Namma Kalvi

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,ay; gz;ghL ciueil cyfk;

tpUe;J nghw;WJk;
3
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf

1. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Kiwahd bjhlh;

m) jkpHh; gz;ghl;oy; jdpj;j thiH ,iyf;F ,lKz;L.
M) jkpHh; thiH ,iyf;Fg; gz;ghl;oy; jdpj;j ,lKz;L.
,) jkpHh; gz;ghl;oy; thiH ,iyf;Fj; jdpj;j ,lKz;L.
<) jkpHh; thiH gz;ghl;oy; jdpj;j ,iyf;F ,lKz;L. [tpil: ,]
2. tpUe;jpdiug; ngQtjw;Fk; bghUs; njitg;gl;ljhy; jd; fU=;nfhl;Lr; rPwpahiHg;
gizak; itj;J tpUe;jspj;jhd; vd;fpwJ g[wehD}W. ,r;bra;jp czh;j;Jk; tpUe;J
nghw;wpa epiy.
m) epiyj;jpw;nfw;w tpUe;J M) ,d;ikapYk; tpUe;J
,) my;ypYk; tpUe;J <) cw;whhpd; tpUe;J [tpil: M]

FWtpdh
1. tpUe;jpdiu kfpH;tpj;Jf; TWk; Kfkd; brhw;fis vGJf.
ŒŒ thU=;fs;
ŒŒ mkU=;fs;
ŒŒ eykh>
ŒŒ ePh; mUe;J=;fs;
2. `jhdpak; VJk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; tpijf;fhf itj;jpUe;j jpidia ciuypy; ,l;Lf;
Fw;wpbaLj;J tpUe;jpdUf;F tpUe;jspj;jhs; jiytp~ vd;gJ ,yf;fpar; bra;jp.
tpUe;njhk;gYf;Fr; bry;tk; kl;Lnk ,d;wpaikahj xd;wh> c=;fs; fUj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
fUj;J : 1
``btW=;if KHk; nghLkh>~~ vd;w gHbkhHpiaf; Twpath;fSk; ek;Kd;ndhnu.
Mfnt/ tpUe;njhk;gYf;F bry;tk; ,d;wpaikahjJ.
fUj;J : 2
``kdkpUe;jhy; khh;f;fk; cz;L~~ vd;w gHbkhHpf;nfw;g tpUe;jpdiu cgrhpf;f
ntz;Lk; vd;w kdepiy ,Ue;jhy; kl;Lnk tWikapYk; tpijf;fhf itj;jpUe;j
jhdpaj;ijf; Fw;wp cztspf;f Koa[k;.
 www.nammakalvi.org
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Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 89

rpWtpdh

1.  g
[jpjhf tUnthh; ,utpy; j=;Ftjw;F tPl;od; Kd;g[wk; jpz;iza[k; mjpy; jiy
itf;fj; jpz;Lk; mikj;jdh;.
 
 jpUtpHhf; fhy=;fspy; CUf;F tUk; g[jpath;fisa[k; miHj;J md;nghL
tpUe;jspg;gijr; rpy ,l=;fspy; fhz KofpwJ.

,g;goahff; fhykhw;wk;/ jkpHh; tpUe;njhk;gypy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;w=;fs; Fwpj;j fUj;Jfis
vGJf.
rj;jpu=;fs; bgUfpd :
fhy khw;wj;jpdhy; tpUe;J g[ug;gJ Fiwe;jjhy; rj;jpu=;fs; bgUfpd. ehaf;fh;/
kuhl;oah; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; tHpg;nghf;fh;fSf;fhf kpFjpahd rj;jpu=;fs; fl;lg;gl;ld.
jpz;iz ,d;ik :
,d;W tPl;Lj; jpz;iz itj;Jf; fl;LtJkpy;iy. mwpKfkpy;yhj
g[jpath;fis tpUe;jpduhf Vw;gJk; ,y;iy. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; kdpjh;fspd; kdpjneak;
eRf;fg;gl;lnjahFk;. jd; tPL/ jd; kidtp/ jd; gps;is vd;w Raeynk fhuzkhFk;.
tpUe;jspf;Fk; epiy :
gz;ghl;L khw;wkhf ,d;W rpy ,l=;fspy; tpUe;jpdh;fis tuntw;gJ Kjy;
ge;jpapy; cgrhpj;J bra;a[k; tpUe;njhk;gy; eilbgWtijf; fhz KofpwJ. Tl;L
kdg;ghd;iknahL bra;a[k; braiyj; jdpbahUtuhf bra;a[k; epiyf;F kdpjh;fspd;
epiy xLf;fg;gl;lnj ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;.

beLtpdh

1. c=;fs; ,y;yj;Jf;F te;j cwtpdUf;F eP=;fs; bra;j tpUe;njhk;giy mHFw tpthpj;J
vGJf.
tuntw;g[ thh;j;ijfs; :
tPl;ow;F te;j cwtpdh;fsplk; thU=;fs;/ mkU=;fs;/ eykh> ePh; mUe;J=;fs;/
FLk;gj;jpdh; midtUk; eykh> vd rpy thh;j;ijfisf; Twp Kfkyh;r;rpa[ld;
tpUe;jpdiu tuntw;nwd;.
mWRit czt[ :
tPl;ow;F te;j tpUe;jpdUf;F mWRit czitj; jahh; bra;J mtiu cztUe;j
tUkhW miHj;njd;.
jiythiH ,iy:
jiythiH ,iyapy; tpUe;jpdUf;F cztspg;gJ kug[. Mfnt jkpH;g; gz;ghL
kiwahjpUf;f jiythiH ,iyapy; tpUe;jpdUf;F cztpl;nld;.
 90 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

czt[ ghpkhw;wk; :
cz;gthpd; ,lg;gf;fk; thiH ,iyapd; FWfyhd gFjpa[k; tyg;gf;fk; tphpe;j
gFjpa[k; tUkhW thiHapiyia tphpj;njd;.
,iyapy; itf;fg;gl;l czt[fs; :
thiH ,iyapd; ,lJ Xuj;jpy; cg;g[/ CWfha;/ ,dpg;g[ Kjyhd mstpy; rpwpa
czt[ tiffis itj;njd;. thiH ,iyapd; tyJ Xuj;jpy; fha;fwp/ fPiu/ Tl;L
Kjyhd mstpy; bghpa czt[ tiffisa[k; eLtpy; nrhWk; itj;njd;.
ghpt[ld; ghpkhw;wk; :
cz;gth; kdkwpe;J mth;fs; tpUk;gpr; rhg;gpLk; czt[ tiffis kPz;Lk;
kPz;Lk; ghpt[ld; ghpkhwpndd;.
iffGt[jy; :
cz;gth; btspna ngha; iffGthjgo xU Ftisapy; ePiuf; bfhz;L te;njd;.
mijf; bfhz;L mth; mUfpy; itf;fg;gl;l btw;Wg;ghj;jpuj;jpy; mth; iffGt[khW ePh;
Cw;wpndd;.
btw;wpiy ghf;F:
czt[ cz;L vGe;jtUf;F xU jl;oy; btw;wpiy ghf;F/ Rz;zhk;g[ itj;njd;.
mth; mij kfpH;t[ld; cz;lhh;.
tHp mDg;g[jy; :
czt[z;lthplk; jpUg;jpahf cz;Oh;fsh> vd tprhhpj;J tPl;oy; cs;s czt[g;
bghUl;fs; rpytw;iwa[k; bfhLj;J tPl;oy; cs;sth;fSf;Ff; bfhLf;FkhW Twp / thry;
tiu brd;W tHpaDg;gpitj;njd;.

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf

1. thpirg;gLj;jp rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjL.

1. tpUe;nj g[Jik ? bra=;bfhz;lhh;
2. ,y;ywtpay; ? ,s=;nfhtofs;
3. rpyg;gjpfhuk; ? bjhy;fhg;gpah;
4. fyp=;fj;Jg;guzp ? jpUts;Sth;
m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 ,) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 [tpil: <]
2. kpdnrhl;lh jkpH;r;r=;fk; mike;Js;s ,lk; vJ>
m) mbkhpf;fh M) ,y=;if ,) bkhhprpa!; <) knyrpah [tpil: m]
3. bjhy;fhg;gpah; tpUe;J vd;gij vd;dbtd;W Twpa[s;shh;>
m) bjhd;ik M) g[Jik ,) ,sik <) KJik [tpil: M]
 ,ay; 3 X
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4. rhpahd fUj;jpidf; fz;lwpf.

i) jpUts;Sth; ,y;ywtpaypy; tpUe;njhk;giy typa[Wj;j Xh; mjpfhuj;ijna
mikj;jpUf;fpwhh;.
ii) Kfk; ntWglhky; Kfkyh;r;rpnahL tpUe;jpdiu tuntw;f ntz;Lk; vd;gij
``nkhg;gf;FiHa[k; mdpr;rk;~ vd;w Fwspy; vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh; ts;Sth;.
iii) tpUe;jpdiug; nghw;Wjy; ,y;ywf; flikahf ,Ue;jJ.
m) i, ii ? rhp M) ii, iii ? rhp ,) i, iii ? rhp <) @d;Wk; rhp [tpil: <]
5. ``...........bjhy;nyhh; rpwg;gpd;
tpUe;bjjph; nfhlYk; ,He;j vd;id~~
? vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; vJ> ,J ahUila Tw;whf (tUj;jkhf) mikfpwJ>
m) fk;guhkhazk;/ rPij M) rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ fz;zfp
,) esbtz;gh/ jkae;jp <) rPtfrpe;jhkzp/ fhe;jUtjj;ij [tpil: M]
6. ``bghUe;J bry;tKk; fy;tpa[k; g{j;jyhy;
tUe;jp te;jth;f;F <jYk; itfYk;
tpUe;Jk; md;wp tpisthd ahitna~~ ? vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;
m) fk;guhkhazk; M) bghpag[uhzk;
,) rpyg;gjpfhuk; <) kzpnkfiy [tpil: m]
7. rhpahd fUj;jpidf; fz;lwpf.
i) jhd; kl;Lnk cz;gJ vd;gJ jkpHhpd; tpUe;njhk;gy; gz;gpd; mog;gil.
ii) tpUe;njhk;gy; vd;gJ bgz;fspd; rpwe;j gz;g[fSs; xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
iii) eL,utpy; tpUe;jpdh; te;jhYk; kfpH;e;J tuntw;W cztpLk; ey;ypay;g[ FLk;gj;
jiytpf;F cz;L.
m) i ? rhp M) ii, iii ? rhp
,) @d;Wk; rhp <) @d;Wk; jtW [tpil: M]
8. ``my;ypy; MapDk; tpUe;J thpd;
 ctf;Fk;~~ vd;W es;sputpYk; cztpLk; FLk;gj; jiytpapd; tpUe;njhk;giyr;
rpwg;gpj;Jf; TWk; E}y;;
m) FWe;bjhif M) mfehD}W ,) ew;wpiz <) g[wehD}W [tpil: ,]
9. `fhypd; VHog; gpd; brd;W~ vd tpUe;jpdiu tHpaDg;g[k; jkpHhpd; ,ay;igf; Fwpg;gpLk;
E}y;;
m) rpWghzhw;Wg;gil M) bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
,) bghUeuhw;Wg;gil <) Tj;juhw;Wg;gil [tpil: ,]
10. ``tpUe;jpdUk; twpatUk; beU=;fp a[z;z
nkd;nkYk; KfkyUk; nknyhh; nghy~~ ? ,t;tofs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y;;
m) fk;guhkhazk; M) fyp=;fj;Jg;guzp
,) Kf;Tlw;gs;S <) bghpag[uhzk; [tpil: M]
11. ``Fuy; cz=;F tpijj;jpid cuy;tha;g; bga;J
rpwpJ g[wg;gl;ld;nwh ,ts;~~ vd;W g[wehD}W fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; fUj;J
 www.nammakalvi.org
92 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

m) jhdpak; VJk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; tpijf;fhf itj;jpUe;j jpidia cuypy; ,l;Lf;

Fj;jpbaLj;J tpUe;jpdh;f;F cztspj;jhs; jiytp.
M) czt[f;fhf itj;jpUe;j jhdpaj;ij tpijg;gjw;Fj; jiytdplk; je;jhs; jiytp.
,) FHe;ijapd; grpiag; nghf;f tpijf;fhf itj;jpUe;j jpidia cuypy; ,l;Lf;
Fj;jpbaLj;J rikj;Jj; je;jhs; jiytp.
<) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy. [tpil: m]
12. jiytd; tpUe;jspf;f mlFk; gizaKk; itj;j bghUl;fs; ahit>
m) giHaths;/ fU=;nfhl;Lr; rPwpahH; M) g[jpaths;/ beL=;nfhl;Lg; bghpahH;
,) giHaths;/ beL=;nfhl;Lg; bghpahH; <) g[jpaths;/ fL=;nfhl;Lr; rPwpahH;
[tpil: m]
13. md;W tpijj;Jtpl;L te;j bey;iy mhpj;J te;J/ gpd; rikj;Jr; rptdoahUf;F tpUe;J
gilj;jth; ahh;> ,f;fhl;rp ,lk; bgWk; E}y; vJ>
m) rhf;fpaehadhh;/ bghpag[uhzk;
M) ,isahd;Fo khwehadhh;/ bghpag[uhzk;
,) fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;/ mw;g[j jpUte;jhjp
<) Re;juh;/ jpUj;bjhz;lj;bjhif [tpil: M]
14. 
bea;jy; epyj;jth; ghzh;fis tuntw;Wf; bfhLj;jitahfr; rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
Fwpg;gpLgit vit>
m) FHy; kPd; fwpa[k; gpwt[k; M) Muy; kPd; fwpa[k; cg;g[k;
,) cg;g[k; Kj;Jk; <) kPd; fwpa[k; ez;Lk; [tpil: m]
15. ``,iyia kog;gjw;F Ke;ija
tpdhof;F Kd;ghf
kWf;f kWf;f
ghpkhwg;gl;l TLjy; ,l;ypapy;
ePz;L bfhz;oUe;jJ
gphpa=;fspd; ePs; ruL~~ ? vd;Dk; ftpijf;F chpath; ahh;>
m) mk;rg;gphpah M) gh.tp$a;
,) rpnefd; <) eh. Kj;Jf;Fkhh; [tpil: m]
16. ``gyh;g[F thapy; milg;gf; flt[eh;
tUtPh; csP nuh~~? vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; vJ>
m) ew;wpid M) FWe;bjhif ,) gjpw;Wg;gj;J <) ghpghly; [tpil: M]
17. ``kUe;nj MapDk; tpUe;njhL cz;~~ vd;W ghoath; ahh;> E}y; vJ>
m) xsitahh;/ Mj;jpr;No M) xsitahh;/ bfhd;iwnte;jd;
,) FkuFUguh;/ ePjpbewp tpsf;fk; <) ts;syhh;/ $PtfhUz;a xGf;fk; [tpil: M]
18. rhpahd Tw;Wfisf; fz;lwpf.
i) tpUe;J g[ug;gJ Fiwe;jjhy; rj;jpu=;fs; bgUfpd.
ii) ehaf;fh;/ kuhl;oah; Ml;rpf; fhy=;fspy; kpFjpahd rj;jpu=;fs; tHpr; bry;nthh;f;fhff;
fl;lg;gl;ld.
 ,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 93

m) i ? rhp M) ii ? rhp
,) ,uz;Lk; rhp <) ,uz;Lk; jtW [tpil: ,]
19. rhpahd fUj;Jfisf; fz;lwpf.
i) jiythiH ,iyapy; tpUe;jpdh;f;F cztspg;gJ ek; kughff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
ii) ,iyapy; ,lJ Xuj;jpy; itf;fg;gLgit ? cg;g[/ CWfha;/ ,dpg;g[ Kjyhd mstpy;
rpwpa czt[ tiffs;.
iii) ,iyapy; tyJ Xuj;jpy; itf;fg;gLgit ? fha;fwp/ fPiu/ Tl;L Kjyhd mstpy;
bghpa czt[ tiffs;.
m) i ? rhp M) ii ? rhp ,) i, ii ? rhp <) @d;Wk; rhp [tpil: <]
20. mbkhpf;fhtpd; kpdnrhl;lh jkpH;r;r=;fk; Mz;LnjhWk; bfhz;lhLk; tpHh
m) thiHapiy tpUe;J tpHh M) ,iwr;rp czt[ tpUe;J tpHh
,) ntl;o nriy cLj;Jk; tpHh <) etjhdpa tpHh [tpil: m]
21. tpUe;nj g[Jik vdf; Twpath;
m) jpUts;Sth; M) bjhy;fhg;gpah;
,) ,s=;nfhtofs; <) bra=;bfhz;lhh;  [tpil: M]
22. jpUf;Fwspy; tpUe;njhk;gy; mjpfhuk; ,lk;bgWk; ,ay;
m) ,y;ywtpay; M) ghaputpay;
,) murpay; <) Jwtwtpay; [tpil: m]
23. tpUe;jpdiug; nghw;wpg; ngzy; gHe;jkpHh; kug[ vd;gij czh;j;jpath;
m) jpUts;Sth; M) bjhy;fhg;gpah;
,) ,s=;nfhtofs; <) bra=;bfhz;lhh;  [tpil: ,]
24. fy;tpa[k; bry;tKk; bgw;w bgz;fs;/ tpUe;Jk; <ifa[k; bra;tjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sth;
m) fk;gh; M) bjhy;fhg;gpah;
,) ,s=;nfhtofs; <) bra=;bfhz;lhh;  [tpil: m]
25. ,isahd;Fo khwehadhhpd; tpUe;jspf;Fk; jpwd; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;
m) bghpag[uhzk; M) ew;wpiz
,) bghUeuhw;Wg; gil <) fk;guhkhazk; [tpil: m]
26. bghUj;Jf.
1. tpUe;nj g[Jik ? m) jpUts;Sth;
2. nkhg;gf; FiHa[k; mdpr;rk; ? M) bjhy;fhg;gpah;
3. kUe;nj MapDk; tpUe;bjhL cz; ? ,) ,s=;nfhtofs;
4. tpUe;bjjph; nfhlYk; ,He;j vd;id ? <) xsitahh;
m) 1?M 2?m 3?< 4?, M) 1?< 2?m 3?M 4?,
,) 1?M 2?m 3?, 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4?< [tpil: m]
27. brhw;bwhlh;fis Kiwg;gLj;Jf.
m) tpUe;jpdh; M) vd;W bgah;
,) g[jpath;fSf;nf <) Kd;gpd; mwpahj
m) M/ m/ </ , M) m/ ,/ </ m ,) </ ,/ m/ M <) ,/ m/ M/ < [tpil: ,]
 94 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

