.........

3
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...... 53

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



𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
=𝛼 .
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2

𝒌
𝜶= ,
𝒓𝒔

α
 𝑢(0, 𝑡) = 0, 𝑢(𝑙, 𝑡) = 0,

𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓(𝑥) (0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙).

 ℝ2

𝑢𝑥𝑡 = 0
{𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝜙0 (𝑥) (2.1.1.1)
𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 0) = 𝜙1 (𝑥)

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)

0 = 𝑢𝑥𝑡 (𝑥, 0) = 𝜙1,𝑥 = 𝜙 ′ (𝑥),

𝜙1 (2.1.1.1)

𝜙1 ≡ 𝑐 𝑐
𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝛼(𝑡), 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑥,

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑤1 (𝑥) + 𝑤2 (𝑡)

𝑤2 (𝑡) = 𝑐𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑎
𝑢𝑎 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝜙0 (𝑥) + 𝑐𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2

(2.1.1.1) 𝜙1
𝜙1 (2.1.1.1)

𝑤2 𝑤2 (0) = 0 𝑤2′ (0) = 0

𝑤2 = 𝑐𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑟 , 𝑟 > 0

𝑢𝑡 = 𝑢𝑥𝑥
{ 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝜙0 (𝑥) , (2.1.1.2)
𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 0) = 𝜙1 (𝑥)

𝜙1 (𝑥) = 𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑢𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 0) = 𝜙0′′ (𝑥).

 𝑡 1

𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0 𝑒𝑛 𝑦 > 0

{𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 0 , (2.1.1.3)
𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 0) = ℎ(𝑥)

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑢 = ℜ𝑓(𝑧) 𝑓 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
𝑦>0

𝑓(𝑧), ℑ𝑧 ≥ 0
𝑓̃(𝑧) = { ̅
𝑓 (𝑧̅), ℑ𝑧 < 0

𝑓 ̅ = 𝑢 − 𝑖𝑣 𝑓 ℜ𝑓̃ = 𝑢̃
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑦≥0
𝑢̃(𝑥, 𝑡) = {
𝑢(𝑥, −𝑦), 𝑦<0

𝑢̃(𝑥, 0) 𝑢̃𝑦 (𝑥, 0)

ℎ
(2.1.1.3)
 𝑢𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 0
{𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓(𝑥) , (2.1.1.4)
𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑔(𝑥)

1
𝑋 = (𝑥 + 𝑡)
{ 2
1
𝑇 = (𝑥 − 𝑡)
2

𝑢𝑋𝑇 = 0 (2.1.1.5)

𝑢(𝑋, 𝑇) = 𝑤1 (𝑋) + 𝑤2 (𝑇)

𝑢(𝑋, 𝑇) = 𝑤1 (𝑥 + 𝑡) + 𝑤2 (𝑥 − 𝑡)

(2.1.1.4)
𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑡) + 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑡) 1 𝑥+𝑡
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = + ∫ 𝑔(𝑠)𝑑𝑠
2 2 𝑥−𝑡
 𝑛
𝜕 2𝑢
∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 (𝑥) + 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑢, ∇𝑢) = 0, 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑠,
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗
𝑖,𝑗=1

𝑥 ↝ 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑥), 𝑦ℓ = 𝑦ℓ (𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑛 ), ℓ = 1,2, … , 𝑛

𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , … , 𝑦𝑛
𝑦ℓ ∈ 𝐶 2 , 𝐷=( ),
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛
 𝜕𝑦
(𝜕𝑥 𝑖 )
𝑗

𝐷≠0

𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑦)

𝑢(𝑥(𝑦)) = 𝑢̃(𝑦) 𝑢̃(𝑦(𝑥)) = 𝑢(𝑥)

𝑛
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢̃ 𝜕𝑦ℓ
=∑
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑦ℓ 𝜕𝑥𝑖
ℓ=1

𝑛 𝑛
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢̃ 𝜕𝑦ℓ 𝜕𝑦𝑘 𝜕𝑢̃ 𝜕 2 𝑦ℓ
= ( )= ∑ +∑
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑦ℓ 𝜕𝑦𝑘 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑦ℓ 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑦𝑗
𝑘,ℓ=1 ℓ=1

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝜕 2 𝑢̃ 𝜕𝑦ℓ 𝜕𝑦𝑘 𝜕𝑢̃ 𝜕 2 𝑦ℓ
∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑖 +∑ ∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝜙 ∗ (𝑦, 𝑢̃, ∇𝑢̃) = 0
𝜕𝑦ℓ 𝜕𝑦𝑘 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑦ℓ 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗
𝑘,ℓ=1 𝑖,𝑗=1 ℓ=1 𝑖,𝑗=1

𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑎̃ℓ𝑘 (𝑦) = ∑𝑛𝑖,𝑗=1 𝑎𝑖 𝜕𝑥ℓ 𝜕𝑥𝑘
𝑖 𝑗

𝑛
𝜕 2 𝑢̃
∑ 𝑎̃ℓ𝑘 (𝑦) + 𝜙̃(𝑦, 𝑢̃, ∇𝑢̃) = 0
𝜕𝑦ℓ 𝜕𝑦𝑘
𝑘,ℓ=1

𝜕𝑦ℓ 𝜕𝑦𝑘
𝑥0 𝑦0 = 𝑦(𝑥0 ) 𝛼ℓ𝑖 = (𝑥0 ) 𝛼𝑘𝑗 =
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗
 𝑥0 𝑎̃ℓ𝑘 (𝑦𝑜 ) = ∑𝑛𝑖,𝑗=1 𝑎𝑖𝑗 (𝑥0 )𝛼ℓ𝑖 𝛼𝑘𝑗

𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑥0

𝑎𝑖𝑗

∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 (𝑥0 )𝑝𝑖 𝑝𝑗 (2.1.2.1)

𝑖,𝑗=1

𝒙𝟎

𝑝𝑖 = ∑ 𝛼ℓ𝑘 (𝑦0 )𝑞ℓ , det(𝛼ℓ𝑖 ) ≠ 0 (2.1.2.2)

ℓ=1

(2.1.2.1)
𝑛

∑ 𝑎̃ℓ𝑘 (𝑦0 )𝑞ℓ 𝑞𝑘 .

𝑘,ℓ=1

𝑥0
(2.1.2.1)
(2.1.2.2)

(2.1.2.2) (2.1.2.1)
𝑟 𝑚

∑ 𝑞ℓ2 − ∑ 𝑞ℓ2 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑚 ≤ 𝑛 (2.1.2.3)

ℓ=1 ℓ=𝑟+1

𝑟 𝑚
(2.1.2.2)
 (𝑎𝑖𝑗 (𝑥0 ))

𝑥0

(2.1.2.3) 𝑚=𝑛 𝑟=𝑚 𝑟=0

𝑥0
(2.1.2.3)

𝑚=𝑛 (2.1.2.3) 1≤
𝑟 ≤𝑛−1 𝑥0
𝑟=1 𝑟 =𝑛−1

𝑚<𝑛 𝑥0 𝑚 =𝑛−1 𝑟=
0 𝑟 =𝑛−1


 

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
𝐹 (𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑛 , 𝑢, ,…, ,…, ,…) = 0
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥𝑛 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢
𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢, , , 2 , , )=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

𝑎11 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑎12 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 𝑎22 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑢𝑦𝑦 + 𝐹1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢, 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 ) = 0 (2.1.3.1)

𝑎11 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑎12 𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 𝑎22 𝑢𝑦𝑦 + 𝑏1 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑐𝑢 + 𝑓 = 0

𝑓=0 𝑓≠0

𝑎𝑖𝑗 , 𝑏𝑖, 𝑐
 (𝑥, 𝑦) (𝜉, 𝜂)
𝜉 = 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝜂 = 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝜉 𝜂
(2.1.3.1)

𝑢𝑥 = 𝑢𝜉 𝜉𝑥 + 𝑢𝜂 𝜂𝑥 ,
𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢𝜉 𝜉𝑦 + 𝑢𝜂 𝜂𝑦 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 𝑢𝜉𝜉 𝜉𝑥2 + 2𝑢𝜉𝜂 𝜉𝑥 𝜂𝑥 + 𝑢𝜂𝜂 𝜂𝑥2 + 𝑢𝜉 𝜉𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝜂 𝜂𝑥𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑦
= 𝑢𝜉𝜉 𝜉𝑥 𝜉𝑦 + 𝑢𝜉𝜂 (𝜉𝑥 𝜂𝑦 + 𝜉𝑦 𝜂𝑥 ) + 𝑢𝜂𝜂 𝜂𝑥 𝜂𝑦 + 𝑢𝜉 𝜉𝑥𝑦 + 𝑢𝜂 𝜂𝑥𝑦 , 𝑢𝑦𝑦
= 𝑢𝜉𝜉 𝜉𝑦2 + 2𝑢𝜉𝜂 𝜉𝑦 𝜂𝑦 + 𝑢𝜂𝜂 𝜂𝑦2 + 𝑢𝜉 𝜉𝑦𝑦 + 𝑢𝜂 𝜂𝑦𝑦

(2.1.3.1)
𝑎̅11 𝑢𝜉𝜉 + 2𝑎̅12 𝑢𝜉𝜂 + 𝑎̅22 𝑢𝜂𝜂 + 𝐹̅1 = 0

𝑎̅11 = 𝑎11 𝜉𝑥2 + 2𝑎12 𝜉𝑥 𝜉𝑦 + 𝑎22 𝜉𝑦2 𝑎̅12 = 𝑎11 𝜉𝑥 𝜂𝑥 + 𝑎12 (𝜉𝑥 𝜂𝑦 + 𝜉𝑦 𝜂𝑥 ) + 𝑎22 𝜉𝑦 𝜂𝑦 𝑎̅22
= 𝑎11 𝜂𝑥2 + 2𝑎12 𝜂𝑥 𝜂𝑦 + 𝑎22 𝜂𝑦2

𝐹̅1

𝜉 𝜂 𝑥 𝑦 𝑎̅11
𝜉 = 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑎11 𝜑𝑥2 + 2𝑎12 𝜑𝑥 𝜑𝑦 + 𝑎22 𝜑𝑦2 = 0 (2.1.3.2)

 𝑧 = 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) (2.1.3.1) 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶

𝑎11 𝑑𝑦2 − 2𝑎12 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑎22 𝑑𝑥2 = 0 (2.1.3.3)

𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶
(2.1.3.3) 𝑧 = 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) (2.1.3.2)

 𝑧 = 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) (2.1.3.2) ⇔ 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦)

(2.1.3.3)

 (∗∗)

𝑧 = 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦)
2
𝜑𝑥 𝜑𝑥
𝑎11 ( ) − 2𝑎12 (− ) + 𝑎22 = 0
𝜑𝑦 𝜑𝑦

𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) (2.1.3.3) 𝑦
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶 (2.1.3.3)
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝐶)
 𝑑𝑦 𝜑𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)
=− | .
𝑑𝑥 𝜑𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑦=𝑓(𝑥,𝐶)

2
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝜑𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜑𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑎11 ( ) − 2𝑎12 + 𝑎22 = [𝑎11 (− ) − 2𝑎12 (− ) + 𝑎22 ] =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜑𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜑𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑦=𝑓(𝑥,𝐶)

𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) (2.1.3.3) 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶 ⇒ 𝑦 =

𝑓(𝑥, 𝐶)

2
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝜑𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜑𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑎11 ( ) − 2𝑎12 + 𝑎22 = [𝑎11 (− ) + 2𝑎12 ( ) + 𝑎22 ] =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜑𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜑𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑦=𝑓(𝑥,𝐶)

