Both Metric and Imperial units of measurement are supported.

Se soportan unidades de medida mtricas e imperiales.

Units of measurement
Unidades de medida
The following codes are supported:
Se admiten los siguientes cdigos: SABS 0100 - 2000 .
Codes of practice IS:456 - 2000 .
Cdigos de prctica
HK Concrete - 2004 .
Eurocode 2 - 2004 .
CP65 - 1999 .
BS 8110 - 1997 .
BS 8110 - 1985 .
AS3600 - 2001.
ACI 318 - 2005 .
ACI 318 - 1999 .
umn design modules design reinforced concrete columns subjected to axial force and bi-axial bending moment.
ulos de diseo de columna disean columnas de hormign armado sometidas a fuerza axial y momento de flexin bi-axial.
owing conditions apply to the design of rectangular and circular columns:
ientes condiciones se aplican al diseo de columnas rectangulares y circulares:
sign codes give simplified procedures for designing columns of which the ratio of the larger to the smaller dimension does not exceed 1 :4.
gos de diseo proporcionan procedimientos simplificados para el diseo de columnas cuya relacin entre la dimensin mayor y la dimensin ms pequea no exceda d
cedure used for the design of rectangular columns is applied to the design of
columns.
dimiento utilizado para el diseo de columnas rectangulares se aplica al diseo de columnas circulares.
nforcement layout is assumed to be symmetrical.
ne que el diseo del refuerzo es simtrico.
cement bending schedules can be generated for designed columns. Schedules can be opened in Padds for further editing and printing.
en generar esquemas de flexin de refuerzo para columnas diseadas. Los horarios se pueden abrir en Padds para editarlos e imprimirlos.
Design scope Alcance del diseo
The following text gives an overview ofthe theory and application ofthe design codes.
El siguiente texto ofrece una visin general de la teora y aplicacin de los cdigos de diseo.
Theory and application Teora y aplicacin
The design code symbols are used as far as possible:
Los smbolos de cdigo de diseo se utilizan en la medida de lo posible:
Rectangular column geometry
Geometra de columna rectangular
b Width of cross section, perpendicular to h (mm or in). This smaller colurnn dimension is taken parallel the X-axis.
Ancho de la seccin transversal, perpendicular a h (mm o In). Esta dimensin de columna ms pequea se toma paralelamente al
d'x Distance from the colurnn faceto the centre ofthe reinforcement resisting moments about the X-axis (mm or in).
Distancia de la cara de la columna al centro de los momentos de resistencia del refuerzo alrededor del eje X (mm o pulg.).
d'y Distance from the colurnn faceto the centre ofthe reinforcement resisting moments about the Y-axis (mm or in).
Distancia de la cara de la columna al centro de los momentos de resistencia del refuerzo alrededor del eje Y (mm o pulg.).
h Depth ofthe cross section (mm or in). This larger colurnn dimension is taken parallel the Y-axis.
Profundidad de la seccin transversal (mm o pulg.). Esta dimensin de columna ms grande se toma paralelamente al eje Y.
Circular column geometry
Geometra de la columna circular
d' Distance from the colurnn faceto the centre ofthe reinforcement (mm or in).
Distancia de la cara de la columna al centro de la armadura (mm o pulg).
Diameter of colurnn (mm or in).
Dimetro de la columna (mm o pulg.).
Effective lengths
Longitudes efectivas
x Effective length factor for bending about the X-axis
Factor de longitud efectivo para doblar alrededor del eje X
y Effective length factor for bending about the Y-axis
Factor de longitud efectivo para doblar alrededor del eje y
Material properties
Propiedades materiales
fcu Concrete cube strength (MPa or psi).
Resistencia del cubo de concreto (MPa o psi).
fy Reinforcement yield strength (MPa or psi).
Resistencia al lmite de refuerzo (MPa o psi).
Es Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement (GPa or ksi).
Mdulo de elasticidad del refuerzo (GPa o ksi).
Applied loads Cargas aplicadas
Mx top : Moment about the X-axis applied at the top end ofthe colurnn (kNm or kipft).
Ifleft blank, a value ofzero is used. A positive moment is taken anticlockwise.
Momento sobre el eje X aplicado en el extremo superior de la columna (kNm o kipft).
Si se deja en blanco, se utiliza un valor cero. Un momento positivo se toma en sentido antihorario
