cmin/Cmax
c.2 Utiliza la gráfica adjunta para obtener la eficiencia ε

d) Temperatura de retorno del agua en el circuito de la caldera

d.1 Elige la expresión adecuada para el cálculo de la eficiencia, en función de que Cmin=Cc o Cmin=Cf
d.2 Si Cmin=Cc, despeja de la expresión anterior Tcs

e) Temperatura de impulsión del agua en el circuito que va a la piscina

e.1 Asumiendo que , despeja Tfs


Consideramos que el agua de la piscina sólo disipa calor por la superficie en contacto con el
ambiente, mediante un proceso de convección con αamb=25 W/m2·K:

f) ¿Cuál es el volumen que puede tener la piscina, considerando una profundidad de 1600
mm?

f.1 Suponiendo que no hay pérdidas de calor en el circuito de intercambio térmico, el calor
intercambiado es el mismo calor que la piscina está disipando al ambiente
continuamente a través de su superficie libre, . Expresa la ley de enfriamiento de Newton
para expresar , y despeja la superficie de intercambio, que corresponderá a la superficie libre
de la piscina.

f.2 Calcula el volumen de la piscina.

Intercambiadores de Calor
Termodinámica Aplicada y Fenómenos de Transporte

Intercambiadores de Calor
 Steam
EXAMPLE 13–3 The Condensation of Steam in a Condenser 30°C
Steam in the condenser of a power plant is to be condensed at a temperature of
30°C with cooling water from a nearby lake, which enters the tubes of the con- Cooling
denser at 14°C and leaves at 22°C. The surface area of the tubes is 45 m2, and water
the overall heat transfer coefficient is 2100 W/m2 · °C. Determine the mass flow
14°C
rate of the cooling water needed and the rate of condensation of the steam in
the condenser.

SOLUTION Steam is condensed by cooling water in the condenser of a power

22°C
plant. The mass flow rate of the cooling water and the rate of condensation are
to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well
insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat trans-
fer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes
in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is 30°C
no fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The heat of vaporization of water at 30°C is hfg  2431 kJ/kg
FIGURE 13–19
and the specific heat of cold water at the average temperature of 18°C is Schematic for Example 13–3.
Cp  4184 J/kg · °C (Table A–9).
Analysis The schematic of the condenser is given in Figure 13–19. The con-
denser can be treated as a counter-flow heat exchanger since the temperature
of one of the fluids (the steam) remains constant.
The temperature difference between the steam and the cooling water at the
two ends of the condenser is

T1  Th, in  Tc, out  (30  22)°C  8°C

T2  Th, out  Tc, in  (30  14)°C  16°C

That is, the temperature difference between the two fluids varies from 8°C at
one end to 16°C at the other. The proper average temperature difference be-
tween the two fluids is the logarithmic mean temperature difference (not the
arithmetic), which is determined from

T1  T2 8  16
Tlm    11.5°C
ln (T1/T2) ln (8/16)

This is a little less than the arithmetic mean temperature difference of

1 (8  16)  12°C. Then the heat transfer rate in the condenser is determined
2
from
·
Q  UAs Tlm  (2100 W/m2 · °C)(45 m2)(11.5°C)  1.087  106 W  1087 kW

Therefore, the steam will lose heat at a rate of 1,087 kW as it flows through the
condenser, and the cooling water will gain practically all of it, since the con-
denser is well insulated.
The mass flow rate of the cooling water and the rate of the condensation of the
·
steam are determined from Q  [m· Cp (Tout  Tin)]cooling water  (m· hfg)steam to be
·
Q
m· cooling water 
Cp (Tout  Tin)
1,087 kJ/s
  32.5 kg/s
(4.184 kJ/kg · °C)(22  14)°C
and
·
Q 1,087 kJ/s
m· steam    0.45 kg/s
hfg 2431 kJ/kg

Therefore, we need to circulate about 72 kg of cooling water for each 1 kg of

steam condensing to remove the heat released during the condensation process.
 Hot
geothermal EXAMPLE 13–4 Heating Water in a Counter-Flow Heat Exchanger
water 160°C
A counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger is to heat water from 20°C to 80°C
2 kg/s
Cold at a rate of 1.2 kg/s. The heating is to be accomplished by geothermal water
water available at 160°C at a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. The inner tube is thin-walled
and has a diameter of 1.5 cm. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat
20°C 80°C
exchanger is 640 W/m2 · °C, determine the length of the heat exchanger re-
1.2 kg/s D = 1.5 cm quired to achieve the desired heating.

