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Participles: los participios son formas de los verbos que pueden desempeñar la función de un
adjetivo, de un sustantivo, o complementar una forma verbal compuesta. Hay tres clases de
participios: Present Perticiple (-ing form), Past Participle and Perfect Participle. Los participios
también permiten formar las llamdas oraciones de participio, Participle Clauses.
I often go walking in the countryside. Yesterday, I watched some sheep grazing on the
meadow. At first they were only interested in grazing, but after a while they were just standing
there wagging their tails. Having eaten so much grass, they were full up. I saw them pooing on
the grass! Called by me, three sheep slowly came over. Having run around on the meadow all
day, they were tired, but I seemed to be interesting for them.
2) Past Participle: El participio pasado aparece en la tercera columna de la lista de los verbos
irregulares. Se utiliza:
Para formar tiempos compuestos (por ejemplo Past Perfect).
Example: They had eaten so much grass. (Habían comido mucha hierba).
En la forma pasiva.
Example: They were left on the meadow. (Las dejaron en el prado).
Como adjetivo.
Example: They were only interested in grazing. (Solo estaban interesadas en pastar).
Cuando se transforman las oraciones pasivas en Past Participle Clauses.
Example: The sheep were called by me. They slowly came over. (las ovejas fueron llamadas por
mí. Se acercaron lentamente.).
Called by me, the sheep slowly came over. (Llamadas por mí, las ovejas se acercaron
lentamente.).
3) Perfect Participle: el participio perfecto se usa para formar oraciones de participio cuando:
La acción ya ha finalizado antes de que la otra acción comience.
Example: They were full up because they had eaten so much grass. (Estaban llenas porque
habían comido mucha hierba.).
Having eaten so much grass, they were full up. (Habiendo comido tanta hierba, estaban
llenas.).
La acción tiene lugar durante un largo periodo de tiempo hasta que sucede la otra acción.
Example: They had been running around on the meadow all day long so that they were tired.
(Habían estado corriendo por el prado todo el día, así que estaban cansadas.).
Having run around on the meadow all day long, they were tired. (Habiendo corrido todo el día
por el prado, estaban cansadas.).
Formación: el Perfect Participle se puede utilizar tanto en oraciones en voz activa como en
oraciones en voz pasiva.
En la voz activa, el Perfect Participle se forma con having + past participle.
Example: Having run around on the meadow all day, the sheep were tired.
En la voz pasiva, el Perfect Participle se forma con having been + past participle.
Example: Having been left on the meadow by the farmer, the sheep rana round all day.