Mx bot Moment about the X-axis applied at the bottom (kNm or kipft).
Momento sobre el eje X aplicado en la parte inferior (kNm o kipft).
My top Moment about the Y-axis applied at the top (kNm or kipft). A positive moment is taken anti-clockwise.
Momento sobre el eje Y aplicado en la parte superior (kNm o kip ft). Se toma un momento positivo en el sentido contrario a las aguj
My bot Moment about the Y-axis applied at the bottom (kNm or kipft).
Momento sobre el eje Y aplicado en la parte inferior (kNm o kipft).
List of symbols
Lista de smbolos
 6-140 Column Design
Design output
Ac Gross concrete area (mm2 or in2).
Superficie bruta de hormign (mm2 o in2).
Ascx Area ofvertical reinforcement to resist the effective design moment about the X-axis (mm 2 or in2).
Ascy Area ofvertical reinforcement to resist the effective design moment about the Y-axis (mm 2 or in2).
b' Effective depth to reinforcement in shorter direction of rectangular column (mm or in).
h' Effective depth to reinforcement in longer direction of rectangular column (mm or in).
Lex Effective length for bending about the X-axis (mor ft).
Ley Effective length for bending about the X-axis (mor ft).
Madd Additional moment about the design axis of a circular column (kNm or kipft).
Madd x Additional slendemess moment about the X-axis dueto the column deflection
(kNm or kipft).
Madd y Additional moment about the Y-axis (kNm or kipft).
Mmin x Minimum design moment for bending about the X-axis (kNm or kipft).
Mmin y Minimum design moment about the Y-axis (kNm or kipft).
M, Design moment about the X-axis for rectangular column (kNm or kipft).
M, Design moment about the X-axis for rectangular column (kNm or kipft).
M' Design moment (kNm or kipft).
M', Effective uniaxial design moment about the X-axis for rectangular column (kNm or kipft).
M', Effective uniaxial design moment about the Y-axis for rectangular column (kNm or kipft).
P Axial force in the column (kN of kip ). A positive value denotes a downward compression force and a negative value an uplift for
Fuerza axial en la columna (kN de kip). Un valor positivo indica una fuerza de compresin hacia abajo y un valor negativo una fuerza de elevacin.
 6-142 Column Design
Column Design 6-141
Note: In the above expressions for maximum slendemess, h and b are taken as the larger and smaller column dimensions respectively.
ffective length of columns
e effective length or height of a column depends on its end conditions, i.e. the degree of fixity at each end. Four end condition categories are
nd condition 1: The end ofthe column is connected monolithically to beams or slabs that are deeper than the column dimension in the relevant
1.00 Pinned
nd condition 2: The end of the column is connected monolithically to beams or slabs which are shallower than the overall column dimension in Pinned
nd condition 3: The end of the column is connected to members that provide sorne nominal restraint. In the context ofthis program, this conditi
4 h 0.90 to 0.95 Fixed
nd condition 4: The end ofthe column has no lateral or rotational restraint, i.e. a free end of a cantilever column. In the context ofthis program,
10 :C:: 25b and b ;::>: - lo~--~60b
0.90 to 0.95 Pinned
e various codes generally suggest effective length factor, B, in line with the following:
h 2
100b Cantilevers Slendemess
Fixed
4
lendemess in a given plane is expressed as the ratio between the effective length and the column dimension in that plane. The slendemess li
L0 :C:: 60b and b ;::>: - 10 :C::0.75
60b to 0.85 Fixed Maximum
h braced frame (B:,; 1.0)
Column inAII
b h b h
and h < 10 k length
and < 10
h factor) k at the bottom at the top
Unbraced Column
M2 b h
6b(Effective h
End condition End condition
Short
les automatically calculate the effective length factors in relation to the specified end conditions. You may however manually adjust the effecti
and h < 17-7~ k and h < 15 k Braced
SABS 0100-1992 BS 8110 - 1997 Slenderness limit
olumns
articular plane if lateral stability to the structure as a whole is provided in that plan e. A column should otherwise be considered as un -braced.
ormally provided by means of shear walls or other bracing systems. Such bracing systems should be sufficiently stiff to attract and transmit h
