Ingles

NDICE
Leccin 1
Artculo determinado e indeterminado
pag 3 a 7
Leccin 2
Los pronombres sujeto y objeto
pag 8 a 9
Leccin 3
El verbo to be y have got
pag 10 a 11
Leccin 4
Estructura de la oracion
pag 12 a 13
Leccin 5
Adjetivos y pronombres posesivos
pag 14 a 16
Leccin 6
Numerales: cardinales y ordinales
pag 17 a 18
Leccion 7
Los demostrativos
pag 19
Leccin 8
Los sustantivos y la formacin del plural
pag 20 a 22
Leccin 9
Los adjetivos
pag 23 a 32
Leccin 10
El presente simple
pag 33 a 36
Leccin 11
El presente continuo
pag 37 a 39
Leccin 12
Los Adverbios
pag 40 a 49
Leccin 13
El pasado simple
pag 43 a 49
Leccin 14
El pasado continuo
pag 50 a 51
Leccin 15
Pronombres interrogativos
pag 52 a 53
Leccin 16
Los pronombres relativos
pag 54 a 56
Leccin 17
Los indefinidos
pag 57 a 60
Leccin 18
Las preposiciones de tiempo
pag 61 a 62
Leccin 19
Las preposiciones de lugar
pag 63 a 65
Leccin 20
El presente perfecto
pag 66 a 68
Leccin21
El infinitivo de finalidad
pag 69 a 70
Leccin 22
El futuro
pag 71 a 74
Leccin 23
So y Such
pag 75
Leccin 24
El pasado perfecto
pag 76
Leccion 25
Expresar obligacin
pag 77
Leccin 26
Expresar habilidad y permiso
pag 78
Leccin 27
Expresar certeza y posibilidad
pag 79
Leccin 28
La primera condicional
pag 80 a 81
Leccin 29
La segunda condicional
pag 82 a 83
Leccin 30
La tercera condicional
pag 84 a 85
Leccin 31
Los falsos amigos
pag 86 a 87
Leccin 32
El estilo indirecto o reported speech
pag 88 a 94
Leccin 33
Carta comercial
pag 95 a 97
Leccin 34
Llamadas telefonicas
pag 98 a 100
Leccin 35
Redaccion de e-mails
pag 101
Leccin 36
Make o do cal debo usar?
pag 102 a 103
Leccin 37
La
pag 104 a 106
Leccin 38
Los cuantificadores
pag 107
Leccion 39
Errores comunes
Pag 108 a 109
Leccion 40
Expresar sugerencias, permiso licencia
Pag 110 a 119
voz
pasiva
LECCION 1 ARTICULO DETERMINADO
(de, d)
the
el, la, los, las
El ingls tiene una sola forma de artculo determinado: the man, el hombre; the girls,
las chicas.
1. Este artculo no se contrae con ninguna preposicin: The door of the hall, la puerta
del vestbulo.
2. Su pronunciacin presenta diferencias:
a) Antes de consonante se pronuncia de: the lamp, la lmpara (de lmp)
b) Antes de vocal se pronuncia di: the enemy, el enemigo (di nemi)
3. Se omite:
a) Con sustantivos contables en plural cuando se habla en sentido general: I love
flowers and birds, amo las flores y los pjaros; Elephants can't fly, los elefantes no
vuelan.
b) Con sustantivos incontables cuando se refieren a una sustancia o a una idea en
general: I like cheese (pop music, etc.), me gusta el queso (la msica popular, etc.).
c) Con las partes del cuerpo y los objetos de uso personal. En su lugar se utilizan los
adjetivos posesivos (my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their): Give me your hand,
dame la mano; He put his tie on, se puso la corbata; He lost his glasses, perdi los
anteojos.
d) Delante de plurales: Boys like to play soccer, a los muchachos les gusta jugar
ftbol.
e) Delante de nombres de materia: Glass is transparent, el cristal es transparente.
f) Delante de nombres de juegos y comidas: Soccer is very popular, el ftbol es muy
popular; We have tea at 5 o'clock, tomamos el t a las 5.
g) Delante de los nombres de las estaciones del ao y los das de la semana: Winter in
Bariloche is wonderful, el invierno en Bariloche es fantstico; I am giving a party next
Sunday, doy una fiesta el domingo prximo.
h) Delante de nombres abstractos: Life is beautiful, la vida es hermosa (pero, en
cambio: The life of Napoleon, la vida de Napolen).
i) Con nombres propios y ttulos seguidos de nombres: King Louis, el rey Luis; Queen
Elizabeth II, La Reina Isabel II.
j) Cuando un sustantivo propio se presenta precedido por el artculo the, indica que el
mismo se usa con carcter de sustantivo comn: He is the Leonardo of today, es el
Leonardo de hoy.
k) No llevan artculo tampoco los nombres de las estaciones, idiomas, fiestas (tomados
en sentido general) y deportes: I like Spring, me gusta la primavera; I speak Spanish,
hablo el castellano; I like Christmas, me gusta la Navidad; Can you play tennis?
Sabes jugar al tenis?
ARTICULO INDETERMINADO
(e, en)
a - an
uno, una
El ingls tiene una sola forma de artculo indeterminado: a book, un libro; a table, una
mesa.
1. Adopta la forma an delante de palabras que empiezan con sonido voclico: an
apple, una manzana; an orange, una naranja.
2. Existen, no obstante, palabras que empezando con vocal piden el artculo a por
presentar esa vocal un sonido semivoclico: a University, una universidad; a European
magazine, una revista europea.
3. Existen 4 palabras que comienzan con h muda y llevan el artculo an: an hour, una
hora; an heir, un heredero; an honour, un honor; an honest boy, un muchacho
honesto. Para los derivados de estas 4 palabras se aplica la misma regla.
4. El plural o, si se quiere, la idea de varios, se expresa con los indefinidos some y any:
I see some books, veo unos libros.
5. En general, se corresponde el uso del artculo indeterminado en ingls y en
castellano. Sin embargo, hay casos en que el castellano lo omite y el ingls no, como
en nombres de religin, nacionalidad y profesin: Helen is a catholic, Elena es catlica;
George is an Englishman, Jorge es ingls; Charles is a doctor, Carlos es doctor.
LOS ARTCULOS: 7 PUNTOS PARA RECORDAR
Estas siete reglas bsicas te ayudarn a utilizar correctamente los artculos:
REGLA 1
No se utiliza el artculo con nombres de pases, continentes, ciudades, lagos, montaas y