⇒ 𝑎11 𝜑𝑥2 + 2𝑎12 𝜑𝑥 𝜑𝑦 + 𝑎22 𝜑𝑦2 = 0

∎

𝜉 = 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) (2.1.3.3)

𝑎11 = 0
̅̅̅̅ 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜂 = 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑎22 = 0
̅̅̅̅

2
𝑑𝑦 𝑎12 + √𝑎12 − 𝑎11 𝑎22
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑎11
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑎12 − √𝑎12 − 𝑎11 𝑎22
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑎11

(𝑥, 𝑦)
 2
𝐓𝐢𝐩𝐨 𝐡𝐢𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐛ó𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐨 𝑠𝑖 𝑎12 − 𝑎11 𝑎22 > 0
2
𝐓𝐢𝐩𝐨 𝐞𝐥í𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐨 𝑠𝑖 𝑎12 − 𝑎11 𝑎22 < 0
2
𝐓𝐢𝐩𝐨 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐛ó𝐢𝐜𝐨 𝑠𝑖 𝑎12 − 𝑎11 𝑎22 = 0

2 2
𝑎̅12 − 𝑎̅11 𝑎̅22 = (𝑎12 − 𝑎11 𝑎22 )(𝜉𝑥 𝜂𝑦 − 𝜉𝑦 𝜂𝑥 )

𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑦)
(2.1.3.3) 𝜉 = 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝜂 = 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑢𝜉𝜂 = 𝜙(𝜉, 𝜂, 𝑢, 𝑢𝜉𝜂 ) (2.1.3.4)

𝐹̅1
𝜙=−
2𝑎̅12

𝜉+𝜂 𝜉−𝜂
𝜉 = 𝛼 + 𝛽, 𝜂 = 𝛼 − 𝛽 𝛼= ,𝛽 =
2 2

1 1 1
𝑢𝜉 = (𝑢𝛼 + 𝑢𝛽 ), 𝑢𝜂 = (𝑢𝛼 − 𝑢𝛽 ), 𝑢𝜉𝜂 = (𝑢𝛼𝛼 − 𝑢𝛽𝛽 )
2 2 4

𝑢𝛼𝛼 − 𝑢𝛽𝛽 = 𝜙1 , 𝜙1 = 𝜙
 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜉 = 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝜂 = 𝜂(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜂(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦)

2
𝑎̅11 = 0 𝑎12 − 𝑎11 𝑎22 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎12 = √|𝑎11 ||𝑎22 |

𝑎̅12 = 𝑎11 𝜉𝑥 𝜂𝑥 + 𝑎12 (𝜉𝑥 𝜂𝑦 + 𝜉𝑦 𝜂𝑥 ) + 𝑎22 𝜉𝑦 𝜂𝑦 =

= (√𝑎11 𝜉𝑥 + √𝑎22 𝜉𝑦 )(√𝑎11 𝜂𝑥 + √𝑎22 𝜂𝑦 ) = 0

2
0 = 𝑎̅11 = 𝑎11 𝜉𝑥2 + 2𝑎12 𝜉𝑥 𝜉𝑦 + 𝑎22 𝜉𝑦2 = (√𝑎11 𝜉𝑥 + √𝑎22 𝜉𝑦 )

𝑢𝜂𝜂
𝐹̅1
𝑢𝜂𝜂 = 𝜙(𝜉, 𝜂, 𝑢, 𝑢𝜉 , 𝑢𝜂 ), 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝜙 = −
𝑎̅22

𝑢𝜉 𝜉

𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦)
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑎12 + √𝑎12 − 𝑎11 𝑎22
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑎11

𝜑̅(𝑥, 𝑦)
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑎12 − √𝑎12 − 𝑎11 𝑎22
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑎11

𝛼 = Re 𝜑, 𝛽 = Im 𝜑
(2.1.3.5)
𝜉 = 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽, 𝜂 = 𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽
 𝑎11 𝜉𝑥2 + 2𝑎12 𝜉𝑥 𝜉𝑦 + 𝑎22 𝜉𝑦2
= (𝑎11 𝛼𝑥2 + 2𝑎12 𝛼𝑥 𝛼𝑦 + 𝑎22 𝛼𝑦2 ) − (𝑎11 𝛽𝑥2 + 2𝑎12 𝛽𝑥 𝛽𝑦 + 𝑎22 𝛽𝑦2 )
+ 2𝑖(𝑎11 𝛼𝑥 𝛽𝑥 + 𝑎12 (𝛼𝑥 𝛽𝑦 + 𝛼𝑦 𝛽𝑥 ) + 𝑎22 𝛼𝑦 𝛽𝑦 ) = 0

(2.1.3.5)
𝑎̅11 = 𝑎̅22 , 𝑎̅12 = 0

𝐹̅1
𝑢𝛼𝛼 + 𝑢𝛽𝛽 = 𝜙(𝜉, 𝜂, 𝑢, 𝑢𝛼 , 𝑢𝛽 ), 𝜙=−
𝑎̅22

2
𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 𝜙 (ℎ𝑖𝑝) 𝑠𝑖 𝑎12 − 𝑎11 𝑎22 > 0
2
𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 𝜙 (𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑝) 𝑠𝑖 𝑎12 − 𝑎11 𝑎22 < 0
2
𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 𝜙 (𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏) 𝑠𝑖 𝑎12 − 𝑎11 𝑎22 = 0

𝑎11 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑎12 𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 𝑎22 𝑢𝑦𝑦 𝑏1 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑐𝑢 + 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0

2
𝑎12 − 𝑎11 𝑎22

2 −𝑎 𝑎
𝑎12 +√𝑎12 2 −𝑎 𝑎
𝑎12 −√𝑎12
11 22 11 22
𝑦= 𝑥 + 𝑐1 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑐2
𝑎11 𝑎11
 𝑢𝜉𝜉 + 𝑢𝜂𝜂 + 𝑏̅1 𝑢𝜉 + 𝑏̅2 𝑢𝜂 + 𝑐̅𝑢 + 𝑓(̅ 𝜉, 𝜂) = 0 tipo elíptico
𝑢𝜉𝜂 + 𝑏̅1 𝑢𝜉 + 𝑏̅2 𝑢𝜂 + 𝑐̅𝑢 + 𝑓(̅ 𝜉, 𝜂) = 0
} tipo hiperbólico
𝑢𝜉𝜉 − 𝑢𝜂𝜂 + 𝑏̅1 𝑢𝜉 + 𝑏̅2 𝑢𝜂 + 𝑐̅𝑢 + 𝑓(̅ 𝜉, 𝜂) = 0
𝑢𝜉𝜉 + 𝑏̅1 𝑢𝜉 + 𝑏̅2 𝑢𝜂 + 𝑐̅𝑢 + 𝑓 (̅ 𝜉, 𝜂) = 0 tipo parabólico

𝑣 𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑒 𝜆𝜉+𝜇𝜂 𝑣

𝑢𝜉 = 𝑒 𝜆𝜉+𝜇𝜂 (𝑣𝜉 + 𝜆𝑣)

𝑢𝜂 = 𝑒 𝜆𝜉+𝜇𝜂 (𝑣𝜂 + 𝜇𝑣)
𝑢𝜉𝜉 = 𝑒 𝜆𝜉+𝜇𝜂 (𝑣𝜉𝜉 + 2𝜆𝑣𝜉 + 𝜆2 𝑣)
𝑢𝜉𝜂 = 𝑒 𝜆𝜉+𝜇𝜂 (𝑣𝜉𝜂 + 𝜆𝑣𝜂 + 𝜇𝑣𝜉 + 𝜆𝜇𝑣)
𝑢𝜂𝜂 = 𝑒 𝜆𝜉+𝜇𝜂 (𝑣𝜂𝜂 + 2𝜇𝑣𝜂 + 𝜇 2 𝑣)

𝑣𝜉𝜉 + 𝑣𝜂𝜂 + (𝑏̅1 + 2𝜆)𝑣𝜉 + (𝑏̅2 + 2𝜇)𝑣𝜂 + (𝜆2 + 𝜇 2 + 𝑏̅1 𝜆 + 𝑏̅2 𝜇 + 𝑐)𝑣 + 𝑓1 = 0.

𝜆 𝜇 𝑣𝜉 𝑣𝜂

𝑣𝜉𝜉 + 𝑣𝜂𝜂 + 𝛾𝑣 + 𝑓1 = 0

𝑣𝜉𝜉 + 𝑣𝜂𝜂 + 𝛾𝑣 + 𝑓1 = 0 tipo elíptico

𝑣𝜉𝜂 + 𝛾𝑣 + 𝑓1 = 0
} tipo hiperbólico (2.1.3.6)
𝑣𝜉𝜉 − 𝑣𝜂𝜂 + 𝛾𝑣 + 𝑓1 = 0
𝑣𝜉𝜉 + 𝑏̅2 𝑣𝜂 + 𝑓1 = 0 tipo parabólico
 𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑢𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑗 + ∑ 𝑏𝑖 𝑢𝑥𝑖 + 𝑐𝑢 + 𝑓 = 0

𝑖,𝑗=1 𝑖=1

𝑢 = {exp(∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝜆𝑖 𝑥𝑖 ) 𝑣} 𝜆𝑖
(2.1.3.6) 𝑛=2

𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑢𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑗 + ∑ 𝑏𝑖 𝑢𝑥𝑖 + 𝑐𝑢 + 𝑓 = 0, (𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 )(𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟í𝑎)

𝑖,𝑗=1 𝑖=1

𝜉𝑘 = 𝜉𝑘 (𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑛 ),

𝑛
𝜕𝜉𝑘
𝑢𝑥𝑖 = ∑ 𝑢𝜉𝑘 𝛼𝑖𝑘 , 𝛼𝑖𝑘 =
𝜕𝑥𝑖
𝑘=1
𝑛 𝑛

𝑢𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑗 = ∑ 𝑢𝜉𝑘 𝜉𝑙 𝛼𝑖𝑘 𝛼𝑗𝑙 + ∑ 𝑢𝜉𝑘 (𝜉𝑘 )𝑥𝑖𝑥𝑗

𝑘,𝑙=1 𝑘=1

𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑎̅𝑘𝑙 𝑢𝜉𝑘 𝜉𝑙 + ∑ 𝑏̅𝑘 𝑢𝜉𝑘 + 𝑐𝑢 + 𝑓 = 0

𝑘,𝑙=1 𝑘=1
𝑐 𝑓
𝑛

𝑎̅𝑘𝑙 = ∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝛼𝑖𝑘 𝛼𝑗𝑙

𝑖,𝑗=1
𝑛 𝑛

𝑏̅𝑘 = ∑ 𝑏𝑖 𝛼𝑖𝑘 + ∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 (𝜉𝑘 )𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑗

𝑖=1 𝑖,𝑗=1

𝑛
𝑜 𝑜
∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑦𝑖 𝑦𝑗 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗(𝑥𝑖𝑜 , … , 𝑥𝑛𝑜 ) 𝑦 (𝑥𝑖𝑜 , … , 𝑥𝑛𝑜 ) ∈ Ω
𝑖,𝑗=1

𝑦𝑖 = ∑ 𝛼𝑖𝑘 𝜂𝑘 ,
𝑘=1

𝑛 𝑛
𝑜 𝑜 𝑜
∑ 𝑎̅𝑘𝑙 𝜂𝑘 𝜂𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑎̅𝑘𝑙 = ∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝛼𝑖𝑘 𝛼𝑗𝑙 .
𝑘,𝑙=1 𝑖,𝑗=1

𝑜
(𝑎𝑖𝑗 )

|𝑎̅𝑖𝑖𝑜 | = 1 ó 0
(2.1.3.7)
𝑎̅𝑖𝑖𝑜 = 0 (𝑖 ≠ 𝑗), 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1, … , 𝑛
1 −1

