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Grammar Appendix
Grammar Appendix
NDICE
88 eighty-eight
PGINA
El Present Simple
89
El imperativo
89
90
90
El Present Continuous
90
91
91
El comparativo
91
91
El superlativo
92
El Past Simple
92
Used to
93
Had better
93
El Past Continuous
94
94
95
96
96
97
97
98
98
99
Have to
99
99
El primer condicional
100
El segundo condicional
100
El tercer condicional
100
A P E N D I C E G R A M AT I C A L
EL PRESENT SIMPLE
Afirmativa
TRADUCCIn
canto
sing
you
cantas
he
l canta
she
sings
ella canta
it
canta
we
cantamos
you
sing
cantis
they
cantan
FORMA CONTRADA
do not work
you
you
he
dont work
he
she
she
it
it
we
we
do not work
you
they
you
doesnt work
dont work
they
Do
I
you
he
Does she
Do
speak?
AFIRMATIVA / NEGATIVA
we
they
Traduce.
1. I go to the beach every day in the summer.
2. She doesnt know my name.
3. Do you live in Manchester?
4. When do you usually go on holiday?
5. Does Paul work at the weekend?
it
you
EL IMPERATIVO
Solo se usa en afirmativa y negativa. Nunca lleva sujeto
ni tiene forma interrogativa. Se construye con la forma
base del verbo y expresa rdenes e indicaciones.
Read the text, please. (Lee el texto, por favor.)
eighty-nine
89
A P E N D I C E G R A M AT I C A L
EJERCICIO
NEGATIVA
Traduce.
I am not playing
Im not playing
he
he
she
4. Dont be sad.
it
it
we
we
you
Am I
Are you
Traduce.
1. My brother likes chocolate.
2. I like playing football.
3. Mary doesnt like your skirt.
4. My friends like buying clothes.
5. Do you like swimming?
EL PRESENT CONTINUOUS
FORMA CONTRADA
I am driving
Im driving
youre driving
he
he
is driving
she
it
it
we
we
you
they
90 ninety
are driving
you
they
paying?
he
Is she
afirmativa / negativa
paying?
it
we
Are you
they
paying?
EJERCICIO
she
arent playing
they
INTERROGATIVA
Afirmativa
you
isnt playing
Respuestas breves
she
is not playing
they
FORMA CONTRADA
s driving
re driving
A P E N D I C E G R A M AT I C A L
EJERCICIO
Traduce.
1. Sue hates snakes.
2. I dont remember your address.
3. Does she own a company?
4. I see your sister every day.
EJERCICIO
Traduce.
1. I am reading a book at the moment.
2. She is playing the piano now.
3. What is Jim watching on TV?
4. They arent talking right now.
5. Are you telling me something?
Traduce.
1. It often rains in England.
2. Is James writing a letter?
3. Do you usually drink milk in the morning?
4. Sarah isnt having a salad.
5. Do you read the newspaper every day?
EL COMPARATIVO
Lo utilizamos para comparar dos cosas o personas.
Si una supera a la otra en algn aspecto, usamos
el comparativo de superioridad (ms ... que). Para
formarlo debemos tener en cuenta que:
- Si el adjetivo tiene 1 slaba, o 2 y termina en y, se
considera corto y le aadimos la terminacin -er.
Luego se aade la partcula than.
Your horse is faster than mine.
(Tu caballo es ms rpido que el mo.)
- Si el adjetivo tiene 2 slabas o ms, es largo, as que
le anteponemos more y tambin aadimos than.
This blouse is more elegant than that T-shirt.
(Esta blusa es ms elegante que esa camiseta.)
Muchos adjetivos cortos cambian algunas letras al
aadirles la terminacin -er; por eso hay que saber
aplicar las siguientes reglas:
- Los acabados en e muda solo aaden la r.
wide - wider
nice - nicer
- Los de 1 slaba acabados en 1 vocal +
1 consonante doblan esa consonante.
thin - thinner
big - bigger
- Los de 2 slabas acabados en consonante + y
cambian la y por una i.
happy - happier easy - easier
- Los acabados en l doblan esta letra.
cruel - crueller
EJERCICIO
Traduce.
ninety-one
91
A P E N D I C E G R A M AT I C A L
EJERCICIO
Traduce.
1. Tom is the youngest person in his family.
2. This is the most difficult exam of the year.
3. Yours is the farthest house of all.
4. Sally isnt the tallest girl in her class.
5. Which is the most expensive item in the shop?
EJERCICIO
EL SUPERLATIVO
Se usa para comparar ms de dos cosas o personas y
decir que una destaca sobre las dems.
