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Introducción a la Astrofísica

Jorge Zuluaga, 1997

Tabla de Contenido

● Parte I. Astrofísica Estelar

❍ Capítulo 1. Parámetros físicos de las estrellas... 3 - 37


❍ Capítulo 2. Atmósferas estelares... 38 - 79
❍ Capítulo 3. El interior estelar... 80 - 105
❍ Capítulo 4. Evolución estelar... 106 - 141

● Parte II. Astrofísica del Medio Interestelar

❍ Capítulo 5. La observación del medio interestelar... 144 - 153


❍ Capítulo 6. Física y química del medio interestelar... 154 - 187

● Parte III. Astrofísica Galáctica

❍ Capítulo 7. La Vía Láctea... 190 - 207


❍ Capítulo 8. Estructura y dinámica de galaxias... 208 - 233

● Apéndice A... 232 - 233

http://urania.udea.edu.co/sites/jzuluaga/pages/libros.rs/files/librosmrq1a/IntroduccionAstrofisicaZuluaga-TOC.html [16/11/2009 05:38:25 p.m.]


 

  
 
 


     
   
              

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L Q F|:BMNF^G Q j+L Q F'ST7X€GK=>A;:B=‚=IZ5MN8;M"Q P FyCK=>ScL>GK=IA;? Q vb\^GK=V78JG…hU=I{V=>8;:°7„P ƒ Q [O=IAJFK7UC@7‡? Q Az=ISO?O=IA;ŽKS
CK= / ? g hŒ=>AŽKƒŒGKAB7 bk ""™jak
I       
  
    

Continuo Térmico
Bλ(Tο)

Espectro de emisión resultante


Pefil de absorción
κλ

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=IS\^GK=MNFELIMNCE=VAB7UCEMT7UL>M"Q P F Z_G s :B=>FHGE=„L Q FGEFo=>8J?O=ILa:BA Q L Q F|:JMNF^G Q k


7 Q A Q :JA Q ST7UC Q 8JM 8J=ŠL>GKZ5?KSN=„\HGE= ‡? > ? # ST7uAJ7UCKMN7UM"Q P Fo=IZ5MW:JMNC@7_:J=IFKCKAK7'


P GKF@7…MWF|:B=IFE8JMNCK7UC
C@79C@7D? Q A>v

> ? > ? # . / ? J , ‡? . >1? # 


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ˆ‰81=I8;:J=„=>S%Lp7U8 ?@7UAJ75F 8 :JA 8Z~7UP 8MNF|:B=>AJ=>8B7UF|:B=9kfˆ‰F]=>8;:<7y8JM†:BG@79LIM"P FSN7yAJ7UCKMN7ULIMpP F =IZ5=IA
ƒŒ=>F|:B=/?KA;=I8J=>F|:<Q 7UAK7eP L>ST7UAJ7UQ 8'Q ?O=IQ AJCEMNC@7U8 LI7UGK8J7UC@7U8-? Q A'ST7n7U[K8 Q AJLIMpQ P F Q CK=IS4Zu=>CKM Q g FQ Q P :J=I8J==>S
8;MNƒŒF Q Z5=IF Q 8„=IFST7-=a`b?KAJ=>8JMpQ P F ?@7UAJ7 >1?Uj s ƒ Q [O=IA;F@7UC@7U8? Q A„=>S+?c=>A;Ž@SzCK= / ? g hŒ=>AŠŽ@ƒŒGKAJ7
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CK=ŠST7uAJ7UCKMN7ULIMpQ P FMWFKLIMWCK=IF|:J=Š8J=Š8JGK?O=IA;? Q FECKA@7UP F/GEF@7…8J=>AJMW=_CK=ŠCE=I?KA;=I8JM Q FK=>8X\HGE=_MNFKCEMNLp79F]ST798
? Q 8JMWLIM Q FK=I8fCE=Z~7}P `bMNZu7_7U[E8 Q A;LIM"Q P FoCE=ISZ5=ICKM Q k
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CK=RST7U8 =>8;:JAJ=ISWST7U8 $e¬%7U8oLp7U?@798oMWF|:B=IA;M Q A;=I8o7US†:<7UZ5=IF|:B= Q ?@7ULp798o=>ZuM†:B=>F ? Q A U7Ek GKF L Q F|:JMNF^G Q
CK=a:B=IA;ZuMWF@7UC Q ? Q A%GKF@71:J=IZ5?c=>AB79:JGKAB7Lp79A@7UP La:B=IAIrP 8i:BMNLI77U8 Q LIMN7UC@7171=>SNST798 g ? Q A =¡“;=IZ5?KS Q !Šg |j;j
LIGK7UFKC =>8;:<7'AJ7UCKMN7ULIMpP Ft79:JAB7phHMN=>8B7'ST7984Lp79?@7U8XZ~7UP 84=l`b:J=IA;M A;=I8 :BAB79FK8J?@79AJ=IF|:J=I8 ? X"™j1CK=
ST7D7}:BZ~Q P Q8;€=>AB7EvK\^GK==I8i:<7UQ F7yGKF@7_:B=>Zu?O=IAJ79:BGKAJ7DMNFE€=>AJM Q A s \^Q GK=? Qs A:B7UF|: Q =IZ5MW:J=IF ABg 79CKMT7UL>M"Q P F L Q F