(2.1.3.7)
 𝑛 𝑎̅𝑖𝑖𝑜 0

(𝑛 − 1) 𝑎̅𝑖𝑖𝑜

𝑎̅𝑖𝑖𝑜
0 𝑚 𝑛−𝑚
(𝑥𝑖𝑜 , … , 𝑥𝑛𝑜 )
𝑚>0 𝑛−𝑚 >0

𝑎̅𝑖𝑖𝑜
0

𝜉𝑖 (𝑥𝑖𝑜 , … , 𝑥𝑛𝑜 )
𝜕𝜉𝑘
𝛼𝑖𝑘 (𝑥𝑖𝑜 , … , 𝑥𝑛𝑜 ) = (𝑥𝑖𝑜 , … , 𝑥𝑛𝑜 ) = 𝛼𝑖𝑘
𝑜
𝜕𝑥𝑖

∑𝑛𝑖,𝑘=1 𝑎𝑖𝑘
𝑜
𝑦𝑖 𝑦𝑘 𝜉𝑘 =
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝛼𝑖𝑘
𝑜
𝑥𝑖

(𝑥𝑖𝑜 , … , 𝑥𝑛𝑜 )
 𝑛

∑ 𝑢𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖 + 𝜙 = 0 tipo elíptico

𝑖=1
𝑛

𝑢𝑥1 𝑥1 = ∑ 𝑢𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖 + 𝜙 tipo hiperbólico normal o hiperbólico

𝑖=2
𝑚 𝑛

∑ 𝑢𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖 = ∑ 𝑢𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖 + 𝜙 tipo ultrahiperbólico (n − 1 > m > 1)

𝑖=1 𝑖=𝑚+1
𝑛−𝑚

∑ ±𝑢𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖 + 𝜙 = 0 tipo parabólico (m > 0)

𝑖=1

(𝑥𝑖0 , … , 𝑥𝑛0 )

𝜉𝑖 (𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑛 )

𝑛 𝑛
𝜕𝜉𝑘 𝜕𝜉𝑙
𝑎̅𝑘𝑙 = ∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝛼𝑖𝑘 𝛼𝑗𝑙 = ∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =0
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗
𝑖,𝑗=1 𝑖,𝑗=1

𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑛(𝑛−1)
2 2
>𝑛 𝜉𝑖 𝑛>3

𝑛>3

𝑛=3
𝑎̅𝑖𝑖

𝑛≥3

𝑛=2
 ℝ𝑛
𝑛

𝑢 = {exp (∑ 𝜆𝑖 𝑥𝑖 ) 𝑣}
𝑖=1

𝑛=2

𝑥0
𝐶(𝑥0 ) = {(𝜂1 , 𝜂2 ) ∶ 𝑎11 (𝑥0 )𝜂12 + 2𝑎12 (𝑥0 )𝜂1 𝜂2 + 𝑎22 (𝑥0 )𝜂22 = 0},
 𝜂 ∈ 𝐶(𝑥0 )

𝑢𝑥𝑡 = 0
𝐶 = {(𝜂1 , 𝜂2 ) ∶ 𝜂1 𝜂2 = 0}.
(1,0) (0,1)
𝑥 = 𝛼, 𝑡 = 𝛽.
𝑡=0

𝑢𝑡 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 0

𝐶 = {(𝜂1 , 𝜂2 ) ∶ 𝜂22 = 0}.

(0,1)

𝑡 = 𝛽.

𝑡=
0

𝑢(𝑥, 0)

𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0

𝐶 = {(𝜂1 , 𝜂2 ) ∶ 𝜂12 + 𝜂22 = 0} ≡ {0}

 𝑡=0

𝑢𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 0

𝐶 = {(𝜂1 , 𝜂2 ) ∶ 𝜂12 − 𝜂22 = 0}

(1,1) (1, −1)

𝑥 + 𝑡 = 𝛼, 𝑥−𝑡 =𝛽

𝑡=0

𝑆 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∶ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0}

𝑎11 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑎12 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 𝑎22 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑢𝑦𝑦 +

+𝑏1 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑢𝑥 + 𝑏2 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑢𝑦 + 𝑐(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
(𝑃)
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑢0 (𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑠𝑖 (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑆
{𝑢𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑢1 (𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑠𝑖 (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑆

𝑢𝑣 𝑢 𝑣 𝑆

 (𝑃) 𝑆

𝑎11 𝑝2 + 2𝑎12 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑎22 𝑞 2 = 0

𝑆

(𝑃)


(𝑃)
 𝑢𝑡𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡) − ∆𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡), (𝑥, 𝑡) ∈ ℝ𝑁 × ℝ
{ 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁
𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁 ,

𝑁 = 1, 2, 3.
 𝑢𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 0, (𝑥, 𝑡) ∈ ℝ × ℝ
{ 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ ℝ,

𝒄
𝑢𝑡𝑡 −𝑐 2 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑥/𝑐

𝑢2 ∈ 𝐶 2 (ℝ2 )
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑢𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = ( + )( − )𝑢
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥

𝑥, 𝑡
 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=( + )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
{
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=( − )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥

𝑢𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥𝑡

1
𝑥 = (𝑥 + 𝑡)
{ 2
1
𝑡 = (𝑥 − 𝑡)
2

{𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑡
𝑡 =𝑥−𝑡

𝑢𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 0,

𝑢𝑥𝑡 = 0,

𝑢𝑡 = Φ(𝑡)̅ ,

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = ∫ Φ(𝑠)𝑑𝑠 + Ψ(𝑥).

 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑤1 (𝑥) + 𝑤2 (𝑡),

𝑤1 𝑤2
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑤1 (𝑥 + 𝑡) + 𝑤2 (𝑥 − 𝑡),

𝑤1 (𝑥 + 𝑡)
1 𝑤2 (𝑥 − 𝑡)
1

𝑤1 𝑤2

𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑤1 (𝑥) + 𝑤2 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

{
𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑤1′ (𝑥) − 𝑤2′ (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑤1 (𝑥) + 𝑤2 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥
{
𝑤1 (𝑥) − 𝑤2 (𝑥) = ∫ 𝑔(𝑠)𝑑𝑠 + 𝑐,

𝑥
1
𝑤1 (𝑥) = [ 𝑓(𝑥) + ∫ 𝑔(𝑠)𝑑𝑠 + 𝑐 ]
2
𝑥
1
𝑤2 (𝑥) = [ 𝑓(𝑥) − ∫ 𝑔(𝑠)𝑑𝑠 − 𝑐 ]
{ 2

𝑥+𝑡
𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑡) + 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑡) 1
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = + ∫ 𝑔(𝑠)𝑑𝑠
2 2
𝑥−𝑡
 𝑔
𝑤1 𝑤2

𝑓 ∈ 𝐶 2 (ℝ) 𝑦 𝑔 ∈ 𝐶 1 (ℝ)

𝑥+𝑡
𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑡) + 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑡) 1
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = + ∫ 𝑔(𝑠)𝑑𝑠
2 2
𝑥−𝑡

𝑢 ∈ 𝐶 2 (ℝ2 )

𝑤1 𝑤2

𝑓, 𝑔
 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, 𝑥 ∉ [𝑎, 𝑏]
{
𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = 0, 𝑥 ∉ [𝑎, 𝑏],

𝜖
|𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)| ≤ , 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏]
1 + |𝑏 − 𝑎|
{ 𝜖
|𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)| ≤ , 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏],
1 + |𝑏 − 𝑎|

𝑢 𝑢

|𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)| ≤

𝑥+𝑡
𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑡) + 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑡) − (𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑡) + 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑡)) 1
≤| | + ∫ |𝑔(𝑠) − 𝑔(𝑠)|𝑑𝑠 ≤
2 2
𝑥−𝑡

𝜖 𝜖
≤ + |𝑏 − 𝑎| = 𝜖
1 + |𝑏 − 𝑎| 1 + |𝑏 − 𝑎|

(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ),
𝑢(𝑥0 , 𝑡0 )
𝒜(𝑥0 , 𝑡0 ) =
[𝑥0 − |𝑡0 |, 𝑥0 + |𝑡0 |] 𝑡 = 0. 𝒜(𝑥0 , 𝑡𝑜 )
(𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 ) 𝐼 = [𝑎, 𝑏] 𝑡 = 0

𝐼
 ℬ(𝐼) = {(𝑥, 𝑡) ∈ ℝ2 |𝑥 + 𝑡 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] ó 𝑥 − 𝑡 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] }.

𝐵(𝐼) 𝐼
ℬ(𝐼) 𝑡 > 0 𝑥−𝑡 = 𝑏 𝑥+𝑡 = 𝑎
𝑡 = 0 𝑡 < 0
𝑥 − 𝑡 = 𝑎, 𝑥 + 𝑡 = 𝑏 𝑥 + |𝑡| = 𝑎,
𝑥 − |𝑡| = 𝑏

𝐼
𝐼 ≡ {𝑥0 }, 𝑡 = 0 𝑡0
𝑥0 𝑡 = 𝑡0
𝑥0 ℬ(𝑥0 ) ∩ {𝑡 = 𝑡0 }
[𝑥0 − 𝑡0 , 𝑥0 ]
[𝑥0 , 𝑥0 + 𝑡0 ]
espacio 𝑡0
velocidad media = = = 1.
tiempo 𝑡0
 𝑢𝑡𝑡 − ∆𝑢 = 0, (𝑥, 𝑡) ∈ ℝ3 × ℝ
{ 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ ℝ3
𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ ℝ3

𝑓y𝑔

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑥 ∈ ℝ3 𝑟 > 0
𝑥 𝑟 |𝑥 − 𝑦| ≤
𝑟

∫ 𝑢𝑡𝑡 (𝑦, 𝑡)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∆𝑢(𝑦, 𝑡)𝑑𝑦.

|𝑥−𝑦|≤𝑟 |𝑥−𝑦|≤𝑟

∫ ∆𝑢(𝑦, 𝑡)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑢𝑣 (𝑦, 𝑡)𝑑𝜎(𝑦) =

|𝑥−𝑦|≤𝑟 |𝑥−𝑦|=𝑟
 3 3

= ∫ (∑ 𝑢𝑥𝑖 (𝑦, 𝑡) 𝑣𝑖 ) 𝑑𝜎(𝑦) = ∫ (∑ 𝑢𝑥𝑖 (𝑥 + 𝑟𝑣, 𝑡) 𝑣𝑖 ) 𝑑𝜎(𝑟𝑣) =

|𝑥−𝑦|=𝑟 𝑖=1 |𝑣|=1 𝑖=1

3
2
=𝑟 ∫ (∑ 𝑢𝑥𝑖 (𝑥 + 𝑟𝑣, 𝑡)𝑣𝑖 ) 𝑑𝜔 = 𝑟 2 ∫ 𝑢𝑟 (𝑥 + 𝑟𝑣, 𝑡) 𝑑𝜔,
|𝑣|=1 𝑖=1 |𝑣|=1

𝑟 𝑑𝜎(𝑦) 𝑑𝜎(𝑦) =
𝑟 2 𝑑𝜔 𝑑𝜔 𝑣

𝑟
∫ 𝑢𝑡𝑡 (𝑦, 𝑡)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝜌2 ∫ 𝑢𝑡𝑡 (𝑥 + 𝜌𝑣, 𝑡)𝑑𝜔𝑑𝜌.
0
|𝑥−𝑦|≤𝑟 |𝑣|=1