FIGURE 13–20 SOLUTION Water is heated in a counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger by

Schematic for Example 13–4.
geothermal water. The required length of the heat exchanger is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well
insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat trans-
fer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes
in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is
no fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties We take the specific heats of water and geothermal fluid to be 4.18
and 4.31 kJ/kg · °C, respectively.
Analysis The schematic of the heat exchanger is given in Figure 13–20. The
rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger can be determined from
·
Q  [m· Cp(Tout  Tin)]water  (1.2 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg · °C)(80  20)°C  301 kW
Noting that all of this heat is supplied by the geothermal water, the outlet
temperature of the geothermal water is determined to be
·
· Q
Q  [m· Cp(Tin  Tout)]geothermal → Tout  Tin  ·
m Cp
301 kW
 160°C 
(2 kg/s)(4.31 kJ/kg · °C)
 125°C
Knowing the inlet and outlet temperatures of both fluids, the logarithmic mean
temperature difference for this counter-flow heat exchanger becomes
T1  Th, in  Tc, out  (160  80)°C  80°C
T2  Th, out  Tc, in  (125  20)°C  105°C
and
T1  T2 80  105
Tlm    92.0°C
ln (T1/T2) ln (80/105)
Then the surface area of the heat exchanger is determined to be
·
· Q 301,000 W
Q  UAs Tlm → As    5.11 m2
U Tlm (640 W/m2 · °C)(92.0°C)

To provide this much heat transfer surface area, the length of the tube must be
As 5.11 m2
As  DL → L   108 m
D (0.015 m)

Discussion The inner tube of this counter-flow heat exchanger (and thus the
heat exchanger itself) needs to be over 100 m long to achieve the desired heat
transfer, which is impractical. In cases like this, we need to use a plate heat
exchanger or a multipass shell-and-tube heat exchanger with multiple passes of
tube bundles.
EXAMPLE 13–5 Heating of Glycerin in a Multipass Heat Exchanger Cold
glycerin
A 2-shell passes and 4-tube passes heat exchanger is used to heat glycerin from 20°C
20°C to 50°C by hot water, which enters the thin-walled 2-cm-diameter tubes
at 80°C and leaves at 40°C (Fig. 13–21). The total length of the tubes in the
heat exchanger is 60 m. The convection heat transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2 · 40°C
°C on the glycerin (shell) side and 160 W/m2 · °C on the water (tube) side. De- Hot
water
termine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger (a) before any fouling oc-
curs and (b) after fouling with a fouling factor of 0.0006 m2 · °C/ W occurs on 80°C
the outer surfaces of the tubes.
50°C

FIGURE 13–21
SOLUTION Glycerin is heated in a 2-shell passes and 4-tube passes heat
exchanger by hot water. The rate of heat transfer for the cases of fouling and no Schematic for Example 13–5.
fouling are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well
insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat trans-
fer from the hot fluid is equal to heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the
kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 Heat transfer co-
efficients and fouling factors are constant and uniform. 5 The thermal resis-
tance of the inner tube is negligible since the tube is thin-walled and highly
conductive.
Analysis The tubes are said to be thin-walled, and thus it is reasonable to
assume the inner and outer surface areas of the tubes to be equal. Then the
heat transfer surface area becomes

As  DL  (0.02 m)(60 m)  3.77 m2

The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger can be determined from
·
Q  UAs F Tlm, CF

where F is the correction factor and Tlm, CF is the log mean temperature differ-
ence for the counter-flow arrangement. These two quantities are determined
from

T1  Th, in  Tc, out  (80  50)°C  30°C

T2  Th, out  Tc, in  (40  20)°C  20°C
T1  T2 30  20
Tlm, CF    24.7°C
ln (T1/T2) ln (30/20)

and
t2  t1 40  80
P   0.67
T1  t1 20  80
u F  0.91 (Fig. 13–18b)
T1  T2 20  50
R t t   0.75
2 1 40  80

