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VERSIÓN 1/2013
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UNIDAD TEMÁTICA I
THE SHIP
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Fig. 1b
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Vocabulary
Forecastle: Castillo de proa
Main Deck: Cubierta principal
Hatch coaming: Brazola
Hatch cover: tapa escotilla
Man hold: Tapa escotilla – pasada de hombre
Along side: Costado al muelle
All fast: Todo firme
Derrick: Plumas
Accomodation Ladder: Escala de acomodaciones – Escala real
Pilot Ladder : Escala de Práctico
Quay: muelle
Bollard: Potencia
Head line: largo de proa
Breast line: través de proa
Bitts/bollards: bitas
Toward spring: esprín de proa
Break of forecastle: extremo popel (saltillo) del castillo de proa
Fairlead: guiacabos (gatera)
Capstan: cabrestante
Windlass: molinete
Roller fairlead: guiacabos de rodillo
Buoy line: codera
Mooring buoy: boya de amarre (muerto)
Centre lead/panama lead: gatera/gatera panamá
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B) Types of Ships
A CARGO SHIP OR FREIGHTER IS ANY SORT OF SHIP OR VESSEL THAT CARRIES
CARGO, GOODS, AND MATERIALS FROM ONE PORT TO ANOTHER.
A bulk carrier is ocean-going vessel used to transport bulk cargo items such as ore or
food staples (rice, grain, etc.) and similar cargo. It can be recognized by the large box-
like hatches on its deck, designed to slide outboard for loading. A bulk carrier could be
either dry or wet. Most lakes are too small to accommodate bulk ships, but a large fleet
of lake freighters has been plying the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway of North
America for over a century.
Fig. 2
DRY CARGO SHIPS: Container Ships
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Container ships are cargo ships that carry their entire load in truck-size containers, in a
technique called containerization. They form a common means of commercial intermodal
freight transport.
Fig. 3
Specialized ships
Specialized ships e.g. for heavy lift goods or refrigerated cargo, roll on/roll off cargo (RoRo)
ships for vehicles and wheeled machinery.
Fig. 4 Fig. 5
Tankers Ships
A tanker is a ship designed to transport liquids in bulk. Tankers for the transport of fluids,
such as crude oil, petroleum products, liquefied petroleum gas, liquefied natural gas and
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chemicals, also vegetable oils, wine and other food - the tanker sector comprises one third
of the world tonnage.
Fig. 6
Coaster Ships
Smaller ships for any category of cargo which are normally not on ocean-crossing routes,
but in coastwise trades. Coasters are shallow-hulled ships used for trade between locations
on the same island or continent. Their shallow hulls mean that they can get through reefs
where sea-going ships usually cannot (sea-going ships have a very deep hull for supplies
and trade etc.).
Fig. 7
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Passenger ships
A passenger ship is a ship whose primary function is to carry passengers. Among these
ships we have: Cruise Ships or Cruise Liners which are passenger ships used for
pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are considered an
essential part of the experience.
A Ferry is a form of transport, usually a boat or ship, but also other forms, carrying (or
ferrying) passengers and sometimes their vehicles. Ferries are also used to transport freight
(in lorries and sometimes unpowered freight containers) and even railroad cars. Most ferries
operate on regular, frequent, return services. A foot-passenger ferry with many stops, such
as in Venice, is sometimes called a waterbus or water taxi.
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Gross Tonnage (GRT) refers to the volume of all ship's enclosed spaces (from keel to
funnel) measured to the outside of the hull framing (included accomodations, cargo,
ballast, engine, bunkers, aoil and lubricants spaces).
Net tonnage (NT) is based on a calculation of the volume of all cargo spaces of the
ship. It indicates a vessel’s earning space and is a function of the moulded volume of all
cargo spaces of the ship.
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Displacement is the actual total weight of the vessel. It is often expressed in long tons
or in metric tons, and is calculated simply by multiplying the volume of the hull below the
waterline (i.e. the volume of water it is displacing) by the density of the water.
Lightship weight, is the weight of the vessel only, without cargo, bunkers, oil,
ballast and constant.
Dimensions
Small Handy size, carriers of 20,000-28,000 deadweight tonnage.
Handy size, carriers of 28,000-40,000 deadweight tonnage.
Handymax, carriers of 40,000-50,000 dwt.
Seawaymax, the largest size which can traverse the St Lawrence Seaway.
Aframax, oil tankers between 75,000 and 115,000 dwt. This is the largest size
defined by the average freight rate assessment (AFRA) scheme.
