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Series de Fourier
FCFM
Enero 2022
f : R ! R es periódica si f (x ) = f (x + T ) , 8x eR
0 π x 0
f (t ) =
1 0 x π
2π
sen(αx ), cos (αx ) , e i αx periódicas α
0 0 x <1
f (x ) =
1 1 x 2
Resultado:
1) f (x ) periódica
∞
a0
f (x ) = + ∑ [an cos (nw0 x ) + bn sen (nw0 x )]
2 n =1
2π
donde w0 = T la función fundamental.
Z
1
a0 = T
f (x ) dx
2 T
Z
1
an = T
f (x ) cos (nw0 x ) dx
2 T
Z
1
bn = T
f (x ) sen (nw0 x ) dx
2 T
2π
w0 =
T
Z
1
a0 = T
f (x ) dx
2 T
Z
1
an = T
f (x ) cos (nw0 x ) dx
2 T
bn = 0
∞
a0
f (x ) = + ∑ an cos (nw0 x )
2 n =1
a0 = 0
an = 0
Z
1
bn = T
f (x ) sen (nw0 x ) dx
2 T
∞
f (x ) = ∑ bn sen (nw0 x )
n =1
1 0 x <1
f (x ) =
0 1 x 2
2π 2π T 2
w0 = = = π, = =1
T 2 2 2
Z Z 1 Z 2
1 1 1
a0 = T
f (x ) dx = 1dx + 0dx = 1
2 T 1 0 1 1
Z
1
an = T
f (x ) cos (nw0 x ) dx
2 T
Z 1 Z 2
1 1
= 1 cos (nπx ) dx + 0 cos (nπx ) dx
1 0 1 1
Z 1
1
= cos (nπx ) (nπdx )
nπ 0
1
1
= sen (nπx )
nπ 0
1
= sen (nπ ) = 0
nπ | {z }
Z
1
bn = T
f (x ) sen (nw0 x ) dx
2 T
Z 1 Z 2
1 1
= 1sen (nπx ) dx + 0sen (nπx ) dx
1 0 1 1
Z 1
1 1 1
= sen (nπx ) nπdx = cos (nπx )
nπ 0 nπ 0
1 1 1 1
= cos (nπ ) + cos (0) = ( 1)n +
nπ | {z } nπ | {z } nπ nπ
1 h i
= ( 1 )n +1 + 1
nπ
∞
a0
f (x ) = + ∑ [an cos (nw0 x ) + bn sen (nw0 x )]
2 n =1
∞
1
= + ∑ bn sen (nπx )
2 n =1
1 ∞
1 h i
= +∑ ( 1)n +1 + 1 sen (nπx )
2 n =1 nπ
1 2 2 2
f (x ) = + sen (πx ) + sen (3πx ) + sen (5πx ) + ...
2 π 3π 5π
Si f (x ) = x 1 x 1 es impar
2π 2π T 2
w0 = = = π, = =1
T 2 2 2
a0 = 0
an = 0
1
u = x dv = sen (nπx ) nπdx
nπ
1
du = dx v= cos (nπx )
nπ
Z 1
x 1 1
= cos (nπx ) cos (nπx ) nπdx
nπ 1 (nπ )2 1
1
1 1 1
= ( 1)n + ( 1)n + sen (nπx )
nπ nπ (nπ )2 | {z } 1
1 1 ( 1)n
= ( 1)n + ( 1)n = 2
nπ nπ πn
René Castro Montoya (FCFM) Ecuaciones diferenciales 31/01 16 / 36
Ejemplo
2 ( 1)n
bn =
nπ
Finalmente la serie de Forier
∞
f (x ) = ∑ bn sen (nπx )
n =1
∞
2 ( 1)n
= ∑ nπ sen (nπx )
n =1
2 2 2
f (x ) = sen (πx ) sen (2πx ) + sen (3πx ) ...
π 2π 3π
a0 = 0
an = 0
Z
1
bn = f (x ) sen (n1x ) dx
π T
Z 0 Z π
1 1
= 1sen (nx ) ndx + sen (nx ) ndx
nπ π nπ 0
0 π
1 1
= cos (nx ) cos (nx )
nπ π nπ 0
1 1 n 1 n 1
= ( 1) ( 1) +
nπ nπ nπ nπ
2 2 ( 1)n
=
nπ nπ
2 2 ( 1)n
bn =
nπ nπ
Finalmente la serie de Forier
∞
f (x ) = ∑ bn sen (nπx )
n =1
∞
2 2 ( 1)n
= ∑ nπ nπ
sen (nx )
n =1
1 0 x <1
f (x ) = 1 1
e x 2
Obteniendo los coe…cientes.