𝑟
∫ 𝜌2 ∫ 𝑢𝑡𝑡 (𝑥 + 𝜌𝑣, 𝑡)𝑑𝜔𝑑𝜌 = 𝑟 2 ∫ 𝑢𝑟 (𝑥 + 𝑟𝑣, 𝑡)𝑑𝜔
0
|𝑣|=1 |𝑣|=1

𝑟 2 ∫ 𝑢𝑡𝑡 (𝑥 + 𝑟𝑣, 𝑡)𝑑𝜔 =

|𝑣|=1

= 2𝑟 ∫ 𝑢𝑟 (𝑥 + 𝜌𝑣, 𝑡)𝑑𝜔 + 𝑟 2 ∫ 𝑢𝑟𝑟 (𝑥 + 𝑟𝑣, 𝑡)𝑑𝜔,

|𝑣|=𝑟 |𝑣|=1

𝜕2 𝑟
( ∫ 𝑢(𝑥 + 𝑟𝑣, 𝑡)𝑑𝜔) =
𝜕𝑡 2 4𝜋 |𝑣|=1
 𝜕 1 𝜕2 1
=2 ( ∫ 𝑢(𝑥 + 𝑟𝑣, 𝑡)𝑑𝜔) + 𝑟 2 ( ∫ 𝑢(𝑥 + 𝑟𝑣, 𝑡)𝑑𝜔)
𝜕𝑟 4𝜋 𝜕𝑟 4𝜋
|𝑣|=1 |𝑣|=1

𝜕2 𝑟
= ( ∫ 𝑢(𝑥 + 𝑟𝑣, 𝑡)𝑑𝜔)
𝜕𝑟 2 4𝜋
|𝑣|=1

1
ℳ𝑢(𝑥, 𝑟, 𝑡) = ∫ 𝑢(𝑥 + 𝑟𝑣, 𝑡)𝑑𝜔
4𝜋
|𝑣|=1

𝑟 𝑢 𝑥 𝑡

(𝑟ℳ𝑢)𝑡𝑡 − (𝑟ℳ𝑢)𝑟𝑟 = 0

𝑥 ∈ ℝ3
𝑟ℳ𝑢 𝑢
𝑟 𝑡
𝑟ℳ𝑢

𝑟ℳ𝑢(𝑥, 𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝜔1 (𝑥, 𝑟 + 𝑡) + 𝜔2 (𝑥, 𝑟 − 𝑡).

𝑟→0
0 = 𝜔1 (𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝜔2 (𝑥, −𝑡),

−𝜔1 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝜔2 (𝑥, −𝑡).

𝑟ℳ𝑢(𝑥, 𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝜔1 (𝑥, 𝑟 + 𝑡) − 𝜔1 (𝑥, 𝑡 − 𝑟).

𝑟
 ℳ𝑢(𝑥, 𝑟, 𝑡) + 𝑟(ℳ𝑢)𝑟 (𝑥, 𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝜔´1 (𝑥, 𝑟 + 𝑡) − 𝜔´1 (𝑥, 𝑡 − 𝑟).

𝑟→0
lim ℳ𝑢(𝑥, 𝑟, 𝑡) = 2𝜔´1 (𝑥, 𝑡),
𝑟→0

𝑢
lim ℳ𝑢(𝑥, 𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)
𝑟→0

𝑢
𝜔1
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 2𝜔1′ (𝑥, 𝑡),

𝜔1′ (𝑥, 𝑡)

(𝑟ℳ𝑢)𝑟 (𝑥, 𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝜔1′ (𝑥, 𝑟 + 𝑡) + 𝜔1′ (𝑥, 𝑡 − 𝑟)

{
(𝑟ℳ𝑢)𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝜔1′ (𝑥, 𝑟 + 𝑡) − 𝜔1′ (𝑥, 𝑡 − 𝑟)

(𝑟ℳ𝑢)𝑟 (𝑥, 𝑟, 𝑡) + (𝑟ℳ𝑢)𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑟, 𝑡) = 2𝜔1′ (𝑥, 𝑟 + 𝑡).

𝑡→0
2𝜔1′ (𝑥, 𝑟) =

𝜕 𝑟 𝑟
( ∫ 𝑢(𝑥 + 𝑟𝑣, 0)𝑑𝜔 ) + ∫ 𝑢1 (𝑥 + 𝑟𝑣, 0)𝑑𝜔 =
𝜕𝑟 4𝜋 4𝜋
|𝑣|=1 |𝑣|=1

𝜕 𝑟 𝑟
= ( ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑟𝑣)𝑑𝜔 ) + ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑟𝑣)𝑑𝜔.
𝜕𝑟 4𝜋 4𝜋
|𝑣|=1 |𝑣|=1

(2.2.2.19) 𝜔1′
𝑢 𝜔1′
 𝜕 𝑡 𝑡
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = ( ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑡𝑣)𝑑𝜔 ) + ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑡𝑣)𝑑𝜔.
𝜕𝑡 4𝜋 4𝜋
|𝑣|=1 |𝑣|=1

𝑓 ∈ 𝐶 3 (ℝ3 ) 𝑔 ∈ 𝐶 2 (ℝ3 )
𝑢 ∈ 𝐶 2 (ℝ3 × ℝ)

𝑓 ∈ 𝐶 3 (ℝ3 ) 𝑔 ∈ 𝐶 2 (ℝ3 ) 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)

lim 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) =
𝑡→0
 1 𝑡
lim { ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑡𝑣) 𝑑𝜔 + ∫ 〈∇𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑡𝑣), 𝑣〉 𝑑𝜔
𝑡→0 4𝜋 4𝜋
|𝑣|=1 |𝑣|=1

𝑡
+ ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑡𝑣) 𝑑𝜔}
4𝜋
|𝑣|=1

= 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓 𝑔
lim 𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
𝑡→0

1 1
lim { ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑡𝑣) 𝑑𝜔 + ∫ 〈∇𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑡𝑣), 𝑣〉 𝑑𝜔} +
𝑡→0 4𝜋 4𝜋
|𝑣|=1 |𝑣|=1

1 𝜕2 1 𝜕
+ lim 𝑡 { ( ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑡𝑣)𝑑𝜔 ) + ( ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑡𝑣)𝑑𝜔)} =
𝑡→0 4𝜋 𝜕𝑡 2 4𝜋 𝜕𝑡
|𝑣|=1 |𝑣|=1

= 𝑔(𝑥)

3
1 1
lim ∫ 〈∇𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑡𝑣), 𝑣〉 𝑑𝜔 = ∑(𝑓𝑥𝑖 (𝑥) ∫ 𝑣𝑖 𝑑𝜔)
𝑡→0 4𝜋 4𝜋
|𝑣|=1 𝑖=1 |𝑣|=1

ℎ ∈ 𝐶 2 (ℝ3 )

𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑡𝑀ℎ(𝑥, 𝑡),

 1
𝑀ℎ(𝑥, 𝑡) = ∫ ℎ(𝑥 + 𝑡𝑣) 𝑑𝜔
4𝜋
|𝑣|=1

𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡)
𝜕 𝜕2
𝑣𝑡𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 2 𝑀ℎ(𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝑡 2 𝑀ℎ(𝑥, 𝑡).
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

∆𝑣

1 1
∫ ∆ℎ(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ℎ𝑣 (𝑦)𝑑𝜎(𝑦) =
4𝜋𝑡 2 4𝜋𝑡 2
|𝑥−𝑦|≤𝑡 |𝑥−𝑦|=𝑡

3 3
1 1
= ∫ ∑ ℎ𝑥𝑖 (𝑦)𝑣𝑖 𝑑𝜎(𝑦) = ∫ ∑ ℎ𝑥𝑖 (𝑥 + 𝑡𝑣)𝑣𝑖 𝑑𝜔 =
4𝜋𝑡 2 4𝜋
|𝑥−𝑦|=𝑡 𝑖=1 |𝑣|=1 𝑖=1

𝜕
𝑀ℎ(𝑥, 𝑡),
𝜕𝑡

𝑑𝜎(𝑦) = 𝑡 2 𝑑𝜔

𝑡
1 1
∫ ∆ℎ(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ Δℎ(𝑦)𝑑𝜎(𝑦).
4𝜋𝑡 2 4𝜋𝑡 2
|𝑥−𝑦|≤𝑡 0 |𝑥−𝑦|=𝜌
 𝑡
𝜕2 𝜕 1
2
𝑀ℎ(𝑥, 𝑡) = ∫ ∫ ∆ℎ(𝑦)𝑑𝜎(𝑦) =
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 4𝜋𝑡 2
0 |𝑥−𝑦|=𝜌

𝑡 𝑡
−1 1
∫ ∫ ∆ℎ(𝑦)𝑑(𝑦) + ∫ ∫ ∆ℎ(𝑦)𝑑𝜎(𝑦)
2𝜋𝑡 3 4𝜋𝑡 2
0 |𝑥−𝑦|≤𝑡 0 |𝑥−𝑦|=𝑡

𝑣𝑡𝑡 = ∆𝑣,

𝑢
𝑣

𝑓, 𝑔 𝑓,̅ 𝑔̅
𝑢 𝑢̅

̅
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔̅ (𝑥) 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁 − 𝐵(0, 𝑅).
𝑇>0 𝜖>0

𝜖 𝜖 𝜖
|𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(̅ 𝑥)| < , |∇f(x) − ∇𝑓 (̅ 𝑥)| < , |∇g(x) − ∇𝑔̅ (𝑥)| <
3+𝑇 3+𝑇 3+𝑇

|𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑢̅(𝑥, 𝑡)| ≤ 𝜖. ∎

 𝑢𝑡𝑡 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑡) − ∆𝑢(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑡) = 0 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑡) ∈ ℝ2 × ℝ
{ 𝑢(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 0) = 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 )(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) ∈ ℝ2 ,
2
𝑢𝑡 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 )(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) ∈ ℝ .

ℝ2 × ℝ

𝑥3

𝑓̃(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 )
{ ,
𝑔̃(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = 𝑔(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 )

𝜕 𝑡 𝑡
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡) = ( ∫ 𝑓̃(𝑥 + 𝑡𝑣)𝑑𝜔) + ∫ 𝑔̃ (𝑥 + 𝑡𝑣) 𝑑𝜔,
𝜕𝑡 4𝜋 4𝜋
|𝑣|=1 |𝑣|=1
 𝑓̃ 𝑔̃ x3 𝑣
𝑥3 𝑣𝑥3 𝑥3 = 0 𝑣

𝑢(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑡) =

𝜕 𝑡
= ( ∫ 𝑓̃(𝑥1 + 𝑡𝑣1 , 𝑥2 + 𝑡𝑣2, 𝑥3 + 𝑡𝑣3 )𝑑𝜔) +
𝜕𝑡 4𝜋
|𝑣|2 =1

𝑡
∫ 𝑔̃ (𝑥1 + 𝑡𝑣1 , 𝑥2 + 𝑡𝑣2, 𝑥3 + 𝑡𝑣3 ) 𝑑𝜔,
4𝜋
|𝑣|2 =1

𝑡 𝑡
∫ 𝑓̃ (𝑥1 + 𝑡𝑣1 , 𝑥2 + 𝑡𝑣2, 𝑥3 + 𝑡𝑣3 ) 𝑑𝜔 = ∫ 𝑓̃(𝑦)𝑑𝜎(𝑦),
4𝜋 4𝑡𝜋
𝑣12 +𝑣22 +𝑣32 =1 |𝑥−𝑦|=1

(𝑥1 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑥2 − 𝑦2 )2 + 𝑦32 = 𝑡 2 .