28. tpUe;njhk;gy; gw;wpa 17k; E}w;whz;Lr; Rtnuhtpak; fhzg;gLkplk;

m) rpjk;guk; M) kJiu ,) khky;yg[uk; <) jpUr;rp [tpil: m]
29. tpUe;njhk;giy typa[Wj;j Xh; mjpfhuj;ijna gilj;j g[yth;
m) xsitahh; M) jpUts;Sth; ,) fgpyh; <) fk;gh; [tpil: M]

FWtpdh

1. tpUe;njhk;gy; vd;why; vd;d>

jk; tPl;ow;F tUk; tpUe;jpdiu Kfkyh;r;rpnahL tuntw;W cz;z czt[k; ,lKk;
bfhLj;jy;/ mth;fsplk; md;g[ ghuhl;Ljy; ,itna tpUe;njhk;gy; vdg;gLk;.
2. cyfk; epiyj;jpUf;fpwjw;fhd fhuz=;fs; vit vd ,sk;bgU tGjp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;>
ŒŒ jdpj;J cz;zhik vd;gJ jkpHhpd; tpUe;njhk;gy; gz;gpd; mog;gil.
ŒŒ mkpH;jnk fpilj;jhYk; jhnk cz;zhJ/ gpwUf;Ff; bfhLf;Fk; ey;nyhh; cs;sjhy;
cyfk; epiyj;jpUf;fpwJ.
3. `cztpLk; ey;ypay;g[ FLk;gj; jiytpf;F cz;L vd;gijf; Fwpj;J ew;wpiz Fwpg;gpLk;
bra;jp ahJ>
ŒŒ tpUe;njhk;gy; vd;gJ bgz;fspd; rpwe;j gz;g[fspy; xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
ŒŒ eL ,utpy; tpUe;jpdh; te;jhYk; kfpHe;J tuntw;W cztpLk; ey;ypay;g[ FLk;gj;
jiytpf;F cz;L.
4. ,d;ikapYk; tpUe;njhk;gy; Fwpj;J g[wehD}W vt;thW fhl;rpg;gLj;JfpwJ>
ŒŒ tPl;ow;F te;jth;f;F twpa epiyapYk; vt;tHpnaDk; Kad;W tpUe;jspj;J kfpH;e;jdh;
ek; Kd;ndhh;.
ŒŒ jhdpak; VJk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; tpijf;fhf itj;jpUe;j jpidia cuypy; ,l;Lf;
Fw;wp tpUe;jpdUf;F cztspj;jhs; njhHp.
5. thisa[k; ahiHa[k; gizak; itj;J tpUe;jspf;fg;gl;l bra;jpiaf; TW.
giHa ths; :
new;W te;j tpUe;jpdiug; ngQtjw;Fg; bghUs; njitg;gl;ljhy; ,Uk;gpdhy;
bra;j giHa this mlF itj;jhd; jiytd;
rPwpahH; :
,d;Wk; tpUe;jpdh; te;jjhy; jd; fU=;nfhl;Lr; rPwpahiHg; gizak; itj;J
tpUe;jspj;jhd;.
6. ,idahd;Fo khwehadhh; rptdoahh;f;F tpUe;jspj;j epfH;it vGJ.
,idahd;Fo khwehadhhpd; tPl;ow;F te;j rptdoahh;f;F tpUe;jspf;f mthplk; jhdpak;
,y;iy. jhdpakpy;yhjjhy; md;W tpijj;Jtpl;L te;j tpij bey;iy mhpj;J rikj;J
tpUe;J gilj;jhh;.
7. bea;jy; epyj;jthpd; tpUe;jspg;g[ Fwpj;J rpWghzhw;Wg;gil tHpna bra;jpiaf; TW.
bea;jy; epyj;jth; ghzh;fis tuntw;Wf; FHy;kPd; fwpa[k; gpwt[k; bfhLj;jdh;.
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,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 95

8. gHe;jkpHh; tpUe;ij vjph;bfhs;Sk; jd;ikg; gw;wp FWe;bjhif TWk; bra;jp ahJ>

,y;yj;jpd; bghpa thapiy ,utpy; @Ltjw;F Kd;dh;/ czt[ cz;z ntz;oath;fs;
ahnuDk; cs;sPh;fsh> vd;W nfl;Fk; tHf;fk; gHe;jkpHhpilna ,Ue;jij FWe;bjhif
TWfpwJ.
9. ,y;y tpHhf;fs; ahit>
ŒŒ jpUkzj;ij cWjp bra;jy;  gpwe;jehs;
ŒŒ jpUkzk;  g[Jkid g[FtpHh
ŒŒ tisfhg;g[
10. kpdnrhl;lh jkpH;r; r=;f `thiHapiy tpUe;J tpHhtpy;~ itf;fg;gLk; czt[fs; ahit>
ŒŒ KU=;iff;fha; rhk;ghh;  btz;ilf;fha; Tl;L
ŒŒ nkhh; f F
; Hk; g
[  jpidg;ghark;
ŒŒ ntg;gk;g{ urk;  mg;gsk;
11. ahUila Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; kpFjpahd rj;jpu=;fs; fl;lg;gl;ld>
ehaf;fh;/ kuhl;oah;.
12. ``fhypd; VHog; gpd; brd;W~~ ? ,g;ghlyo czh;j;Jk; bra;jp ahJ>
ŒŒ gz;ilaj; jkpHh; tPl;ow;F te;j tpUe;jpdh; jpUk;gpr; bry;Yk; nghJ tHpaDk; tpjk;.
ŒŒ tHpaDg;g[k; nghJ mth;fs; bry;ytpUfpd;w ehd;F Fjpiufs; g{l;lg;gl;l njh;tiu
VG mo ele;J brd;W tHpaDg;gpdh;.
13. tpUe;J gw;wp vLj;Jiuf;Fk; jkpH;E}y;fs; ahit>
ŒŒ bjhy;fhg;gpak;  g[wehD}W
ŒŒ jpUf;Fws;  ew;wpiz
ŒŒ rpyg; g jpfhuk;  FWe;bjhif
ŒŒ fk;guhkhazk;  bfhd;iwnte;jd;
ŒŒ fyp=; f j; J g; g uzp
14. tpUe;J gw;wp vLj;Jiuf;Fk; r=;f,yf;fpa E}y;fs; vit>
g[wehD}W/ ew;wpiz/ FWe;bjhif.
15. 
tpUe;J ngQtjw;fhf vtw;iwbay;yhk; jiytd; gzak; itj;jjhfg; g[wehD}W
TWfpd;wJ>
,Uk;gpdhy; bra;ag;gl;l giHa ths;/ fU=;nfhl;L rPwp ahH;.
17. tpUe;jpdh; vd;gth; ahh;> (my;yJ) tpUe;nj g[Jik ? bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
tpUe;jpdh; vd;why; cwtpdh; vd;W ,f;fhyj;jpy; fUJfpd;wdh;. cwtpdh; ntW/ tpUe;jpdh;
ntW. Kd;gpd; mwpahj g[jpath;fSf;nf tpUe;jpdh; vd;W bgah;. ,jidna bjhy;fhg;gpah;
tpUe;nj g[Jik vd;fpwhh;.
18. tpUe;J kw;Wk; tpUe;njhk;gy; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; g[yth;fs; ahth;>
ŒŒ bjhy;fhg;gpah;  fk;gh;
ŒŒ jpUts;Sth;  bra=;bfhz;lhh;
ŒŒ ,s=; n fhtofs;  xsitahh;
 96 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

19. nkhg;gf; FiHa[k; mdpr;rk; ctik bfhz;L ts;Sth; typa[Wj;Jk; fUj;J ahJ>
Kfk; ntWglhky; Kfkyh;r;rpnahL tpUe;jpdiu tuntw;f ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
20. ``tpUe;bjjph; nfhlYk; ,He;j vd;id~~ vd;W fz;zfp tUe;jf; fhuzk; ahJ>
nfhtyidg; gphpe;J thGk; fz;zfp mtidg; gphpe;jij tpl tpUe;jpdiug; nghw;w
Koahj epiyia vz;zp tUe;Jfpwhs;.
21. jkpHhpd; tpUe;njhk;gy; gz;gpd; mog;gil vJ>
jdpj;J cz;zhik vd;gJ jkpHhpd; tpUe;njhk;gy; gz;gpd; mog;gil MFk;.
22. cyfk; epiybgw;wpUf;ff; fhuzk; ahJ>
mkpH;jnk fpilj;jhYk; jhnk cz;zhJ gpwUf;Fk; bfhLj;J kfpH;th; ey;nyhh;.
mj;jifath;fshy; jhd; cyk; ,d;W epiybgw;W ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
23. ``my;ypy; MapDk; tpUe;Jthpd; ctf;Fk;~~ bjhlh; tpsf;fk; jUf.
bjhlh; ,lk;bgWk; E}y; : ew;wpiz
bjhlh; tpsf;fk; : eL ,utpy; tpUe;jpdh; te;jhYk; kfpH;e;J tuntw;W cztpLk;
ew;gz;g[ FLk;gj;jiytpf;F cz;L.
24. ``gyh;g[F thapy; milg;gf; flt[eh;
tUtPh; csnuh~~ bjhlh; tpsf;fk; jUf.
bjhlh; ,lk;bgWk; E}y; : FWe;bjhif
bjhlh; tpsf;fk; : ,y;yj;jpy; gyUk; EiHa[k; mstpw;F cs;s bghpa thapiy
,utpy; @Ltjw;F Kd;dh; / czt[ cz;z ntz;oath;fs;
ahnuDk; cs;sduh > vd;W nfl;f;fpd;wdh;.

rpWtpdh

1. ,d;ikapYk; tpUe;njhk;gy; Fwpj;J ,yf;fpa=;fs; TWk; bra;jpfisf; TW.

ŒŒ tPl;ow;F te;jtUf;F twpa epiyapYk; vt;tHpapnyDk; Kad;W tpUe;jspj;jdh;
gHe;jkpHh; vd;W g[wehD}W TWfpwJ.
ŒŒ jhdpak; VJk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; tpijf;fhf itj;jpUe;j jpidia cuypy; ,l;Lf;
Fj;jpbaLj;J tpUe;jspj;jhs; jiytp. ,d;W te;j tpUe;jpdUf;F tpUe;jspf;f
fU=;nfhl;Lr; rPwpahiHg; gizak; itj;jhd;.
ŒŒ jd; tPl;ow;F te;j rptdoahh;f;F tpUe;jspf;f/ md;W tpijj;J tpl;L te;j bey;iy
mhpe;J tpUe;J gilj;jijg; bghpag[uhzk; @yk; mwpayhk;.
2. cw;whnuhL epd;w tpUe;J Fwpj;J vGJf.
ŒŒ r=;f fhyj;jpy; murdhapDk; twpnahuhapDk; tpUe;jpdh;fisg; nghw;wpdh;.
ŒŒ fhy khw;wj;jpdhy; g[jpath;fis tPl;ow;Fs; miHj;J cztspg;gJ Fiwe;jJ.
ŒŒ 
tpUe;J g[ug;gJ Fiwe;jjhy; ehaf;fh; kuhj;jpah; fhyj;jpy; kpFjpahd rj;jpu=;fs;
tHpg;nghf;fh;fSf;fhff; fl;lg;gl;ld.
ŒŒ 
g[jpath;fis tpUe;jpduha; Vw;gJ Fiwe;J Xust[ bjhpe;jth;fis kl;Lnk
tpUe;jpdh;fsha; Vw;wdh;.
 ,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 97

ŒŒ gog;goahf cw;whh; cwtpdh;fs; ez;gh;fs; Mfpnahiuna tpUe;jpdh;fshfg; nghw;Wk;

epiyf;F khwpdh;.
3. tpUe;njhk;gy; md;Wk; ,d;Wk; vt;thW cs;sJ vd ntWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
md;W ,d;W
jpz;iz : jpz;iz :
g[jpjhf tUnthh; ,utpy; j=;Ftjw;F ,d;W tPl;ow;Fj; jpz;iz itj;Jf;
tPl;od; Kd;g[wk; jpz;iza[k; mjpy; fl;LtJkpy;iy; mwpKfk; ,y;yhj
jiy itf;fj; jpl;Lk; mikj;jdh;. g[jpath;fis tpUe;jpdh;fshf Vw;gJt[k;
,y;y tpHhf;fs; : ,y;iy.
jpUkzj;ij cWjp bra;jy;/ jpUkzk;/ ,y;y tpHhf;fs; :
tisfhg;g[/ gpwe;jehs;/ g[Jkid g[FtpHh ,y;y tpHhf;fs; jw;nghJ jpUkz
Kjypatw;iwj; j=;fs; ,y;yj;jpnyna kz;lgj;jpnyna eilbgWfpwJ.
elj;jp tpUe;jpdh;fSf;F tpUe;jspj;jdh;.
tpUe;njhk;gy; :
tpUe;njhk;gy; :
jpUkzf; Tl=;fspy; eilbgWk; ,y;y
,y;y tpHhf;fspy; mg;gFjp thH; kf;fSk;
tpHhf;fspy; tpUe;jpdiu tuntw;gJ
btspa{h; tpUe;jpdh;fSf;Fj; njitahd
Kjy; ge;jpapy; cgrhpj;J tHpaDg;g[k;
cjtpfisr; bra;fpd;wdh;.
tiu jpUkz Vw;ghl;lhsh;fns bra;a[k;
gz;ghL : tpUe;njhk;gy; eilbgWfpwJ.
gz;ilj; jkpHh; ,y;y=;fspYk;
gz;ghL :
cs;s=;fspYk; tpUe;njhk;gy; gz;ghL
rpwe;jpUe;jJ. cahpa jkpH;g; gz;ghL ,d;iwa
jkpHh;fsplk; nkw;Twpa Kiwapy; cs;sJ.
4. kpdnrhl;lh `thiHapiy tpUe;J tpHh~ gw;wp vGJf.
ŒŒ mbkhpf;fhtpd; kpdnrhl;lh jkpH;r; r=;fk; `thiHapiy tpUe;J tpHh~it Mz;LnjhWk;
elj;jp tUfpwJ.
ŒŒ jkpHh;fspd; ghuk;ghpa czt[fisf; bfhz;L tpUe;J itf;fpd;wdh;.
ŒŒ KU=;iff;fha; rhk;ghh;/ nkhh;f;FHk;g[/ ntg;gk;g{ urk;/ btz;ilf;fha;f; Tl;L/
jpidg;ghark;/ mg;gsk;.
ŒŒ jkpHh;fs; gyUk; ,e;j tpUe;jpy; g=;nfw;Wr; rpwg;gpf;fpd;wdh;.
5. thiH ,iy tpUe;J/ `czt[ ghpkhWk; Kiw~ Fwpj;J vGJ.
ŒŒ jiythiH ,iyapy; tpUe;jpdUf;F cztspg;gJ ek; kughff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
ŒŒ cz;gthpd; ,lg;gf;fk; thiHapiyapd; FWfpa gFjpa[k;/ tyg;gf;fk; ,iyapd;
tphpe;j gFjpa[k; tu ntz;Lk;.
ŒŒ ,iyapd; ,lJ Xuj;jpy; cg;g[/ CWfha;/ ,dpg;g[ Kjyhditfisa[k;/ rpwpa czt[
tiffisa[k; itj;jdh;.
ŒŒ ,iyapd; tyJ Xuj;jpy; fha;fwp/ fPiu/ Tl;L Kjyhd czt[ tiffis itg;gh;.
eLtpy; nrhW itj;J vLj;Jz;z trjpahfg; ghpkhWth;.
 www.nammakalvi.org
98 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

ghpt[ld; ghpkhw;wk; :
tpUk;gpr; rhg;gpLk; czt[ tiffisg; ghpt[ld; ghpkhWk; tHf;fj;ij ek;
Kd;ndhh;fs; bra;jdh;.

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 53

1. 
tPl;oy; jpz;iz mikj;j fhuzk;/ tpUe;jpdh; ngQjy;/ jkpHh; gz;ghl;oy; <if/
grpj;jth;f;F cztply; ,J nghd;w bray;fs; Fwpj;J c=;fs; tPl;oYs;sth;fsplk;
nfl;Lj; bjhpe;J te;J fye;Jiuahly; bra;f.
egh; 1 : tPl;oy; jpz;iz mikj;jjw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d>
egh; 2 : g[jpjhf tUnthh; ,utpy; j=;Ftjw;F tPl;od; Kd;g[wk; jpz;iza[k; mjpy;
jiy itf;fj; jpz;Lk; mikj;jdh;.
egh; 1 : tpUe;jpdh; ngzy; Fwpj;J cd; tPl;lhh; cdf;F Twpa bra;jp ahJ>
egh; 2 : tpUe;jpdiug; ngQjy; gHe;jkpHh; kughFk;. ,ij rpy ,yf;fpa=;fs;
btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
egh; 1 : <if vd;why; vd;d>
egh; 2 : jkpHh; gz;ghl;oy; <if Fwpj;Jk; ,yf;fpa=;fs; TWfpd;wd. ghhp vd;w FWepy
kd;dd; Ky;iyf;Fj; njh; bfhLj;jjhft[k; ngfd; vd;gtd; kapYf;Fg; nghh;it
bfhLj;jhd; vd;gija[k; ehk; ghlE}ypy; goj;jpUf;fpnwhk; my;yth> mJjhd; <if.
egh; 1 : `grpj;jth;f;F cztply;~ Fwpj;J cd; bgw;nwhh; Twpa bra;jpfis vdf;Fk; TW.
egh; 2 : ``cz;o bfhLj;njhh; caph; bfhLj;njhnu~~ vd;fpwJ ,yf;fpak;. grpj;Jauhy;
thLgtUf;F cztspg;gJ mtUf;F g[j;Japh; te;jJ nghd;wpUf;Fkhk;.
2. ``,l;lnjhh; jhkiug;g{
,jH;tphpj; jpUj;jy; nghny
tl;lkha; g[whf;fs; To
,iua[z;Qk; ....................~~ ? ghujpjhrdhh;
,t;thwhff; ftpijfspy; gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;Ls;s gfph;e;Jz;zy; Fwpj;Jg; ngRf.
fpilj;j ,iuiag; gfph;e;Jz;Qk; bghUl;L g[whf;fs; tl;lkha; mt;tpiuiar;
Rw;wp To epd;wd. ,f;fhl;rpahdJ ,jH; tphpe;jpUf;fpd;w jhkiu kyiug; nghd;W
fhl;rpaspg;gjhf ftp+h; ctkpj;Js;shh;.
K.tujuhrdhh; ,aw;wpa `Fwl;il xyp~ vd;w rpWfijapy; Xh; ViHj;jha; jd;
FHe;ijf;F Cl;l ntz;oa ghyhy; gl;odp fple;j eha;f;Fl;ofSf;F Cl;Lfpwhs;. Xh;
ViHj;jhapd; tWikapYk; gfph;e;Jz;Qk; jha;ikg; gz;g[ ,f;fijapy; g[yg;gLj;jg;?
gl;Ls;sJ.
,f;fhyj;jpy; gfph;e;Jz;Qk; tHf;fk; mjpfkhf kdpjh;fsplk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
md;whlk; ehk; fhQk; Ie;jwpt[ caphpdkhfpa fhf;if Tl jdf;Ff; fpilj;j rpwpjst[
,iuiaa[k; jd; ,dj;njhL gfph;e;J cz;Qk; bghUl;L fiue;J jd; ,dj;ij miHj;J
cz;fpwJ. ,j;jifa caphpd=;fspd; bray;fisf; fzlhtJ kdpjh;fs; gfph;e;Jz;Qk;
giHa gz;ghl;il epiy epWj;j ntz;Lk;.