Suezmax, the largest size which can traverse the Suez Canal
Panamax, the largest size which can traverse the Panama Canal (generally: vessels
with a width smaller than 32.2 meter).
Malaccamax, the largest size which can traverse the Straits of Malacca.
Capesize, vessels larger than Panamax and Suezmax, which must traverse the
Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn in order to travel between oceans.
VLCC (Very Large Crude Carrier), supertankers between 150,000 and 320,000 dwt.
ULCC (Ultra Large Crude Carrier), enormous supertankers between 320,000 and
550,000 dwt.
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Fig. 10a
Main Engine Purified oil machinery
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Fig. 10b
Main cylinder engine block
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Fig. 10c
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Fig. 11
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Fig. 12
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Fig. 13
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Fig. 14
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Starboard (estribor) is the right side of the boat when facing the Bow
Waterline (línea de agua) is an imaginary line circumscribing the hull that matches the
surface of the water when the hull is not moving.
Midships (centro del buque) is the midpoint of the LWL (see below). It is half-way from the
forward most point on the waterline to the rear-most point on the waterline.
Baseline (puntal) an imaginary reference line used to measure vertical distances from. It is
usually located at the bottom of the hull.
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FRONT VIEW
Fig. 15
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Includes detailed fire safety provisions for all ships and specific measures for passenger
ships, cargo ships and tankers.
Division of the ship into main and vertical zones by thermal and structural boundaries;
Separation of accommodation spaces from the remainder of the ship by thermal and
structural boundaries;
Restricted use of combustible materials;
Detection of any fire in the zone of origin;
Containment and extinction of any fire in the space of origin;
Protection of the means of escape or of access for fire-fighting purposes; Ready availability
of fire-extinguishing appliances;
Minimization of the possibility of ignition of flammable cargo vapour.
The garbage is a source(fountain) of fuel that can be eliminated; it(he,she) is very frequent
that the paper(role) of waste, the cloths, the plastic or the wood, they have given the fuel
with which big fires have begun. This form of prevention of prevention of the fire will have to
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It is important that the rules applicable to the above mentioned zones are kept, not only for
the risk of fires, if not because of the legal responsibility of the technician, due to the fact
that one can initiate a legal action in his(her,your) against, so much if it(he,she) takes
place(is produced) or not the fire.
The bottles of crystal will not have to be stored where the sunbeams center. It will have
avoid the elimination neglected the flushed(passionate) cerillos, the cigars or the ashes of
the pipe(pip) in the zones where it is allowed smoke.
If one does not possess(does not rely on) ashtrays, the technician will have to find some
method that turns out to be adapted for such an end(purpose).
Electrical equipments
In the electrical equipments (teams), to identify the old cables, the spoiled isolations and the
electrical torn (broken) pieces. Bring (report) any hazardous condition to his (her, your)
superior.
Avoid the heating of the engines keeping them clean and in good condition(state). A spark
proveniente of an engine in been evil can ignite the oil and the pole that one finds in the
engine.
The auxiliary lights always must have some type of protection. The heat produced by the
disclosed lights, they can ignite fuels ordinary easily.
Never install a fuse with an amperage bigger than the one that has been specified for the
circuit in question.
Inspect any tool or electrical equipment (team) that has a strange smell. Certain unusual
smells can be the first sign of that there is a fire.
Do not overload the switches of wall. Two plugs must not have mas of two connected
devices.
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Fig. 16
Use of the Mouthpieces of Fog ·
To extinguish fires of the class "A" with less water and minor I damage.
To attack fires of the class "B", using fan of fog. ·
To push backward the flames while some maneuver is done, since to close a valve,
to do a connection, or to put some stopper, etc
To sweep the flames towards a certain zone, where it is damaged or while there is
consumed the fuel that burns. · to disperse concentrations of combustible gas, to
prevent them from forming expansive mixtures(mixings).
To protect to the personnel against the radiant heat in the combat of fires. ·
To cool the material exposed to the heat of a fire, in order that it(he,she) does not
burn.
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Fig. 17
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REMEMBER ·
If your route of leak meets threatened.
If the agent ends him extinguidor.
If the use of the extinguidor does not seem to give results.
If he, cannot continue attacking the fire in sure form.
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The fire in the clothes of your companion must become extinct prompt possible as. Making it
fall to the floor and this way it to do that he rolls, or also wrapping it with a blanket, blanket or
carpet.
This it can save of serious burns and up to of the death.