𝑦3 = ±√𝑡 2 − (𝑥1 − 𝑦1 )2 − (𝑥2 − 𝑦2 )2

 𝑡𝑑𝑦1 𝑑𝑦2
𝑑𝜎(𝑦) =
(𝑡 2 − (𝑥1 − 𝑦1 )2 − (𝑥2 − 𝑦2 )2 )1/2

|𝑥 − 𝑦| = (𝑡 2 − (𝑥1 − 𝑦1 )2 − (𝑥2 − 𝑦2 )2 )1/2

𝑡 2 𝑡𝑑𝑦1 𝑑𝑦2
∫ 𝑓̃(𝑦)𝑑𝜎(𝑦) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑦1 , 𝑦2 ) .
4𝑡𝜋 4𝑡𝜋 (𝑡 2 − |𝑥 − 𝑦|2 )1/2
|𝑥−𝑦|=1 |𝑥−𝑦|=1

𝑡 𝑡
∫ 𝑓̃ (𝑥1 + 𝑡𝑣1 , 𝑥2 + 𝑡𝑣2, 𝑥3 + 𝑡𝑣3 ) 𝑑𝜔 = ∫ 𝑓̃(𝑦)𝑑𝜎(𝑦),
4𝜋 4𝑡𝜋
𝑣12 +𝑣22 +𝑣32 =1 |𝑥−𝑦|=1

𝑓 ∈ 𝐶 3 (ℝ2 ) 𝑔 ∈ 𝐶 2 (ℝ2 ),

𝜕 1 𝑓(𝑦1 , 𝑦2 )𝑑𝑦1 𝑑𝑦2 1 𝑔(𝑦1 , 𝑦2 )𝑑𝑦1 𝑑𝑦2

𝑢(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑡) = ( ∫ 1 + ∫ 1 ),
𝜕𝑡 2𝜋 2 − |𝑥 − 𝑦|2 )2 2𝜋 2 − |𝑥 − 𝑦|2 )2
|𝑥−𝑦|=𝑡 (𝑡 |𝑥−𝑦|=𝑡 (𝑡
 𝑢𝑡𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡) − ∆𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝜔(𝑥, 𝑡)(𝑥, 𝑡) ∈ ℝ𝑁 × ℝ
{ 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 0, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁
𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 0) = 0, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁 ,

𝜔 ∈ 𝐶 2 (ℝ𝑁 × ℝ) 𝑁 = 1, 2 3

𝑢𝑡𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡) − ∆𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝜔(𝑥, 𝑡)(𝑥, 𝑡) ∈ ℝ𝑁 × ℝ

{ 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁
𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁 ,
 𝑢𝑡𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑠) − ∆𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑠) = 0
{ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑠, 𝑠) = 0
𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑠, 𝑠) = 𝜔(𝑥, 𝑠),

𝜔 ∈ 𝐶 2 (ℝ𝑁 × ℝ)
𝑡

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = ∫ 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑠) 𝑑𝑠
0

𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 0
𝑡 𝑡

𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑣𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑡) + ∫ 𝑣𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑠) 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑣𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑠) 𝑑𝑠

0 0

𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 0) = 0 𝑡

𝑢𝑡𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑣𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑡) + ∫ 𝑣𝑡𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑠) 𝑑𝑠

0

𝑡 𝑡

= 𝜔(𝑥, 𝑡) + ∫ ∆𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑠) 𝑑𝑠 = 𝜔(𝑥, 𝑡) + ∆ (∫ 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑠) 𝑑𝑠 ) =

0 0
 = 𝜔(𝑥, 𝑡) + ∆𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡),

𝑢
∎

𝑁=
1, 2 3

𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑠) = 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡 + 𝑠, 𝑠)

𝑈𝑡𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑠) − ∆𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑠) = 0

{ 𝑈(𝑥, 0, 𝑠) = 0
𝑈𝑡 (𝑥, 0, 𝑠) = 𝜔(𝑥, 𝑠).

𝑥+𝑡
1
∫ 𝜔(𝑦, 𝑠)𝑑𝑦, si 𝑁 = 1
2
𝑥−𝑡
1 𝜔(𝑦, 𝑠)𝑑𝑦
∫ si 𝑁 = 1
2 √𝑡 2 − |𝑥 − 𝑦|2
|𝑥−𝑦|≤𝑡
1
∫ 𝜔(𝑥, 𝑠)𝑑𝜎(𝑦), 𝑠𝑖 𝑁 = 3 .
4𝜋𝑡
{ |𝑥−𝑦|=𝑡

𝑡 𝑡

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = ∫ 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑠)𝑑𝑠 ≡ ∫ 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑡 − 𝑠, 𝑠)𝑑𝑠,

0 0
 𝑡 𝑥+(𝑡−𝑠)
1
∫ ∫ 𝜔(𝑦, 𝑠)𝑑𝑦, si 𝑁 = 1
2
0 𝑥−(𝑡−𝑠)
𝑡
1 𝜔(𝑦, 𝑠)𝑑𝑦
∫ ∫ si 𝑁 = 1
2 √(𝑡 − 𝑠)2 − |𝑥 − 𝑦|2
0 |𝑥−𝑦|≤(𝑡−𝑠)
𝑡
1 1
∫( ∫ 𝜔(𝑥, 𝑠)𝑑𝜎(𝑦)) 𝑑𝑠 𝑠𝑖 𝑁 = 3.
4𝜋𝑡 𝑡−𝑠
{ 0 |𝑥−𝑦|=(𝑡−𝑠)

𝑢𝑡𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡) − ∆𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 (𝑥, 𝑡) ∈ ℝ𝑁 × ℝ

{ 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁
𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁 , 𝑁 = 1, 2, 3

𝑓 𝑔

𝐵(0, 𝑅)

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)
𝑢 𝑡
sop 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) ⊂ 𝐵(0, 𝑅 + |𝑡|).

𝑢𝑡
 𝑁 𝑁
1 1 2
0 = 𝑢𝑡 (𝑢𝑡𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡) − ∆𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)) = (𝑈𝑡 )2𝑡 + ∑|𝑢𝑥 𝑖 | − ∑(𝑢𝑥 𝑖 𝑢𝑡 ) =
2 2 𝑡 𝑥𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

𝜕1 2
{𝑢 + |∇𝑥 𝑢|2 } − div {(𝑢𝑥 𝑖 𝑢𝑡 ) },
𝜕2 𝑡 𝑖=1,…,𝑁

∇𝑥
𝐵(0, 𝜌) ⊂ ℝ2 𝜌 > 𝑅 + |𝑡0 | 𝑡0

1 𝜕 2
0= ∫ {𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡0 ) + |∇𝑥 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡0 )|2 }𝑑𝑥 −
2 𝜕𝑡
𝐵(0,𝜌)

∫ div {(𝑢𝑥 𝑖 (𝑥, 𝑡0 )𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡0 )) } 𝑑𝑥,

𝑖=1,…,𝑁
𝐵(0,𝜌)

𝑆(0, 𝜌) 𝐵(0, 𝜌) 𝑣

− ∫ div {(𝑢𝑥 𝑖 (𝑥, 𝑡0 )𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡0 )) } 𝑑𝑥 =

𝑖=1,…,𝑁
𝐵(0,𝜌)

− ∫ 〈(𝑢𝑥 𝑖 (𝑥, 𝑡0 )𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡0 )) , 𝑣〉 𝑑𝜎 → 0 para 𝜌 → ∞,

𝑖=1,…,𝑁
𝑆(0,𝜌)

𝜌 > 𝑅 + |𝑡0 |

𝑑1
0= ∫ {𝑢𝑡2 (𝑥, 𝑡0 ) + |∇𝑥 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡0 )|2 }𝑑𝑥.
𝑑𝑡 2
𝐵(0,𝜌)
 1
ℰ(𝑡) = ∫ {𝑢𝑡2 (𝑥, 𝑡0 ) + |∇𝑥 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡0 )|2 }𝑑𝑥.
2
𝐵(0,𝜌)

1
ℰ(𝑡) ≡ ℰ(0) = ∫ {|𝑔(𝑥)| + |∇𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)|2 }𝑑𝑥.
2
𝐵(0,𝜌)

𝑣𝑡𝑡 − ∆𝑣 = 0 (𝑥, 𝑡) ∈ ℝ𝑁 × ℝ
{ 𝑣(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁
𝑣𝑡 = 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁 , 𝑁 = 1, 2, 3

1
ℰ(𝑡) = ∫ {|𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 0)|2 + |∇𝑥 𝑣(𝑥, 0)|2 }𝑑𝑥
2
𝐵(0,𝜌)

𝑣𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 ∇𝑥 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 𝑣 𝑣(𝑥, 0) = 0

𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡) ≡ 0 𝑢1 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝑡).
 𝑢 ∈ 𝐶2^(ℝ𝑁 × [0, 𝑇]) 𝑢𝑡𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡) − ∆𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0
𝑅 𝑁 × [0, 𝑇] 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 0) = 0

𝐵 = {(𝑥, 0)| | 𝑥 − 𝑥0 | ≤ 𝑡0 }, para algun 𝑡0 ∈ (0, 𝑡).

𝑢≡0

𝒞 = {(𝑥, 𝑡)| 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑡1 , |𝑥 − 𝑥0 | < 𝑡0 − 𝑡}.

0 < 𝑡1 < 𝑡0

𝒞 = {(𝑥, 𝑡)| 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑡1 , |𝑥 − 𝑥0 | < 𝑡0 − 𝑡}

0 = 𝑢𝑡 (𝑢𝑡𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡) − ∆𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)) 𝒞𝑡 1

0 = ∫ 𝑢𝑡 (∆𝑢 − 𝑢𝑡𝑡 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑡 =

𝒞𝑡 1
 𝑁
𝜕 1
∫ (∑(𝑢𝑥 𝑖 𝑢𝑡 ) − {|𝑢 |2 + |∇𝑥 𝑢|2 } ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑡
𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑡 2 𝑡
𝒞𝑡 1 𝑖=1

𝑁
1
0 = ∫ (− ({|𝑢𝑡 |2 + |∇𝑥 𝑢|2 })𝑣0 + ∑ 𝑢𝑥 𝑖 𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑖 ) 𝑑𝜎(𝑦)
2
𝑆 𝑖=1

1
− ∫ ({|𝑢𝑡 |2 + |∇𝑥 𝑢|2 })𝑑𝑥
2
𝐵𝑡 1

𝐵𝑡 1 𝑑𝜎(𝑦)

𝑆 𝑣 = (𝑣0 , 𝑣1 , . . , 𝑣𝑁 ) 𝑆

𝑡 = 0.
𝑆
√2 1
𝑣 = ( 2 , 𝑣1 . . , 𝑣𝑁 ) ∑𝑁 2 2
𝑖=1 𝑣𝑖 = 1 − 𝑣0 = 2 ; 𝐼𝑠

𝑁
1
𝐼𝑠 = ∫ (− (|𝑢𝑡 |2 + |∇𝑥 𝑢|2 )𝑣0 + ∑ 𝑢𝑥 𝑖 𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑖 ) 𝑑𝜎(𝑦)
2
𝑆 𝑖=1
𝑁 𝑁
−1 1
= ∫ (𝑢𝑡2 (𝑣0 − ∑ 𝑣𝑖2 ) + ∑(𝑣𝑥 𝑖 𝑣0 − 𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑖 )2 ) 𝑑𝜎(𝑦)
2 𝑣0
𝑆 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

≤0
 1
0= ∫(|𝑢𝑡 |2 + |∇𝑥 𝑢|2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2
𝐵𝑡 1

𝑢 𝑢𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡1 ) = 0 ∇x 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡1 ) = 0
𝑥 ∈ 𝐵𝑡1 0 < 𝑡1 < 𝑇 𝑢

𝒞 𝒞 𝑡 = 0 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵, 𝑢(𝑥, 0) ≡ 0
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) ≡ 0 para (𝑥, 𝑡) ∈ 𝒞 ∎

𝐵 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁 | |𝑥 − 𝑥0 | ≤ 𝑟} 𝐶(𝑥0 , 𝑟)
(𝑥 𝑡) ∈ ℝ𝑁 × ℝ
𝐵
𝐵 𝑡 = 0 𝐵
ℝ𝑁 × ℝ
𝐵
ℬ (𝐵)

(𝑥0 , 𝑡0 ) ∈ ℝ𝑁 × ℝ 𝒜𝑁 (𝑥0 , 𝑡0 0)
(𝑥, 0) ∈ ℝ𝑁 × {0}
(𝑥0 , 𝑡0 )
𝒜𝑁 (𝑥0 , 𝑡0 )

𝒞(𝑥0 , 𝑟)

𝒞(𝑥0 , 𝑟) = {(𝑥, 𝑡)ℝ𝑁 × ℝ | |𝑥 − 𝑥0 | = 𝑟 − |𝑡| } 𝑁 = 1,2,3 ,

 𝑆(𝑥𝑜 , 𝑟) = {(𝑥, 𝑡)| |𝑥 − 𝑥0 | = 𝑟 − |𝑡|},

𝐵 𝑡 = 0, ℬ(𝐵)
ℝ𝑁 × ℝ ℬ(𝐵)
𝐵

𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑠 1.