 ,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 99

,ay; gz;ghL ftpijg; ngiH

fhrpf;fhz;lk;
3 ? mjptPuuhk ghz;oad;

ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. fhrpf;fhz;lk; vd;gJ
m) fhrp efuj;jpd; tuyhw;iwg; ghLk; E}y; M) fhrp efuj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; kW bgah;
,) fhrp efuj;jpd; bgUikiag; ghLk; E}y; <) fhrp efuj;jpw;F tHpg;gLj;Jk; E}y;
[tpil: ,]
,yf;fzk; Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
1. ed;bkhHp ? gz;g[j;bjhif
2. tpaj;jy;/ nehf;fy;/ vGJjy;/ ciuj;jy;/ brg;gy;/
,Uj;jy;/ tH=;fy; ? bjhHpw;bgah;fs;
3. tUf ? tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
ciuj;j ? ciu + j; + j; + m ghpe;J ? ghp + j;(e;) + j; + c
ciu ? gFjp ghp ? gFjp
j; ? re;jp j; ? re;jp/ `e;~ MdJ tpfhuk;
j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m ? bgabur;r tpFjp c ? tpidbar;r tpFj
tUf ? th(tU) + f
th ? gFjp (tU vdf; FWfpaJ tpfhuk;)
f ? tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf

1. fhrpf;fhz;lj;ij ,aw;wpath; ahh;>

m) Jsrpjhrh; M) mjptPuuhk ghz;oah;
,) xsitahh; <) bgU+;rpj;jpudhh; [tpil: M]
 100 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

2. fhrpf;fhz;lk; ve;j efuj;jpd; bgUikfisf; TWfpwJ>

m) fhrpg;Gh; M) fhrp ,) thuzhrp <) bjd;fhrp [tpil: M]
3. fhrpf;fhz;lj;jpd; ghLg;bghUs;fshf mike;jit
i) Jwt[
ii) ,y;ywk;/ bgz;fSf;Fhpa gz;g[fs;
iii) thH;tpay; bewpfs;
iv) kWthH;tpy; mila[k; ed;ikfs;
m) i, ii ? rhp M) iii, iv ? rhp
,) Kjy; @d;Wk; rhp <) ehd;Fk; rhp [tpil: <]
4. fhrpf;fhz;lj;jpd; ,y;byhGf;fk; gw;wpa gFjp vj;jidahtJ ghly;>
m) gjpdhd;fhtJ M) gjpdhwhtJ
,) gjpd;@d;whtJ <) gjpndHhtJ [tpil: <]
5. Kj;Jf; Fspf;Fk; bfhw;ifapd; murh;
m) mjptPuuhk ghz;oah; M) fps;sptstd;
,) br=;Fl;Ltd; <) ,uz;lhk; g[ypnfrp [tpil: m]
6. rhpahd Tw;wpidf; fz;lwpf.
i) mjptPuuhk ghz;oah; muruhft[k;/ jkpH;g; g[ytuhft[k; jpfH;e;jth;.
ii) mjptPuuhk ghz;oah; ,aw;wpa E}y; btw;wp ntw;if.
iii) btw;wp ntw;if vd;wiHf;fg;gLtJ eWe;bjhif.
iv) kWthH;tpy; mila[k; ed;ikfs;
m) i, ii ? rhp M) i, iii ? rhp ,) @d;Wk; rhp <) iii ? jtW [tpil: ,]
7. mjptPuuhk ghz;oahpd; gl;lg;bgah;
m) rPtynghp ghz;o M) rPtykhwd;
,) khwth;kd; <) khwd;tGjp [tpil: M]
8. mjptPuuhk ghz;oah; ,aw;whj E}iyf; fz;lwpf.
m) ieljk; M) tha[ rk;fpij
,) jpUf;fUit me;jhjp <) rlnfhgh; me;jhjp [tpil: <]
9. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) ed;bkhHp ? bgabur;rk;
ii) tpaj;jy; ? tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
iii) tUf ? bjhHpw;bgah;
iv) ciuj;j ? gz;g[j;bjhif
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 ,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 [tpil: m]
10. cg;gpyhf; TH; ,l;lhYk; cz;gnj mkph;jk; MFk; ? vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; vJ>
m) rPtf rpe;jhkzp M) tpntf rpe;jhkzp
,) kzpnkfiy <) esbtz;gh [tpil: M]
 www.nammakalvi.org
,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 101

11. `mUFw~ vd;gjd; bghUs; vd;d>

m) mUfpy; M) bjhiytpy; ,) mHptpy; <) mGfpa [tpil: m]
12. Kfkd; vdg;gLtJ
m) xUtiu eyk; tpdtpf;TWk; tpUe;njhk;gy; brhw;fs;
M) xUtiu vjph;j;Jg; ngRk; brhw;fs;
,) bghpnah;fspd; fUj;Jfis tuntw;Fk; brhw;fs;
<) kd;dUk; mikr;rUk; ciuahLk; brhw;fs; [tpil: m]
13. tpUe;njhk;gy; bra;a[k; ,y;yw xGf;fj;jpd; gz;g[fs; vj;jid>
m) vl;L M) xd;gJ ,) MW <) gj;J [tpil: M]
14. btw;wpntw;if vd;Dk; E}ypd; Mrphpah;
m) mjptPuuhk ghz;oad; M) fhpfhyd;
,) ghhp <) ghz;oad; beL+;brHpad; [tpil: m]
15. eWe;bjhif vd;Dk; E}ypd; Mrphpah;
m) mjptPuuhk ghz;oad; M) fhpfhyd;
,) ghhp <) ghz;oad; beL+;brHpad; [tpil: m]
16. eWe;bjhif vd;W miHf;fg;gLk; E}y; vJ>
m) bfhd;iwnte;jd; M) fhrpf;fyk;gfk;
,) btw;wpntw;if <) fhrpf;fhz;lk; [tpil: ,]
17. bghUe;jhjtw;iwf; fz;lwpf.
m) ieljk; M) tpntfrpe;jhkzp
,) btw;wpntw;if <) fhrpf;fhz;lk; [tpil: M]

FWtpdh

1. fhrpf;fhz;lk; E}y; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

ŒŒ fhrp efuj;jpd; bgUikfisf; TWfpw E}y;; fhrpf;fhz;lk;.
ŒŒ Jwt[/ ,y;ywk;/ bgz;fSf;Fhpa gz;g[fs;/ thH;tpay; bewpfs;/ kWthH;tpy; mila[k;
ed;ikfs; Mfpatw;iwg; ghLtjhf mike;Js;sJ.
2. mjptPuuhk ghz;oah; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit>
fhrpf;fhz;lk;/ ieljk;/ yp=;fg[uhzk;/ tha[rk;fpij/ jpUf;fUit me;jhjp/ Th;kg[uhzk;/
btw;wp ntw;if vd;wiHf;fg;gLk; eWe;bjhif.
4. ``Kfkd; tH=;fy;~~ vd;w brhy; vtw;iw czh;j;Jfpd;wJ>
Kfkd; tH=;fy; vd;w brhy; xUtiu eyk; tpdtpf; TWk; tpUe;njhk;gy; brhy;yhFk;.
5. ``bghUe;J kw;Wmtd; jd;mUFw ,Uj;jy;~~ ? bjhlh; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
bjhlh; ,lk;bgWk; E}y; : fhrpf;fhz;lk;
bjhlh; tpsf;fk; : tpUe;jpdh; mUfpnyna tpUe;Jnkw;bfhs;gth; mkh;e;Jbfhs;Sjy;.
 102 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

rpWtpdh

1. mjptPuuhk ghz;oah; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

bgah; : mjptPuuhk ghz;oad;;
ahh; mth;> : bfhw;ifapd; murh; jkpH;g; g[ytuhft[k; jpfH;e;jhh;.
gl;lg; bgah; : rPtykhwd;
 hrpf;fhz;lk;/ ieljk;/ yp=;f g[uhzk;/ tha[ rk;fpij/ jpUf;fUit
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; : f
me;jhjp/ Th;k g[uhzk;/ btw;wpntw;if vd;wiHf;fg;gLk; eWe;bjhif.~

beLtpdh

1. tpUe;njhk;gy; bra;a[k; ,y;yw xGf;fk; Fwpj;J fhrpf;fhz;lk; Fwpg;gpLk; bra;jp ahJ>

``tpUe;jpddhf xUtd; te;J vjphpd;
tpaj;jy; ed;bkhHp ,dpJ ciuj;jy;~~
ŒŒ tpUe;jpduhf xUth; te;jhy;/ mtiu vjph;bfhz;L tpae;J ciuj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
ŒŒ ey;y brhw;fis ,dpikahfg; ngRjy; ntz;Lk;.
ŒŒ Kfkyh;r;rpa[ld; mtiu nehf;fp/ `tPl;ow;Fs; tUf~ vd;W tuntw;W/
ŒŒ mth; vjphpy; epd;W/
ŒŒ mth; Kd; kdk; kfpGk;go ngRjy; ntz;Lk;.
ŒŒ mth; mUfpnyna mkh;e;J bfhz;L/
ŒŒ mth; tpil bgw;Wr; bry;Yk; nghJ/ thapy;tiu gpd; bjhlh;e;J bry;yy; ntz;Lk;.
ŒŒ te;jthplk; g[fH;r;rpahf Kfkd; Twp tHpaDg;g[jy; ntz;Lk;.
nkw;fz;l bray;fs; tpUe;njhk;gy; bra;a[k; ,y;yw xGf;fkhf fhrpf;fhz;lj;jpy;
Twg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 55

1. 
beLehshfg; ghh;f;f vz;zpapUe;j cwtpdh; xUth; vjph;ghuhj tifapy; c=;fs;
tPl;ow;F tUfpwhh;. eP=;fs; mtiu vjph;bfhz;L tpUe;J mspj;j epfH;tpid tphpthf xU
gj;jpastpy; vGjpg; goj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
cwtpdiu tpae;J ciuj;J ey;y brhw;fis ,dpikahfg; ngrp Kfyh;r;rpa[ld;
mth;fis nehf;fpndd;. tPl;ow;Fs; tUf! tUf! vd;W tuntw;nwd;. mth; vjphpy;
epd;W KfKk; kdKk; kyUk;go cztUe;jpr; bry;Y=;fs; vdf; Twp czt[ rikj;J
jiythiH ,iyapy; cztpl;nld;. mth; mUfpnyna mkh;e;J bfhz;nld;. mth;
tpil bgw;Wr; bry;Yk; nghJ thapy; tiu gpd; bjhlh;e;J brd;W mthplk; g[fH;r;rpahf
Kfkd; Twp tHpaDg;gpndd;.


 ,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 103

,ay; gz;ghL ftpijg; ngiH

kiygLflhk;
3 ? bgU=;bfsrpfdhh;

ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf

1. ``rpyk;g[ mile;jpUe;j ghf;fk; va;jp~~ vd;Dk; moapy; ghf;fk; vd;gJ

m) g[j;J}h; M) @J}h; ,) ngqh; <) rpw;W}h; [tpil: <]

FWtpdh

1. `,wog; bghk;ky; bgWFtPh;~ ? bjhlh; czh;j;Jk; bghUis vGJf.

Tj;jnu- jpidr; nrhw;iwg; bgWtPh;fs;.

rpWtpdh

1. Ky;iy epyj;jpypUe;Jk; kUj epyj;jpypUe;Jk; fpilf;Fk; czt[ tiffs; ahit>

jpiz epyk; czt[
Ky;iy fhLk;/ fhL rhh;e;j gFjp bea;apy; bte;j khkprj;jpd; bghhpay;.
kUjk; taYk; tay; rhh;e;j gFjp jpid nrhW.
2. Tj;jidf; Tj;jd; Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjiy Tj;juhw;Wg;gil vt;thW fhl;LfpwJ>
Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy; bghUs; :
Mw;Wg;gLj;Jk; Tj;jd; ts;siy eho vjph; tUk; Tj;jid miHj;J/ ahk;
,t;tplj;nj brd;W ,d;dbty;yhk; bgw;W tUfpd;nwhk;/ ePa[k; mt;ts;syplk; brd;W
tsk; bgw;W thH;thahf vdf; TWjy; Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy;.
gazk; ? rpw;W}iu miljy; :
gfypy; ,isg;ghwp bry;Y=;fs;. ,utpy; nrh;e;J j=;F=;fs;. vhpa[k; beUg;igg; nghy
xspUk; g{=;bfhj;Jfisr; Rw;wj;njhL mzpe;J bfhs;S=;fs;. rpte;j g{f;fs; bfhz;l
mnrhf ku=;fs;/ @=;fpy;fs; Xir vGg;g[k; kiyr;rhptpy; cs;s rpw;W}iu mila[=;fs;.
ed;ddpd; Tj;jh;fs; :
giftiug; bgwhky; nghh; bra;a[k; typa Kaw;rpa[k; khdKk; btw;wpa[k; cila
ed;ddpd; Tj;jh;fs; vd;W brhy;Y=;fs;.
 www.nammakalvi.org
104 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

,dpa brhw;fs; :
eP=;fs; chpika[ld; ed;dd; Cuhh; tPl;ow;Fs; EiHa[=;fs;. mth;fs; c=;fSld;
cwtpdh;fs; nghyg; gHfp ,dpa brhw;fisg; ngRthh;fs;.
czt[ :
bea;apy; bte;j khkprk;/ jpid nrhW Mfpatw;iw czthf mspg;gh;. nkw;fz;lthW
Tj;jidf; Tj;jd; Mw;Wg;gLj;jpdhd;.

beLtpdh
1. 
Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gJ md;iwf;Fg; g[yth;fisa[k; fiy+h;fisa[k; ts;syh;fis
nehf;fp bewpg;gLj;Jtjhf ,Ue;jJ. mJ ,d;iwa epiyapy; xU tHpfhl;Ljyhf
khwpapUg;gij tpsf;Ff.
md;iwa Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy; ,d;iwa tHpfhl;Ljy;
gfypy; ,isg;ghwpr; bry;Y=;fs;. mjpf btapy; my;yJ ntiyg;gS
fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; mrjpiag; nghf;f rw;W
Xa;btLj;Jf; bfhs;S=;fs;.
,utpy; nrh;e;J j=;F=;fs;. ,utpy; v=;Fk;; jdpj;J bry;yhjPh;fs;.
jpUlh; gak; mjpfkhf cs;sjhy; nrh;e;J
bry;Y=;fs;.
vhpa[k; beUg;igg; nghy xspUk; RgepfH;t[fspy; kzkpLk; g{f;fis
g{=;bfhj;Jfisr; Rw;wj;njhL mzpe;J bgz;fns Nof;bfhs;S=;fs;.
bfhs;S=;fs;.
mnrhf ku=;fis cila bghUj;jkhd kf;fs; elkhl;lk; kpFjpahd rhiy tHpna
ghijapy; bry;Y=;fs;. bry;Y=;fs;.
rpw;W}iu mile;J ed;ddpd; Tj;jh; vd;W ,d;dhh; mDg;gpdhh; vd;W brhy;Y=;fs;.
brhy;Y=;fs;.
chpika[ld; Cuhh; tPl;ow;Fs; cs;ns tuyhkh vd;W mDkjp nfl;L
EiHa[=;fs;. mDkjp bgw;wgpd; cs;ns bry;Y=;fs;.
cwtpdh; nghynt gHfp ,dpa rw;W fodkhfnt gHFthh;. fodkhd
brhw;fisg; ngRthh;fs;. brhw;fisna ngRthh;. rw;W bghWj;Jf;
bfhs;S=;fs;.
jpUg;jpahd czitj; jUthh;fs;. Fsph;rhW my;yJ tpiut[ czt[ VnjDk;
kfpH;t[ld; cz;Q=;fs;. cz;zf; bfhLj;jhy; kpf;f ed;wp vd;W
TW=;fs;.
? ,itna md;iwa fhyj;jpy; mike;j Mw;WgLj;JjYk; ,d;iwa fhy
tHpfhl;LjYkhFk;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
1. mir,/ bfHP, ? brhy;ypir msbgil
2. gqcf; ? bra;a[spir msbgil
 ,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 105

3. Fqcf;fz; ? ,d;dpir msbgil

4. va;jp ? tpidbar;rk;
5. bghHpe;j ? bgabur;rk;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
kiye;J = kiy + j(e;); + j; + c
kiy ? gFjp
j; ? re;jp/ `e;~ MdJ tpfhuk;
j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
bghHpe;j = bghHp + j;(e;); + j; + m
bghHp ? gFjp
j; ? re;jp/ `e;~ MdJ tpfhuk;
j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
c ? bgabur;r tpFjp

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf

1. bghUj;jkhd tpil thpiriaj; njh;bjL.