Igual que en el comparativo, debemos tener en cuenta
lo siguiente sobre el adjetivo:
- Si es corto, le aadimos la terminacin -est segn las
mismas reglas que usamos para formar el comparativo
con -er (ver pg. 91) y siempre se pone el artculo the
delante del adjetivo.
This is the hottest summer in history.
(Este es el verano ms caluroso de la historia.)
- Si es largo, solo le ponemos delante the most.
Jane was the most important person for him.
(Jane fue la persona ms importante para l.)
El superlativo puede ir seguido de las preposiciones on,
of e in.
It was the funniest joke of all.
(Fue el chiste ms gracioso de todos.)
This is the most beautiful car in the world.
(Este es el coche ms bonito del mundo.)
EL PAST SIMPLE
Afirmativa
record / recordaba
you
recordaste / recordabas
he
record / recordaba
she
it
remembered
record / recordaba
record / recordaba
we
recordamos / recordbamos
you
recordasteis / recordabais
they
recordaron / recordaban
NEGATIVA
FORMA CONTRADA
you
you
he
he
Adjetivo
Comparativo
Superlativo
good (bueno/a)
better than
the best
bad (malo/a)
worse than
the worst
little (poco/a)
less than
the least
it
farther /
the farthest /
we
we
further than
furthest
you
you
they
they
far (lejos)
TRADUCCIN
92 ninety-two
she
she
it
didnt stay
A P E N D I C E G R A M AT I C A L
Did
aFIRMATIVA / NEGATIVA
you
he
she
it
watch?
we
you
they
Traduce.
1. They saw the new student an hour ago.
2. I didnt find her house.
3. Did you watch TV last night?
4. Peter studied biology.
5. Did they meet their teacher yesterday?
USED TO
Es una forma verbal que no tiene presente, sino solo
pasado; expresa costumbres y situaciones que eran
habituales en otro tiempo y ya no lo son. Se traduce por
soler en pretrito imperfecto, o no lo traducimos y
ponemos el verbo que lo sigue en pretrito imperfecto.
HAD BETTER
Had better (o la contraccin d better) se utiliza
para decir lo que creemos que se debera hacer, dar
un consejo o una opinin de forma muy coloquial.
Esta construccin no suele usarse en interrogativa. En
afirmativa, se pone el sujeto y despus had better +
el verbo en la forma base. Significa Es mejor que +
un verbo en presente de subjuntivo.
You had better (Youd better) have a rest.
(Es mejor que te tomes un descanso.)
En negativa, se pone had better + not + el verbo en
la forma base.
You had better (Youd better) not touch
those buttons.
(Es mejor que no toques esos botones.)
Por otra parte, had better se utiliza tambin para
expresar una advertencia. En ese caso, equivale a
expresiones como Ser mejor que..., Ms vale
que....
You had better (Youd better) make your bed
now! (Ser mejor que hagas la cama ahora!)
You had better (Youd better) not lose your
watch! (Ms vale que no pierdas el reloj!)
ninety-three
93
A P E N D I C E G R A M AT I C A L
EJERCICIO
Respuestas breves
INTERROGATIVA
Was I
Were you
talking?
it
we
Were you
EL PAST CONTINUOUS
I was sleeping
you were sleeping
he
was sleeping
she
it
we
you
were sleeping
they
FORMA CONTRADA
I wasnt jumping
he
he
she
she
it
it
we
we
you
they
wasnt jumping
werent jumping
94 ninety-four
they
talking?
Afirmativa
he
Was she
afirmativa / negativa
Traduce.
1. Tim was studying at three oclock.
2. We werent dancing last night.
3. Were you talking on the phone an hour ago?
4. Was he reading that book yesterday?
5. What was she cooking while you were ironing?
A P E N D I C E G R A M AT I C A L
EJERCICIO
Respuestas breves
Traduce.
Interrogativa
Have
Has
I
you
he
she
he
she
watched?
we
you
they
NEGATIVA
I
you
havent saved
he
has (s) saved
I
you
it
Have
aFIRMATIVA / NEGATIVA
she
it
it
we
we
you
they
they
hasnt saved
havent saved
ever
never
frases interr.
alguna vez
frases neg.
nunca, jams
frases afirm.
nunca
just
frases afirm.
acabar de
yet
frases neg.
todava, an
frases interr. ya
for
durante
since
desde
Traduce.
1. I have just sent her a postcard.
2. My mother hasnt bought any onions.
3. Have you already gone to their restaurant?
4. He has never worked at a bank.
5. We havent visited Meg yet.
ninety-five
95
A P E N D I C E G R A M AT I C A L
have not
been living
you
he
she
it
we
Traduce.