2.2 Fixed Free
you to set independent bracing conditions for bending about the X and Y-axis ofrectangular columns.
N.A. Pinned
Pinned
1.6 to 1.8 Fixed
1.6 to 1.8 Pinned
Fixed
1.2 to 1.5 Fixed
Column in unbraced frame (B > 1.0)
The supported design codes have similar clauses with respect to bracing and end fixity conditions.
length factor) at the bottom at the top
ll (Effective Code requirements
End condition End condition
 Column Design 6-143
Tip: You can use the mouse to click on the column pictures and stretch certain dimensions, e.g. the column length.
1
Y-Y axis X-X axis
.. .. ..i---+---jt::-
&I i 1 fttt~-
t: 1
.. ..
n~ai~ fcu must be greater than 15 MPa fy must be ceete than 100 MPa
Errors:
Effeclive lenglh factors:
B, Jo15 E] lly Jo 75 E]
Bracing:
Braced XX
ElEl3J 1 :Fully fixed 3P'1!1:Fullyfi:.<ed
Encl conditions:
Top J 1 :Fully fixed Bol J 1 :Fully fixed
o:u:q Load case 1
Lo=5.0m
P' BracedY.Y
ly(MPa)
lcu(MPa)
Lo(m)
~1 Case no Desc,iption P (kN)
I I 1 M, top (kNm) 1 My top (kNm) 1 M, bot [kNm) 1 My bot(kNm) ISj d'>_(mm)
50 50 5.0
d',(mm)
b(mm)
l:l Reclangula, Column Desiqn S~ E'i
d CirCol modules have been simplified for the design of rectangular and circular columns. Entering a column's geometry input in either of th
Geometry input
The column definition has severa! input components:
Geometry and material properties.
Bracing conditions and fixity at the column ends.
Load cases.
Input
 6-144 Column Design
--. JN.Q.t Analysed M_Qdfied
TopJ2:Partial1y~ Bot j2:Pa1tially Fixed .EJ Effective length factor
O jo.85 ..:.J P Broced
End Condition
Lo(m) 10
1 fcu (MPa) 30
SABS01 00 - 1992
1 fy (MPa) 450
Load Case 1 0 0-~ Desig1 Parameters
IEs[GPa) 210
450 1E1
50
300
50 b 1,6
b 116
My bot(kNm) 11
50
~ General column desiqn Slil [t3
hape and henee has a reasonably intrieate 'J) & input proeedure. A eolumn seetion is entered as one or more shapes or polygons:
gorise the data that follows in the next eolumns:
e eoordinate must be entered in the X/Radios and Y/Angle eolumns. Ifyou leave either blank, a value of zero is used.
te must be entered in the X/Radios and Y/ Angle eolumns.
de eolumn blank, a line is drawn using relative eoordinates, i.e. measured from the previous eoordinate.
ank to make the following eoordinate absolute.
the last line orare. The are radius and angle are entered in the X/Radios and Y/Angle eolumns respeetively. The angle is measured cloekwi
 Column Design 6-145
Note: RecCol allows the bracing and end fixities to be set independently for bending about the X and Y-axis.
tions. For an explanation of the terms used, refer to page 6-141. The effective length factors are automatically adjusted in relation to the spec
Specifying bracing and fixity conditions
The following material property values are required:
Concrete cube strength, fcu (MPa or psi).
Reinforcement yield strength, fy (MPa or psi).
GenCol also requires a value for the modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement, 'J) C, Es (GPa or ksi).
Material properties input
If convenient, e.g. to simplify loading input, the colurnn can be rotated by entering an angle.
used for entering coordinates:
positive to the right and negative to the left.
ositive upward
atically used as the ending coordinate. Iftwo polygons intersect, the geometry ofthe last polygon takes preference and the previous polygon
e readability.
Note: Bar positions and diameters do not need to be entered when using RecCol and CirCol.
C A circle with the radius entered in the X/Radius column.
B A reinforcement bar with its diameter entered in the X/Radius column.
 6-146 Column Design
You can use as many lines as necessary to define a load case - all values applicable to a specific load case are added together.
[ Note: AII entered loads should be factored ultimate loads.
ot analysed j f SAB50100 1992 [Modlied
Y-Y axis X-X axis
1 O.O 90.0
#, T her e are no errors
Errors:
Top2:Partiallylixed :J 11:Fullyl~ed :J
Bol 11 :Fully lixed ..:J 11 :Fully lixed ..:J
++Jl Ei! ~
Effeclive lenglh factors:
30.0 Load case 3 :--. 270.0
Bx oso Encl conditions:
..:J By 075 ..:J r--
1 1 1111 1
lhr
r E
Bracing:
:op 1 1 1 1 1 11 Lj r,, Braced XX r,, Braced y.y
~
-t-
i 50 5.0 30 450 ly[MPa)
i 10 10