Z5=IF Q AXMWF|:B=IFE8JMNCK7UC\HGE=5SN7'=IZ5MW:JMNC@75? Q AXSN7U8XLp79?@7U8XZ~7UP 8X?KA Q €GKFKC@7U8 g ‡? >1? # jav8;=5?EA Q CKGKLI=y=>S


€=IFfQ P Zu=>F Q CK=o7U[K8 Q AJL>M"Q P Fx8J=>SN=>L>:BM†h97\^GK=-SW= MNZ5?KAJMWZu=u7USf=I8;?c=>L>:JA Q Ž@F@7USf8;GK8yLp7UAK7UP L>:J=IAIrP 8;:JMNLp798DCK=

7U[K8 Q AJL>M"Q P Fk


   
   
    
  

Continuo de radiación exterior


Iλο = Bλ(Tο) Tc<To

Sλο = Bλ(Tc)
Espectro de absorción resultante
Iλ = Iλο - c kλ ( Sλ - Iλο)

Pefil de absorción
κλ

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7'ST75MNF|:B=>FK8JMWC@7UC/CK=ŠST7…AJ7UCKMT79LIM"Q P F]MNFELIMNCE=IF|:B=9k‡ˆ+8i:B=D=>8X=IS¯LI7U8 Q ?K7UAB7'SN7U84LI7U?@7U8V8;GK?O=IAJM Q AJ=>8VCK=DSN7


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Q8 FK[KCKAJ7_=D=ICK8;MW:BL<7UY [KSW=IL LIMWC@F^7_:JMNF^8 QG [KAJ=XS =>S\HGEL Q=DF^SN:JSTMN79F^Z…G Q7UZ CK=X8SN7ŠGKF@SNGE7 {VS\^P FKGK=I=X7…=I=IZu8;?c7U=>F@L>7Š:BAJCE7U=IS)SqCKMWF^=y:J79=IA;[KM 8 Q A‹A;LICKMp=VP FqST7„k=Iˆ‰8;:JFRAJ=>SNSN7'ST7bAJvK=>7UƒŒ?@M"P79F]AJ=ICKL>==


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=IS+’@G}“ Q \HQ GE= Q [K8;=IA;h97UA;Q MT7UZ Q 88JM‹Q 8@Q P S Q =a`bMW8;Q :BMW=IAJ7ST7oL Q F|Q :JAJMN[EGKLIMpQ P FnQ CK=>SwL Q F|:BMNF^G Q =IZ5MW:BMWC Q ? Q s AST798
AJ=>ƒŒM Q FK=I8%Z~7UP 8?KA Q €GKFKC@7U8 CK=+ST7fZ5MN8;Z…7Ev"? Q CK=IZ Q 8L Q FK8;:JAJGKMWA S Q \HGE=zA;=IL>MN[O=z=>S^F Q Z_[KA;=+CK=Vš<–¡˜@š<ža  › ª
8 ›l¦5£U¢ Ÿ "< £ : ?&  ? hŒ=>A1ŽKƒŒGKAB7 bk#" ^jlv \^GK=„8;=IAK7uP CK=„7UY AJ75=>F]79CK=ISN7UF|:B=FHGE=I8;:JA ?KGKF|: CK=
?@7Uª Ai:BMWC@7D7DST7Šª Y Q AB7DCK=X=Ig 8i:BGKCEMT7UAfSN7_=I8;:JAJGKLa:BGKs AJ7 s =IS7UFf7UP SNMW8JMN8‹CKQ =XST798fS®rP FE=p7U8=>8J?O=ILa:BAB79SN=IQ8=>8;:B=>ST7UQ A;=I8>k
' Q [EAJ=‡=IS=>8J?O=IL>:JA Q F Q AJZu7USWMN{p79C Q CK=aŽ@FKMWZ Q 8f=>S˜@ša›œ+¢ :Hš‡¢†£…¢<= ¨ 8šJ£-š<–¡˜@š<ža §›J£U¢  v ?|v
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CK=>LIAJ=>LI=>A‚CK=‡F^GK=ar h Q Y@798;:<7 7yS Q Q ST79AJƒ Q CK=X: Q C Q Q =>S%7UFKL<#Y Qs AJ=I7USCK=‡ST7_SrP FK=I7 F@k #
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C = SN7U8_SP FK=I7U8Š=>8J?O=IL>:JAB7USW=I8DA;=ILIMW[c=…=ISF Z_[KAJ=…CK=
7UFKL<Y Q =I\^GKMWh97USW=IF|:B= ?-\^GK='8;='CK=aŽ@FK= L Q Z QQ =IS 79FKL<Y Q r CK='GEFAJ=>L>:°79P FKƒŒGKS Q CK= 7US†:BGKAJ7Q GKFEMW:<79AJMT7
I       
  