NOTE: Never extinguish to the fire that this on a companion with water.
Fig. 18
Since (As,Like) The First Aids give someone who has turned out to be burnt
1. Withdraw the victim of an area near the fire to avoid major injuries
2. Separate clothes in flames or wrap with cold water.
3. Do not try to withdraw clothes that this one stuck to the skin (better cut about the
stuck parts and her does not pull, because this would damage the skin).
4. Remove pieces of jeweler's shop, as rings, chains, slaves, etc., of the burnt area
prompt as possible as, since this one preserves heat and the inflammation might
impede his removal time later.
5. Plunge the area burned in cold water near 10 minutes, this is effective in a space
from 30 to 45 minutes immediately after suffered the injury.
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UNIDAD TEMÁTICA II
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Fig. 19
A bulk carrier, bulk freighter, or bulker (Barco Granelero) is a merchant ship used to
transport unpackaged bulk cargo such as cereals, coal, ore, and cement. the Safety
of Life at Sea convention defines a bulk carrier as "a ship constructed with a single deck,
top side tanks and hopper side tanks in cargo spaces and intended to primarily carry dry
cargo in bulk; an ore carrier; or a combination carrier.
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Fig. 20
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Fig. 21
Fig. 22
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Reefer ships (Buque frigorífico) are cargo ships typically used to transport perishable
commodities which require temperature-controlled transportation, mostly fruits, meat, fish,
vegetables, dairy products and other foodstuffs.
Fig. 23
Roll-on/roll-off ships are cargo ships designed to carry wheeled cargo such as
automobiles, trailers or railway carriages. RORO vessels have built-in ramps which allow the
cargo to be efficiently "rolled on" and "rolled off" the vessel when in port. While smaller
ferries that operate across rivers and other short distances still often have built-in ramps, the
term RORO is generally reserved for larger ocean-going vessels.
Fig. 24
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Fig. 25
A barge (Barcaza) is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy
goods. Most barges are not self-propelled and need to be moved by tugboats towing or
towboats pushing them. Barges on canals (towed by draft animals on an adjacent towpath)
contended with the railway in the early industrial revolution but were out competed in the
carriage of high value items due to the higher speed, falling costs, and route flexibility of rail
transport.
Fig. 26
Dredger (Draga) is a ship used to excavate in shallow seas or fresh water areas with the
purpose of gathering up bottom sediments and disposing of them at a different location.
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Fig. 27
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The Master is a undercommand vessel and his responsible to the owner in all
matters of operational and commercial tasks.
The Chief Engineer commonly referred to as "The Chief" or just "Chief" is
responsible for all operations and maintenance that has to do with any and all
engineering equipment throughout the entire ship.
The Chief Engineer also determines the fuel, lube oil, and other consumables
required for a voyage, required inventory for spare parts, oversees fuel, lube, and
slop oil transfers, prepares the engine room for inspection by local marine/safety
authorities.
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The chief mate is responsible to the captain for the safety and security of the ship.
Responsibilities include the crew's welfare and training in areas such as safety,
firefighting, search and rescue.
Chief Steward is the person on a ship responsible for the handling of money on
board. On modern merchant ships the purser is the officer responsible for all
administration and supply; frequently the cooks and stewards answer to him as well.
The boatswain is the foreman of the crew. Nowadays, the boatswain is often an
able seaman. On some vessels, the boatswain is also the third or fourth mate. The
boatswain generally reports to the Chief mate. If the ship carries a carpenter or deck
storekeeper, they generally report to the boatswain.
A wiper is the most junior crewmember in the engine room of a ship. Their role
consists of wiping down machinery and generally keeping it clean.
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SHIP HANDLING
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Fig. 28
Fig. 29
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Fig. 30
Fig. 31
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Fig. 32
Fig.33
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Fig. 34
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Fig. 35
General cleanliness : Limpieza general
Personnel not wearing correct PPE
UMS Procedures : Procedimientos Máquina atendida por guardieros
Self closing sounding pipes : Lines de sonda con cierre automático
Bilges dirty : Sentinas sucias
Emergency bilge suction : Achicador de emergencia de sentina
Planned Maintenance Records. Historial de mantención planificada
Pumps : Bombas
IG (Inert gas) = Gas Inerte
Venting : Ventilación
Oily Water Separator (OWS) : Separador de agues oleosas
OWS overboard valve : Válvula de costado del separador
Incinerated : Incinerador
Main engine, auxiliary engine and deck machinery.
