Gramática

The Present Perfect Tense

Usos
1. Se usa el Presente Perfecto cuando queremos hablar de algo que ocurrió en el pasado, sin que
importe cuándo la acción tuvo lugar. La acción tiene un efecto en el presente:

I've broken my - Me he roto el I broke my arm at some point

arm as you can brazo como and now I have a plaster cast
see. puedes ver. on it.
I can't go on - No me puedo ir de At some point in the past, I
holiday because I vacaciones porque broke my leg. As a result, I
have broken my me he roto la can't go on holiday now.
leg. pierna.
The train has left - El tren ha salido
the station. de la estación. The train left the station some
Have you locked - ¿Has cerrado todas time ago (it is not important
all the doors? las puertas? whether it is an hour or a
Our neighbours - Nuestros vecinos minute ago). The effect is that
have bought a han comprado un it is not here now.
new car. coche nuevo.
This is the first - Ésta es la primera
time I have eaten vez que como
Japanese food. comida japonesa.
I've bought - He comprado algo
something to eat. de comer.
I haven't found - Aún no encuentro The action is happening now.
her phone su número de It marks a new experience in
number yet. teléfono. my life.
Why haven't you - ¿Por qué no has
read this book? leído este libro?
We've eaten all - Nos hemos
our food. comido toda tu
comida.
2. También se usa el Presente Perfecto cuando queremos describir algo que comenzó en el pasado y ha
continuado hasta hoy. Se usa el tiempo verbal con las palabras "since" y "for":

Cuando queremos decir que la acción ha comenzado se usa "since":

Tom has lived in Wroclaw - Tom ha vivido en Wroclaw desde

since 1980. 1980.
I have met Miss Brown five - Me he encontrado con la Sra. Brown
times since February. 5 veces desde febrero.
Her mother has been a teacher - Su madre ha sido profesora desde
since 1972. 1972.
Cuando queremos preguntar cuándo algo comenzó podemos usar "since
when". Sin embargo, es mejor hacer la pregunta con "How long":

Since when haven't you seen your - Better: How long haven't
grandmother? (¿Desde cuándo que no you seen your
ves a tu abuela?) grandmother?
Since when have you known him? - Better: How long have you
(¿Desde cuándo lo conoces?) known him?
Cuando queremos decir por cuánto tiempo algo ha ocurrido se usa "for":

They haven't seen you for seven - No te han visto en 7 semanas.

weeks.
I have studied English for sixteen - He estudiado inglés por 16
years. años.
I've lived in this house for five years. - He vivido en esta casa 5 años.
Cuando queremos saber la extensión de tiempo de una acción se usa
"how long":

How long have you known - ¿Por cuánto tiempo has conocido al
Mary's husband? esposo de Mary?
How long has she had this car? - ¿Por cuánto tiempo ha tenido ella
este coche?
Formación de oraciones en el Presente Perfecto
Formación de oraciones positivas
PERSONA + "have" + III forma del VERBO + OBJETO
I have seen him in the shop.
You have seen him in the shop.
He / she / it has seen him in the shop.
We / you / they have seen him in the shop.
Formación de preguntas
"Have" + PERSONA + III forma del VERBO + OBJETO
Have I seen him in the shop?
Have you seen him in the shop?
Has he / she / it seen him in the shop?
Have we / you / they seen him in the shop?
Formación de la negación
+ VERBO + + III forma del
PERSONA "have" "not" VERBO + OBJETO
I have not seen him in the
shop!
 + VERBO + + III forma del
PERSONA "have" "not" VERBO + OBJETO
You have not seen him in the
shop!
He / she / it has not seen him in the
shop!
We / you / have not seen him in the
they shop!
Puntos adicionales
have not = haven't
has not = hasn't
La tercera forma del verbo se forma así:

1. Con verbos regulares se agrega "-ed" Ej.:

work - worked
fail - failed
2. Con verbos irregulares, necesitas recordar la tercera forma de cada uno

Volver a la lista de tareas

Level 4 (B1+): Unit 1

Escribe oraciones usando los verbos entre paréntesis en

el Presente Perfecto.

Total de puntos recibidos: 7

verde - correcto
rojo - incorrecto
The film just has begun.

She has missed the last bus.

Have you ever driven a sports car?

How much money have they spendt so far?

My cat never has escaped from me.

I have seen your composition.

Has Lucyphoned yet?

She never has done anything right.

How long have you known your boss?

Jack has bought a new car.

