Direct Object Pronouns

 Ask “what” of the verb

Ex. Tengo mi pasaporte. Lo tengo.
Vamos a comprar alguans pizzas. (las)
Liv hace la tarea (la)
Veo al profesor. (lo)
 D.O.P.’s goes before the conjugated verb
Indirect Object Pronouns
 For who? (to who?)
Ex. Em hace capas para Senora Krasselt. (le)
A mi me gustan las galletas.
Preterite Tense AR Verbs
(past)
 Nadar – nade: I swim
E Amos
Aste
O Aron

Verbs – preterito irregulars

Ir/Ser: To go/ to be

Fui Fuemos
Fuiste
Fue Fueron

Hacer: to do/make

Hice Hicimos
Hiciste
Hizo Hicieron

Ver: to see
Vi Vimos
Viste
Vio Vieron

Dar: to give/to throw (party)

 Di Dimos
Diste
Dio Dieron

Adverbios
 Describes a verb
 Ex. Quickly
 Rapido (adjective)
 Rapida (make it feminine)
 Add mente (rapidamente)
Lento – lentamente
(adj.) (adv.)
Frecuente – frecuentemente
 If adding in “e” just add “mente”
Facil – facilmente
La prueba es facil
Ex. Hago la tarea facilmente
Preterito – er/ir (pasado)
*** Don’t stem change in the past***
Er/ir
I Imos
Iste
Io Ieron

Abrir – to open Escribir – to write

Barrer – to sweep Perder – to lose
Beber – to drink Recibir – to receive
Comer – to eat Vender – to sell
Conocer – to know (people, Vivir – to live
places, proper noun) Volver – to return (person)
Correr – to run Devolver – to return (item)
Entender – to understand
Envolver – to wrap

Adjetivos Demonstrativos
This, that, these, those
**** before the noun****
Cerca (close, aqui)
M F
 Este Esta
Estos Estas

Lejos (middle, alli)

M F
Ese Esa
Esos Esas

Muy lejos (far, alla)

M F
Aquel Aquella
Aquellos Aquellas

 Pensar – to think
 Pensar + infinitive – to plan on
Ex. Pienso cocinar el bistec hoy.

Reflexivos
Before the verb

Me Nos
Te
Se Se

Ex. Yo (dormise: o to ue stem changer) me duermo.

Ex. Yo Ponerse – me pongo la ropa
(tu) Despertarse – te despiertas. (e to ie stem changer)
(ella) Acostarse – se acuesta (o – ue stem changer)
1) Tu y yo levantarse = nos leventamos
2) Ustedes banarse = se banan
3) Rodrigo ducharse = se ducha
1. Quiero levantarse
*** Conjugate first verb leave the second alone dock reflexive onto the end of
the infinitive****
a. Despertarse – reflexive
b. Despertar – not a reflexive
c. Me despierto a las cinco
d. Despierto a Rivar a las seis
Present Progressive
“ing” happing now
 Paired with estar
 Ar – ando
 Er/ir – iendo
 Leer – leyenda
Ex. Construer – construyendo
Ex. Estamos tomando apuntes
Ex. Ellas se estan maquillando

Stem changers:
Decier – diciendo
Dormir – durmiendo
Quedar: to fit
Queda – 1
Quedan – 2+
Me Nos
Te
Le Les

Verbos como Gustar (verbs like gustar)

 Quedar – to fit (queda o quedan)
 Importar – to be important, care (importa o importan)
 Encantar – to love (encanta o encantan)
 Molestar – to annoy (molesta o molestan)
 Interesar – to interest p (interesa o interesan)
 Doler – to hurt (duele o duelen)
 Aburrir – to bore (aburre o aburren)
 Faltar – to lack/missing (falta o faltan)
 Preocupar – to worry (preocupa, preocupan)

Presente Irregular – yo
 Hacer: to make/do – hago
 Poner: to put/place/to put on – pongo
 Salir: to leave – salgo
 Traer: to bring – Traigo
 Decir: to say/tell – Digo
 Venir: to come – vengo
 Tener: to have – tengo
 Conocer: to know – conozco
 Dar: to give/throw – doy
  Saber: to know (facts, how to do) – se’
 Ver: to see – veo
Irregulares en el preterito (stem changers)
 Estar: to be – estuv
 Poder: to be able/can – pud
 Poner: to put/put on/place/set – pus
 Saber: to know (facts) – sup
 Tener: to have – tuv

Preterite tense Er/Ir Verbs

E Imos
Iste
O Ieron

Hace (amount of time) que preterite

Ex. Hace veinte anos que use un scrunchie. (it has been twenty years since I
have used a scrunchie)

Pronouns after Prepositions

De: of/from
A: at/to
Para: for/ in order to
Con: with

Ex. Los estudiantes van conmigo

Con ti – contigo
How long it’s been
Hace amount of time que + present time
Ex. Hace una semana que bebo un refresco
- To ask how long something has been going on
Amount of time hace que
Cuanto tiempo hace que visitas tus abuelos?