(a) In the case of no fouling, the overall heat transfer coefficient U is deter-
mined from
1 1
U   21.6 W/m2 · °C
1 1 1 1
 
hi ho 160 W/m2 · °C 25 W/m2 · °C

Then the rate of heat transfer becomes

·
Q  UAs F Tlm, CF  (21.6 W/m2 · °C)(3.77m2)(0.91)(24.7°C)  1830 W

(b) When there is fouling on one of the surfaces, the overall heat transfer coef-
ficient U is
1 1
U 
1 1 1 1
  Rf   0.0006 m2 · °C/ W
hi ho 160 W/m2 · °C 25 W/m2 · °C
 21.3 W/m2 · °C

The rate of heat transfer in this case becomes

Discussion Note that the rate of heat transfer decreases as a
·
Q  UAs F Tlm, CF  (21.3 W/m2 · °C)(3.77 m2)(0.91)(24.7°C)  1805 W result of fouling, as expected. The decrease is not dramatic,
however, because of the relatively low convection heat
transfer coefficients involved.
 1.0
T1
0.9 t2

Correction factor F
t1
0.8 T2
R = 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
0.7

0.6 T1 – T2
R = ——–
t2 – t1
0.5 t2 – t1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 P = ——–
T1 – t1
(a) One-shell pass and 2, 4, 6, etc. (any multiple of 2), tube passes

1.0
T1
0.9
Correction factor F

t2

0.8
R = 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 t1
0.7
T2
0.6 T1 – T2
R = ——–
t2 – t1
0.5 t2 – t1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 P = ——–
T1 – t1
(b) Two-shell passes and 4, 8, 12, etc. (any multiple of 4), tube passes

1.0
T1
0.9
Correction factor F

0.8 t1 t2
R = 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
0.7

0.6 T1 – T2 T2
R = ——–
t2 – t1
0.5 t2 – t1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 P = ——–
T1 – t1
(c) Single-pass cross-flow with both fluids unmixed

1.0
T1
0.9
Correction factor F

0.8 t1 t2
R = 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
0.7
FIGURE 13–18 T1 – T2
0.6 T2
Correction factor F charts R = ——–
t2 – t1
for common shell-and-tube and 0.5 t2 – t1
cross-flow heat exchangers (from 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 P = ——–
T1 – t1
Bowman, Mueller, and Nagle, Ref. 2). (d) Single-pass cross-flow with one fluid mixed and the other unmixed
 EXAMPLE 13–6 Cooling of an Automotive Radiator
A test is conducted to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient in an au-
tomotive radiator that is a compact cross-flow water-to-air heat exchanger with
90°C
both fluids (air and water) unmixed (Fig. 13–22). The radiator has 40 tubes of
internal diameter 0.5 cm and length 65 cm in a closely spaced plate-finned
matrix. Hot water enters the tubes at 90°C at a rate of 0.6 kg/s and leaves at
65°C. Air flows across the radiator through the interfin spaces and is heated
from 20°C to 40°C. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient Ui of this ra-
Air flow
diator based on the inner surface area of the tubes. (unmixed)
20°C 40°C
SOLUTION During an experiment involving an automotive radiator, the inlet
and exit temperatures of water and air and the mass flow rate of water are mea-
sured. The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inner surface area is to
be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Changes in the kinetic 65°C
and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 3 Fluid properties are Water flow
constant. (unmixed)

Discussion Note that the rate of heat transfer decreases as a result of fouling, FIGURE 13–22
as expected. The decrease is not dramatic, however, because of the relatively Schematic for Example 13–6.
low convection heat transfer coefficients involved.

Properties The specific heat of water at the average temperature of (90  65)/
2  77.5°C is 4.195 kJ/kg · °C.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this radiator from the hot water to the air
is determined from an energy balance on water flow,
· · (T  T )]
Q  [mCp in out water  (0.6 kg/s)(4.195 kJ/kg · °C)(90  65)°C  62.93 kW