Sr
tt lcu[MPa)
10 ,4~ Lo(m)
fflE : ~
---+--'
p! ' ~-
l:J Reclangula, Column Desiqn l!!I~ El
ntered:
ach load case.
otes a compression force. The program <loes not automatically include the self-weight of the column. The self-weight should be calculated an
e sign for the top and bottom moments about an axis to define double-curvature about that axis.
Loads input
 Column Design 6-147
In the case of bi-axial bending, the moments are converted to an effective design moment about a single design axis.
The reinforcement required to resist the design moment is read from the applicable column design chart.
Using the same procedure, a design moment is derived about the axis perpendicular to the design axis. Reinforcement resi
~IIB"JI Q""' Jo.,;;,o;8Kl~Clia!YYl~~"''"''l~I
11 Endconditions .. MomentsaboutXXaxis(kNm) M ?O.O

~ fiffi#MffiiifiMffi
,; [SA.BS01001992

l -Y m i=--
.,..,.,
~ ~,~35.0
1~
Fullyfixed
oeerco Additional lnitial Braced
arecec lnitial Additional Des Ion Fullyfixed
Myadd/2=7.3 Mybot::5.0
given in the codes is applied. The column is evaluated at the top, middle and bottom and the critica! section identified as the section requ
'V
can be summarised as follows: ~ +
are constructed for bending about the X and Y-axis.

f 1
r, additional slendemess moments are calculated as required about a single or both axes.
Myadd/2:7.3 M>lop=10.0
the applied moments and additional moments are summed for each axis. My:18.5 Moments about y.y axis (kNm)
Full)'fixed
Endcondilions
...
Rectangular column design
different design approaches:
quired reinforcement for the column.
e entered reinforcement or calculates a single bar
d bar position.
additional moments are calculated for slender columns and automatically added to the applied moments. The design moment is taken to be
Design
 6-148 Column Design
/4 [B581101997 Unmodfied
he section properties are calculated and the colurnn slendemess evaluated.
or a slender colurnn, the additional slendemess moment is calculated and applied about the weak axis, i.e. axis of lowest second moment of i
he design moment and axis are determined by taking the
"O'"'"' ~
~ X
ff . tH
l
ir.,. D