Popdeck maneouvering Windlass machinery
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Fig. 36
Fig. 37
Main engine turbo pumps
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FIG. 38
UMS Procedures : Procedimientos Máquina atendida por servicio de 24 horas
AMS Procedures : Procedimientos Máquina atendida por guardieros cada 4 horas
Self closing sounding pipes : Lines de sonda con cierre automático
Bilges dirty : Sentinas sucias
Emergency bilge suction : Achicador de emergencia de sentina
Planned Maintenance Records. Historial de mantención planificada
Pumps : Bombas
IG (Inert gas) = Gas Inerte
Fig. 39
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Fig. 40
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UNIDAD TEMÁTICA IV
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handling equipment
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Fig. 41
Material handling equipment (MHE) is used for the movement and storage of material within
a facility or at a site. MHE can be classified into the following five major categories:
I. Transport Equipment. Equipment used to move material from one location to another
(e.g., between workplaces, between a loading dock and a storage area, etc.). The
major subcategories of transport equipment are conveyors, cranes, and industrial
trucks. Material can also be transported manually using no equipment.
III. Unit Load Formation Equipment. Equipment used to restrict materials so that they
maintain their integrity when handled a single load during transport and for storage. If
materials are self-restraining (e.g., a single part or interlocking parts), then they can
be formed into a unit load with no equipment.
IV. Storage Equipment. Equipment used for holding or buffering materials over a period
of time. Some storage equipment may include the transport of materials (e.g., the
S/R machines of an AS/RS, or storage carousels). If materials are block stacked
directly on the floor, then no storage equipment is required.
Conveyors
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1. Chute Conveyor
Inexpensive
Fig. 42
2. Wheel Conveyor
Uses a series of skatewheels mounted on a shaft (or axle), where spacing of the wheels is
dependent on the load being transported
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Fig. 43 Fig. 44
3. Roller Conveyor
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Fig. 45
Fig. 46
4. Chain Conveyor
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Fig. 47
5. Slat Conveyor
Bottling and canning plants use flat chain or slat conveyors because of wet conditions,
temperature, and cleanliness requirements
Fig. 48
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In 1957, B.F. Goodrich, Co. patented the Möbius strip for conveying hot or abrasive
substances in order to have "both" sides wear equally [14]
Fig. 49
Fig. 50
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Bulk + On-Floor
Fig. 51
9. Bucket Conveyor
Bulk + On-Floor
Fig. 52
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Bulk + On-Floor
Vibrates at a
relatively high
frequency and
small amplitude in order to convey individual units of
products or bulk material
Fig. 53
Bulk + On-Floor
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Fig. 54
Bulk/Unit + Overhead
Air pressure is used to convey materials through a system of vertical and horizontal tubes
Major advantages are that material is completely enclosed and it is easy to implement turns
and vertical moves
Fig. 55
Fig. 56
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Used for low-frequency intermittent vertical transfers (cf. vertical chain conveyor can be
used for continuous high-frequency vertical transfers
Carrier used to raise or lower a load to different levels of a facility (e.g., different floors
and/or mezzanines)
Differs from a freight elevator in that it is not designed or certified to carry people
Can be manually or automatically loaded and/or controlled and can interface with horizontal
conveyors
Fig. 57
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Utilizes gravity-actuated carrier to lowering loads, where the load overcomes the magnitude
of a counterweight
Alternative to a chute conveyor for vertical "drops" when load is fragile and/or space is
limited
Can be manually or automatically loaded and/or controlled and can interface with horizontal
conveyors
Fig. 58
Fig. 59
Accumulation can be achieved by maintaining the drive wheel parallel to the tube
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Fig. 60
Generally used when long distance and high frequency moves are required
Trolleys are equally spaced in a closed loop path and are suspended from a chain
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Fig. 61
Fig. 62
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Fig. 63 Fig. 64
Carriers can be disengaged from the power chain and accumulated or switched onto spurs
Termed an Inverted Power-and-Free Conveyor when tracks are located on the floor
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18. Monorail
Fig. 65
Overhead single track (i.e., mono-rail) or track network on which one or more carriers ride
Multi-carrier, track network monorail similar to both a trolley conveyor, except that the
carriers operate independently and the track need not be in a closed loop, and a fixed-path
automatic guided vehicle (AGV) system, except that it operates overhead
Termed an Automated Electrified Monorail (AEM) system when it has similar control
characteristics as an AGV system
Boom - A general name given to a projecting spar or pole that provides an outreach for
handling cargo.