It haven't rained in Hawaii for the last six months.

Why haven't you brought any wine with you?

People always have admired his paintings.

They haven't done it yet.

These cars never (use) before.

The film just begun.

She has missed the last bus.

Have you ever driven a sports car?

How much money they have spendt so far?

My cat never has escaped from me.

I have seen your composition.

Has Lucy phoned yet?

She has never done anything right.

How long have you known your boss?

Jack has bought a new car.

It haven't rained in Hawaii for the last six months.

Why haven't you brought any wine with you?

People have always admired his paintings.

They haven't done it yet.

These cars has never used before.

Completa las oraciones con "since" o "for".

Total de puntos recibidos: 14

verde - correcto
rojo - incorrecto
We've been waiting for half an hour.

They have been on holiday since January.

The recession has lasted for six months.

Jane hasn't visited us since we bought a new stereo.

The Smiths have been quarrelling ever since they got married.

Joe hasn't spoken to Lucy for  the last company meeting.

I have been very nice to you since  the last five years.

He has been drunk for an hour.

That luggage has been in the corridor for  Christmas.

It has been very rainy since 9 in the morning.

Poland's had terrible weather since  the last 3 months.

They've been awake since seven a.m.

I've been driving this car for six years.

He has been very ill since Monday.

We've had no money since I was fired.

I've earned my own living since I was sixteen.

Nobody has spoken to her for  last week.

I've been tired for a long time.

The police have been looking for George since  six years.

I haven't eaten anything for eleven hours.

lige la mejor palabra para completar cada oración.

Total de puntos recibidos: 10

verde - correcto
rojo - incorrecto
Norah: How long have you lived here for?

Bob: About two and a half years.

Norah: Where did you live before?

Bob: Well I stayed in different places. I lived in France for 1 year and also
in Germany for about 5 years.

Norah: Why did you decide to leave those countries?

Bob: Well, I had some affairs but none of them lasted. So every time one

finished, I decided to leave for some other country to start over again.

Norah: I hear you are a poet How long have you been writing poems?

Bob: For as long as I remember. Actually, since my childhood. I've written

hundreds of them but only a few are ok.

Norah: You have just published your latest collection of poems entitled

'Solitary smiles'. Where's the title from?

Bob: As I've already mentioned, I've had many affairs but none lasted
more that 2 years so I feel that on the one hand my life is very lonely, but
on the other, certainly not unhappy.

otal de puntos recibidos: 10

verde - correcto
rojo - incorrecto
Jack hasn't been to a party since 2002.

Have you studied French for  our last summer holiday?

She hasn't caught anything yet.

Why don't you talk to him? He's such a nice boy.

Brian and Diana have been married during  12 years.

The taxi has arrived at the railway station.

He is  had his job for 2 years now.

We've been waiting for this trip since 1956, when we were born.

Would you like to get down to washing up now that we've finished

eating?

I've looked the word at  in the dictionary.

My brother is older than me, so he has recently grown a beard.

I'm so proud of my pizza. It's the first time I've ever made one.

Look Floella, I can't help you! George is not here in  the moment. He's
just gone out!

Who has Rob fallen in love with?

She slipped and fell over, but she still felt all right.