1 2
𝑁 = 𝑁 = 2
(𝑥0 , 𝑡0 )

𝒜𝑁 (𝑥0 , 𝑡0 ) = {(𝑥, 0)| |𝑥 − 𝑥0 | ≤ |𝑡0 |} 𝑁 = 1,2,3

𝑁=3

𝒜3 (𝑥0 , 𝑡0 ) = {(𝑥, 0)| |𝑥 − 𝑥0 | ≤ |𝑡0 |}.

 𝑡 = 0

𝑆3 (𝑥0 , |𝑡0 |) (𝑥0 , 𝑡0 )

𝒜3 (𝑥0 , 𝑡0 ) = 𝑆3 (𝑥0 , |𝑡0 |) ∩ {(𝑥, 0)|𝑥 ∈ ℝ3 }.

1 2
𝑡 = 0 𝐴1 (𝑥0 , 𝑡0 )
𝐴2 (𝑥0 , 𝑡0 ) ℝ𝑁 y ℝ

3
1 2

𝐵 ⊂ ℝ𝑁

𝐵 𝐵
𝐵
𝑥0 ∈ ℝ𝑁 𝑡0 𝒞(𝑥0 , 𝑡0 )
𝐵 𝑡 = 0
𝒞(𝑥0 , 𝑡0 ) 𝐵 𝑡 > 𝑡0
1 2
 ℝ3 × ℝ
𝑥0 ∈ 𝑅3 𝑡
(𝑥0 , 𝑡) 𝐵
𝐵
𝐵

𝑢𝑡 − 𝛥𝑢 = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡) (2.3.0.1)
𝑡=0

𝑡 −𝑡

ℝ𝑁
 ℝ𝑁

𝑓 ℝ
∞

∫ |𝑓(𝑡)|𝑑𝑡 < ∞
−∞

𝑓
∞

𝑓̂(𝜉) = ∫ 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑖𝑡𝜉 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 (2.3.1.1)

−∞

2
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋|𝑥| , 𝑎 > 0.

(2.3.1.1) 𝑔
 ∞
2
𝑔̂(𝜉) = ∫ 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑖𝑡𝜉 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋|𝑥| 𝑑𝑡 (2.3.1.2)
−∞

2
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋𝑎𝑡 + 2𝜋𝑖𝑡𝜉 = (√𝑎𝜋𝑡 + 𝑖√ 𝜉) + 𝜉 2
2
𝑎 𝑎

∞ 2
𝜋 2 𝜋
−(√𝑎𝜋𝑡+𝑖√ 𝜉)
𝑔̂(𝜉) = 𝑒 −𝑎 𝜉 ∫𝑒 𝑎
𝑑𝑡 (2.3.1.3)
−∞

(2.3.1.3) 𝜉
𝑅>0 Γ
−𝑅 + 𝑖0 𝑅 + 𝑖0 𝑅 + 𝑖0
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑅 + 𝑖√𝑎 𝜉 𝑅 + 𝑖√𝑎 𝜉 −𝑅 + 𝑖√𝑎 𝜉

𝜋
−𝑅 + 𝑖√𝑎 𝜉 𝑅 + 𝑖0

Γ ℛΓ
ℎ(𝑧) = 𝑒�
2
∫ 𝑒 −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 0
Γ

1
𝜋
( )2 𝜉
𝑎 2
lim |∫ 𝑒 −(√𝑎𝜋𝑅+𝑖𝑠) 𝑑𝑠| = 0
𝑅→∞ 0

2
∞ 𝜋 ∞ ∞
−(√𝑎𝜋𝑡+𝑖√ 𝜉)
𝑎 𝑎𝜋𝑡 2 2 𝑑𝑦 1 (2.3.1.4)
∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑦 =
−∞ −∞ −∞ √𝑎𝜋 √𝑎
 ∞
2
∫ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = √𝜋
−∞

(2.3.1.3)
1 𝜋 2
𝑔̂(𝜉) = 𝑒 −𝑎 𝜉 (2.3.1.5)
√𝑎

𝑔 ∈ 𝐶 ∞ (ℝ)

𝑔 𝑛 𝑚

𝑑𝑛 𝑔
sup |𝑥 𝑚 (𝑥)| < 𝑐(𝑚, 𝑛) (2.3.1.6)
𝑥∈ℝ 𝑑𝑥 𝑛

𝑐(𝑚, 𝑛) 𝑛 𝑚

𝒮(ℝ)
𝒮(ℝ)
𝒮(ℝ)
𝑑𝑛 𝑓
𝒮(ℝ) = {𝑓 ∈ 𝐶 ∞ (ℝ): sup |𝑥 𝑚 (𝑥)| < 𝑐𝑚,𝑛 < ∞, 𝑛, 𝑚 ∈ ℕ} (2.3.1.7)
𝑥∈ℝ 𝑑𝑥 𝑛

𝑓, 𝑔 ∈ 𝒮 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ ℝ 𝛼𝑓 + 𝛽𝑔 ∈ 𝒮
𝑓, 𝑔 ∈ 𝒮 𝑓𝑔 ∈ 𝒮

𝑓 (2.3.1.6) 𝑛 = 0
𝑚=2
|(1 + |𝑥|2 )𝑓(𝑥)| ≤ 𝑀 (2.3.1.8)

∞ ∞
𝑑𝑥
∫ |𝑓(𝑥)|𝑑𝑥 ≤ 𝑀 ∫ 2
<∞ (2.3.1.9)
−∞ −∞ 1 + 𝑥

𝑓∈
𝒮(ℝ)
∞
𝑓̂(𝜉) = ∫ 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑖𝑡𝜉 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡, (2.3.1.10)
−∞

(2.3.1.10) (2.3.1.9)
∞
sup|𝑓̂(𝜉)| ≤ ∫ |𝑓(𝑡)|𝑑𝑡 < ∞ (2.3.1.11)
ξ∈ℝ −∞
 𝑓 ∈ 𝒮(ℝ)

𝑓 ∈ 𝑆(ℝ)
𝑓̂ ∈ 𝐶 ∞ (ℝ)
𝑑 𝑘 𝑓̂
𝑘
(𝜉) = 𝑔̂(𝜉), 𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑔(𝑥) = (−2𝜋𝑖𝑥)𝑘 𝑓(𝑥) (2.3.1.12)
𝑑𝜉

𝑑𝑘 𝑓̂
(𝑥) ∈ 𝑆(ℝ)
𝑑𝑥 𝑘

𝑑̂
𝑘𝑓
(2.3.1.13)
(𝜉) = (2𝜋𝑖𝜉)𝑘 𝑓̂(𝜉)
𝑑𝑥 𝑘

𝑔
∞
ℎ(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ≡ 𝑓 ∗ 𝑔 (𝑥) (2.3.1.14)
−∞

𝑓 𝑔 ℎ
ℎ̂(𝜉) = 𝑓̂(𝜉)𝑔̂(𝜉) (2.3.1.15)
𝑓̂ ∈ 𝒮(ℝ)

∎
 𝒮 𝒮 ̂: 𝒮 → 𝒮

(2.3.1.13)

(2.3.1.12)

(2.3.1.15)

ℝ𝑁

𝑓̂(𝜉) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −2𝜋𝑖〈𝑡,𝜉〉 𝑑𝑡

ℝ𝑁

〈,〉 ℝ𝑁

Δ𝑢 = 𝑓, 𝑒𝑛 ℝ2 (2.3.1.17)

−4𝜋 2 |𝜉|2 𝑢̂(𝜉) = 𝑓̂(𝜉) ()

(2.3.1.17)

2.3.1.2
 lim |𝑓̂(𝜉)| = 0 (2.3.1.18)
|𝜉|→∞

∞
𝑓 ℝ ∫−∞|𝑓|𝑑𝑥 < ∞

lim |𝑓̂(𝜉)| = 0 (2.3.1.19)

|𝜉|→∞

𝑓 𝜀>0 𝑔∈𝒮
∞

∫ |𝑓 − 𝑔|𝑑𝑥 < 𝜀
−∞

|𝑓̂(𝜉)| ≤ |𝑓̂(𝜉) − 𝑔̂(𝜉)| + |𝑔̂(𝜉)| ≤ ∫ |𝑓 − 𝑔|𝑑𝑥 + |𝑔̂(𝜉)|,

−∞

(2.3.1.18) 𝜀>0
lim |𝑓̂(𝜉)| ≤ 𝜀
|𝜉|→∞

∎
 𝑓, 𝑔 ∈ 𝒮(ℝ)
∞ ∞

∫ 𝑓̂(𝑦)𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑦)𝑔̂(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 (2.3.1.20 )

−∞ −∞

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
2𝜋𝑖𝑡𝜉
∫ 𝑓(𝜉) ( ∫ 𝑒 𝑔(𝑡)𝑑𝑡) 𝑑𝜉 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑡) ( ∫ 𝑒 2𝜋𝑖𝑡𝜉 𝑓(𝜉 )𝑑𝜉) 𝑑𝑡
−∞ −∞ −∞ −∞

𝑓∈𝒮 𝑓̂ ∈ 𝒮

𝑓̂ 𝑓∈𝒮
∞

(𝑓̂)ˇ(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑒 2𝜋𝑖𝑡𝜉 𝑓̂(𝜉)𝑑𝜉

−∞

(𝑓̂)ˇ = 𝑓

𝑓 ∈ 𝒮(ℝ) (𝑓̂)ˇ = 𝑓
∎
𝑓∈𝒮
‖𝑓‖2 = ‖𝑓̂‖
2

𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥 ̅̅̅̅̅̅

𝑔̂(𝜉) = 𝑓̂(𝜉)