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Guy (Vientos)
Hook (Gancho de carga)
Yard arm (Penol)
Heel, Step ( Coz)
Derrick pin (Pinzote)
Derrick trunnion fitting (Tintero)
Cranes
Cranes are used to move materials over variable paths within a restricted area. The major
types of cranes are:
1. Jib crane
2. Bridge crane
3. Gantry crane
4. Stacker crane
Used to move loads over variable (horizontal and vertical) paths within a restricted
area
Used when there is insufficient (or intermittent) flow volume such that the use of a
conveyor cannot be justified
Provide more flexibility in movement than conveyors
Provide less flexibility in movement than industrial trucks
Loads handled are more varied with respect to their shape and weight than those
handled by a conveyor
Most cranes utilize hoists for vertical movement, although manipulators can be used
if precise positioning of the load is required
1. Jib Crane
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Fig. 66
2. Bridge Crane
Fig. 67
3. Gantry Crane
Fig. 68 Fig 69
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Fig. 70
Used to span a smaller portion of the work area as compared to a bridge crane
4. Stacker Crane
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Used for storing and retrieving unit loads in storage racks, especially in high-rise
applications in which the racks are more than 50 feet high
Fig. 71
Industrial Trucks
Industrial trucks are used to move materials over variable paths, with no restrictions on the
area covered by the movement
Industrial trucks:
Used to move materials over variable (horizontal) paths with no restrictions on the
area covered (i.e., unrestricted area)
Provide vertical movement if the truck has lifting capabilities
Used when there is insufficient (or intermittent) flow volume such that the use of a
conveyor cannot be justified
Provide more flexibility in movement than conveyors and cranes
Not licensed to travel on public roads—"commercial trucks" are licensed to travel on
public roads
Characteristics:
Pallet/Non-Pallet: Does the truck have forks for handling pallets, or does the truck
have a flat surface on which to place loads. Non-Pallet => (usually) other means
required to load truck.
Manual/Powered: Does the truck have manual or powered vertical (lifting) and/or
horizontal (travel) movement capabilities. Manual => walk => operator provides the force
needed for lifting loads and/or pushing the vehicle. Powered => on-board power source
(e.g., batteries) used for lifting and/or travel.
Walk/Ride: For non-automated trucks, can the operator ride on the truck (in either a
standing or sitting position) or is the operator required to walk with the truck during
travel. Walk => manual or powered travel possible => powered travel speed limited to a
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normal walking pace. Ride => powered => travel speed can be faster than a walking
pace.
Stack/No Stack: Can the truck be used to lift loads for stacking purposes. Stack =>
can also be used as no stack => more expensive to add stacking capability. No Stack
may lift a load a few inches to clear the floor for subsequent travel (e.g., pallet jack), but
the loads cannot be stacked on top of each other or on shelves.
Narrow Aisle: Is the lift truck designed to have a small turning radius or does it not
have to turn at all in an aisle when loading/unloading. Narrow Aisle => greater cost and
(usually) standing operator => less aisle space required. Counterbalance and/or straddle
used for load support. Small turning radius => load support via straddle or reaching
capabilities. No turning required => even narrower aisle => only one-side loading
(sideloaders) or the capability to rotate the load (turret truck).
Automated: Is the truck automated so that it can transport loads without requiring an
operator. Non-Automated => direct labor cost of operator is by far the largest cost to
operate a non-automated truck. Semi-Automated => operator used to control
loading/unloading, but automated transport control (e.g., the S/R machine of a Man-on-
board AS/RS). Automated => Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) => no direct labor cost,
but higher equipment costs.
1. Hand Truck
Fig. 72
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1(b) Dolly
Fig. 74
Fig. 75
Four or more
wheeled hand truck with
handles for pushing or
hitches for fulling
Pallet Jack
Front wheels are mounted inside the end of the forks and extend to the floor as the pallet is
only lifted enough to clear the floor for subsequent travel
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3. Walkie Stacker
Fig. 78
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Fig. 79
Fig. 80
4. Pallet Truck
5. Platform Truck
Used for skid handling; platform can lift skid several inches to allow it to clear the floor
Greater lifting capacity compared to fork trucks because the platform provides a greater
lifting surface to support a load
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Fig. 81
Fig. 82
Weight of vehicle (and operator) behind the front wheels of truck counterbalances weight of
the load (and weight of vehicle beyond front wheels); front wheels act as fulcrum or pivot
point.
Rated capacity reduced for load centers greater than 24 in. and lift heights greater than 13
ft.