1. mir, ? Rw;wk;
2. my;fp ? fd;wpd; beUg;g[
3. fd;W vhp ? ,isg;ghwp
4. fLk;g[ ? j=;fp
m) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 M) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 ,) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ <) 1/ 4/ 3/ 2 [tpil: m]
2. bghUe;Jk; tpil thpiriaj; njh;e;bjL.
1. Mhp ? gs;sk;
2. euYk; ? Tj;jh;
3. gLfh; ? mUik
4. tahpak; ? xypf;Fk;
m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 ,) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 <) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 [tpil: M]
3. bghUe;jhj bghUSf;fhd ,iz vJ>
m) ntit ? bte;jJ
M) ,wo ? jpid
,) bghk;ky; ? nrhW
<) euYk; ? Rw;wk; [tpil: <]
4. kiygLflhk; ve;j E}y;fSs; xd;W>
m) vl;Lj;bjhif M) gj;Jg;ghl;L
,) ePjp <) gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;F [tpil: M]
5. kiygLflhk; vj;jid mofisf; bfhz;l E}y;>
m) 483 M) 543 ,) 583 <) 643 [tpil: ,]
 106 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

6. kiygLflhk; vg;go miHf;fg;gLfpwJ>

m) rpWghzhw;Wg;gil M) bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
,) tpwypahw;Wg;gil <) Tj;juhw;Wg;gil [tpil: <]
7. kiygLflhk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; kiyf;F ctikahff; Twg;gLtJ
m) ahid M) nkfk; ,) khd; <) thdk; [tpil: m]
8. rhpahd Tw;wpidf; fz;lwpf.
i) ed;dd; vd;gtd; FWepy kd;dd;
ii) kiygLflhkpd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; ed;dd;
iii) kiygLflhik ,aw;wpath;
m) i, ii ? rhp M) ii, iii ? rhp ,) iii kl;Lk; rhp <) @d;Wk; rhp [tpil: <]
9. ,uzpa Kl;lj;Jg; bgU=;Fd;W}iur; rhh;e;j g[yth;
m) bgU+;rpj;jpudhh; M) bgU=;bfsrpfdhh;
,) kUjdhh; <) ef;fPuh; [tpil: M]
10. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) mir, ? bgabur;rk;
ii) Fqcf;fd; ? tpidbar;rk;
iii) kiye;J ? bra;a[spir msbgil
iv) bghHpe;j ? brhy;ypir msbgil
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 ,) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 [tpil: m]
11. `kiye;J~ ? vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpf;Fk; Kiw
m) kiye;J + c M) kiye; + j; + c
,) kiy + j; (e;) + j; + c <) kiy + j; + j; + c [tpil: ,]
12. `bghHpe;j~ ? vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpf;Fk; Kiw
m) bghHpe;J + m M) bghHp + j; + j; + c
,) bghHp + j; + e; + j; + m <) bghHp + j;(e;); + j; + m [tpil: <]
13. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) fLk;g[ ? jpid
ii) Mhp ? Tj;jh;
iii) taphpak; ? mUik
iv) ,wo ? Rw;wk;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 ,) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 <) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 [tpil: m]
14. bghUe;jhjidf; fz;lwpf.
m) jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil ? ef;fPuh;
M) rpWghzhw;Wg;gil ? ey;Y}h; ej;jj;jdhh;
,) bghUeehw;Wg;gil ? Klj;jhkf;fz;zpah;
<) kiygLflhk; ? foaY}h; cUj;jpu=;fz;zdhh; [tpil: <]
 www.nammakalvi.org
,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 107

15. md;W mtz; mir, ? vd;gjpy; `mir,~ vd;gjd; bghUs;

m) mirthoa M) ,isg;ghwp ,) mikjpahfp <) ,d;gkhfp [tpil: M]
16. fd;W vhp ? vd;gjpy; `vhp~ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ
m) beUg;g[ M) bfhk;g[ ,) thy;<) ePh; [tpil: m]
17. mnrhf ku=;fs; vt;tz;zg; g{f;fisf; bfhz;lJ>
m) fUk; M) rpte;j ,) btz;ikahd <) ePyepw [tpil: M]
18. my;fp vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) mHpe;J M) j=;fp ,) cs;ns <) btspna [tpil: M]
19. bghUj;Jf.
1. ,wo ? m) j=;fp
2. my;fp ? M) gs;sk;
3. gLfh; ? ,) bte;J
4. ntit ? <) jpid
m) 1?M 2?m 3?< 4?, M ) 1?< 2?m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3?, 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil: M]
20. Tj;juhw;Wg;gil vd;wiHf;fg;gLk; E}y;
m) jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil M) kiygLflhk;
,) bghUeuhw;Wg;gil <) rpWghzhw;Wg;gil [tpil: M]
21. ed;dd; ve;epy kd;dd;>
m) bgU epy M) FWepy ,) rpWepy <) kh [tpil: M]
22. kiygLflhkpd; (Tj;juhw;Wg;gil) ghl;Lilj; jiyth;
m) ed;dd; M) ghhp
,) fgpyh; <) bgU=;bfsrpfdhh; [tpil: m]
23. rhpahfg; bghUe;jpa[s;s brhy;iyf; fz;lwpf.
m) fLk;g[ ? ,isg;ghwp
M) Mhp ? Rw;wk;
,) taphpak; ? mUik
<) ,wo ? jpid [tpil: <]
24. ``md;W mtz; mir, / my;nrh;e;J my;fp~~ vd;gjpy; ``,isg;ghwp~~ vd;Dk; bghUs; jUk;
brhy;
m) md;W M) mtz; ,) mir, <) my;fp [tpil: ,]
 108 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

FWtpdh

1. kiygLflhk; ? bgah;f;fhuzk; TW.

kiyf;F ahidia ctikahff; Twp mjd; Xiriaf; flhk; vdr; rpwg;gpj;Js;sjhy;
kiygLflhk; vdg; bgah; bgw;wJ.
2. Mw;Wg;gil vd;why; vd;d>
ŒŒ Mw;Wg;gLj;Jk; Tj;jd;/ ts;siy eho vjph; tUk; Tj;jid miHj;jy;.
ŒŒ ahk; ,t;tplj;nj brd;W ,d;dbty;yhk; bgw;W tUfpnwhk;.
ŒŒ ePa[k; me;j ts;syplk; brd;W tsk; bgw;W thH;thahf vd;W TWjy;.
3. FWepy kd;dd; ed;ddpd; Chpy; Tj;jh;fSf;F tH=;fg;gLk; czthf kiygLflhk;
TWtd ahit>
ŒŒ bea;apy; bte;j khkprj;jpd; bghhpay;.
ŒŒ jpidr; nrhW.
4. gz;ilaj; jkpH; fiy+h;fs; ahth;>
Tj;jh;/ ghzh;/ tpwypah;.
5. kiygLflhkpy; xspUk; g{=;bfhj;JfSf;Ff; Twg;gl;l ctik ahJ>
kiygLflhkpy; xspUk; g{=;bfhj;JfSf;Ff; Twg;gl;l ctik vhpa[k; beUg;g[ MFk;.
6. ``nehdhr; brUtpd; tyk;gL nehd;jhs;
khdh tpwy;bts; taphpak; vdpnd ~~ vd;W ahh; ahhplk; Twpdhh;>
ed;didg; g[fH;e;J gho ghprpy; bgw;w Tj;jh;/ ghprpy; bgwg;nghFk; Tj;juplk; Twpdhh;.
7. ``nehdhr; brUtpd; tyk;gL nehd;jhs;
khdh tpwy;bts; taphpak; vdpnd ~~ bjhlh; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
bjhlh; ,lk; bgWk; E}y; : kiygLflhk;
bjhlh; bghUs; tpsf;fk; : giftiug; bghwhky; nghh; bra;a[k; typa Kaw;rpa[k; khdKk;
btw;wpa[k; cila ed;ddpd; Tj;jh;fs; vd;W brhy;Y=;fs;.
8. jpid/ nrhW Mfpatw;wpw;F kiygLflhk; jUk; brhw;fs; ahit>
jpid ? ,wo " nrhW ? bghk;ky;.
9. ``my=;F fiH euYk; Mhpg;gLfh;~~ ,t;toapy; `fiH~ vd;Dk; bghUs; jUk; brhy; vJ>
fiH ? @=;fpy;
10. ``my=;F fiH euYk; Mhpg;gLfh;~~ ,t;toapy; ``Mhp~~/ ``gLfh;~~ Mfpa brhw;fspd; bghUs;
ahJ>
Mhp ? mUik " gLfh; ? gs;sk;.
 ,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 109

rpWtpdh

1. `kiygLflhk;~ E}y; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ŒŒ gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fSs; xd;W kiygLflhk;.
ŒŒ ntW bgah; : Tj;juhw;Wg;gil
ŒŒ mofs; : 583
ŒŒ ctik : kiyf;F ahidia ctikahf;fp mjd; Xiriaf; flhmk;
vdr; rpwg;gpj;jJ.
ŒŒ ghl;Lilj; jiytd; : ed;dd; vd;Dk; FWepy kd;dd;.
ŒŒ ghoath; : ,uzpa Kl;lj;Jg; bgU=;Fd;W}h; bgU=;bfsrpfdhh;.
2. ``bea;f;fz; ntitbahL Fqcf;fz; ,wog; bghk;ky; bgWFtph;~~ ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs;
tpsf;Ff.
,lk; :
bgU=;bfsrpfdhh; ghoa kiygLflhk; vDk; ghly; bghUs; ghprpy; bgw;w Tj;jd;
bgw nghFk; Tj;jid Mw;Wg;gLj;jy;.
tpsf;fk;:
ed;ddpd; Chpy; ghpR bgw;w Tj;jd; ghpR bgwg;nghFk; Tj;jdplk;/ ``m=;nf/
bea;apy; bte;j khkprj;jpd; bghhpaiya[k; jpidr;nrhw;iwa[k; czthfg; bgWtPh;~~ vd;W
Mw;Wg;gLj;Jfpd;whd;.
3. gj;Jg;ghl;oy; mike;j Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fs; ahit>
E}y; Mrphpah;
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil ef;fPuh;
bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;il foaY}h; cUj;jpu=;fz;zdhh;
rpWghzhw;Wg;il ey;Y}h; ej;jj;jdhh;
bghUeuhw;Wg;gil Kljhkf;fz;zpahh;
Tj;juhw;Wg;gil bgU=;bfhsrpfdhh;

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 57

1. czt[/ tpUe;J Fwpj;j gHbkhHpfisj; jpul;o mit rhh;e;j epfH;t[fis vLj;Jiuf;f.

m) v.fh. : `cg;gpl;ltiu cs;sst[k; epid~
fij ? vWk;g[k; g[wht[k; :
Fsj;J ePhpy; tpGe;J jj;jspj;j vWk;igj; jf;f rkaj;jpy; g[whthdJ Xh; ,iyiag;
gwpj;Jg; nghl;L vWk;ig mjd;kPJ Vwp fiuf;F tur; bra;jJ. bra;ed;wp kwthj
vWk;ghdJ kWKiw g[whitf; bfhy;y te;j ntldpd; fhiyf; foj;jjhy; mtd; va;j
mk;g[ jtwpaJ g[wh fhg;ghw;wg;gl;lJ.
 www.nammakalvi.org
110 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

M) v.fh. : mst[f;F kPwpdhy; mkph;jKk; e+;R

fij :
gy ehl;fs; gl;odpahff; fple;j vyp xd;W jhdpa=;fs; epug;gg;gl;l Xh; caukhd
ghidiag; ghh;j;jJ. cauj;jpy; Vw Koahj fhuzj;jhy; vypahdJ ghidapd; moapy;
cs;s Xl;ilapd; tHpna cs;ns brd;wJ. mst[f;F mjpfkhd jhdpa=;fis cz;ljhy;
tapW g[ile;jJ. Xl;ilia tpl;L btspnaw Koahj vyp kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Kad;W
mjd; tapW fpHpe;jJ. Xl;ilia tpl;L btspnawpa rpy epkpl=;fspny typahy; Joj;J
brj;jJ.
2. gj;jpiag; goj;J thu ,jH; xd;wpw;F mDg;g[k; tifapy; rikay; Fwpg;ghf khw;Wf.
fk;k=;TH; jahhpj;jy; :
bghRf;FfpwJ btapy;/ xU Jsp kiH gl;lhy; tWj;j cSj;jpd; thrk; gug;g[k;
twz;l kz;. btoj;j epyk; brHpj;J tpisfpwJ fk;kk; gaph;. cuypy; Fj;jp/ Rsfpy;
g[ilf;f mjd; cHp eP=;Fk;. ePh; bjspj;Jj; bjspj;J/ kPz;Lk; cuypy; ,of;f mJ xd;Wld;
xd;W xl;o khthFk;. cg;g[f; fye;J ciyapy; Vw;wp/ bfhjpf;Fk; ePhpy; fiuatpl;Lf; fpz;l/
fl;oahfp mJ nrhwhFk;. fk;k+; nrhw;iw cUl;o itj;J/ gpd; nkhh; tpl;Lf; fiuj;jhy;
mJ fk;k=;f+;rp my;yJ fk;k=;TH;/ nkhh; kpsfha; tw;wy;/ cg;gpy; njha;j;j gr;ir kpsfha;
my;yJ rpd;d bt=;fhak; foj;Jf; f+;rpiaf; Foj;jhy; cr;rp bjhl;L cs;s=;fhy; tiu
njfk; Fsph;e;J nghFk;/ mdy; ml=;Fk;. caph; tUk; fk;g[ fWg;g[ epwf; fhpry; kz;zpd;
,aw;ifj; j=;fk;.
fk;k=;TH; : (njitahd bghUl;fs;)
fk;kk; gaph; ? 2 ifg;gpo
cg;g[ ? njitf;F Vw;g
ePh; ? njitf;F Vw;g
nkhh; ? miu ypl;lh;
nkhh; kpsfha; tw;wy; ? 10 vz;zk;
gr;ir kpsfha; (my;yJ) rpd;d bt=;fhak; ? njitf;F Vw;g
bra;Kiw :
fk;kk; gapiu ePh; bjspj;Jj; bjspj;J cuypy; ,of;f mJ xd;Wld; xd;W xl;o
khthFk;. mjDs; njitahd mst[ ePUk; cg;g[k; nrh;j;J ciyapypl;lhy; mJ ,Wfp
nrhwhFk;. me;jr; nrhw;Wld; nkhh; tpl;Lf; fiuj;jhy; fk;k=;TH; jahh;. nkhh; kpsfha;
tw;wy;/ gr;ir kpsfha; my;yJ rpd;d bt=;fhaj;ijf; foj;Jf; bfhz;L ,f;f+;rpiaf;
Fof;fyhk;.


 ,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 111

,ay; gz;ghL tphpthdk;

nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs;
3 ? fp. uh$ehuhazd;

ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
beLtpdh

1. 
md;dka;ah vd;Dk; bgaUf;Fk; mthpd; braYf;Fk; cs;s bghUj;jg;ghl;oid
nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs; fijg;gFjp bfhz;L tpthpf;f.
Kd;Diu :
nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs; vd;w fijf;F rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp ghpR bgw;w
,ilbrty; Ciur; nrh;e;j fp. uh$ehuhazd; mth;fs; vGjpaJ. md;dka;ah vd;Dk;
bgaUf;Fk; mthpd; braYf;Fk; cs;s bghUj;jg;ghl;oid ,f;fijapy; fhz;nghk;.
md;dka;aht[ld; te;j thypgd; :
md;dka;aht[ld; te;jJ rd;ahrpnah/ gunjrpnah ,y;iy. fpl;nl ngha; ghh;j;j
gpwFjhd; bjhpe;jJ mtd; xU thypgd;. thypgdJ jhoa[k;/ mGf;F Mila[k;/
js;shl;lKk; mtid tnahjpgidg; nghyt[k; rhkpahiug; nghyt[k; fhl;oaJ.
ePr;Rj; jz;zPh; :
md;dka;ahitg; ghh;j;j mt;thypgd;/ Fof;fj; jz;zp fpilf;Fkh> vdf; nfl;lhd;.
mjw;F md;dka;ah ePr;Rj; jz;zPh; th=;fp tuth> vdf; nfl;lhd;. fhpry; kz;zpy;
ghjp g[ijf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;j fhpa kz; fya=;fspd; tha; nj=;fha; gUkDs;s fw;fshy;
@lg;gl;oUe;jJ. md;dka;ah fiyaj;jpd; nkypUe;j fy;iy mfw;wpdhd;.
$Pt Cw;W :
md;dka;ah fyrj;jpypUe;J f+;rpd; ePj;Jg;ghfj;ijr; rpul;ilapy; Cw;wpf;
bfhLj;jhd;. ePj;Jg; ghfkhfpa nky; f+;ir thypgd; Foj;jJk; fyaj;ij myrp bjspt[
kiwe;j nrhw;wpd; kFsp f+;ira[k; thypgDf;F Cw;wpf; bfhLj;jhd; md;dka;ah.
thypgDf;Fs; $Pt Cw;W bgh=;fpaJ.
md;dka;ahtpd; kdepiwt[ :
f+;rpirf; Foj;j thypgd; ntg;g ku epHiyr; brhh;f;fkha; epidj;Jj; J}=;fpdhd;.
,ijf;fz;l md;dka;aht[k; kdepiwt[ Vw;gl;lJ. khh;gpy; ghy; Foj;Jf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;
nghnj tapW epiwe;J mg;gona J}=;fptpLk; FHe;ijiag; nghynt mt;thypgida[k;
ghh;j;jhd;.
 112 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

bgah; bghUj;jk; :
J}f;fk; bjspe;J vGe;j thypgd; ``cd; bgah; vd;d>~~ vd;W md;dka;ahtplk;
nfl;lhd;. mjw;F mtd; md;dka;ah vd;whd;. vt;tst[ bghUj;jk;. `vdf;F ,d;W eP
,Lk; md;dk; jhd;~ vd; thH;t[f;F kPz;Lk; caph; bfhLj;jJ vd;W kdJf;Fs; Twpdhd;
mt;thypgd;.
Kot[iu :
md;dka;ah vd;w bgaUf;F Vw;g md;dkpl;L kdpjneak; fhj;j md;dka;ahtpd;
bgah; mtDf;nf bghUj;jKilajhf mikfpwJ.