The tube-side heat transfer area is the total surface area of the tubes, and is
determined from
Ai  nDi L  (40)(0.005 m)(0.65 m)  0.408 m2
Knowing the rate of heat transfer and the surface area, the overall heat transfer
coefficient can be determined from
·
· Q
Q  Ui Ai F Tlm, CF → Ui 
Ai F Tlm, CF
where F is the correction factor and Tlm, CF is the log mean temperature differ-
ence for the counter-flow arrangement. These two quantities are found to be
T1  Th, in  Tc, out  (90  40)°C  50°C
T2  Th, out  Tc, in  (65  20)°C  45°C
T1  T2 50  45
Tlm, CF    47.6°C
ln (T1/T2) ln (50/45)
and
t2  t1 65  90
P   0.36
T1  t1 20  90
T1  T2 20  40 u F  0.97 (Fig. 13–18c)
R t t   0.80
2 1 65  90

Substituting, the overall heat transfer coefficient Ui is determined to be

·
Q 62,930 W
Ui    3341 W/m2 · °C
Ai F Tlm, CF (0.408 m2)(0.97)(47.6°C)
Note that the overall heat transfer coefficient on the air side will be much lower
because of the large surface area involved on that side.
 1.0
T1
0.9 t2

Correction factor F
t1
0.8 T2
R = 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
0.7

0.6 T1 – T2
R = ——–
t2 – t1
0.5 t2 – t1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 P = ——–
T1 – t1
(a) One-shell pass and 2, 4, 6, etc. (any multiple of 2), tube passes

1.0
T1
0.9
Correction factor F

t2

0.8
R = 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 t1
0.7
T2
0.6 T1 – T2
R = ——–
t2 – t1
0.5 t2 – t1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 P = ——–
T1 – t1
(b) Two-shell passes and 4, 8, 12, etc. (any multiple of 4), tube passes

1.0
T1
0.9
Correction factor F

0.8 t1 t2
R = 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
0.7

0.6 T1 – T2 T2
R = ——–
t2 – t1
0.5 t2 – t1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 P = ——–
T1 – t1
(c) Single-pass cross-flow with both fluids unmixed

1.0
T1
0.9
Correction factor F

0.8 t1 t2
R = 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
0.7
FIGURE 13–18 T1 – T2
0.6 T2
Correction factor F charts R = ——–
t2 – t1
for common shell-and-tube and 0.5 t2 – t1
cross-flow heat exchangers (from 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 P = ——–
T1 – t1
Bowman, Mueller, and Nagle, Ref. 2). (d) Single-pass cross-flow with one fluid mixed and the other unmixed
 Método NTU SOLUTION Hot oil is to be cooled by water in a heat exchanger. The mass
flow rates and the inlet temperatures are given. The rate of heat transfer and
TABLE 13–4 the out-let temperatures are to be determined.

Effectiveness relations for heat exchangers: NTU  UAs /Cmin and Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is
c  Cmin/Cmax  (m· Cp)min/(m· Cp)max (Kays and London, Ref. 5.) well insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus
Heat exchanger heat trans-fer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold
type Effectiveness relation fluid. 3 The thick-ness of the tube is negligible since it is thin-walled. 4
1 Double pipe: Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are
1  exp [NTU(1  c )] negligible. 5 The overall heat trans-fer coefficient is constant and uniform.
Parallel-flow  Analysis The schematic of the heat exchanger is given in Figure 13–30. The
1c
1  exp [NTU(1  c )] outlet temperatures are not specified, and they cannot be determined from
Counter-flow  an energy balance. The use of the LMTD method in this case will
1  c exp [NTU(1  c )]
2 Shell and tube: involve tedious iterations, and thus the NTU method is indicated.

  The first step in the NTU method is to determine the heat capacity
One-shell pass
1  exp [NTU 1  c ] 2
2, 4, . . . tube   2 1  c  1  c 2
passes 1  exp [NTU 1  c 2] rates of the hot and cold fluids and identify the smaller one:
3 Cross-flow
(single-pass) Ch  m· hCph  (0.3 kg/s)(2.13 kJ/kg · °C)  0.639 kW/°C

 
Both fluids Cc  m· cCpc  (0.2 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg · °C)  0.836 kW/°C
NTU0.22
unmixed   1  exp c [exp (c NTU0.78)  1]
Cmax mixed, Therefore,
1
Cmin unmixed   c (1  exp {1c[1  exp (NTU)]}) Cmin  Ch  0.639 kW/°C