2.3.1.2

‖𝑓‖22 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 ∗ 𝑔(0) =

−∞
∞ ∞

= ∫ (𝑓̂
∗ 𝑔)(𝜉)𝑑𝜉 = ∫ 𝑓̂(𝜉)𝑔̂(𝜉)𝑑𝜉 =
−∞ −∞
∞
2 2
= ∫ |𝑓̂(𝜉)| 𝑑𝜉 = ‖𝑓̂‖2
−∞

𝒮 𝐿2
𝐿2 𝑓 ∈ 𝐿2 {𝑔𝑛 }𝑛∈ℕ ⊂ 𝒮

lim ‖𝑔𝑛 − 𝑓‖2 = 0

𝑛→∞
 𝑓̂(𝜉) = lim 𝑔̂𝑛 (𝜉).
𝑛→∞

𝐿2
𝐿2
𝐿2

‖𝑓‖2 = ‖𝑓̂‖ , ∀𝑓 ∈ 𝐿2
2

𝑁=1

𝑥 = 𝜆𝛼 𝑦, 𝑡 = 𝜆𝛽 𝑠 𝑢
𝑣(𝑦, 𝑠) = 𝑢(𝜆𝛼 𝑦, 𝜆𝛽 𝑠) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)

𝑣
𝑣𝑠 − 𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 0
 𝑣𝑠 − 𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 𝜆𝛽 𝑢𝑡 − 𝜆2𝛼 𝑢𝑥𝑥

𝛽 = 2𝛼
𝑣𝑠 − 𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 𝜆𝛽 (𝑢𝑡 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 ) = 0

𝑥
𝜉=
√𝑡

𝑥
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑡 𝛼 𝑓 ( ).
√𝑡
𝑢 𝑢𝑡 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 0
𝜉
𝑓 ′′ (𝜉) + 𝑓 ′ (𝜉) − 𝛼 𝑓(𝜉) = 0,
2
𝑥
𝜉=
√𝑡

∞ ∞
𝑥
∫ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡 𝛼 𝑓 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 1
√𝑡
−∞ −∞

∞ ∞
𝑥 𝛼+
1
∫ 𝑡 𝛼 𝑓 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 1
√𝑡
−∞ −∞
1
𝛼 = −2

(2𝑓 ′ + 𝜉𝑓)′ = 0

|𝑥|2
2𝑓 ′ + 𝜉𝑓 = 0, 𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑟, 𝑓(𝜉) = 𝑐𝑒 − 4𝑡

1 |𝑥|2
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = (4𝜋𝑡)−2 𝑒 − 4𝑡 ,
 𝑢𝑡 − Δ𝑢 = 0, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁 , 𝑡 > 0
{ (2.3.1.21)
𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁 , 𝑓 ∈ 𝑆(ℝ𝑁 )
𝒮

𝑢̂(𝜉, 𝑡) = ∫ 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑖〈𝑥,𝜉〉 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)𝑑𝑥

ℝ𝑁

𝑢̂𝑡 (𝜉, 𝑡) + 4𝜋 2 |𝜉|2 𝑢̂(𝜉, 𝑡) = 0, 𝜉 ∈ ℝ𝑁 , 𝑡>0

{ (2.3.1.22)
𝑢̂(𝜉, 0) = 𝑓̂(𝜉)

𝑡 𝜉

2
𝑢̂(𝜉, 𝑡) = 𝑓̂(𝜉)𝑒 −4𝜋|𝜉| 𝑡

1 |𝑥|2
2𝜋𝑖〈𝑥,𝜉〉 −4𝜋|𝜉|2 𝑡 −
∫ 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝜉 = 𝑁 𝑒 4𝑡
ℝ𝑁 (4𝜋𝑡) 2
2.3.1.2
 1 |𝑥−𝑦|2
−
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑁 ∫ 𝑒 4𝑡 𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 (2.3.1.23)
(4𝜋𝑡) 2 ℝ𝑁

𝑓 ∈ 𝒮(ℝ𝑁 )

1 |𝑥|2
−
𝐾(𝑥) = 𝑁 𝑒 4 ,
(4𝜋) 2

1 𝑥
𝐾𝑡 (𝑥) = 𝑁 𝐾( ),
𝑡2 √𝑡

1 |𝑥|2
𝐾𝑡 (𝑥) = 𝑁 𝑒 − 4𝑡 ,
(4𝜋𝑡) 2

𝐾𝑡 (𝑥) > 0 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁
∫ℝ𝑁 𝐾𝑡 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 1
lim ∫|𝑥|>𝛿>0 𝐾𝑡 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑡→0

𝐾𝑡 (𝑥)

(2.3.1.23)
𝑓 ∈ 𝐶(ℝ𝑁 )
 𝑓 ∈ 𝐶(ℝ𝑁 ) |𝑓(𝑥)| < 𝑀 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) (2.3.1.23)

𝑢 ∈ 𝐶 ∞ (ℝ𝑁 × (0, ∞))

𝑢𝑡 − Δ𝑢 = 0 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁 , 𝑡 > 0
lim 𝑢(𝑥0 , 𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑡→0

|𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)| ≤ sup |𝑓(𝑥)|, (𝑥, 𝑡) ∈ ℝ𝑁 × (0, ∞).

𝑥∈ℝ𝑁

𝐾𝑡 (𝑡)
𝐾𝑡

𝐾𝑡

𝑥0 ∈ ℝ𝑁
∞

|𝑢(𝑥0 , 𝑡) − 𝑓(𝑥0 )| = | ∫ 𝐾𝑡 (𝑥0 − 𝑦)(𝑓(𝑦) − 𝑓(𝑥0 ))𝑑𝑦|. (2.3.1.24)

−∞

𝑓 𝜀>0 𝛿>0 |𝑦 − 𝑥0 | < 𝛿, |𝑓(𝑦) −

𝑓(𝑥0 )| < 𝜀 (2.3.1.24)
|𝑢(𝑥0 , 𝑡) − 𝑓(𝑥0 )|

=𝜀 ∫ 𝐾𝑡 (𝑥0 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 2 sup |𝑓(𝑥)| ∫ 𝐾𝑡 (𝑥0 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 (2.3.1.25)

𝑥∈ℝ𝑁
|𝑥0 −𝑦|<𝛿 |𝑥0 −𝑦|<𝛿

≤ 2𝜀

𝐾
 2.1.4 2.3.1.7

𝑢𝑡 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 0, (𝑥, 𝑡) ∈ ℝ × (0, ∞)

{ (2.3.1.26)
𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 0

𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 𝑢𝑡 , (𝑥, 𝑡) ∈ ℝ2
{𝑢(0, 𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡), 𝑡∈ℝ (2.3.1.27)
𝑢𝑥 (0, 𝑡) = 0,

(2.3.1.26)

−𝑡 −𝛼
𝑔(𝑡) = {𝑒 , 𝑡>0
0, 𝑡≤0

𝛼>1 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)

ℝ × (0, ∞)

|𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)| ≤
2
𝐴𝑒 𝑎|𝑥| (𝑥, 𝑡) ∈ ℝ𝑁 × (0, 𝑇)
 𝑢≥0
𝑢≥𝐻
𝑣 = 𝑢 − 𝐻 𝑣≥ 0

Ω ⊂ ℝ𝑁 𝜕Ω 0<𝑇<∞
𝒟𝑇 = Ω × (0, 𝑇) 𝓓𝑻
Γ𝑃 ≔ (Ω × {0}) ∪ (𝜕Ω × [0, 𝑇])

̅𝑇)
𝑢 ∈ 𝐶(𝒟 𝑢𝑡 , 𝑢𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑗 ∈ 𝐶(𝒟𝑇 ∪ (Ω × {𝑇})), 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1,2, … , 𝑁

𝑢𝑡 − Δ𝑢 ≤ 0 𝑒𝑛 𝒟𝑇 .

max 𝑢 = max 𝑢
Γ𝑝 𝒟𝑇
 𝑢𝑡 − Δ𝑢 < 0 𝑒𝑛 𝒟𝑇 (2.3.2.1)

(𝑥0 , 𝑡0 ) ∈ 𝒟 𝑇 ′ ≡ Ω × (0, 𝑇 ′ ), 𝑇 ′ < 𝑇

𝑢𝑡 (𝑥0 , 𝑡0 ) = 0, Δ𝑢(𝑥0 , 𝑡0 ) ≤ 0,

𝒟𝑇′ 𝑇’ < 𝑇
(𝑥0 , 𝑇) ∈ Ω × {𝑇}
𝑢𝑡 (𝑥0 , 𝑡0 ) ≥ 0, Δ𝑢(𝑥0 , 𝑡0 ) ≤ 0,

Γ𝑃

𝜀>
0
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝜀|𝑥|2 .
𝑣 𝑢
𝑣𝑡 − Δ𝑣 = 𝑢𝑡 − Δ𝑢 − 2𝑁𝜀 < 0
𝑢 𝑣

max 𝑣 = max 𝑣.
Γ𝑃 𝒟𝑇

max 𝑢 ≤ max 𝑣 = max 𝑣 ≤ max 𝑢 + 𝜀 max|𝑥|2 .

𝒟𝑇 𝒟𝑇 Γ𝑃 Γ𝑃 Ω

𝜀>0
max 𝑢 ≤ max 𝑢
𝒟𝑇 Γ𝑃
 max 𝑢 ≤ max 𝑢
Γ𝑃 𝒟𝑇

𝑢 2.3.2.1 𝒟𝑇 (𝑥1 , 𝑡1 ) ∈ 𝒟𝑇

𝑢(𝑥1 , 𝑡1 ) = 𝑀 = max 𝑢,
𝒟𝑇

𝑢≡𝑀

Ω ⊂ ℝ𝑁 𝜕Ω

𝑢𝑡 − Δ𝑢 = 0, 𝑥 ∈ Ω, 𝑡>0
{𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0, 𝑥 ∈ 𝜕Ω, 𝑡>0 (2.3.2.2)
𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 0, 𝑥 ∈ Ω.

(2.3.2.2)
𝑢 ∈ 𝐶(𝒟𝑇 ) 𝑢𝑡 , 𝑢𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑗 ∈ 𝐶(𝒟𝑇 ∪ (Ω × {𝑇})), 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1,2, … , 𝑁

(2.3.2.2) 𝑢≡0

(2.3.1.21)

(2.3.1.21)

ℝ𝑁

|𝑥|2
𝓌𝛼 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝛼 (2𝑡 + ), 𝛼 ∈ ℝ,
𝑁
ℝ𝑁 × [0, ∞)
 𝑢1 , 𝑢2
𝑢𝑡 − Δ𝑢 = 0, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁 , 𝑡>0
{ (2.3.2.3)
𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁 , 𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑎 𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑒𝑛 ℝ𝑁 .

𝑢1 ≡ 𝑢2

|𝑢1 (𝑥, 𝑡)| ≤ 𝑀1 |𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝑡)| ≤ 𝑀2 𝑀 = max{𝑀1 , 𝑀2 } 𝑣 = 𝑢1 − 𝑢2

𝑣𝑡 − Δ𝑣 = 0, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁 , 𝑡>0
{ 𝑁
𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 0, 𝑥∈ℝ .

𝑣 2.3.2.3
ℝ𝑁
𝑅>0 |𝑥| < 𝑅
2𝑁𝑀 |𝑥|2
𝓌𝑅 (𝑥, 𝑡) = (2𝑡 + ) , 𝑅 ∈ ℝ,
𝑅2 𝑁

|𝑥| < 𝑅, 𝑡 > 0

𝓌𝑅 (𝑥, 0) ≥ |𝑣(𝑥, 0)| = 0, 𝓌𝑅 (𝑦, 𝑡) ≥ 2𝑀 ≥ |𝑣(𝑦, 𝑡)|, 𝑠𝑖 |𝑦| = 𝑅, 𝑡 > 0

|𝑦| ≤ 𝑅 𝑡 ∈ [0, 𝑇] 𝑣 − 𝓌𝑅 𝓌𝑅 −
𝑣
−𝓌𝑅 (𝑥, 𝑡) ≤ 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡) ≤ 𝓌𝑅 (𝑥, 𝑡) ( 2.3.2.4)
(𝑥, 𝑡) |𝑥| ≤ 𝑅 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇
 (𝑥, 𝑡) (2.3.2.4) 𝑅 > |𝑥|
𝑅→∞
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0

(𝑥, 𝑡)
𝑣≡0

(2.3.1.21)
(2.3.1.23).