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf

1. nfhgy;y fpuhkk; vd;Dk; g[jpdj;ijj; bjhlh;e;J vGjg;gl;l fij

m) nfhgy;yg[uk; M) nfhgy;yg[j;Jf; nfhfpyh
,) nfhgy;yg[uj;jJ kf;fs; <) nfhgy;y Rg;igah [tpil: ,]
2. nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs; vd;Dk; fijapd; Mrphpah;
m) fp. uh$ehuhazd; M) ,e;jpuh ghh;j;jrhujp
,) b$ankhfd; <) b$afhe;jd; [tpil: m]
3. ciwa{h; cs;s khtl;lk;
m) jpUr;rp M) j+;rht{h; ,) fqh; <) bguk;gY}h;[tpil: m]
4. fw=;F ,ir tpHhtpd; cwe;ij vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;
m) g[wehD}W M) mfehD}W ,) fypj;bjhif <) esbtz;gh [tpil: M]
5. fp. uh$ehuhazpd; brhe;j Ch;
m) nfhgy;yg[uk; M) ,ilbrty; ,) jpUr;rp <) ehkf;fy; [tpil: M]
6. ,ilbrty; kf;fspd; thH;tpay; fhl;rpfSld; fw;gida[k; g[Fj;jp vGjg;gl;Ls; E}y;
m) nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs; M) ghy;kuf;fhl;odpny
,) rl;il <) rpj;jd; nghf;F [tpil: m]

7. vg;nghuhl;lj;jpidg; gpd;dzpahff; bfhz;lJ nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs; vd;Dk; E}y;>

m) tpLjiyg; M) tptrhapfspd;
,) berthsh;fspd; <) bjhHpyhsh;fspd; [tpil: m]

8. nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs; vd;Dk; E}y; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp ghprpidg; bgw;w Mz;L

m) 1988 M) 1991 ,) 1994 <) 1996 [tpil: M]

9. fp. uh$ehuhazd; vGjpa E}y; vJ>

m) eh+;rpy; M) bea;jy; ,) fhpry; <) bly;lh [tpil: ,]
 www.nammakalvi.org
,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 113

10. vGj;Jyfpy; fp.uh. vd;wiHf;fg;Lgth;

m) fp. uh$khzpf;fk; M) fp. uh$ehuhazd;
,) fp. uhruj;jpdk; <) fp. uhrJiu [tpil: M]
11. fhpry; tl;lhur; brhy;yfuhjp xd;iw cUthf;fpath;
m) njtneag; ghthzh; M) fp. uh$ehuhazd;
,) Kj;Jyp=;fk; <) mfpyd; [tpil: M]
12. tl;lhukug[ tha;bkhHpg; g[id fijfs; vt;tpyf;fpak; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd>
m) eh+;rpy; M) bfh=;F ,) fhpry; <) bea;jy; [tpil: ,]
13. tl;lhu kug[ tha;bkhHpg; g[id fijfisj; bjhl=;fpath;
m) mfpyd; M) ,e;jpuh ghh;j;jrhujp
,) eh+;rpy;ehld; <) fp.uh$ehuhazd; [tpil: <]
14. nfhtpy;gl;oiar; Rw;wpa tl;lhug; gFjpfspy; njhd;wpa ,yf;fpa totk;
m) fhpry; ,yf;fpak; M) eh+;rpy; ,yf;fpak;
,) g[Jf;ftpij <) g[jpdk; [tpil: m]
15. fp. uh$ehuhaQf;F Kd; vGjj; bjhl=;fpa fhpry; kz;zpd; gilg;ghsp
m) F. mHfphprhkp M) g{kzp
,) gh. brag;gpufhrk; <) nrh. jh;kd; [tpil: m]
16. fhpry; ,yf;fpag; guk;giuf;Fj; bjhlh;gpy;yhjtiuf; fz;lwp.
m) g{kzp M) tPuntYrhkp
,) ntyuhk@h;j;jp <) e. gpr;r@h;j;jp [tpil: <]
17. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) ghh;ry; ? nrhw;Wf;f+;rp
ii) gjdk; ? nky;f+;rp
iii) ePj;Jg;ghfk; ? ftdkhf
iv) kFsp ? ghj;jp
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 ,) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 <) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 [tpil: m]
18. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) tuj;Jf;fuhd; ? g[jpatd;
ii) rilj;J g[spj;J ? rypg;g[
iii) mYf;fk; ? mGj;jk;
iv) bjhytl;ilapy; ? bjhiytpy;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 ,) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 <) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 [tpil: M]
19. fha;e;Jk; bfLf;fpw bga;Jk; bfLf;fpw kiHiar; rhh;e;J thH;fpw khdhthhp kdpjh;fspd;
thH;f;ifiar; brhy;Yk; ,yf;fpa=;fs;
m) fhpry; ,yf;fpa=;fs; M) bea;jy; ,yf;fpa=;fs;
,) bfh=;F ,yf;fpa=;fs; <) g[jpd=;fs; [tpil: m]
 114 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

beLtpdh
1. md;dka;ahtpd; ez;gh;fSld; gunkRtud; vd;w kzp czt[ cz;l tpjk; Fwpj;J
vGJf.
Kd;Diu :
nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs; vd;w fijf;F rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp ghpR bgw;w ,ilbrty;
Ciur; nrh;e;j fp. uh$ehuhazd; mth;fs; vGjpaJ. nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs; fijapy;
md;dka;ahita[k; kzpiaa[k; md;dka;ahtpd; ez;gh;fs; cgrpj;J mth;fSld; czt[
cz;l epfH;itf; Fwpj;Jf; fhz;nghk;.
tl;lkhf mkh;jy; :
md;dka;ah kw;Wk; mtDila ez;gh;fSld; g[J Mshd kzpa[k; tl;lkhf
mkh;e;jpUe;j mf;Tl;lj;jpy; mkh;e;jhd;.
iff;fGthik :
czt[ cz;Qk;go tl;lkhf mkh;e;jpUe;jth; ahUk; ifiaf; fGttpy;iy.
kzpf;nfh iffisf; fGthky; cz;QtJ vg;go vdf; fUjpdhd;.
fk;k+;nrhW :
xU fhy; cUz;il fk;k+;nrhw;iw ,lJ ifapy; itj;jhh;fs;. mr;nrhw;wpy; rpW
gs;sk; mikj;J gs;sj;jpy; Jitaiy itj;jhh;fs;.
cz;Qtjpy; ftdk; :
Jitay; itf;fg;gl;l nrhw;iw `fGf;~ vd;W midtUk; tpG=;fpdh;. ahUk;
ahUld; ngrhky; cz;Qtjpnyna ftdkhf ,Ue;jdh;.
miu cUz;il nrhW :
g[J Mshd kzp czt[ Urpahf ,Ug;gjhy;jhd; ,g;go rhg;gpLfpwhh;fnsh vd
epidj;jhd;. jhDk; btWk; nrhw;iw vLj;J Urp ghh;j;jhd;. mr;nrhw;wpd; beo mtid
Vnjh bra;jjhy; JitanyhL nrh;j;J rhg;gpl;lhd;. MdhYk; miu cUz;ilf;F nky;
mtdhy; rhg;gpl Koatpy;iy.
kz;zpy; iffisj; nja;j;jy; :
 md;dka;aht[k;/ Rg;igah vd;w mtd; ez;gDk; rhg;gpl;Ltpl;L kz;zpdhy;
iffisr; Rj;jg;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. mijg; ghh;j;J g[JMshd kzpa[k; mt;thnw bra;J
bfhz;lhd;.
Kot[iu :
rhg;gpl;L Koj;jJk; Xa;thf cl;fhh;e;J midtUk; Ch;f;fijfs; ngr Muk;gpj;jdh;.
kzpnah jpUk;gt[k; gLj;J mikjpahf fz;fis @of;fple;jhh;.
 ,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 115

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 62

1. 
grpj;jtUf;F cztpLjy; vd;w mwr;braiya[k; tpUe;jpdUf;F cztpLjy; vd;w
gz;ghl;Lr; braiya[k; xg;gpLf.
grpj;jtUf;F cztpLjy; vd;gJ xU kdpjnear; brayhFk;. cz;o bfhLj;njhh;
caph; bfhLj;njhnu vd;w g[fH;bkhHpf;nfw;g grpahy; tUe;Jk; xUtUf;F me;neuj;jpy;
cztspg;gJ mtUf;F g[j;Japh; mspg;gjhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
tpUe;jpdUf;F cztpLjy; vd;gJ ehr;Ritf;fhft[k; tpUe;njhk;gy; fhuzkhft[k;
cztplg;gLfpwJ. jkpHh; gz;ghLfspy; rpwe;j xd;W tpUe;njhk;gy;. Mfnt/
tpUe;jspg;gjidg; bgWk;ngwhff; fUjp cztspg;gh;.
2. c=;fs; fw;gidia ,izj;J epfH;itf; fijahf;Ff.
mg;ght[f;Fk;/ mk;kht[f;Fk; ,ilna rpd;d+;rpW rr;rut[fs; Vw;gl;L/ ,uz;L
ngUnk Kfj;ijj; J}f;fp itj;Jf; bfhz;L MSf;bfhU @iyapy; cl;fhh;e;jpUf;Fk;
nghJ/ tpUe;jpdh; tUif mth;fis md;ghd fztd; kidtpahf khw;wptpLk;
mk;khtpd; bfLgpoa[k; mg;ghtpd; fPH;g;gojYk; Mr;rhpakhf ,Uf;Fk;. tpUe;jhspfs;
mof;fo tukhl;lhh;fsh vd;W ,Uf;Fk;.
tpUe;jpdh; jpdk; vd;gJ vg;go tpoak; bjhpa[kh>
fhiyapypUe;nj tPl;ow;Fs;spUe;J thrYf;F te;J te;J vl;og; ghh;j;Jr; bry;ths;
mk;kh. jpz;izapy; ngg;gh; ghh;j;Jf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; mg;gh nfl;ghh;. ``vd;d tp&ak;/
,d;dpf;F ahuhtJ tpUe;jhsp tug;nghuh=;fsh vd;d>~~.
``V=;f..... fhiyapnyUe;J ntg;g kuj;Jy fhf;fh tplhk fj;jpf;fpl;nl ,Uf;nf
ghh;f;fypah> epr;rak; ahnuh tpUe;jhsp tug;nghwh=;f ghU=;f.~~ ``mlnl/ Mkhk;
fhf;fh fj;JJ ahU tug;nghwh> ,J gyhg;gH rPrd; Mr;nr.... cd; jk;gpjhd; tUthd;/
gyhg;gHj;ijj; J}f;fpl;L~~ ? eh=;fs; Xog;ngha; bjUtpy; ghh;g;nghk;. mg;gh brhd;dJ rhp/
fhf;fh fj;jpaJk; rhp. J}uj;jpy; bjUKidapy; mwe;jh=;fp khkh jiyapy; gyhg;gHj;Jld;
te;J bfhz;oUe;jhh;. mk;kht[f;F fhf;if bkhHp bjhpa[k;.
tpil :
tpUe;jpdh; jpdk;;
mjpfhiyapy; fjputd; bghd; epwkhd xspf;fjph;fis tPrpf; bfhz;oUe;jhd;.
tpoaiy czh;e;j gwitfs; xyp vGg;gpf; bfhz;oUe;jd. FLk;gj; jiytpfs; rhzePh;
fiurYs;s thsp/ Jilg;gk;/ nfhyg;bgho fpz;zk; Mfpatw;iw vLj;Jf; bfhz;L
btspnawp tPl;od; Kd;wpypy; rhzePh; bjspj;J Jilg;gj;jhy; bgUf;fp nfhykpl;ldh;.
gpd; tPl;ow;Fs; brd;W kw;w ntiyfspy; <Lg;gl;ldh;.
xUtuJ ,y;yj;jpy; kl;Lk; ntg;g kuj;jpypUe;J fhf;if xd;W fiue;J
bfhz;oUe;jJ. fhf;if mjpfhiyapy; fiue;jhy; tpUe;jpdh; tUif ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ
IjPfk;. Mfnt mg;bgz;kzp tpUe;Jf;fhd cztpid jahh; bra;a Muk;gpj;jhs;.
,ilapy; jd; fztDld; kdtUj;jk; Vw;gl;L rz;il ntW FHe;ijfspd; kdjpy;
tpUe;jpdh; te;jhy; bgw;nwhh; rz;ilia tpl;L tpl;L kfpH;th; vd fUjpf; bfhz;oUe;j
nghJ gyhg;gHk; xd;iw jd; jiyapy; itj;J Rke;jgo te;jhh;. bgw;nwhh; rz;ilia
tpl;Ltpl;L tpUe;jpdiu tuntw;gjpYk; cgrhpg;gjpYk; @H;fpdh;. FHe;ijfs;
bgUkfpH;r;rp mile;jdh;.

 www.nammakalvi.org
116 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

,ay; gz;ghL fw;fz;L

bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh;fs;
3
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. 
mwp+Uf;F E}y;/ mwp+uJ E}y; Mfpa brhw;bwhlh;fspy; bghUis ntWgLj;jf;
fhuzkhf miktJ.
m) ntw;Wik cUg[ M) vGtha; ,) ctk cUg[ <) chpr;brhy; [tpil: m]

FWtpdh
1. `vGJ vd;whs;~ vd;gJ tpiut[ fhuzkhf `vGJ vGJ vd;whs;~ vd mLf;Fj; bjhluhdJ.
mg;goahdhy; `rphpj;Jg; ngrpdhh;~ vd;gJ vt;thW mLf;Fj;bjhluhFk;>
rphpj;J rphpj;Jg; ngrpdhs;. ctif fhuzkhf mLf;Fj;bjhluhapw;W.
2. ghujpahh; ftp+h;/ E}yfk; brd;whh;/ mth; ahh;> Mfpa bjhlh;fspy; vGtha[ld; bjhlUk;
gadpiyfs; ahit>.
ŒŒ bgah; gadpiy ? ftp+h;
ŒŒ tpid gadpiy ? brd;whh;
ŒŒ tpdh gadpiy ? ahh;>

rpWtpdh
1. `fz;nz fz;Qw=;F!
fhiyapy; ePbaGk;g[
khkiH bga;ifapny
khk;g[{nt fz;Qw=;F!
ghondd; jhyhl;L
Mo Mo Xa;e;Jw=;F!
,j;jhyhl;Lg; ghlypy; mike;Js;s bjhlh; tiffis vGJf.
`fz;nz fz;Qw=;F ? tpspj;bjhlh;
fhiyapy; ePbaGk;g[ ? Ie;jhk; ntw;Wik bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh;
khkiH bga;ifapny ? chpr;brhy; bjhlh;
 ,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 117

khk;g[{nt fz;Qw=;F ? tpspj;bjhlh;

ghondd; jhyhl;L ? tpidKw;Wj; bjhlh;
Mo Mo Xa;e;Jw=;F ? mLf;Fj;bjhlh;

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf

1. fPH;f;fhz;gdtw;Ws; bghUe;jhj ,iziaj; njh;t[ bra;f.

m) fhtphp gha;e;jJ ? vGtha;j; bjhlh;
M) ghodhs; fz;zfp ? tpidKw;Wj; bjhlh;
,) ez;gh vGJ ? tpspj;bjhlh;
<) gho kfpH;e;jdh; ? bgabur;rj;bjhlh; [tpil: <]
2. rhpahd thpiriaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJ.
i) ghlj;ijg; goj;jhs; ? ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhlh;
ii) ,irahy; <h;j;jhh; ? @d;whk; ntw;Wikj; bjhlh;
iii) fay;tpHpf;Fg; ghpR ? Ie;jhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhlh;
iv) KUfdpd; rl;il ? ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhlh;
m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 M) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 ,) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 <) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 [tpil: ,]
3. 
xU bjhlh; bkhHpapy; ,Ubrhw;fs; ,Ue;J mtw;wpd; ,ilapy; brhy;nyh cUngh
,y;yhky; mg;gona/ bghUis czh;j;JtJ
m) bjhif epiyj;bjhlh; M) bjhfhepiyj;bjhlh;
,) kug[j;bjhlh; <) ctikj;bjhlh; [tpil: M]

4. bjhfhepiyj; bjhlhpd; tiffs;

m) 6 M) 7 ,) 8 <) 9 [tpil: <]
5. vGtha;j;bjhlhpy; vGtha[ld; bjhlh;e;J tUk; gadpiyfs;
i) bgah; ii) tpid iii) tpdh
m) i, ii ? rhp M) ii, iii ? rhp
,) @d;Wk; rhp <) @d;Wk; jtW [tpil: ,]
6. tpspa[ld; vJ bjhlh;tJ tpspj;bjhlh; MFk;>
m) bgah; M) tpdh
,) tpid <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[ky;iy [tpil: ,]
7. tpidKw;Wld; xU bgah; bjhlh;tJ
m) vGtha;j;bjhlh; M) tpspj;bjhlh;
,) tpidbar;rj;bjhlh; <) tpidKw;Wj;bjhlh; [tpil: <]
 118 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

8. Kw;Wg; bgwhj ______ bgah;r;brhy;iyj; bjhlh;tJ bgabur;rj;bjhlh; vdg;gLk;.

m) tpdh M) vGtha;
,) tpid <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[ky;iy [tpil: ,]
______ cUg[fs; btspg;gl mika[k; bjhlh;fs; ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj;bjhlh;fs;
9. 
MFk;.
m) ctk M) ntw;Wik ,) gz;g[ <) tpid [tpil: M]
10. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) fl;Liuiag; goj;jhs; ? chpr;brhy; bjhlh;
ii) md;ghy; fl;odhh; ? ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj;bjhlh;
iii) mwp+Uf;Fg; bghd;dhil ? @d;whk; ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj;bjhlh;
iv) rhyr; rpwe;jJ ? ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj;bjhlh;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 ,) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 <) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 [tpil: m]
11. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) fhtphp gha;e;jJ ? tpidbar;rj;bjhlh;
ii) ez;gh vGJ ? bgabur;rj;bjhlh;
iii) nfl;l ghly; ? vGtha;j;bjhlh;
iv) gho kfpH;e;jdh; ? tpspj;bjhlh;
m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 M) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 ,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 [tpil: m]
12. ,ilr;brhy; bjhlhpy; ,ilr;brhy;Yld; bjhlh;tJ
m) bgah;/ tpid M) tpdh/ tpil
,) bgah;/ tpdh <) tpid/ tpdh [tpil: m]
13. kw;bwhd;W vd;gJ
m) tpidbar;rj;bjhlh; M) tpidKw;Wj;bjhlh;
,) ,ilr;brhy; bjhlh; <) chpr;brhy; bjhlh; [tpil: ,]
14. xU brhy; ,uz;L @d;W Kiw mLf;fpj; bjhlh;tJ
m) ,ul;ilf;fpstp M) mLf;Fj;bjhlh;
,) ,ul;LwbkhHpjy; <) chpr;brhy; bjhlh; [tpil: M]
15. nfl;f ntz;oa ghly;/ brhy;yj; jf;f bra;jp Mfpad
m) bgabur;r=;fs; M) Tl;Lepiyg; bgabur;r=;fs;
,) Tl;Lepiy tpidbar;r=;fs; <) tpidbar;r=;fs; [tpil: M]

FWtpdh

1. bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh; vd;why; vd;d>

ŒŒ xU bjhlh; bkhHpapy; ,U brhw;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.
ŒŒ mtw;wpd; ,ilapy; brhy;nyh cUngh ,y;yhky; mg;gona bghUis czh;j;Jk;.
ŒŒ ,Jnt bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh; vdg;gLk;.
 www.nammakalvi.org
,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 119

2. bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>

bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh;fs; xd;gJ tifg;gLk;. mit:
ŒŒ vGtha;j; bjhlh;  ntw;Wikj; bjhlh;
ŒŒ tpspj;bjhlh;  ,ilr;brhy; bjhlh;
ŒŒ tpidKw; W j; bjhlh;  chpr;brhy; bjhlh;
ŒŒ bgabur;rj; bjhlh;  mLf;Fj; bjhlh;
ŒŒ tpidbar; r j; bjhlh;
3. vGtha;j; bjhlh; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;Wfs; jUf.
vGtha[ld; bgah;/ tpid/ tpdh Mfpa gadpiyfs; bjhlh;tJ vGtha;j;bjhlh;.
rhd;W :  ,dpad; ftp+h; ? bgah; gadpiy
 fhtphp gha;e;jJ ? tpid gadpiy
 ngUe;J tUkh> ? tpdh gadpiy
4. tpspj;bjhlh; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
tpspa[ld; tpid bjhlh;tJ tpspj;bjhlh;.
rhd;W : ez;gh vGJ.
5. tpidKw;Wj; bjhlh; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
ŒŒ tpidKw;Wld; xU bgah; bjhlUk;.
ŒŒ tpidKw;W Kjypy; epd;W xU bgaiuf; bfhz;L Koa[k;.
rhd;W : ghodhs; fz;zfp.
6. bgabur;rj; bjhlh; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
Kw;W bgwhj tpid (vr;r tpid) bgah;r; brhy;iyf; bfhz;L KotJ bgabur;rj; bjhlh;
vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W : nfl;l ghly; (nfl;l ? vr;rtpid/ ghly; ? bgah;r;brhy;)
7. tpidbar;rj; bjhlh; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
Kw;W bgwhj tpid (vr;r tpid) tpidr;brhy;iyf; bfhz;L KotJ tpidbar;rj;
bjhlh; vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W : gho kfpH;e;jdh;.
8. ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh;fs; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
ntw;Wik cUg[fs; btspg;gilahf mika[k; bjhlh;fs; ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj;
bjhluhFk;.
rhd;W : fl;Liuiag; goj;jhd;.
9. ,ilr;brhy; bjhlh; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
,ilr;brhy;Yld; bganuh tpidnah bjhlh;tJ ,ilr;brhy; bjhlh; MFk;.
rhd;W :  kw;bwhd;W ? kw;W + xd;W
 kw;W ? ,ilr;brhy;
 xd;W ? ,ilr;brhy;iy mLj;J epd;W bghUs; jUk; brhy;.
 120 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

10. chpr;brhy; bjhlh; vd;why; vd;d> v.fh. je;J tpsf;Ff.

chpr;brhy;Yld; bganuh tpidnah bjhlh;tJ chpr;brhy; bjhlh; MFk;.
rhd;W : rhyr; rpwe;jJ
rhy ? chpr;brhy;
rpwe;jJ ? chpr;brhy;iyj; bjhlh;e;J rpwe;jJ vd;w brhy; epd;W kpfr; rpwe;jJ
vd;w bghUisj; jUfpd;wJ.
11. mLf;Fj; bjhlh; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
xU brhy; ,uz;L/ @d;W Kiw mLf;fp tUk;.
rhd;W : tUf! tUf! tUf!
(gphpj;jhy; bghUs; jUk;. ctif/ tpiut[/ mr;rk;/ btFsp Mfpa bghUs;fspy; tUk;.
brhw;fs; jdpj;jdpna epw;Fk;).

rpWtpdh
1. Tl;Lepiyg; bgabur;rj;ij rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
Tl;Lepiyg; bgabur;rk; :
xd;wpw;F nkw;gl;l tpidbar;r=;fs; nrh;e;J bgaiuf; bfhz;L KotJ
Tl;Lepiyg; bgabur;rk;.
cUthf;fk; :
ntz;oa/ Toa/ jf;f/ ty;y Kjyhd bgabur;r=;fis/ bra vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L
tpidbar;rj;Jld; nrhg;;gjd; @yk; Tl;Lepiyg; bgabur;r=;fs; cUthfpd;wd.
rhd;W : nfl;f ntz;oa ghly;/ brhy;yj; jf;f bra;jp.
2. ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj; bjhliu rpy rhd;WfSld; tpsf;Ff.
ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh;fs; :
ntw;Wik cUg[fs; btspg;gl mika[k; bjhlh;fs; ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj;
bjhlh;fs; MFk;.
rhd;W :
,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[ `I~
fl;Liuiag; goj;jhs; ? ,j;bjhlhpy; `I~ vd;Dk; ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[
btspg;gl te;Js;sJ.
@d;whk; ntw;Wik cUg[ `My;~
md;ghy; (My;) fl;odhh; ? ,j;bjhlhpy; `My;~ vd;Dk; @d;whk; ntw;Wik cUg[
btspg;gl te;Js;sJ.
ehd;fhk; ntw;Wik cUg[ `F~
mwp+Uf;Fg; bghd;dhil ? ,j;bjhlhpy; `F~ vd;Dk; ehd;fhk; ntw;Wik cUg[
btspg;gl te;Js;sJ.
,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 121

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 64

1. ,d;W eP=;fs; goj;j bra;jpj;jhs;fspy; cs;s bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh;fisj; bjhFj;J tUf.

gj;jp bra;jp :
fjputd; te;jhd;. fjputh th vd miHj;jhs; rPjh. rPijiaf; fz;nld; vdf; Twpa
fjputd;/ mk;kh eykh> vdf; nfl;lhd;. mk;kh edp eyk;; new;Wjhd; te;J nghdhs;;
cd;id tprhhpj;jhs; vd rPjh Twpdhs;. ,t;thW ngrpf; bfhz;oUe;j rPjhtpd; fGj;jpy;
fj;jpia itj;jhd; fjputd;. cd; r=;fpypiaj; jh vd;whd;. mts;/ mtd; ifiaj;
jl;otpl;L btspna Xog;nghdhs;. jpUld;/ jpUld; vd mts; Tr;rypl;lijf; nfl;l
Ch; kf;fs; midtUk; jpuz;ldh;; fjputidg; gpoj;jdh;. gpd; fhty; epiyaj;jpw;Fj;
jfty; bfhLj;jdh; fhtyh; mtid ifJ bra;J rpiwapy; milj;jdh;. ek;gpf;if Jnuhfp
xUtdplkpUe;J jhd; fhg;ghw;wg;gl;ljw;fhf ,iwtDf;F ed;wp Twpdhs;.
tpil :
 fjputd; te;jhd;/ mk;kh eykh>/ rPjh
? vGtha;j; bjhlh;fs;
Twpdhs;/ midtUk; jpuz;lduh>
 fjputh th ? tpspj;bjhlh;
 jpUld; jpUld; ? mLf;Fj;bjhlh; (mr;rk; fhuzkhf)
 miHj;jhs; rPjh ? tpidKw;Wj; bjhlh;
 edpeyk; ? chpr;brhy; bjhlh;
 Twpa fjputd;/ nfl;l Ch; kf;fs; ? bgabur;rj; bjhlh;fs;
 te;J nghdhs; ? tpidbar;rj; bjhlh;
 rPijiaf; fz;nld;/ cd;id
,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj;
tprhhpj;jhs;/ fj;jpia itj;jhd;/ ?
bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh;fs;
fjputidg; gpoj;jdh;/ r=;fpypiaj; jh
 fGj;jpy; fj;jp/ rpiwapy; milj;jdh;
?
Ie;jhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj;
bjhlh;fs;
 fhty; epiyaj;jpw;Fj; jfty;/
?
ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj;
,iwtDf;F ed;wp bjhlh;fs;

2. fPH;f;fhQk; gj;jpapy; cs;s bjhlh; tiffis vLj;J vGJf.

khoapypUe;J ,w=;fpdhh; KfkJ. mth; ghlfh;. ghly;fisg; ghLtJk; nfl;gJk;
mtUf;Fg; bghGJnghf;F. mtuJ miwapy; nfl;l ghly;fisa[k; nfl;fhj ghly;fisa[k;
bfhz;l FWe;jfLfis mLf;F mLf;fhf itj;jpUg;gh;.
tpil :
ŒŒ ,w=;fpdhh; KfkJ ? tpidKw;Wj; bjhlh;
ŒŒ mth; ghlfh; ? vGtha;j; bjhlh;
ŒŒ ghLtJ nfl; g J ? Tl;L tpidbar;rj; bjhlh;
 www.nammakalvi.org
122 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

ŒŒ nfl;l ghly;fs; ? bgabur;rj; bjhlh;

ŒŒ nfl;fhj ghly;fs; ? vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rj; bjhlh;
ŒŒ mLf;F mLf;fhf ? mLf;Fj; bjhlh;
3. tz;zr; brhw;fspd; bjhlh; tiffis vGJ.
ŒŒ gHfg; gHfg; ghYk; g[spf;Fk; ? mLf;Fj;bjhlh;
ŒŒ toj;j f+;rpapy; rPiyia myrpndd; ? bgabur;rj; bjhlh;
ŒŒ nkilapy; ed;whfg; ngrpdhd;. ? tpidbar;rj; bjhlh;
ŒŒ te;jhh; mz;zd; ? tpidKw;Wj; bjhlh;
ŒŒ mhpa ftpijfspd; bjhFg; g[ ,J. ? Ie;jhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh;

bkhHpia Ms;nthk; gf;fk;: 67

bkhHpbgah;f;f.
Respected ladies and gentleman, I am Ilangovan studying tenth standard. I have come
here to say a few words about our Tamil Culture. Sangam literature shows that Tamils were best
in culture and civilization about two thousand years ago. Tamils who have difined grammar for
language have also defined grammar for life. Tamil culture is rooted in the life styles of Tamils
throughout India, Srilanka, Malaysia, Singapore, England and worldwide. Though our culture is
very old, it has been updated consistently. We should proud about our culture. Thank you one and
all.
fodg;gj=;fs;
Culture - fyhr;rhuk;/ Sangam literature - r=;f ,yf;fpak;/ Civilization - ehfhpfk;/
Grammar - ,yf;fzk;/ Proud - bgUkpjk;
jkpH; fyhr;rhuk;
khpahijf;Fhpath;fns- vd; bgah; ,s=;nfhtd;. ehd; gj;jhk; tFg;gpy; gof;fpnwd;.
ehd; jkpH; fyhr;rhuj;ijg; gw;wp rpy thh;j;ijfs; brhy;y te;jpUf;fpnwd;. ,uz;lhapuk;
tUlj;jpw;F Kd; fyhr;rhuj;jpYk;/ ehfhpfj;jpYk; rpwe;J tps=;fpath;fs; jkpHh;fs; vd;W
r=;f ,yf;fpak; TWfpwJ. bkhHpf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;j jkpHnu thH;f;iff;Fk; ,yf;fzk;
tFj;jdh;. jkpHh;fspd; fyhr;rhuk; ,e;jpah/ _y=;fh/ ,=;fpyhe;J/ knyrpah/ rp=;fg;g{h;
kw;Wk; cyfbk=;Fk; cs;s jkpHh;fspd; thH;f;ifj; juj;jpy; ntqd;wp cs;sJ. ek;
fyhr;rhuk; gHikahdjhf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ rPuhd Kiwapy; nkk;gLj;jp cs;sJ. ehk; ek;
fyhr;rhuj;ijg; gw;wp bgUkpjk; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. midtUf;Fk; ed;wp!

gHbkhHpfis epiwt[ bra;f.

ŒŒ cg;gpy;yhg; gz;lkijf; Fg;igapny nghL.
ŒŒ xU ghid nrhw;Wf;F/ xU nrhW gjk;.
ŒŒ cg;gpl;ltiu cs;sst[k; epid.
ŒŒ tpUe;Jk; kUe;Jk; @d;W ehl;fs;.
ŒŒ mst[f;F kpwpdhy; mkph;jKk; e+;R.
,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 123

gj;jpiag; goj;Jf; fUj;ijr; RUf;fp vGJ.

giHa nrhW
gr;ir bey; taiyf; fz;fs; KGJk; Rke;J ,sbey;iy Efh;e;J/ mjd; ghiy
Urpj;J/ ePuhtpapy; me;j bey; mtpa[k; fjfjg;ghd g[G=;fy; kzk; tiu Ritj;jts;
ehd;. mtpj;J/ fha;e;J Fj;jpa me;jg; g[G=;fy; mhprpia/ mjd; tGtGg;ig/ fLg;g[
kzj;ij nrhwhF Kd; if epiwa ms;sp thapy; nghl;L behpj;J bkd;wts; brhy;fpnwd;.
gfbyy;yhk; cr;rp btapYf;F mJ Rlr;Rlg; g[G=;fyhprpr; nrhW ,ut[ KGtJk; me;jr;
nrhW ePhpy; CWk;. tpoe;j ,e;jf; fhiyapy; mjd; bgah; giHa nthW my;yJ giHaJ
fhj;jpUe;J/ rpd;d bt=;fhak;/ gr;ir kpsfha; foj;J ePuhfhuk; nghy; Fog;gJ xU tif.
thiH ,iyapy; me;jg; giHar; nrhw;iwg; gpHpe;J nghl;lhy;/ tLkh=;fha; my;yJ cg;g[
ehuj;j=;fha; mjDld; nrh;j;Jf; bfhs;sj; Jog;gJ ,d;bdhU tif. Rz;l itj;j Kjy;
ehs; FHk;g[ ,d;Dk; cr;rk;! ey;y giHaJ khk;gHk; thrk; tPRkhk;. giHa nrhW mJ
fpuhkj;J cd;djk;.
``iff;fly; Kj;Jf;F <lha; kpf;f bey;Kj;J~~ ? Kf;Tlw;gs;S
tpil :
bey;iy mtpj;J fhaitj;J vLf;Fk; g[G=;fy; mhprpiar; nrhwhf;fp/ mjid
,ubty;yhk; ePhpy; Cw itj;J/ fpilf;Fk; giHa nrhw;Wld; rpd;d bt=;fhak;/ gr;ir
kpsfha;/ tLkh=;fha;/ cg;g[ ehuj;j=;fha; kw;Wk; Rz;l itj;j FHk;g[ ,tw;wpy; xd;iwf;
Tl;lhf itj;J rhg;gpLtJ fpuhkj;J cd;djk;.

fijahf;Ff.
kdpj thH;tpy; xt;bthU ehSk; g[Jg;g[J kdpjh;fisg; ghh;f;fpnwhk;; g[Jg;g[Jr;
bra;jpfs; fpl;Lk;! fpl;Lfpw fUg;bghUisj; jpul;o/ fw;gid eak; fijahf;FtJ xU
fiy. mJ rpWfijahf ,Uf;fyhk;. g[jpdkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. md;ig vjph;ghh;j;jpUg;gtuhf/
ahUkw;wtuhf...... ,Uf;Fk; xUth; c=;fspd; cjtpahy; kdk; kfpH;e;j epfH;tpidf;
fijahf;Ff.
tpil :
cjtp
me;jpkhiyg; bghGjpy; eilgapw;rp nkw;bfhz;oUe;j nghJ ghyj;jpd; fPHpUe;J
rj;jk; nfl;L ghyj;jpd; moapy; vl;og; ghh;j;njd;. grpkaf;fj;jhy; RUz;L fple;jhs; xU
bgz;. Fsph; jh=;f Koahky; rj;jk;. miuFiw Milapy; ,Ue;jhs;. kdeyk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
bgz; vd fz;Lgpoj;njd;. clnd/ tPl;ow;F te;J czit xU ghj;jpuj;jpYk;/ Mil
kw;Wk; xU nghh;itia xU igapYk; vLj;Jf; bfhz;L ngha; bfhLj;njd;.
mt;t[zit vLj;J rhg;gpLtjw;Ff; Tl mtsplk; gykpy;iy. ghjp rhg;gpl;L
tpl;L cl;fhu Koahky; mt;t[ztpd; kPnj rhpe;J tpGe;jhs;. clnd mUfpy; ,Ue;j
kUj;Jtiu miHj;J te;J kUj;Jtk; ghh;j;J/ mtis kUj;Jthpd; cjtpa[ld; kdeyf;
fhg;gfj;jpw;F mDg;gp itj;njd;. mts; kdjpy; Vnjh xU kfpH;r;rp bjd;gl;lJ.
 124 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

fojk; vGJf.
czt[ tpLjpbahd;wpy; tH=;fg;gl;l czt[ jukw;wjhft[k; tpiy TLjyhft[k; ,Ue;jJ
Fwpj;J chpa rhd;WfSld; czt[g; ghJfhg;g[ MizaUf;Ff; fojk; vGJf.
mDg;g[eh;
jpU. fz;zd;/
25/ ts;sy; bjU/
mz;zhefh;.
jpUbey;ntyp ? 11.
bgWeh;
czt[ ghJfhg;g[ Mizah; mth;fs;/
czt[ ghJfhg;g[ Mizak;/
jpUbey;ntyp.
kjpg;gpw;Fhpa Iah/
tzf;fk;.
bghUs; : jukw;w czt[ tH=;fpa czt[ tpLjpapd; kPJ eltof;if vLf;FkhW
ntz;Ljy; ? bjhlh;ghf.
ehd; fle;j ,U jpd=;fSf;F Kd;g[/ vd; tPl;ow;F mUfpy; ,Ue;j Urpjh czt[
tpLjpapy; kjpa czit cz;gjw;fhfr; brd;nwd;. kl;ld; gphpahzp tpiy q.120 vd
gyifapy; vGjp itj;jpUe;jdh;. ehDk; gphpahzpiar; rhg;gpl;Ltpl;L czt[f;fhd
bjhifiaf; fhrhshplk; brYj;jpdhy;/ mth; kl;ld; gphpahzpapd; tpiy q.150 vdf;
Twpdhh;. nkYk; gy tpsf;f=;fisf; bfhLj;J q.150I th=;fpf; bfhz;lhh;.
nkYk; czt[ cz;l rpy kzp neuj;jpnyna the;jp ngjp Vw;gl;L kaf;fKw;nwd;.
fz; tpHpj;Jg; ghh;j;j nghJ kUj;Jtkidapy; vdf;F rpfpr;iraspj;Jf; bfhz;oUe;jhh;fs;.
Mfnt/ jukw;wjhft[k;/ tpiy TLjyhft[k; tpw;w czt[ tpLjpapd; kPJ jf;f
eltof;if vLf;FkhW jhH;ika[ld; nfl;Lf; bfhs;fpnwd;.
ed;wp!
jpUbey;ntyp. ,g;gof;F/
23.03.2019. j=;fs; cz;ika[s;s/
jpU. fz;zd;.
eak; ghuhl;Lf.
``fj;Jfly; NH;ehiff; fhj;jhd;jd; rj;jpuj;jpy;
mj;jkpf;Fk; nghJ mhprptUk; ? Fj;jp
ciyapl Cul=;Fk; Xh; mfg;ig md;dk;
,iyapl bts;sp vGk;~~. ? fhsnkfg; g[yth;
 www.nammakalvi.org
,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 125