2π 2π T 2
w0 = = = π, = =1
T 2 2 2
Z Z 1 Z 2
1 1 1 1 1
a0 = T
f (x ) dx = 1dx + e dx = 1 0+e [2 1]
2 T 1 0 1 1
1
a0 = 1 + e
Z
1
an = T
f (x ) cos (nw0 x ) dx
2 T
Z Z
1 1 1 2 1
= 1 cos (nπx ) dx + e cos (nπx ) dx
1 0 1 1
Z 1 Z
1 e 1 2
= 1 cos (nπx ) nπdx + cos (nπx ) nπdx
nπ 0 nπ 1
1 2
1 e 1
= sen (nπx ) + sen (nπx )
nπ 0 nπ 1
1 e 1 e 1
= sen (nπ ) + sen (2nπ ) sen (nπ1) = 0
nπ | {z } nπ nπ
Z
1
bn = T
f (x ) sen (nw0 x ) dx
2 T
Z 1 Z 2
1 1 1
= 1sen (nπx ) dx + e sen (nπx ) dx
1 0 1 1
Z Z
1 1 1 2
1
= sen (nπx ) nπdx + e sen (nπx ) nπdx
nπ 0 nπ 1
1
1 e 1
= cos (nπx ) cos (nπx )j21
nπ 0 nπ
1 1 e 1 e 1
= cos (nπ ) + cos (0) cos (2nπ ) + cos (nπ )
nπ | {z } nπ | {z } nπ nπ
1 1 e 1 e 1
= ( 1)n + + ( 1)n
nπ nπ nπ nπ
1 e 1
= [1 ( 1)n ]
nπ nπ
René Castro Montoya (FCFM) Ecuaciones diferenciales 31/01 24 / 36
Ejemplo
1 e 1
bn = [1 ( 1)n ]
nπ nπ
Finalmente la serie de Forier
∞
a0
f (x ) = + ∑ [0 cos (nw0 x ) + bn sen (nw0 x )]
2 n =1
1 ∞
1+e
=
2
+ ∑ bn sen (nπx )
n =1
1 ∞
1+e 1 e 1
=
2
+ ∑ nπ nπ
[1 ( 1)n ] sen (nπx )
n =1
0 π x <1
f (x ) =
π x 0 x π
Obteniendo los coe…cientes.
2π 2π T 2π
w0 = = = 1, = =π
T 2π 2 2
Z Z 0 Z 2
1 1 1
a0 = T
f (x ) dx = 0dx + (π x ) dx
2 T π π π 0
π
1 x2
= πx
π 2 0
1 π2
= ππ
π 2
1 π2
=
π 2
π
=
2
Z Z 0 Z π
1 1 1
an = T
f (x ) cos (nw0 x ) dx = 0 cos (nx ) dx + (π x ) cos (n
2 T π π π 0
Z
1 π
u = (π x) dv = cos (nx ) ndx
n 0
1
du = dx v = sen (nx )
n
π Z π
1 1
= (π x) sen (nx ) + 2 sen (nx ) ndx
nπ 0 n π 0
1 1 1
= (π π) sen (nπ ) (π 0) sen (n 0) + cos (nx )j0π
nπ | {z } nπ | {z } n2 π
1
= cos (nx )j0π
n2 π
1 1
= 2
cos (nπ ) cos (n 0)
n π n2 π
1 1
= 2
( 1)n +
n π n2 π
1
= 2
[1 ( 1)n ]
n π
Z
1
bn = T
f (x ) sen (n1x ) dx
2 T
Z 0 Z π
1 1
= 0sen (nx ) dx + (π x ) sen (nx ) dx
π π π 0
Z π
1
u = (π x) dv = sen (nx ) ndx
n 0
1
du = dx v= cos (nx )
n
π Z π
1 1
= (π x) cos (nx ) + 2
cos (nx ) ndx
nπ 0 n π 0
π
1 1 1
= (π π) cos (nπ ) + (π 0) cos (n 0) + 2 sen (nx )
nπ | {z } nπ | {z } n π | {z } 0
1
bn =
n
Finalmente la serie de Forier
∞
a0
f (x ) = + ∑ [an cos (nw0 x ) + bn sen (nw0 x )]
2 n =1
π ∞
1 1
= 2
2
+ ∑ n2 π
[1 ( 1)n ] cos (nw0 x ) + sen (nw0 x )
n
n =1
f (x ) = x 2 , π x π
Obteniendo los coe…cientes.
2π 2π T 2π
w0 = = = 1, = =π
T 2π 2 2
Z Z π
1 1
a0 = T
f (x ) dx = x 2 dx
2 T π π
3 π
1 x
=
π 3 π
1 π3 π3
= +
π 3 3
2π 2
=
3
1
u = x2 dv = cos (nx ) ndx
n
1
du = 2xdx v = sen (nx )
n
π Z
x2 2 π
= sen (nx ) xsen (nx ) ndx
nπ | {z } π n2 π 0
Z π
2
= xsen (nx ) ndx
n2 π π
1
u = x dv = sen (nx ) ndx
n
1
du = dx v= cos (nx )
René Castro Montoya (FCFM) Ecuaciones diferenciales n 31/01 34 / 36
Ejemplo
2 3
π Z π
2 4 x 1
= cos (nx ) + cos (nx ) dx 5
n2 π | n {z } n π
π
2 π π
= 2
cos (nπ ) + 2 cos ( nπ )
n π n2 | {z } n | {z }
2 π π
= 2 2
( 1)n + 2 ( 1)n
n π n n
4
an = 2
( 1)n
n
bn = 0
Finalmente la serie de Forier
∞
a0
f (x ) = + ∑ [an cos (nw0 x ) + 0 sen (nw0 x )]
2 n =1
2π 2 ∞
4
= 3
2
+ ∑ n 2
( 1)n cos (nx )
n =1