Conversación

Invitations - accepting and declining

Invitaciones - aceptar y declinar
Accepting / Declining - Aceptar / Declinar
 Would you like to go to a  ¿Te gustaría ir a una fiesta?
party?  Sí, claro.
 Yes, sure.  Lo siento, no puedo.
 I'm sorry I can't.
  Would she really want to
come?
 I'm sure she would.
 I don't think so.
 Why don't you watch some
TV?
 O.K. / no problem.
 No, we can't. We have to
clean the house first.
 Why don't you get lost?
 Take it easy. I'm going.
 You'd better take that pill
right now.
 Yes, I'd better do it.
 No way. No more pills!
 You should go to bed now!
 Yes, I know.
 Come on! Let me finish my
work first.
 Thanks, I'm fine here.
 Won't you please stay
another hour?
 Of course I will.
 I'm sorry but i have to go
now.
 You should lock the door.
 I don't suppose you could give
me a lift, could you?
 No problem. Get in!
 I'd like you to explain it to me.
Ejemplos de diálogos
Diálogo 1
 Excuse me, how far is it from
here to the coach station?
 It's about 40 minutes drive.
 And where's the nearest bus
stop?
 ¿De verdad le gustaría venir?
 Estoy seguro que sí.
 No lo creo.
 ¿Por qué nos ves TV?
 Bueno / no hay problema
 No, no podemos. Tenemos que
limpiar la casa primero.
 ¿Por qué no desapareces?
 Cálmate. Yo voy.
 Mejor te tomas esa pastilla ahora
mismo.
 Sí, mejor lo hago.
 Ni de broma. ¡No más pastillas!
 ¡Deberías ir a acostarte ahora!
 Sí, lo sé.
 ¡Venga! Déjame acabar mi trabajo
antes.
 Gracias, estoy bien aquí.
 ¿No te quedarías otra hora?
 Claro que sí.
 Lo siento, pero debo irme ahora.
 Deberías cerrar la puerta.
 Me imagino que no puedes
acercarme en coche ¿verdad?
 No hay problema. ¡Súbete!
 Me gustaría que me lo explicaras.
 Perdone ¿a cuánto está la estación
de buses de aquí?
 Está a unos 40 minutos
conduciendo.
 ¿Y dónde está la parada de buses
  Go this way straight on and
turn left at the chemist's. It's
about 5 minutes' walk.
 Thanks.
más cercana?
 Vaya recto por aquí y gire a la
izquierda en la farmacia. Está a
unos 5 minutos caminando.
 Gracias.

Diálogo 2
 Mr. Francis, I don't suppose you
could stay at work a few hours
longer on Friday?
 May I ask why?
 There is this project we have to
finish by the end of this week and
you're the one that knows
everything about our client.
 I'm sorry but I can't.
 Why?
 We're flying to Jamaica with my
family and this is the first time
since I started to work for you 5
years ago.
 I understand. No problem. We'll
make it. Have a good time!
 Thank you, sir.
 Sr. Francis, me imagino que no
se podría quedar en el trabajo
unas horas extras el viernes?
 ¿Puedo preguntar por qué?
 Tenemos este proyecto que hay
que terminarlo para el fin de
semana y usted es el que lo
sabe todo de este cliente.
 Lo siento, pero no puedo.
 ¿Por qué?
 Nos vamos a Jamaica con mi
familia y es la primera vez desde
que comencé a trabajar para
usted hace 5 años.
 Entiendo. No hay problema. Lo
lograremos. ¡Páselo bien!
 Gracias, señor.

Would you like something else?

No, thank you.

I don't suppose you could help me mend that tap?

Of course I will help you.

Won't you stay with me a little longer?

I'm sorry I can't. I have to go now.

You'd better be polite to our neighbours now. They helped us when we

locked ourselves inside. No way! You know I hate them.

I think you should take a rest now. You've been working all day!

Thanks, I'm fine. Just this last hole and we're done!

I'd like you to tell me more about her.

Sure. She's got long, fair hair and beautiful eyes.

Hang on. If you pass the post office, will you get some stamps for me,
please?

Sure thing. But would you mind telling me what you want to send?

You ought to have told me about her. She might be dangerous.

Come on, mum. She's just a normal girl. Just because she's got unusual
teeth, it doesn't make her a vampire.

Why don't we stay home and see if it doesn't all pass in 2 hours' time?

No, I'm afraid not. My name is George Washington and I'm related to the
1st president of the USA, George Washington.

Why does it always have to rain when we're about to go to the

mountains?

Excuse me, are you Mr. Johnson?

Hi! I'm Frederick and I'm a software engineer at Microsoft. Why don't we
get to know each other?

Hi I'm Margie. Why don't you get lost?

Pull over! I need the toilet.

You should have done that when we were at home.

D: Miss Jones?

E: Yes, and you must be Frank Dough.

D: Yes, I am.

E: Hello. Thanks for coming to meet me.

D: Not at all.

E: I don't suppose you'd like to go to our office now, would you?

D: That's OK with me.

E: So, how was the journey?

D: I'd like  be better. Smooth and easy. Are we set for the meeting
tonight?
E: Certainly. But before that, I'm taking you to the office if that's fine with
you. Couldn't  you to meet Dorothy Meredith, the head of our finance
department.

D: OK. Let's get going!