Fig. 83
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Fig. 84
Reaching capability enables the use of shorter outrigger arms (arms >
1/2 load depth) as compared to NA straddle truck (arms = load depth)
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Counterbalance of the truck used to support the load when it extends beyond the outrigger
arms
Although the NA reach truck requires slightly wider aisles than a NA straddle truck since its
outrigger arms do not enter a rack during storage, it does not require arm clearance
between loads (arm clearance is still required when the truck must enter a storage lane
when block stacking or drive-in or -through racks are used)
9. Turret Truck
Greater stacking height compared to other narrow-aisle trucks (40 ft. vs. 25 ft.), but greater
investment cost
Forks rotate to allow for side loading and, since truck itself does not rotate during stacking,
the body of the truck can be longer to increase its counterbalance capability and to allow the
operator to sit
Termed a swingmast truck (picture shown) when, instead of just the forks, the entire mast
rotates (thus can store on only one side of a aisle while in aisle)
Fig. 86
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Fig.87
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Typically has forks to allow the truck to be used for pallet stacking and to support a pallet
during less-than-pallet-load picking
Fig. 88
11. Sideloader
Fig. 89
12. Tractor-Trailer
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Fig. 91
Good for high labor cost, hazardous, or environmentally sensitive conditions (e.g., clean-
room)
AGVs good for low-to-medium volume medium-to-long distance random material flow
operations (e.g., transport between work cells in a flexible manufacturing system (FMS)
environment)
Fixed path: Physical guidepath (e.g., wire, tape, paint) on the floor used for guidance
Free-ranging: No physical guidepath, thus easier to change vehicle path (in software), but
absolute position estimates (from, e.g., lasers) are needed to correct dead-reckoning error
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Trailers usually loaded manually (early type of AGV, not much used today)
Fig. 92
Fig. 93
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Fig. 94
Fig. 95
Typically have sensors on forks (e.g., infrared sensors) for pallet interfacing
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UNIDAD TEMÁTICA V
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Fig. 96
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Fig. 97
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Ecosonda: ECHOMETER
Radar: RADAR, RADIO DETECTING AND RANKING
A.r.p.a.: AUTOMATIC RADAR PLOTTING AID
Navegador por satelite: SATELLITE NAVIGATOR
Anemometro: ANEMOMETER
VHF: VERY HIGH FREQUENCY
Radio facsimil metereológico: METEOROLOGICAL FACSIMIL
Equipo detector de incendios: FIRE DETECTING SYSTEM
Alarma general: GENERAL ALARM
Mesón de cartas: CHART CASE
Cartapacio: NAUTICAL CHART SET
Rosa muda o pelorus: PELORUS
Sextante: SEXTANT
Escandallo: LEAD, SOUNDING LEAD
Corredera: LOG
Lámpara aldis: ALDIS LAMP
Means you're seeing somebody's stern, but you don't know whether it's power or sail.
Indicates the port side of a power vessel (note that the two lights won't necessarily be
lined up as shown here).
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Mast Lights
Mast lights are shown in addition to running lights to identify vessels more precisely than
simply "I'm a boat." If a boat has no mast light at all, it's a sailboat. (Note that a three-colored
running light, as described above, isn't a "mast light" even if it's mounted at the top of a
sailboat's mast, nor is the white masthead light shown by all power boats.
Other, more complex mast light combinations indicate the operational status of the boat.
They are usually, though not always, shown all-around:
(or "Captain's in bed" or "Captain's in the head," or "Captain's dead"). Two red lights in a
vertical line indicate a vessel "not under command."
or "sailing is keen".
If the fishing gear extends over 150 meters (492 feet) from the boat, an all-around white
light must indicate the direction.
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This refers to a vessel constrained by her draft. It applies only under the international
rules.
A pilot boat, waiting for "customers," displays this combination so that boats needing a
pilot will be able to find it.
Stern Lights
Boats can also show stern lights to help identify them. These are only visible when you are
behind the boat. Some stern light combinations include:
This refers to the stern lights of a tug pushing a barge, under the inland rules only.
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Navegational lights
Fig. 98
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Order Orden
Full ahead Avante toda (máximas revoluciones en
régimen de maniobra)
Half ahead Avante media (revoluciones indicadas en
las correspondientes ordenes de a bordo)
Slow ahead Avante poca (revoluciones indicadas en las
correspondientes ordenes a bordo)
Dead slow ahead Avante poco a poco (revoluciones
indicadas en las correspondientes ordenes a
bordo)
Stop engine(s) Pare la(s) maquina(s) (cero revoluciones)
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Order Orden
Bow thrust full (half) to port Impulsor de proa a babor toda (media) (la
proa del buque ha de caer a babor con la
potencia especificada).