jpuz;l fUj;J :
thiHf;F mHF FUj;J
bra;a[Sf;F mHF jpuz;l fUj;J
fly; NH;e;j Ch; ehfg;gl;odk;. m=;Fs;s fhj;jhd; rj;jpuj;jpy; bghGJ ,w=;Fk;
nghJjhd; mhprp tUk;. mjidj; jPl;o ciyapy; nghLk;nghJ Cnu ml=;fpg; nghapUf;Fk;.
Xh; mfg;igr; nrhW ,iyapy; nghLk;nghJ tpobts;sp Kisj;JtpLk;.
bjhil eak; :
bjhilaw;w ghl;L
eilaw;Wg; nghFk;
bra;a[spy; vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[/ Kuz; Mfpa cWg;g[fshy; bjhLf;fg;gLtJ bjhil.
nkhid eak; :
nkhidaw;w ghl;L
nridaw;w ehL
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; my;yJ rPh;njhWk; Kjy; vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ nkhid vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W:
fj;Jfly;/ fhj;jhd;
ciyapypl/ Cul=;Fk;
mj;jkpf;Fk;/ mhprp tUk;
vJif eak; :
tPuj;Jf;F mHF nt=;if
ghl;Lf;F mHF vJif
monjhWk; my;yJ rPh;njhWk; ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif vdg;gLk;.
rPh; vJif:
fj;Jfly;/ fhj;jhd;/ rj;jpuj;jpy;" mj;jkpf;Fk;/ Fj;jp
mo vJif:
fj;Jfly; ciyapypl
mj;jkpf;Fk; ,iyapypl
mzp eak; :
nfhtpYf;F kzp mHF
bra;a[Sf;F mzp mHF
,g;ghly; ,U bghUs;gl te;J ,ul;Lw bkhHpjy; mzpahy; my=;fhpf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ.
gh eak; :
,g;ghly; nehpir btz;gh tifiar; rhh;e;jJ.
jiyg;g[ :
`ehif rj;jpuk;~ vd;gJ ,g;ghlYf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jiyg;g[.
 126 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

bkhHpnahL tpisahL gf;fk;: 68

tpLgl;l vGj;Jfis epug;gp me;j vGj;Jfis kl;Lk; ,izj;J xspe;Js;s

xU E}ypd; bgaiuf; fz;Lgpo.
,wF (gwitaplk; ,Ug;gJ) mf;fh (j=;iff;F @j;jts;)
FUjp (rptg;g[ epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;) kjp (mwptpd; kW bgah;)
ths; (kd;dhplk; ,Ug;gJ) glF (ePhpy; bry;tJ glF)
tpil : jpUf;Fws;
,U brhw;fisa[k; xnu bjhlhpy; mikj;J vGJf.
ŒŒ rpiy ? rPiy : v.fh: rpiyiaj; jpiur;rPiyahy; kiwj;jpUe;jdh;.
ŒŒ bjhL ? njhL : fyh g{f;fisj; bjhLj;J jiyg;gpy; itj;Jf; bfhz;L fhJfspy;
bghpa njhLfis mzpe;jhs;.
ŒŒ kL ? khL : kLtpy; ghy; fl;oapUe;jjhy; khL typahy; Joj;jJ.
ŒŒ kiy ? khiy : kiy kPJ Vwp khiyapy; tpisahondd;.
ŒŒ tsp ? thsp : 
tsp kz;lyj;jpy; Vw;wg;gl;l khw;wj;jpdhy; bga;j kiHapy;
eide;J bfhz;nl thsp epiwa ePh; gpoj;njd;.
ŒŒ tpL ? tPL : j
 d;id jhf;f te;jtid tpL/ tpL vd;W jLj;Jf; bfhz;nl
mUfpy; ,Ue;j tPL xd;wpy; EiHe;jhs;.
mfuhjpapy; fz;L bghUs; vGJf.

m) Cz;/ Cd;
Cz; ? ,iu/ cz;o/ nrhW/ czt[/ Md;khtpd; RfJf;fDgtk;.
Cd; ? cly;/ jir/ epzk;/ khkprk;/ rhPuk;.
M) jpiz/ jpid
jpiz ? ,lk;/ xGf;fk;/ Fo/ Fyk;/ g{kp/ bghUs;
jpid ? xU rhik (jhdpak;)/ rpWik
,) mz;zk;/ md;dk;
mz;zk; ? cz;zh/ nky;tha;/ nky; ehf;F
md;dk; ? vfpdg;g[s;/ fthpkhd;/ nrhW jhdpak;/ gpuk;k thfdk;.
<) bty;yk;/ bts;sk;
bty;yk; ? fUg;g+;rhw;Wf;fl;o
bts;sk; ? ePh;g;bgUf;F/ fly;/ flyiy/ ePh;/ <uk;/ kpFjp/ cz;ik
,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 127

fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vGJf.

``tWikapy; thoa
vdf;F
xUehs; fpilj;jJ
ey;Yzt[......
cz;Qk; ntisapy;
eP te;jha;......
grpahy; ,ize;njhk;
gfph;e;J cz;zyhk;
th- njhHh th-~~

bray; jpl;lk;

czt[/ tpUe;J rhh;e;j gHbkhHpfisa[k; tpHpg;g[zh;t[j; bjhlh;fisa[k; jpul;o/ mfu

thpirg;gLj;jp tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;J.
v.fh: behW=;fj; jpd;why; E}W taJ
ŒŒ mst[f;F kp+;rpdhy; mKjKk; e+;R.
ŒŒ cg;gpl;ltiu cs;sst[k; epid.
ŒŒ cg;gpy;yhg; gz;lk; Fg;igapny.
ŒŒ xU ghid nrhw;Wf;F xU nrhW gjk;.
ŒŒ filj; nj=;fhia tHpg;gps;isahUf;F cilf;fhnj.
ŒŒ behW=;fj; jpd;why; E}W taJ.
ŒŒ grp te;jplg; gj;Jk; gwe;J nghFk;.
ŒŒ gzk; ge;jpapny Fzk; Fg;igapny.
ŒŒ gHfg; gHfg; ghYk; g[spf;Fk;.
ŒŒ KG g{rzpiar; nrhw;wpy; kiwf;fhnj.
ŒŒ thH;tjw;fhf cz;; cz;gjw;fhf thHhnj.
ŒŒ tpUe;Jk; kUe;Jk; @d;W ehs;.
ŒŒ tpisa[k; gaph; Kisapny bjhpa[k;.
ŒŒ tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWg;ghd;; jpid tpijj;jtd; jpid mWg;ghd;.
ŒŒ btz;bzia itj;Jf; bfhz;L bea;f;F miythndd;.
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
ŒŒ brt;tpyf;fpak; ? Classical literature
ŒŒ fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak; ? Epic literature
ŒŒ gf;jp ,yf;fpak; ? Devotional literature
ŒŒ gz;ila ,yf;fpak; ? Ancient literature
ŒŒ tl;lhu ,yf;fpak; ? Regional literature
ŒŒ ehl;Lg;g[w ,yf;fpak; ? Folk literature
ŒŒ etPd ,yf;fpak; ? Modern literature
 www.nammakalvi.org
128 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
``jk;gp... cdf;Fg; gpor;r fha; brhy;Y~~ ? ``nful;~~
``gpor;r gHk;~~ ? ``Mg;gps;~~
``gpor;r fhiy czt[~~ ? ``E}Ly;!;~~
``kj;jpahdj;Jf;F~~ ? ``Bg;iuL iu!;~~
``uhj;jphp~~ ? ``gPl;!h my;yJ gh!;jh~~
,J Vnjh M=;fpyg;glj;jpd; trdk; my;y. ``rhpah rhg;gpl khl;nl=;fpwhd;
lhf;lh;~~ vd;W vd;dplk; miHj;J tug;gl;l xU rpWtDldhd vd; ciuahly; xl;L
bkhj;j ,isa jiyKiwa[k; ghuk;ghpa czit tpl;L ntfkhf tpyfpr; brd;wJ
vg;go> ,l;ypa[k; rhk;ghh; rhjKk; fj;jphpf;fha;g; bghhpaYk; ,dp fhzhky; ngha;tpLkh>
mjph;r;rpahd gjpy; Mk; fhzhky; ngha;tpLk;- c=;fs; FHe;ijfs; ``ML khLfisj; jtpu
kD&=;f Tl fPiuiar; rhg;gpLth=;fsh kk;kp> vd vjph;fhyj;jpy; nfl;ff;TLk;.
kUj;Jth; F. rptuhkdpd; ,f;fUj;jpw;Fr; r@f mf;fiwa[ldhd c=;fspd; gjpy;
vd;dthf ,Uf;Fk;>
tpil :
ehfhpfk; fUjpnah/ ehr;Rit fUjpnah ek; ghuk;ghpa czt[fisj; jtph;j;jy; TlhJ.
btg;gkakhd ek; ehl;ow;F g[G=;fy; mhprpna Vw;wJ. Mfnt/ ek; ehl;Lr; NHYf;F Vw;w
ghuk;ghpa czt[fisj; jpdKk; fl;lha czthf cl;bfhs;Sk; nghJ mJ ek; clYf;F
kpFe;j rf;jpiaf; bfhLf;Fk;. ghuk;ghpa czt[fisj; jtph;f;Fk; nghJ `cznt kUe;J~
vd;w epiy khwp `kUe;nj czt[~ vd;w epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gLnthk; vd;W kf;fspilna
tpHpg;g[zh;it Vw;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.


,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 129

,ay; gz;ghL thH;tpay; ,yf;fpak;

jpUf;Fws;
3
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 73

1. gl=;fs; czh;j;Jk; Fwspd; fUj;jpid ikakpl;L tFg;gpy; fye;JiuahLf.

Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk; Kaw;wpd;ik gz;vd;dhk; ghlw;F ,iagpd;nwy;" fz;vd;dhk;

,d;ik g[Fj;jp tpLk; fz;nzhl;lk; ,y;yhj fz;.

glk; ? 1 (m) :
Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk; Kaw;wpd;ik
,d;ik g[Fj;jp tpLk;.
egh; 1: nkw;fz;l glj;ijf; fhQk; nghJ eP vd;d epidf;fpwha;>
egh; 2: khl;L tz;of;fhudpd; ciHg;g[ bjhpfpwJ.
egh; 1: vg;go>
egh; 2: brhe;j tz;onah thlif tz;onah bjhpatpy;iy. vdpDk; @l;ilfis
Vw;Wtjw;Fk; ,wf;Ftjw;Fk; jd;Dld; Typahl;fis itf;fhky; jhnd
mr;braiyr; bra;fpwhd;. nkYk; mtd; tz;oapy; mkh;e;J bry;ytpy;iy. ,J
mtdplKs;s nrhk;gypd;ikia btspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
egh; 1: ,jd; @yk; eP TwtpUf;Fk; fUj;J ahJ>
egh; 2: ,g;gog;gl;l fod ciHg;ghsp thH;tpy; xU ehSk; tWik epiyia
milakhl;lhd;. thH;tpy; czh;tilthd;.
 130 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

glk; ? 1 (M) : (ciuahly; bjhlh;r;rp)

egh; 2: ,g;glj;jpy; FLk;gj;jiytd; ciHg;gpd;wp nrhk;gp ,Uj;jyhy; mtd; FLk;gk;
tWik epiyapy; cs;sJ.
lk; ? 2 (m) :
g
gz;vd;dhk; ghlw; fpiagpd;nwy; ; fz;vd;dhk;
fz;nzhl;lk; ,y;yhj fz;.
egh; 1: nkw;fz;l glj;ijg; ghh;f;Fk; nghJ cd; kdjpy; njhd;Wk; fUj;J ahJ>
egh; 2: `jh~ vd;W gpwhplk; ahrpj;jy; ,Hpthd brayhFk;. mg;go nfl;Lk; nfl;l
bghUisf; bfhLf;fhky; ,Ug;gJ mijtpl ,HpthFk;.
egh; 1: ,r;bray; Fwpj;J eP vd;d fUJfpwha;>
egh; 2: Iad; ts;Std; TwpaJ nghy ,uf;fk; ,y;yhj fz;fshy; gad; vd;d> vd;W
fUJfpnwd;.

glk; ? 2 (M) : (ciuahly; bjhlh;r;rp)

egh; 2: ,irnahL ghly; bghUj;jhjjhy; kf;fs; mjid tpUk;ghy; mt;tplj;ij tpl;L
fle;J bry;fpd;wdh;/ ghly;/ ,ir ,uz;Lk; ntWgl;lhy; vd;d gad;. ,ijg;
nghyntjhd; ,uf;f Fzkpy;yhjtDf;Ff; fz; ,Ue;Jk; mjdhy; gad; xd;Wk;
,y;iy.
2. fijf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd Fwisj; njh;t[ bra;J fhuzj;ij vGJf.
`rpd;dr;rhkp... ahnuh kuj;njhukh epw;fpwh=;f... ahuha; ,Uf;Fk;...~~ khl;L tz;oa
Xl;of;fpl;nl mg;gh nfl;lhh;.
``bjhpayg;g...~~
``,w=;fp ahUd;D ghU...~~
thl;lrhl;lkha;/ fz;zhoa[k; miyngrpa[k; ifa[kha; rhiynahuj;jpy; tz;oa[ld;
xUth; epd;wpUe;jhh;.
``Iah... eP=;f...~~
btspa{Ug;gh... tz;o epd;W nghr;R...-~~
``mg;goah... tz;oaj; J}f;fp khl;L tz;oapy tr;Rl;L th=;f. kiH th;w khjphpapUf;F...
CU buhk;g J}uk;.. ntw tz;oa[k; tuhJ...~~
mth; ciliaa[k; ciHj;Jf; fisj;j tpah;it bgh=;fpa cliya[k; ghh;j;J
tuiyd;Dl;lhh;. @d;W ehd;F ngh;jhd; tz;oapy ,Ue;njhk;... rpwpJ J}uk; nghwJf;Fs;s
kiH bfhl;L bfhl;Ld;D bfhl;oUr;R... eh=;f tPl;Lf;Fg; nghapl;nlhk;.
,ut[y J}=;fg; nghwg;g... mg;gh brhd;dhh;. jk;gp... me;j Nl;Lf;fhuh; kiH jh=;fhk
ele;jpUf;fhU. nj=;fh tpGe;J kz;l cil+;R... ntw ahnuh J}f;fpl;L te;jpUf;fh=;f.
ek;k CU MRgj;jphpapy... fl;Lg;nghl;Lf;fpl;L ,Ue;jh=;f.. ghtk; gor;rtuh ,Uf;fhU...
NH;epiy g[hpahk tukhl;nld;D brhd;dhU. ,g;g ntjidg;gl;lhnu...
 www.nammakalvi.org
,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 131

m) cyfj;njhL xl;l xGfy; gy fw;Wk;

fy;yhh; mwptpyh jhh;.
M) bgaf;fz;Lk; e+;Rcz;L mikth; eaj;jf;f
ehfhpfk; ntz;L gth;.
,) CiHa[k; cg;gf;fk; fhz;gh; ciyt[,d;wpj;
jhHhJ c+w;W gth;.
tpil : m) cyfj;njhL xl;l xGfy; gyfw;Wk;
fy;yhh; mwptpyh jhh;.
fhuzk; :
tz;of;fhuhpd; ciliaa[k; ciHj;Jf; fisj;j tpah;it bgh=;fpa cliya[k;
ghh;j;j Nl;Lf;fhud; jdf;F cjt te;j mtid xJf;fpj; js;spdhd;. cyfj;jhndhL
bghUj;jp thGk; jd;ikaw;wtdha; ,Ue;jjhy; mtd; tpgj;jpw;Fs;shf neh;e;jJ. ,td;
fw;wpUe;Jk; mwptpy;yhjtnd.