2. I have just finished my homework.
3. Did you meet Liam at the party?
they
Interrogativa
Afirmativa
he
she
I
you
ve been trying
he
has been trying
she
it
it
we
we
you
they
they
s been trying
ve been trying
96 ninety-six
he
she
it
havent been
living
hasnt been
living
havent been
living
Respuestas breves
Have
you
we
have not been
you
living
they
you
you
EJERCICIO
FORMA CONTRADA
NEGativa
Have
aFIRMATIVA / NEGATIVA
you
he
she
been
it
we
you
they
Traduce.
1. Hes been preparing lunch all morning.
2. They have been living in London for five years.
3. Have you been going to class all week?
4. I havent been working since last year.
5. Has your sister been travelling too much lately?
A P E N D I C E G R A M AT I C A L
FORMA CONTRADa
you
you
he
he
she
she
will send
it
it
ll send
Traduce.
we
we
you
you
they
they
you
you
he
he
will not learn
it
she
it
we
we
you
you
they
they
wont learn
Respuestas breves
Interrogativa
aFIRMATIVA / NEGATIVA
FORMA CONTRADa
I am going to buy
Im going to buy
he
he
is going
she
Will
FORMA CONTRADa
she
to buy
it
we
are going
you
to buy
they
s going
she
to buy
it
we
re going
you
to buy
they
FORMA CONTRADA
you
he
he
she
she
it
we
we
you
you
they
they
it
go ... ?
is not going
to see
he
she
it
we
they
isnt going
to see
arent going
to see
ninety-seven
97
A P E N D I C E G R A M AT I C A L
Respuestas breves
INTERROGATIVA
aFIRMATIVA / NEGATIVa
Traduce.
Am I going to run?
he
Is she
it
we
Are you
they
going to
run?
going to
run?
CAN
Se utiliza para expresar habilidad (saber), posibilidad
(poder) y, en preguntas, para pedir permiso o favores.
Es un verbo modal y por tanto especial, ya que no
aade -s en la 3 persona del singular y siempre va
seguido de otro verbo en la forma base.
Paul can swim. (Paul sabe nadar.)
I can go out tonight. (Puedo salir esta noche.)
En negativa solo se le aade not, sin separacin
(cannot), o se usa la forma contrada cant.
He cannot / cant speak Russian.
(No sabe hablar ruso.)
En las preguntas hay que poner can delante del sujeto
y en las respuestas breves se usa el pronombre sujeto
seguido de can o cant.
Can I play on the computer? Yes, you can.
(Puedo jugar en el ordenador? S.)
EJERCICIO
EJERCICIO
Traduce.
Traduce.
MUST
EJERCICIO
98 ninety-eight
A P E N D I C E G R A M AT I C A L
EJERCICIO
EJERCICIO
Traduce.
Traduce.
SHOULD
HAVE TO
Traduce.
1. She should buy more food.
2. They shouldnt come by plane.
3. He should tell us the truth.
EJERCICIO
Traduce.
1. I have to finish these exercises.
CAN / COULD
ninety-nine
99
A P E N D I C E G R A M AT I C A L
EJERCICIO
EJERCICIO
Traduce.
1. He musnt smoke inside the school.
EL PRIMER CONDICIONAL
Las condicionales son oraciones compuestas por una
proposicin subordinada que expresa la condicin
(conditional clause) y una principal que indica el
resultado (result clause). No importa el orden en que
se coloquen las proposiciones, pero si la condicin va
primero se suele poner una coma entre ambas.
If you win the race, youll get the prize.
(Si ganas la carrera, conseguirs el premio.)
Hell catch the bus if he hurries up.
(Coger el autobs si se da prisa.)
En el primer condicional usamos if + Present Simple en
la condicin y un verbo con will en el resultado. Expresa
qu ocurrir si se cumple la condicin sealada.
If they dont come, my mother wont be happy.
(Si no vienen, mi madre no estar contenta.)
She will call me if she needs help.
(Me llamar si necesita ayuda.)
EJERCICIO
EL SEGUNDO CONDICIONAL
Se usa if + Past Simple en la condicin y would +
el verbo en la forma base en el resultado. Expresa
condiciones hipotticas referidas al presente, es
decir, que es poco probable que ocurran; por eso lo
traducimos como un pretrito imperfecto de subjuntivo.
If he earned enough money, he would buy a car.
(Si ganara suficiente dinero, se comprara un coche.)
EL TERCER CONDICIONAL
Se forma con if + Past Perfect en la condicin y
would have + participio en el resultado. En este caso
la condicin es totalmente imposible, pues se refiere al
pasado y ya no puede realizarse.
You would have passed the exam if you had
studied harder. (Habras aprobado el examen si
hubieras estudiado ms.)
EJERCICIO