Preterite Tense Stem Changers ending in IR

Pedir – to order/ask for
Pedi Pedimos
Pediste
Dormir – to sleep
Pidio Pidieron
Dormi Dormimos
Dormiste
Durmio Durmieron
 - Only stem change in the third person
- Preferir – to prefer e to i: prefiero & prefieron
- Servir – to serve e to i: sirviro & sirvieron
- Vestirse – to get dressed: e to i: vistio & visterion
- Competir – to compete e to i: compito & compitieron
- Seguir – To follow/continue e to i: sigui & siguieron

Past Particles
- Ed
How to form:
1. Infinitve
2. Drop ar/er/ir
3. Add ar – ado; er/ir – ido
- Hablar – hablado – spoken
- Comer – comido – eaten
- Vivier – vivido – lived
- Traer – traido
- Oir – oido
Irregulares:
 Abrir – abierto
 Cubrir – cubierto
 Decir – dicho
 Escribir – escrito
 Hacer – hecho
 Imprimir – impreso
 Morir – muerto
 Poner – puesto
 Romper – roto
 Resolver – resuelto
 Ver – visto
 Volver – vuelto

Imperfect Tense
1. Used to/old habits
2. Unfinished habits
AR Conjugation aba aban
aba labamos
abas Er/Ir Conjugation
Ia Iamos
Ias
Ia Ian
 Car, Gar and Zar
Words that end in –
Car – que
Gar – gue
Zar – ce
**** follows normal ar conjugation except for the yo box****
Spanish Intensifiers
- Muy, mucho, sumamente
- Isimo, isimos, isima, isimas
Ex. Esta cocina es bellisima.
Words that end in “c” go to “qu”: Ex. Rico – riquisimo
Words that end in “G” – “gu”: Ex. Largo – larguisimo
Words that end in “Z” go to “c” : Ex. Feliz – felicisimo

Usted/Ustedes commands
- Yo form only
- Form usted commands with the yo form of verbs in the present tense
a. Probar – present: pruebo, past: pruebe, prueben
b. Comer – present: como, past: coma, coman
c. Anadir – present: anado, past: anada, anadan

Pronoun Placements w/ Commands

In affirmative commands, you attach object pronouns to the end of the verb. Ex llevenos
In negative commands, you place object pronouns before the verb and after no.
Ex. No le venda

Double Object Pronouns

- Has a DOP and an IOP
- IOP goes first then DOP and then the conjugated verb

DOP – What?
M Nos
e
Te
Lo Los
La Las

IOP – Who?
 M Nos
e
Te
Le Les
Se Se
Ex. La camerera nos trajo el Caldo – la camerera lo trajo.
- No double “L” the IOP goes to “se”
Ex. Ella le la trajo – Ella sela trajo.
- Put before conjugated verb, unless you have two then you hook onto the end.
Accent goes onto the second to last vowel.
Ex. Ella va a Pedir la cena para mi – Ella va a pedirmela.
Affirmative and Negative words
Affirmative Words
Algo Something
Alguien Someone
Algun (o,a) Some Negative Words
O..O Either - or
Siempre Always Nada Nothing
Tambien Also Nadie No one
Ningun (o,a) None
Ni … Ni Niether
Nunca Never
Tampoco Neither

Affirmative Tu Commands
- Casual, talking to a friend
- Er, ir – E: AR – A
- Hablar – Habla

Irregulares Affirmative Tu’ Commands

Decir: to say/tell – Di
Hacer: to make/do – Haz
Poner: to put – Pon
Tener: to have – Ten
Ser: to be – Se
Salir: to leave – Sal
Ir: to go – Ve
Venir: to go – Ven
Negative Tu’ Commands
- Casually tell someone what not to do
 1) Put verb in yo form
2) Subtract “o”
3) Add the opposite endings (ar – e, er/ir – a)
4) Add “s” ex. No pongas
Irregulares
Dar – des
Ser – seas
Saber – sepas
Estar – estes
Ir – vayas
Subjunctive
 Something you want to happen, but hasn’t yet
W – wishes/wants
E – Emotions
I – Impersonal expressions (es necesario que, es bueno que, es importante que)
R – Recommendations
D – Doubt
O – Ojala
- Present tense
1. Yo
2. Drop the o
3. Add opposite ending

Ar
E Emos
Es
E En

Er/Ir
A Amos
As
A An
- Don’t stem change in the “Nosotros” unless you have the verbs, Servir, Pedir,
Dormir, Preferir
El Futuro: The Future
- What will happen
1. Infinitive: not conjugated
2. Add the future ending
E Emos
As
A An

Irregulares
 Poner: to put/place – Pondr
 Decir: to say/tell – Dir
 Salir: to leave – Saldr
 Hacer: to do/make – Har
 Poder: to be able – Podr
 Tener: to have – Tendr
 Querer: to want – Querr
 Saber: to know – Sabr
 Venir: to come – Vendr
 Haber – habr
Por vs Para
Para: For
- For when something is done
- Destination
- The recipient of an item
- The purpose of an action
- An opinion
- A comparison or contrast
- A deadline
Para: Perfect
P – Purpose
E – Effect
R – Recipient
F – Future/Point in time
E – Employment
C – Comparison
T – Towards

Por: For
- The idea of passing through
- General rather than specific location
- How long something lasts
- The cause of something
- An exchange
- Doing something in place of or instead of someone else
- A means of completing an action