- -r ---~--- ,lllcHllff JI
cope ofthe code requirements. The program therefore reverts to basic principles, e.g. strain compatibility and equilibrium, to analyse colurnns.
General column design
sign procedure for bi-axially bent slender colurnns tend to be conservative due to he codes' allowance for additional moment about both the
f~J~ 'jSABS0100-1992
Oeslgn Mybot=15.0 Maddl2=30
Addltional Fullyftxec! Braced
Moments abou!Y-Y axis (kNm) My::271.7
M'ytop=JO.O Madd/2=3'-7 Mmin:40.9
2044.01 2044.0
34.71 69.4 34.7
Designre:ubf01~case3(DLLL'y,I(.)
The same simplified design procedure as for rectangular columns is used. The major and minor colurnn dimensions, h and b,
1 1 Mdde I Bol.tom
The colurnn is evaluated at the top, middle and bottom and the critical section identified as the section requiring the greatest a
f.~
Mxbol=135.0 Madd/2=34.7
lnilial Addilional Desigl'l
Moments aboutX-Xaxis (kNm) Mx::271.7
Mxtop:270.0 Maddl2=34.7 Mmin:40.9
Endconc!llions Partiallyfixed
;
~
i
! Circular column design
+ J = !:
 Column Design 6-149
rences in the design procedures described above, GenCol will not yield identical results to RecCol and Circular Column Design modules w
vector sum of the applied and additional moments.
An iterative solution is obtained using strain compatibility and equilibrium as criteria. The simplified rectangular stress block given
 6-150 Column Design
use Gencol to define a column and then rotate it about any angle. Design charts can then be displayed for the resultant horizontal and vertic
Displaying design charts about other axes
Axial load=2060kN ;Moment=192 kNm
Bending moment (kNm)
-500
-1000
-1500
-2000
-2500
3500 3000 2500 ~v
L--"
-------=
.,...
1.--- V V
1500 1000

--- ------ ---

"C
:r,,.....- L--"
_2 500
--- --- --- --- --- ---
----
V--
--- ~--- --- --- ---
L--"
V
j
--- --- --- --- --- ~
--- --- ~ ---- --- ....---
--- ~-- ....---
V

--- --- ~-- ---

V .---- ..... L--" L--"
e---
g ~~ 1---f- ~ ~~ ~
~ ~ ~
~N ~ ~ ~~ ~ g @, ~ ~ ~~
/o o o o o o o
g~ L--" ~~ ~ V
V r--, ....._ o
------~ ~
ll
"1 :r----. -----r----. ---......._ -....._ ....._ r---..
------/ o o
-
r-- r----.
--- r-- ....._ - r----.
::---- r-.. I'-- '----- --.. ~ ....._ r----. ....._
Moment max= 492 kNm@494 kN Column design chart O<Xl
....._ - e-----
....._ t--... r-- -------- t--... ~ r--
r-- r--. r---..
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

-- -- -
-:,... e;,.:. r:-:- ..,_ r:-:- .,_
f!eipJ r-- ~ - r--.
_.._,.011x

-- --- ---
- ....._ ,
'V "'-' 'V 'V&
__ ----- --- r--
r---..
The column design charts can be displayed for the specified column geometry and material properties: ....._
-
Rectangular columns: Separate charts are given for bending about the X and Y-axis for various percentages of reinforcement. :
Circular columns: Due to axial symmetry, a single design chart is shown.
General columns: Separate charts are given for bending about the X and Y-axis.
Design charts
 Column Design 6-151
Calcpad, you can later recall the design by double-clicking the relevant object in Calcpad. A data file embedded in Calcpad is saved as part
Recalling a data file
[ Tip: You can embed the Data File in the calcsheet for easy recalling from Calcpad.
Cancel
Assumptions:
r,;' Data Fie O Input Tables
(1) The general e, (2) The section is (3) The specified (4) The design ax
P' Design Calculations [Critica! Load Case)
fJ T abl.Jar Summary of Design Resub (Al Load Cases]
P' l~~!~~~~~--~~~(_t~
Therefore:
Ac = b d = 0.11 h' = h d'x = 410 b' = h - d'y = 180
General design parameters: unn
Given: Q
h = 460 mm b = 230 mm d'x = 50 mm d'y = 50 mm Lo= 5.000 m fcu = 30 MPa fy = 450 MPa
C11 Rectangular column design by PROKON. (RecCol VerW0.98~ . 28 Aug 1998)
~
11 Reclangular Column Desiqn Slil IF3
rouped on a calcsheet for printing or sending to Calcpad. The different column design modules allow various settings, including design charts
Calcsheets
 6-152 Column Design
Lap length factor for
main bars. ~od--jSABsmoo 1992 __, /4