𝑢𝑡 − ∆𝑢 = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡), 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁 , 𝑡 > 0

{ ( 2.3.3.1)
𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁

𝐹 𝑓
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑦, 𝑠) ≡ 𝐾𝑡−𝑠 (𝑥 − 𝑦)

1 |𝑥 − 𝑦|2
𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑦, 𝑠) = 𝑁/2
exp ( ) , 𝑡 > 𝑠. (2.3.3.2 )
(4𝜋(𝑡 − 𝑠)) 4(𝑡 − 𝑠)

𝑣
i)𝑣𝑡 − ∆𝑦 𝑣 = 0 𝑡 > 𝑠.

ii)𝑣𝑠 + ∆𝑦 𝑣 = 0 𝑡 > 𝑠.

𝑡 𝑦
𝑣
𝑠
𝑥

∫ 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑦, 𝑠)𝑑𝑦 = 1 para cada 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁 𝑦 𝑡 > 𝑠.

ℝ𝑁
 𝑣 (2.3.3.2) Ω ⊂ ℝ𝑁

𝑉(𝑥, 𝑡 − 𝑠) = ∫ 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑦, 𝑠)𝑑𝑦

Ω

1, 𝑥 ∈ Ω
lim 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑡 − 𝑠) = { .
𝑡−𝑠→0 0, 𝑥 ∉ Ω
Ω
𝑢 𝐵𝑅 ⊂
ℝ𝑁 𝑅
(𝑦, 𝑠)

(𝑢𝑣)𝑠 = 𝑢𝑠 𝑣 + 𝑣𝑠 𝑢 = 𝑣∆𝑢 − 𝑢∆𝑣 ( 2.3.3.3)

𝐵𝑅 × (0, 𝑡)

𝑡 𝑡

∫ ∫ 𝑣𝐹𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫(𝑢(𝑣𝑠 + ∆𝑣) − 𝑣(∆𝑢 − 𝑢𝑠 ))𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑠 =

0 𝐵𝑅 0 𝐵𝑅
( 2.3.3.4)
𝑡
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
lim− ∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑦 − lim+ ∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ ∫ (𝑣 − 𝑢 ) 𝑑𝜎(𝑦)𝑑𝑠
𝑠→𝑡 𝑠→0 𝜕𝑛 𝜕𝑛
𝐵𝑅 𝐵𝑅 0 𝜕𝐵𝑅

𝑛 𝐵𝑅 𝑑𝜎(𝑦) 𝜕𝐵𝑅

𝜕𝑢
𝑢 𝑣 𝜕𝑛

𝑅→∞
 𝑡

∫ ∫ 𝑣𝐹𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑠 = lim− ∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑦 − lim+ ∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑦

𝑠→𝑡 𝑠→0
0 𝐵𝑅 𝐵𝑅 𝐵𝑅

lim ∫ 𝑢(𝑦, 𝑠)𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑦, 𝑠)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡),

𝑠→𝑡 −
𝐵𝑅

lim ∫ 𝑢(𝑦, 𝑠)𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑦, 𝑠)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑢(𝑦, 0)𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑦, 0)𝑑𝑦 =

𝑠→0+
𝐵𝑅 𝐵𝑅

∫ 𝑓(𝑦)𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑦, 0)𝑑𝑦,
𝐵𝑅

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = ∫ ∫ 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑦, 0)𝐹(𝑦, 𝑠)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑠 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑦)𝑣(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑦, 0)𝑑𝑦

0 𝐵𝑅 𝐵𝑅

𝑡
1 |𝑥 − 𝑦|2
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = ∫ ∫ 𝑁⁄ exp (− ) 𝐹(𝑦, 𝑠)𝑑𝑦𝑑 +
2 4(𝑡 − 𝑠)
0 𝐵𝑅 (4𝜋(𝑡 − 𝑠))

1 |𝑥 − 𝑦|2
𝑁⁄ ∫ 𝑓(𝑦) exp ( ) 𝑑𝑦
(4𝜋𝑡) 2 4𝑡
𝐵𝑅
 𝐹 𝑓
𝑢

1 |𝑥|2
𝐾𝑡 (𝑥) = 𝑁 exp (− 4𝑡 ) , 𝑡 > 0
(4𝜋𝑡) ⁄2

𝑓(𝑥) ℝ𝑁 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡)
𝜕𝐹(𝑥,𝑡)
𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑁 ℝ𝑁 × (0, 𝑇) 𝑇>0
𝜕𝑥𝑖

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) (𝑥, 𝑡) ∈ ℝ × [0, 𝑇)

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = ∫ 𝐾𝑡 (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + ∫ ∫ 𝐾(𝑡−𝑠) (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝐹(𝑦, 𝑠)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑠 ,

ℝ𝑁 0 ℝ𝑁

𝑢 ∈ 𝒞(ℝ𝑁 × [0, 𝑇))

𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
∈ 𝒞(ℝ𝑁 × (0, 𝑇)), 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 ∈ 𝒞(ℝ𝑁 × (0, 𝑇)), 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1, . . , 𝑁
𝜕𝑡 𝑖 𝑗
 𝑢

𝑢1 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ∫ 𝐾𝑡 (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
ℝ𝑁

𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ∫ ∫ 𝐾(𝑡−𝑠) 𝐹(𝑦, 𝑠)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑠

0 ℝ𝑁

𝑢1
𝑢1 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑢1

𝑢𝑡 − ∆𝑢 = 0, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁 , 𝑡>0
{ 𝑁
𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

𝑢2
𝑢𝑡 − ∆𝑢 = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡), 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁 , 𝑡>0
{
𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 0, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑁

𝑥−𝑦
=𝑧
2√𝑡−𝑠

𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ∫ ∫ 𝐾(𝑡−𝑠) (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝐹(𝑦, 𝑠) = (6.3.3.13)

0 ℝ𝑁
 𝑡

∫ ∫ 𝐾1 (𝑧)𝐹(𝑥 + 2𝑧√𝑡 − 𝑠, 𝑠)𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑠 .

0 ℝ𝑁

ℎ(𝑥, 𝑧, 𝑡, 𝑠) = 𝐾1 (𝑧)𝐹(𝑥 + 2𝑧√𝑡 − 𝑠, 𝑠 𝑥, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ𝑁 0 <

𝑠 < 𝑡 ∇𝑥 ℎ(𝑥, 𝑧, 𝑡, 𝑠)

|ℎ(𝑥, 𝑧, 𝑡, 𝑠)| = |𝑘1 (𝑧)𝐹(𝑥 + 2𝑧√𝑡 − 𝑠, 𝑠)|

1 −|𝑥|2
sup
≤ 𝑒 |𝐹(𝑦, 𝜏)|,
𝜋 𝑁⁄2 (y, τ) ∈ ℝN × [0, T)

1 −| 𝑧|2
sup
|∇𝑥 ℎ(𝑥, 𝑧, 𝑡, 𝑠)| ≤ |𝑧|𝑒 |𝐹(𝑦, 𝜏)| 6.3.3.15
2𝜋 𝑁⁄2 (y, τ) ∈ ℝN × [0, T)

𝐾1 (𝑧) ℎ
𝑥

𝑔(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑠) = ∫ 𝐾1 (𝑧)𝐹(𝑥, 2𝑧√𝑡 − 𝑠, 𝑠)𝑑𝑧

ℝ𝑁

ℝ𝑁 × [0, 𝑇)

sup
|𝑔(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑠)| ≤ 𝑀 = |𝐹(𝑦, 𝜏)|.
(y, τ) ∈ ℝN × [0, T)

𝑠→𝑡 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡)

𝑢2 ∈ 𝒞(ℝ𝑁 × [0, 𝑇))

 𝑢2 (𝑥, 0) = 0
𝑢2

sup
|𝑢 (𝑥,
(y, τ) ∈ ℝN × [0, T) 2 𝑡)| ≤ 𝑀𝑇

𝑢2

𝑡
𝜕𝑢2 1 1 2 𝜕𝐹
(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑁⁄2 ∫ − 𝑑𝑠 ∫ 𝑒 −|𝑧| (𝑥 + 2𝑧√𝑡 − 𝑠, 𝑠)𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑠.
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜋 √𝑡 − 𝑠 𝜕𝑥𝑖
0 ℝ𝑁

𝑡
𝜕𝑢2 1 1 2
(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑁⁄2 ∫ − 𝑑𝑠 ∫ 𝑒 −|𝑧| 𝑧𝑖 𝐹(𝑥 + 2𝑧√𝑡 − 𝑠, 𝑠)𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑠.
𝜕𝑥𝑖 2𝜋 √𝑡 − 𝑠
0 ℝ𝑁

𝑢2 𝑥 ℝ𝑁 ×
(0, 𝑇)

𝑡
1 1 2
∆𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑁⁄2
∫− 𝑑𝑠 ∫ 𝑒 −|𝑧| 𝑧𝑖 𝐹(𝑥 + 2𝑧√𝑡 − 𝑠, 𝑠)𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑠
𝜋 √𝑡 − 𝑠
0 ℝ𝑁

𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝑡 + 𝑘) − 𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝑡)
=
𝑘
𝑡+𝑘 𝑡
1 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑡 + 𝑘, 𝑠) − 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑠)
∫ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑡 + 𝑘, 𝑠)𝑑𝑠 + ∫ 𝑑𝑠 ≡ 𝐼1 (𝑘) + 𝐼2 (𝑘)
𝑘 𝑘
𝑡 0
 lim 𝐼1 (𝑘) = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡).
𝑘→0

𝑔(𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑠) 𝑡 𝐹
𝑥

1 2 𝜕𝐹
𝑔𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑠) = ∫ 𝑒 −|𝑧| (𝑥 + 2𝑧√𝑡 − 𝑠, 𝑠)𝑑𝑧
𝜋 𝑁⁄2 √𝑡 − 𝑠 𝜕𝑥𝑖
ℝ𝑁

𝑡
1 1 2 𝜕𝐹
lim 𝐼2 (𝑘) = ∫ ∫ 𝑒 −|𝑧| (𝑥 + 2𝑧√𝑡 − 𝑠, 𝑠)𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑠.
𝑘→0 𝜋 𝑁⁄2 √𝑡 − 𝑠 𝜕𝑥𝑖
0 ℝ𝑁

𝑢2

𝜕𝑢2
= ∆𝑢2 + 𝐹,
𝜕𝑡
𝑡 ′ = −𝑡

𝑡 > 0 𝐵𝐶 ∞ (ℝ)

1
𝐸(𝑡) = ∫[𝑢𝑡2 (𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝑢𝑥2 (𝑥, 𝑡)]𝑑𝑥
2
ℝ

1
𝑒(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
2
ℝ

𝑑𝑒(𝑡)
= − ∫|𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑥.
𝑑𝑡
ℝ
 𝑥+𝑡
1 1
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = [𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑡) + 𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑡)] + ∫ 𝑔(𝑠)𝑑𝑠
2 2
𝑥−𝑡

(𝑥, 𝑡)
[𝑥 − 𝑡, 𝑥 + 𝑡]

𝑥0 𝑡=0
|𝑥 − 𝑥0 | ≤ 𝑡