 
Cmin mixed,
1 and
Cmax unmixed   1  exp
exp  c  exp (c NTU)]
4 All heat Cmin 0.639
c   0.764
exchangers   1  exp(NTU) Cmax 0.836
with c  0
Then the maximum heat transfer rate is determined from Eq. 13-32 to be
·
Q max  Cmin(Th, in  Tc, in)
 (0.639 kW/°C)(150  20)°C  83.1 kW
That is, the maximum possible heat transfer rate in this heat exchanger is 83.1
kW. The heat transfer surface area is

As  n(DL)  8(0.014 m)(5 m)  1.76 m2

Then the NTU of this heat exchanger becomes
EXAMPLE 13–9 Cooling Hot Oil by Water in a Multipass
Heat Exchanger UAs (310 W/m2 · °C)(1.76 m2)
NTU    0.853
Cmin 639 W/°C
Hot oil is to be cooled by water in a 1-shell-pass and 8-tube-passes
heat exchanger. The tubes are thin-walled and are made of copper with an The effectiveness of this heat exchanger corresponding to c  0.764 and
internal diameter of 1.4 cm. The length of each tube pass in the heat NTU
1  0.853 is determined from Figure 13–26c to be
exchanger is 5 m, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 310 W/m2 · °
C. Water flows through the tubes at a rate of 0.2 kg/s, and the oil through   0.47
the shell at a rate of 0.3 kg/s. The water and the oil enter at temperatures We could also determine the effectiveness from the third relation in Table 13–4
of 20°C and 150°C, respectively. Determine the rate of heat transfer in more accurately but with more labor. Then the actual rate of heat transfer
the heat exchanger and the outlet tem-peratures of the water and the oil. becomes
· ·
Q  Q max  (0.47)(83.1 kW)  39.1 kW
Finally, the outlet temperatures of the cold and the hot fluid streams are deter-
Oil mined to be
150°C
0.3 kg/s ·
· Q
Q  Cc(Tc, out  Tc, in) → Tc, out  Tc, in 
Cc
39.1 kW
 20°C   66.8°C
0.836 kW/°C
·
· Q
Q  Ch(Th, in  Th, out) → Th, out  Th, in 
Ch
20°C
39.1 kW
Water
 150°C   88.8°C
0.639 kW/°C
0.2 kg/s
Therefore, the temperature of the cooling water will rise from 20°C to 66.8°C as
FIGURE 13–30 it cools the hot oil from 150°C to 88.8°C in this heat exchanger.
Schematic for Example 13–9.
cen58933_ch13.qxd 9/9/2002 9:57 AM Page 695

695
CHAPTER 13

100 100
=0 =0
ax ax
Cm Cm
80 55

/
80

/
0.2

n
0.25

mi
mi

C
C

Effectiveness ε, %
Effectiveness ε, %
5
0.50 0.71.00

0
0.5
60 0.75 60
1.00
40 40 Shell fluid
Tube Tube
fluid fluid
20 20

Shell fluid
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Number of transfer units NTU = AsU/Cmin Number of transfer units NTU = AsU/Cmin
(a) Parallel-flow (b) Counter-flow

100 100
=0 =0
x ax
/C ma / C m
n 0.25 80 in 0.250
80 0.5

m
i

C
m

0.50
C

0.75

Effectiveness ε, %
Effectiveness ε, %

0.75 1.00
60 1.00 60

40 Shell fluid 40 Shell fluid

20 20
Tube fluid
Tube fluid
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Number of transfer units NTU = AsU/Cmin Number of transfer units NTU = AsU/Cmin
(c) One-shell pass and 2, 4, 6, … tube passes (d ) Two-shell passes and 4, 8, 12, … tube passes

100 100
,
=0 =0 0.25
d 4
xe
ax mi 0.5
Cm un
5 80
d /C

80 2
0.2 0
n/

0.75
mi

0.5 5
xe
C

1.33
mi
Effectiveness ε, %

0.7 00
Effectiveness ε, %

1
60 1. 60
Cold fluid

40 Hot 40 Mixed
fluid fluid

20 20
Unmixed fluid
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Number of transfer units NTU = AsU/Cmin Number of transfer units NTU = AsU/Cmin
(e) Cross-flow with both fluids unmixed ( f ) Cross-flow with one fluid mixed and the
other unmixed
FIGURE 13–26
Effectiveness for heat exchangers (from Kays and London, Ref. 5).