Escritura

Ejemplo de una carta informal

Usa lenguaje cotidiano
Usa contracciones
Encabezado
Dear John / Maggie - Querido(a) John / Maggie
Hi! - Hola!
Oraciones iniciales
What's up? - ¿Qué pasa?
I hope you're well. - Espero que estés bien.
Many thanks for your letter. - Muchas gracias por tu carta.
Final
(With) Best wishes - Los mejores deseos
Yours, - Tuyo,
Love from Joan - Cariños de Joan.
Lots of love / Lots of kisses - Mucho amor / muchos besos
Ejemplo de una carta (informal)
Robetro Corazón
23 Calle
Tarragona
Spain
Saturday 4th March
Dear Mr. York,
I've been home for two weeks now He estado en cada por dos semanas
since I returned from England. I hope ya desde que volví de Inglaterra.
you're all well and in good moods. Espero que esté bien y de buen
ánimo.
By the way, has Maggie finally
decided to visit Spain this year? I'm A propósito ¿Maggie se ha decidido a
looking foreward to seeing her. visitar España este año? Espero verla.

Is Mrs. York better after her return ¿La Sra. York está bien después de
from the spa in Spain? volver del spa en España?

I miss all of you a lot as well as my Los extraño un montón, así como a
friends from my English class. mis amigos de la clase de inglés.
Yesterday I received a letter from Ayer recibí una carta de Patricia,
Patricia, you know, the one with sabe, aquella chica con cabello
curly, brown hair? She says she's in castaño y rizado. Dice que está en
Australia now doing some internship Australia haciendo unas prácticas,
but she might be able to visit me next pero puede ser que me venga a visitar
year. My family is fine, as always el próximo año. Mi familia está bien,
complaining about hard and como siempre quejándose de estos
dangerous times but that's what they're tiempos duros y peligrosos, pero así
like. The good news is that I got a job son ellos. La buena noticia es que
at my uncle's office so I can get some conseguí un trabajo en la oficina de
experience and extra money, at last. mi tío de manera que finalmente
pueda adquirir experiencia y ganar
Please write soon. algo de dinero extra.

My family sends best wishes to you Por favor, escriba pronto.

all. I hope I can visit you next year.
Mi familia le envía saludos a todos.
Love, Espero poder visitarlos el próximo
año.
Roberto
Amor,
P.S. Send my regards to Roy.
Roberto

Pd: Denle saludos a Roy.

Dear Lorena,

It will be great to see you on Wednesday. You'll probably arrive quite late, so I'll
take you out to some trendy restaurant at night.
I'm afraid I shall be working on Wednesday until 7 p.m. so I'll call you after I
finish my work. There are lots of things to do and see in Edinburgh. The castle is
fantastic and the pubs are really worth visiting. We could go to a show at night.
I'm sure you'd love to see 'Cats'. It's really great! I already have the tickets. After
the show, we might go to a party. A friend of mine has got her birthday on
Wednesday and we're invited! Even if it's just one day, I'm sure we're going to
have a great time in Edinburgh!

See you on Wednesday!

Love, Katie.
Cambia los verbos al tiempo verbal correcto: Presente
Perfecte o Pasado Simple.

I lived in Warsaw for 8 years and then move  to Krakow.

Shakespeare has written  a lot of plays.

We have met  at the cinema last weekend.

I haven't smoked for two weeks. I am trying to give this habit up.

Chopin composed a lot of music.

This is John's flat. How long has he lived here? He lived  here for 23 years.

I watched that kind of film when I was at school. I liked them very much.

She gone  out ten minutes ago.

We haven't seen you for ages.

My car is beautiful because I have washed it.

I can't go to the swimming pool with you guys because I haven't

finished my homework.

I not  breakfast yet.

She has written the letter but she can't post it because she's in a hurry.

"Do you mean you played the piano when you were at school?" "Yes, my
mother wanted me to."

The film has just began  . You are a little late.

My father has written several books. He finished his third novel recently.

He has leaved  my office at 4.00 and got home at 5.40.

Lucy just has gone  out. Do you want to leave a message?

I seen  you at the concert last Monday.

The play began at 5.00 and lasted for 90 minutes. I enjoyed it very much.

before has role practiced never she her.

She has never practiced her role before.

them those somebody you'd papers burn sees better before.

You'd better burn those papers before somebody sees them.

had since visitors hasn't any March Chris.

Chris hasn't had any visitors since March.

and why go just shut don't up you?

Why don't you just shut up and go?

we met years ago has your how changed life 8 since?

How has your life changed since we met 8 years ago?

any life the hasn't difference to money made my.

The money hasn't made any difference to my life.

Example:
I have never been abroad.
Have you ever been abroad?

He has eaten 25 hamburgers already!

How many hamburgers has he eaten?