Bow thrust full (half) to starboard (impulsor de proa a estribor toda (media)
(la proa del buque ha de caer a estribor con
la potencia especificada).
Stern thrust full (half to port) Impulsor de popa a babor toda (media) (la
popa del buque ha de caer a babor con la
potencia especificada).
Stern thrust full (half) to starboard Impulsor de popa a estribor toda (media)
(la popa del buque ha de caer a estribor con
la potencia especificada).
Bow (stern) thrust stop Pare el impulsor de proa (popa) (parar el
impulsor de proa (popa)).
Order Orden
Midships A la vía (llevar el timón y mantenerlo en la
posición proa popa).
Port five A babor 5 grados (meter el timón 5º a babor
y mantenerlo así)
Port ten A babor 10 grados (meter el timón 10º a
babor y mantenerlo así)
Port fifteen A babor 15 grados (meter el timón 15º a
babor y mantenerlo así)
Port twenty A babor 20 grados (meter el timón 20º a
babor y mantenerlo así)
Port twenty-five A babor 25 grados (meter el timón 25º a
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When the officer of the watch requires a course to be steered by compass, the direction in
which he wants the wheel turned should be stated followed by each numeral being said
separately, including zero, for example:
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UNIDAD TEMÁTICA VI
COMMUNICATIONS AT SEA
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position…) en la situación…)
(you are crossing my nets) (esta usted cruzando mis redes)
(I have a long tow) (Tengo un remolque largo)
(You are heading towards my tow) (va usted proa a mi remolque)
You are heading towards a towing line)
(va usted proa a un cabo de remolque)
On- board
Procedures normally used in radio-communications
Use of the SMCP
When it is necessary to indicate that the SMCP are to be used, the following message may
be sent:
Distress situations.-
2. Prepare and send a distress message using radiotelephony, emergency is “flooding”.
3. Flooding = mayor flow of seawater into the vessel.
4. The message must be acknowledged for all ships in the area.
5. The ship in distress request ETA and add they need pumps.
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6. All ships acknowledge and only two ships will answer affirmative and indicate pumps
capacities.
7. The ship in distress adds information about dangerous list to portside and requires
divers.
8. One of the ship respond she will assists with divers and repeat ETA
9. Later on the ship in distress send new information indicating the vessel will be
abandoned
10. The nearest ship acknowledge and AVDICE to carry on SART and portable survival
equipments, repeat ETA, adding she will be in command of the on scene
communications
11. The on scene command send message to all ships that they picked up 18 survivals and
proceed to nearest port (indicate) so all ships may proceed as well in their passage.
12. The on scene command send message to MRCC with information about action taken
13. The on scene command ship request to coast station to finish the distress situation with
appropriated message.
14. Coast station send silence fini
Comments about English procedures and distress situation (must be done in English
language)
Urgency message.
Urgency Message.
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You are sailing in the Asian zone where the english is no useful, prepare your message
due injured man to send to
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TANKER OPERATIONS
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Fig. 99
7.1 Basic terms related to a tanker ship (oil, chemical and gas carrying on tankers
ships)
OCIMF: To be the foremost authority on the safe and environmentally responsible operation
of oil tankers and terminals, promoting continuous improvement in standards of design and
operation.
Identify safety and environmental issues facing the oil tanker and terminal industries,
develop and publish recommended standards that will serve as technical benchmarks.
Contribute to the development of international conventions and regulations that enhance the
safe construction and operation of oil tankers and terminals, working with the IMO and other
regulatory bodies, both regional and national.
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Organismo internacional que regula las prácticas y políticas de seguridad durante las
operaciones ent buques tanque y los terinales.
Accommodation ladders: Escala de las acomodaciones
Safety net: Malla de seguridad
Gangway: Pasarela
lifebuoy and line : Salvavidas y cabo de vida
Are pumps, hoses and nozzles in a satisfactory condition and available for immediate use?
Is the emergency fire pump fully operational and are starting instructions clearly displayed?
Are isolating valves in fire and foam system lines clearly marked and in a satisfactory
condition?
Are firemen's outfits, including breathing apparatus, in a satisfactory condition and ready for
immediate use?
Are breathing apparatus sets fitted with fully pressurised air cylinders?