General columns: Main bar diameters are defined in the initial input. The shape code can be selected for ea
!ce
SECTION

Main bars (high yield steel is assumed):
Rectangular columns:
Bar diameter for the comer bars and the number and diameter of the intermediate bars in the horizontal and vertical faces of a recta
lap Lerq.h facior (Laplen/ma~ da) 145
Fi-stbarmark
Circular columns: The diameter and number of main bars. It is generally assumed good practice to use at least six bars .

[Analy,-_,--jBS8110-199i
Diameler[ffl) 32
..,;-.
LevelMbottom[rrm) O
Levelattop(mm] 5000
lrkdiameteranclspacr,g A10@Jll
]
.
Ln<twe......oei(see14below) 3
Schedule file name: Name of the Padds drawing and schedule file .
SECTIONmm Coveroniri<s30 Cov.!ron.-..s(mm) XI
Diamelero/eornerMl,(mm) ~fo.dmiddebarsabo<AX;><
o J-R10-flieliri:s Laplerqhfaciol(Laplen/ma~bardia) 45--
6 14 +2T32-B
./Doubles.etolliri:s
., 1
schei:UefileName

r--
IAcob_!__
Fistbarmark
/ No.o/middebars~YY
Diametei[mm') A 40

on your initial input and the design results, initial values are chosen for the reinforcement. Change the values to suit your detailing requirem
l~(Ehhh/A) E
ired information: ,,
Generating a bending schedule
Reinforcement bending schedules can be generated for designed columns. Bending schedules can be edited and printed using Padds.
Detailing
 Column Design 6-153
displayed link layouts.
or in).
or the first main bar. You may use any alphanumeric string of up to five characters, e.g. 'A', '01' or 'AOl'. The mark is incremented automaticall
lf A4 is selected, the drawing is scaled to fit on a full page and the accompanying schedule on a separate page. The AS selection will scale th
ngs should be made:
this option to make the column bars continuous and have it detailed with a splice at the top. lfthis option is disabled the column is detailed wit
starter bars are generated instead of complete column bars.
led, a set of double links is provided at the position of the main bar kinks. Circular columns are detailed with straight bars, removing the need
Padds bending schedule with the entered settings. To discard all changes you have made and revert to the default values for the designed co
spacing and choose between using 'V circular or spiral links.
follow the prompts to indicate the link
'V & coordinates. Available shape codes include '35' (normally used for holding intermediate bars in p
ircular columns).

Level at the bottom ofthe column (mor ft).
Level at the top of the column or, in the case of starter bars, at the top of the base (mor ft).
Links:
Rectangular columns: Entera link diameter and spacing, e.g. 'Rl0@200, and choose a 'V C. link layouts. Link type '2' should only be used
Note: To ensure that the amount of reinforcement supplied is not less than the amount required, the relevant values are shown i
 6-154 Column Design
y, combine the column drawing and schedule onto one or more pages using the Title Block and Print command on the bending schedule win
Note: The bottom left block is reserved for your company logo and should be set up as described in the Padds User's Guide.
re done with Padds. For this, follow the steps below:
le-click the relevant file name. The file will be opened and displayed in two cascaded widows. The active windows will contain the drawing oft
diting or adding bars and adding construction notes.
e cutting list to bring it to the front.
ons:
ber column to enter a member description, e.g. 'COLUMN TYPE 5'.
to the bottom of the bending schedule page and enter the detailers name, reference drawing number etc.
bending schedule title in the centre block at the bottom ofthe bending schedule.
the bottom right comer defaults to the file name, e.g. 'COLUMN5.PAD'. The schedule number can be edited as required to suit your numberi
Editing and printing of bending schedules