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¯MWƒŒGKABm
7 bk#" $ 479:JGKAB79SN=I{I7„CK=>S°=I8J?O=ILa:BA CK=‚7U[K8 AJLIMpP F…CE=‚GKFK7„=I8i:BA;=ISNSN7=>F…GKF…CKMT7UƒUAB7UZu7VCK=‚’KG}“ Q
CK=‡AB79CKMT7UL>M"Q P F L Q F|:BAJ75S Q FKƒŒM†:BGKC'CE= Q FKC@Q 7Ek Q Q

Fλ / Fcλ
∆λ
1

λo λ

Wλο

¯MWƒŒGKAJ7!bk "  $+ˆ‰8;:BA;GKL>:JGKAB75CK=‡GKF@7DSrP FK=p7_=>8J?O=ILa:BAB79S =>FGoCKMN7UƒŒAB79Z…7ŠF Q AJZu7USNMW{p7UC Q k



  
   
    
  

Fλ/Fλο
Línea delgada Línea saturada Línea gruesa

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&

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?KA Q L>=I8 Q 84=IFST7yZ…7}:B=IA;MT7D=I8i:B=>ST7UA\^GK=ŠL Q F|:BA;MN[KG s =IF/7yST7y=a`H:JAB7UL>LIM"Q P F]CK==IFK=>AJƒKrP 75CE=ŠST7DAJ7UCKMT79LIM"Q P F
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ST7 Q ?K7ULIMWC@7UCxCK=-ST7tZu79:B=>AJMN7t=IFeST779:BZ~Q P 8i€=IAB7t=>8;:J=IST79A5CE=>:B=>AJZ5MNF@79Fe=>Sf?c=>A;Ž@SfCE=oSN7U8DSrP FK=p798DCK=
7U[K8 Q AJL>M"Q P Fk
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Función de onda exterior


Función
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Tunelización

rN
distancia r
de retorno clásica

Uint
Potencial
nuclear

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+.%)jI/s-,b > B +2/./.+.;=3 ‰‡-09A>:U?-,/./pUB;=*,+X;Y|?%B;=/.-,>_L?-,/i3#+.>A3t1Y>:+2jI/.1)hL?-t/X;YL?+.>[7<9:+2J?'?*,+1Ib %GL?-o/.;=>q-0>A7:9:-,/./X;O>
>:1=J?9:-t/X;‘Kcb ;WDq;=b *s7<-Q;a4\ E^1I%]-,/p1=%J 9A-,7:+2PI1WL?-#L?-,7:-09:3#+.%?;=9w/X;L?+.>[7<9:+2J?'?*,+1Ib %4-0%]-0/-0>A@B;=*0+21kL?-#/X;O>
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}   9A-0jI+21I%?-0>&>A1IJ?9A-/.;=>&*0'?;=/.-,>p9A-Q;=/2+.S,1x*01I%C7:-01I>pL?-f/X;=>&-,>A7:9:-0/2/X;=>Ž*01I%#L?+.>[7<+2%N7:1I>&J?9A+././21I>;O@B;=9:-,%C7<-0>,\
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‰‡-,9:>AU?-0/2/ h'?%G>:+.j=/.13E;=b >x7r;O9:L?N- MI;=*,1IJ?'?6> E"O\ ?w;=@)7<-s6R% h*01I%?*,/.')6^1Yb MN'?-t-,/&>:+2>A7<-,3o; e 1I9A3o;OL?1V@Z1=9
/X;O>-0>[7<9:-,/./.;=>PR+.>:+2J?/.-,>>:1=J?9:-f/X;"‘5cb ;vDq;=b *s7<-Q;ahI7<-0% cb ;x/X; e 1=9:3t;xL?-u'?%B;v-0> e -09:;q35'a6K;=*rUB;ˆ7r;=LB;v>A+.%n'?%
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UB;=90cb ;K6C;J?+2-0%W-0%C7<9:;=L?1-,/>A+.jI/2\1 5]5ƒz[1~ ^)~  d<~ ^)~ ^C€`‰‡;=9:/21 _`CaUB;=@)/.-,6=\ CRUB;=@?/2-,6IhH-0%k'?%B;o@?9A+.3#-09:;
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/X;]PO;=9A+X;=*,+1Ib %EL?-0/xJ)9:+./2/.18L)-4;=/.jI')%B;=>L?-4/.;=>-0>[7<9A-0/./.;=>MN'?-4@H-09A7:-0%?-,*Ib ;=% ;O/x*'?b 35')/.1?b\ E^+.-,9A7<1=>
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Cúmulos observados

Posición relativa
del Sol

Centro inferido de la distribución


de cúmulos

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ABULTAMIENTO
CENTRAL
Posición Centro
del Sol 8 Kpc galáctico Disco delgado

2 Kpc Disco Grueso


DISCO GALÁCTICO
50 Kpc

HALO
GALÁCTICO

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