FWtpdh

1. `er;rg; glhjtd;~ bry;tk; ? ,j;bjhlhpy; tz;zkpl;l brhy;Yf;Fg; bghUs; jUf.

er;rg; glhjtd; vd;gjd; bghUs;/ gpwUf;F cjtp bra;ahjjhy; xUtuhYk;
tpUk;gg;glhjth;.
2. bfhLg;gJ}ck; Ja;g;gJ}ck; ,y;yhh;f;F mLf;fpa
nfhocz; lhapDk; ,y; ? ,f;Fwspy; tUk; msbgilfis vLj;J vGJf.
bfhLg;gJ}ck; ? ,d;dpir msbgil
Ja;;g;gJ}ck; ? ,d;dpir msbgil
3. bghUSf;nfw;w moiag; bghUj;Jf.

capiutplr; rpwg;ghfg; ngzpf; fhf;fg;gLk; xGf;fj;jpd; va;Jth; nkd;ik

Chpd; eLtpy; er;Rkuk; gGj;jJ nghd;wJ. capupDk; Xk;gg;gLk;
xGf;fj;jpd; tHp cah;t[ milth; eL CUs; er;R kuk; gGj;jw;W
tpil:
capiutplr; rpwg;ghfg; ngzpf; fhf;fg;gLk; capupDk; Xk;gg;gLk;
Chpd; eLtpy; er;Rkuk; gGj;jJ nghd;wJ. eL CUs; er;R kuk; gGj;jw;W
xGf;fj;jpd; tHp cah;t[ milth; xGf;fj;jpd; va;Jth; nkd;ik
4. va;Jth; va;jhg; gHp ? ,f;Fwsof;Fg; bghUe;Jk; tha;ghL vJ>
m) Ttpsk; njkh kyh; M) Ttpsk; g[spkh ehs;
,) njkh g[spkh fhR <) g[spkh njkh gpwg;g[ [tpil: m]
 132 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

FWtpdh

1. ntbyhL epd;whd; ,Lvd;wJ nghYk;

nfhbyhL epd;whd; ,ut[ ? ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff.
,g;ghlypy; ctikazp mike;Js;sJ.
mzp ,yf;fzk; :
ctik xU thf;fpakhft[k; ctnkak; xU thf;fpakhft[k; mika[k;. ,ilapy;
tUk; ctkcUg[ btspg;gilahf tUk;.
ctik : nty; nghd;w Ma[j=;fisf; fhl;o tHpgwp bra;jy;.
ctnkak; : Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ijf; bfhz;L kd;dd; thp tpjpj;jy;.
ctk cUg[ : nghy
tpsf;fk; : tHpgwp bra;gtd; nty; nghd;w Ma[j=;fisf; fhl;o tHpgwp bra;thd;.
mJnghy Xh; murd; jd; Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ijf; bfhz;L kf;fSf;F
mjpfkhd thpia tpjpf;fpwhd;.
2. ftpijiaj; bjhlh;f.
jz;zPh; epiwe;j Fsk;
jtpj;jgo btspePl;Lk; if
fiuapy; ifngrp glbkLj;jgo
gjWfpwJ vd; be+;rko
tU=;fhy rKjhak; vd;dthFko
vg;nghJ jPUk; bry;Bgp nkhfko
@H;fpatd; @r;R epd;Dg;nghr;R
kdpjneak; brj;Jg;nghr;R
jpUf;Fws; gw;wpa ftpij :
ciu(iw) Cw;wp Cw;wpg;
ghh;j;jhYk;
g[spf;fhj ghy;-
je;ij je;j
jha;g;ghy;
Kg;ghy; ? mwpt[kjp
 ,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 133

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf

1. fPHf;fhz;gdtw;Ws; bghUe;jhj ,iz vJ>

m) caphpDk; nkyhdJ ? xGf;fk;
M) xGf;fKilath; ? nkd;ik milth;
,) cz;ikg; bghUisf; fhz;gJ ? mwpt[
<) cyfj;njhL bghUe;jp thH;f fy;yhjth; ? mwpt[ilath; [tpil: <]
2. bghUe;jhj ,iziaj; njh;e;bjL.
m) mHpf;f ntz;oait ? Mir/ rpdk;/ mwpahik
M) bghpnahiu Jizahf;fpf; bfhs;Sjy; ? bgWk;ngW
,) e+;irf; bfhLj;jhYk; cz;Qk; gz;ghsh; ? gpwh; ed;ikiaf; fUJgth;
<) Muhahj kd;dd; ? ehl;od; tsj;ijg; bgUf;Fthd;
[tpil: <]

3. er;rg; glhjtd; bry;tk; eLCUs;

er;R kuk;gGj; jw;W ? ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzp vJ>
m) ctikazp M) vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp
,) Vfnjr cUtf mzp <) cUtf mzp [tpil: m]
4. bghUj;Jf.
1. nkd;ik ? m) rpdk;
2. btFsp ? M) cah;t[
3. kaf;fk; ? ,) tWik
4. ,d;ik ? <) mwpahik
m) 1?M 2?m 3?< 4?, M) 1?< 2?m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil: m]
5. caphpDk; nkyhdjhff; fUjpg; ghJfhf;f ntz;oaJ
m) xGf;fk; M) bka; czh;jy; ,) fz;nzhl;lk; <) fy;tp [tpil: m]
6. ``xGf;fk; tpGg;gk; juyhd;~~ vd;gjpy; mike;Js;s eak;
m) nkhid M) vJif ,) Kuz; <) ,iag[ [tpil: M]
7. ``bghpahiug; ngzpj; jkuhf; bfhsy;~~ ,jpy; ``jkh;~~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) E}y; M) Jiz ,) ngW <) mhpa [tpil : M]
8. ``Kaw;wpd;ik ,d;ik g[Fj;jptpLk;~~ ,jpy; ``,d;ik~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) tWik M) ,y;iy ,) Kaw;rp <) bry;tk; [tpil: m]
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134 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

9. bghUj;Jf.
1. xGf;fKilik ? m) 36 tJ mjpfhuk;
2. bka;czh;jy; ? M) 14 tJ mjpfhuk;
3. bghpahiuj; Jizf;nfhly; ? ,) 56tJ mjpfhuk;
4. bfhL=;nfhd;ik ? <) 45 tJ mjpfhuk;
m) 1?M 2?m 3?< 4?, M) 1?< 2?m 3?M 4?,
,) 1?M 2?m 3?, 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil: m]

FWtpdh

1. caphpDk; Xk;gg;gLtJ vJ> Vd;>

ŒŒ caphpDk; Xk;gg;gLtJ xGf;fk;.
ŒŒ Vbddpy; xGf;fkhdJ midj;Jr; rpwg;g[fisa[k; jUfpwJ.
2. xGf;fj;jpdhy; fpilg;gJ vJ> ,Gf;fj;jpdhy; fpilg;gJ vJ>
ŒŒ xGf;fj;jpdhy; fpilg;gJ nkd;ik.
ŒŒ ,Gf;fj;jpdhy; fpilg;gJ milaf;Tlhj gHpfs;.
3. gy fw;Wk; fy;yhjtuhff; fUjg;gLgth; ahh;>
cyfj;njhL bghUe;jp thHf; fy;yhjth; gy E}y;fisf; fw;wwpe;jhYk; fy;yhjtuhfnt
fUjg;gLthh;.
4. vg;bghUisf; fhz;gJ mwpt[>
ve;jg; bghUs; ve;j ,ay;gpdjha;j; njhd;wpdhYk; me;jg; bghUspd; cz;ikg; bghUisf;
fhz;gJ mwpt[.
5. ehkk; bflf;bfLk; neha; gw;wp vGJf.
ŒŒ Mir/ rpdk;/ mwpahik vd;w @d;Wk; mHpjy; ntz;Lk;.
ŒŒ ,k;@d;Wk; mHpe;jhy; mtw;why; tUk; Jd;g=;fSk; mHpa[k;.
6. bgUk;ngW vJ>
bghpnahiug; nghw;wpj; Jizahf;fpf; bfhs;Sjny fpilj;jw;fhpa bgUk;ngwhFk;.
7. bfLg;ghh; ,yhD=; bfLgth; ahh;> Vd;>
Fw;wk; fz;lnghJ ,oj;Jj; jpUj;Jk; bghpahhpd; ghJfhg;igj; njof; bfhs;shj kd;dd;
jd;idf; bfLf;f gifth; ,y;iy vdpDk; jhnd bfl;lHpthd;.
8. ey;yhh; bjhlh;ig iftply; vj;jd;ikaJ>
jhd; xUtdhf epd;W gynuhL gif nkw;bfhs;tijf; fhl;oYk; gy kl=;F jPikiaj;
jUk;. Mfnt ey;yhh; el;igf; iftply; TlhJ.
9. Ml;rpajpfhuk; bfhz;Ls;s murd; Fwpj;J Twg;gl;Ls;s bra;jp ahJ>
ŒŒ Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijf; bfhz;Ls;s murd; jd; mjpfhuj;ijf; bfhz;L thp tpjpg;ghd;.
ŒŒ 
murdJ ,r;brayhdJ nty; nghd;w Ma[j=;fisf; fhl;o tHpg;gwp bra;tjw;F
epfuhFk;.
 ,ay; 3 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 135

10. MuhahJ Ml;rp bra;a[k; kd;didf; Fwpj;J Fws; TWk; bra;jp ahJ>
jd; ehl;oy; epfGk; ed;ik jPikfis xt;bthU ehSk; Muha;e;J Ml;rp bra;ahj kd;dd;
jd; ehl;il ehs;njhWk; ,Hf;f nehpLk;.
11. ,uf;fk; ,y;yh fz;fs; vjidg; nghd;W gadw;wJ>
ŒŒ ghlnyhL bghUe;jhj ,irahy; gadpy;iy.
ŒŒ mijg; nghy ,uf;fk; ,y;yhj fz;fshYk; gadpy;iy.
12. cyfnk chpika[ilajhFk; vg;nghJ>
eLepiyahff; flik jtwhky; ,uf;fk; fhl;LgtUf;F ,t;t[yfnk chpik cilajhFk;.
13. e+;irf; bfhLj;jhYk; cz;Qk; gz;ghsh; ahh;> Vd;>
ŒŒ tpUk;gj;jf;f ,uf;fFzk; bfhz;lth;fs; e+;irf; bfhLj;jhYk; cz;Qk; gz;ghsh;.
ŒŒ Vbddpy; gpwh; ed;ik fUjpj; jkf;F e+;irf; bfhLj;jhYk; cz;Qth;.
14. xUtw;F bgUik jUtJ vJ>
ŒŒ xU braiy Kog;gjw;F ,ayhJ vd;W vz;zpr; nrhh;tilaf; TlhJ.
ŒŒ mr;braiy Kaw;rpa[ld; Kog;gJ bgUik jUk;.
15. cah;e;j epiyia vg;nghJ mila Koa[k;>
tplhKaw;rp vd;Dk; cah;gz;g[ bfhs;Sjy;/ gpwUf;F cjt[jy;. ,t;tpU gz;g[fshy;
cah;e;j epiyia mila Koa[k;.
16. `bry;tk; bgUFjy;~ `tWik tUjy;~ vg;nghJ>
ŒŒ Kaw;rp bra;tjhy; bry;tk; bgUFk;.
ŒŒ Kaw;rp ,y;yhtpl;lhy; tWikna te;J nrUk;.
17. ,Hptw;wJ ,HpthdJ vJ>
ŒŒ Ik;g[yd;fspy; VnjDk; FiwapUg;gpd; mJ ,Hptd;W.
ŒŒ mwpa ntz;oaij mwpe;J Kaw;rp bra;ahjnj ,HpthFk;.
18. nrhh;tpyhJ Kaw;rp bra;nthh; Fwpj;Jf; TW.
nrhh;tpyhJ Kaw;rp bra;nthh; bra;fpd;w braYf;F ,ila{wha; tUk; Kd;tpidiaa[k;
njhw;foj;J btw;wpailath;.
19. gy nfho bgwpDk; gadpy;iy vg;nghJ>
gpwUf;Ff; bfhLf;fhkYk; jhDk; mDgtpf;fhkYk; ,Ug;gth; gy nfhog; bghUs;fisg;
bgw;wpUe;jhYk; mjdhy; gad; ,y;iy.
20. tpUk;gg;glhjth; bry;tk; vjidg; nghd;wJ>
gpwUf;F cjthky; xUtuhYk; tpUk;gg;glhjth; bgw;w bry;tk;/ Chpd; eLtpy; er;R kuk;
gGj;jJ nghd;wjhFk;.
21. ``bghwpapd;ik ahh;f;Fk; gHpad;W~~ ? ,t;tofspy; ``bghwp~~ vd;gJ vjidf; Fwpf;Fk;>
bghwp vd;gJ bka;/ tha;/ fz;/ @f;F/ brtp Mfpa Ik;bghwpfisf; Fwpf;Fk;.
 136 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

22. ``Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk; Kaw;wpd;ik

,d;ik g[Fj;jp tpLk;.~~ ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; mike;j Kuz;brhw;fs; vit>
Kuz;brhw;fs; : jpUtpid/ bry;tk;.
23. ``mLf;fpa nfho cz;lhapDk; ,y;~~ Vd;>
gpwUf;Fk; bfhLf;fhky;/ jhDk; mDgtpf;fhky; ,Ug;gth; mLf;fpa gy nfho bghpDk;
gad; ,y;iy.
24. ``chpik cilj;J ,t;t[yF~~ ? ahUf;F>
eLepiyahff; flik jtwhky; ,uf;fk; fhl;LgtUf;F/ cyfnk chpik cilajhFk;.
25. ehs;njhWk; ehL bfLk; ? vd;W ts;Sth; Twf; fhuzk; ahJ>
jd; ehl;oy; elf;Fk; ed;ik jPikfis Muha;e;J ml;rp bra;ahj kd;dd; ehL ehs; njhWk;
bfLk;.
26. fw;Wk; fy;yhjhh; mwptpyhjhh; ? ahh;>
cyfj;njhL bghUe;jp thHf; fy;yhjhh; / gy E}y;fisf; fw;wpUe;jhYk; mwptpy;yhjtnu
Mth;.

rpWtpdh

1. xGf;fKilik Fwpj;J ts;Sth; Twpa bra;jp ahJ>

caphpDk; nkyhdJ :
xGf;fk; vy;yhUf;Fk; midj;Jr; rpwg;g[fisa[k; jUtjhy; mij caphpDk; nkyhdjhff;
fUjpf; fhj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
nkd;ik ? gHp :
xGf;fj;jpdhy; fpilg;gJ nkd;ik. ,Gf;fj;jpdhy; fpilg;gJ milaf; Tlhj gHp.
gy fw;Wk; mwptpyhh; :
cyfj;njhL bghUe;jp thHf; fy;yhjth; gy E}y;fisf; fw;wtuhapDk; mwpt[
,y;yhjtuhfnt fUjg;gLthh;.
2. bka;a[zh;jy; Fwpj;J vGJf.
cz;ikg; bghUisf; fhzy; :
ve;jg; bghUs; ve;j ,ay;gpdjhfj; njhd;wpdhYk; me;jg; bghUspd; cz;ikg; bghUisf;
fhz;gJ mwpt[.
Jd;gk; mHpjy; :
Mir/ rpdk;/ mwpahik vd;w @d;iwa[k; mHpj;jhy; mjdhy; tUk; Jd;gKk; mHpa[k;
3. bghpahiuj; Jiznfhly; Fwpj;J ts;Sth; TWk; fUj;Jfis vGJf.
bgUk;ngW :
bghpnahiug; nghw;wpj; Jizahf;fpf; bfhs;Sjny bgUk;ngwhFk;.
 www.nammakalvi.org
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Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 137

ghJfhg;gw;w kd;dd; :
Fw;wk; fz;l ,lj;J ,oj;Jj; jpUj;Jk; bghpahhpd; ghJfhg;igj; njof; bfhs;shj kd;dd;
jd;idf; bfLf;fg; gifth;fs; ,y;iybadpDk; jhnd bfl;lHpthd;.
bghpnahh; el;igf; iftply; :
ew;gz;g[ila bghpnahhpd; el;igf; iftpLtjhdJ/ jdpbahUtdhf epd;W gifth;
gyiug; gifj;Jf; bfhs;tijf; fhl;oYk; gy kl=;F jPikiaj; jUk;.
4. bfhL=;nfhd;ik gw;wpa bra;jpiaf; TW.
Ml;rpajpfhuk; :
jd; Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijf; bfhz;L thp tpjpf;Fk; kd;ddJ brayhdJ/ nty; nghd;w
Ma[j=;fisf; fhl;o tHpgwp bra;gtdpd; braYf;F xg;ghdJ.
jd; ehl;il ,Hj;jy; :
jd; ehl;od; ed;ik/ jPikfis xt;bthU ehSk; Muha;e;J Ml;rp bra;ahj kd;dd; jd;
ehl;il ,Hf;f nehpLk;.
5. fz;nzhl;lk; Fwpj;J ts;Sth; TWk; fUj;Jf;fis vGJ.
,uf;fk; ,y;yhj fz;fs; :
ghlnyhL bghUe;jhj ,irahy; gad; xd;Wkpy;iy. mJnghy/ ,uf;fkpy;yh fz;fshy;
gad; xd;Wkpy;iy.
eLepiy :
eLepiyahff; flik jtwhky; ,uf;fk; fhl;LgtUf;F ,t;t[yfnk chpik cilajhFk;.
e+;ir cz;Qk; gz;ghsh; :
tpUk;gj; jFe;j ,uf;f ,ay;igf; bfhz;lth;fs;/ gpwuJ ed;ikf;fhf jdf;F e+;irf;
bfhLj;jhYk; cz;Qk; gz;ghsh; Mthh;.
6. xUtdJ bry;tk; gadw;wjha;g; nghtJ vg;nghJ>
gy nfhog; bghUs;fs; :
gpwUf;Fk; bfhLf;fhky; jhDk; mDgtpf;fhky; ,Ug;gth; gy nfhog; bghUs;fs;
bgw;wpUe;jhYk; mjdhy; gad; ,y;iy.
er;Rkuk; gGj;jJ :
gpwUf;F cjtp bra;ahjjhy; xUtuhYk; tpUk;gg;glhjth; bgw;w bry;tk; Chpd;
eLtpy; er;Rkuk; gGj;jJ nghd;wjhFk;.
7. jhshz;ik vd;Dk; jifikf;fz; j=;fpw;nw
ntshz;ik vd;Dk; brUf;F ? ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff.
,g;ghlypy; gapd;W tUk; mzp Vfnjr cUtf mzp.
 138 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 3

mzp ,yf;fzk; :
ftp+h; jhk; vLj;Jf; bfhz;l ,U bghUs;fspy; xd;wid kl;Lk; cUtfg;gLj;jp
tpl;L mjndhL bjhlh;g[ila kw;bwhd;wid cUtfg;gLj;jhky; tpLtJ Vfnjr
cUtf mzpahFk;.
tpsf;fk; :
tplhKaw;rp vd;w cah;gz;g[ bfhz;lth;fshy;jhd; gpwUf;F cjt[jy; vd;w
cah;e;j epiyia mila Koa[k; vd;gJ bghUs;. ,jpy;/ tplhKaw;rpia cah;gz;g[
vd cUtfg;gLj;jpa ftp+h; cjt[k; jd;ikia cah;e;jepiy vd cUtfg;gLj;jhky;
tpl;Ltpl;lhh;.
8. gz;vd;dhk; ghlw; fpiagpd;nwy; fz;vd;dhk;
fz;nzhl;lk; ,y;yhj fz; ? ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzpiaf; Twp tpsf;Ff.
,g;ghlypy; vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
mzp ,yf;fzk; :
ctik xU thf;fpakhft[k;/ ctnkak; xU thf;fpakhft[k; ctkcUg[ kiwe;J
tUtJ vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp MFk;.
tpsf;fk; :
ctik : ghlnyhL bghUe;jtpy;iy vdpy; ,irahy; gadpy;iy.
ctnkak; : ,uf;fk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; fz;fshy; gad; ,y;iy.
ctkcUg[ : nghy (kiwe;Jte;Js;sJ)
bghUj;jk; :ghlnyhL bghUe;jtpy;iy vdpy; ,irahy; gad; ,y;iy.
mJnghynt/ ,uf;fk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; fz;fshy; gad; ,y;iy.
9. fPH;f;fhQk; ghlypy; cs;s vJifr; brhw;fis vLj;bjGjp mof;nfhoLf.
1. gz;vd;dhk; ghlw; fpiagpd;nwy; ; fz;vd;dhk;
fz;nzhl;lk; ,y;yhj fz;.
tpil : g z;vd;dhk;/ fz;vd;dhk; ? rPh; vJif


gz;vd;dhk;
}
fz;nzhl;lk;
? mo vJif



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