Is the International Ship/Shore connection readily available and is the location clearly
marked?
Are the fixed deck, pump room and engine room fire extinguishing systems, where fitted, in
a satisfactory condition, and are clear operating instructions posted?
Hull condition
Any oil or other staining from scuppers?
Legible draught marks and hull markings?
Mooring
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Sufficient lines?
Any mixed moorings?
Condition of mooring lines?
Any splices?
Synthetic tails properly attached to wires
Mooring ropes
Fig. 100
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Berthing Alonside
Fig. 101
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Fig. 102
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Fig. 103
Tanker (ship)
Fig. 104
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Tankers can range in size of capacity from several hundred tons, which includes vessels for
servicing small harbours and coastal settlements, to several hundred thousand tons, for
long-range haulage. A wide range of products are carried by tankers, including:
Different products require different handling and transport. Thus special types of tankers
have been built, such as "chemical tankers" and "oil tankers". "LNG carriers," as they are
typically known, are a relatively rare tanker designed to carry liquefied natural gas.
Among oil tankers, supertankers are designed for transporting oil around the Horn of Africa
from the Middle East. The floating storage and offloading unit (FSO) Knock Nevis, formerly
the ULCC "Jahre Viking," is the largest vessel in the world. The supertanker is 458 metres
(1504 feet) in length and 69 m (226 ft) wide.
Supertankers are one of the two preferred methods for transporting large quantities of oil,
along with pipeline transport. However such tankers can create environmental disasters
from oil spills if a shipping accident causes a sinking close to coastal regions. See Exxon
Valdez, Braer, Prestige, Torrey Canyon, Erika for examples.
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VLCC (Very Large Crude Carrier), supertankers between 150,000 and 320,000 dwt.
ULCC (Ultra Large Crude Carrier), enormous supertankers between 320,000 and
550,000 dwt.
Tankers used for liquid fuels are classified according to their capacity.
In 1954 Shell Oil developed the afra system (average freight rate assessment) for fiscal
reasons. Tankers were divided in groups of different sizes. To make it an independent
instrument, Shell consulted London Tanker Brokers’ Panel (LTBP). At first, they divided the
groups as General Purpose for tankers under 25,000 deadweight tonnage (dwt); Medium
Range for ships between 25,000 and 45,000 dwt; and Large Range for the then enormous
ships that were larger then 45,000 dwt. The ships became larger during the 1970s, and the
list was extended, where the tons are long tons:[1]
The following groups are used for use on the oil market:
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Gross Tonnage (GRT) refers to the volume of all ship's enclosed spaces (from keel to
funnel) measured to the outside of the hull framing (included accomodations, cargo,
ballast, engine, bunkers, aoil and lubricants spaces).
Net tonnage (NT) is based on a calculation of the volume of all cargo spaces of the
ship. It indicates a vessel’s earning space and is a function of the moulded volume of all
cargo spaces of the ship.
Displacement is the actual total weight of the vessel. It is often expressed in long tons
or in metric tons, and is calculated simply by multiplying the volume of the hull below the
waterline (i.e. the volume of water it is displacing) by the density of the water.
Lightship weight, is the weight of the vessel only, without cargo, bunkers, oil,
ballast and constant.
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Fig. 105
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tank car, also known as a tanker or cylinder wagon is a railroad freight car designed
for carrying bulk liquids
tank truck, also known as a tanker or tanker lorry is a heavy road vehicle designed
for the same purpose
Water tender or tanker, a firefighting vehicle used to carry large amounts of water to
a fire
Tanker (aircraft), an airplane designed for in-flight refuelling
Any crew member of a tank
André Tanker, a Trinidadian musician and composer
Tanker (band), Avant-garde, Progressive Rock / Metal band from Czech republic
Tank (computer gaming) or tanker, in the massive-multiplayer lingo is a character
able to resist heavy amounts of damage relatively unharmed
Does SOPEP include description of equipment, its location, a plan for deployment and
specific crew member duties for handling small oil spills?
Is the master aware of port contact procedures, and has a contact list been made for this
port?
Are the pollution prevention measures adequate, and is the crew awareness satisfactory?
Are anti-pollution warning notices posted?
Is cargo sea and overboard valves, and bilge overboard valves suitably lashed or locked?
Are specific warning notices posted to safeguard against the accidental opening of bilge
overboard discharge valves?
If there is an approved Oil Discharge Monitoring and Control System (ODME) on board, is it
in a satisfactory condition?
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