calles. Sin embargo existen algunas excepciones a esta regla, por ejemplo: the United
States, the Netherlands, the Philippines:
Europe, Africa, New York, Buenos Aires, Lake Michigan, Lake Geneva,
Mont Blanc, Mount Aconcagua, Fifth Avenue, Florida Street.
Pero utilizamos el artculo con estos lugares geogrficos: nombres de ros, canales,
ocanos, mares y cordilleras o cordones montaosos:
the Amazon, the Parana, the Panama Canal, the Atlantic,
the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean, the Andes, the Alps, the Himalayas.
REGLA 2
No se utiliza el artculo para referirse a sustantivos no contables (o sustantivos contables

en plural) de una manera indefinida.
the advice (el consejo)
no es correcto
the love (el amor, el cario)
no es correcto
the letters (las cartas)
no es correcto
Pero, sin embargo, utilizamos el artculo 'THE' en la estructura 'THE' + noun + a

phrase para indicar a quin o a qu nos estamos refiriendo especficamente:
the advice of a counsellor
the love (that) Martha gave her children
the letters on Manuel's desk.
REGLA 3
No se utiliza el artculo en ciertas frases preposicionales con 'instituciones' (por ejemplo.

church (iglesia), college (colegio), home (hogar), hospital (hospital), prison (crcel),
school (escuela), university (universidad):
My wife's in
hospital.
They go to
church every Sunday.
He's in
prison for armed robbery.
Go to
bed immediately!!
En los ejemplos anteriores estamos pensando en la funcin de la institucin. Pero
cuando cuando pensamos en la institucin como lugar especfico, entonces utilizamos el
artculo 'THE':
Susan's in the hospital round the corner.
I want to go to the church where the poet is buried.
The conditions in the old prison were really bad.
Don't put your shoes on the bed.
REGLA 4
No se utiliza el artculo con nombres de persona:

Jane Fonda, Dr Valladares, Pope Paul.
Pero utilizamos el artculo 'THE' para enfatizar que alguien o algo es el ms famoso de
su especie o categora:
You mean the Jane Fonda?
Asimismo utilizamos el artculo 'THE' con ttulos de persona:
the Pope, the doctor, the Emperor of Japan.
Utilizamos los artculos 'A' o 'AN' con trabajos y profesiones (un aspecto gramatical que
muchos hispano-parlantes no suelen recordar):
Sandra is a doctor, Mike is an engineer.
REGLA 5
No se utiliza el artculo para referirse a sustantivos contables en plural, pero utilizamos

la estructura 'THE' + an adjective para generalizarl:
the old, the handicapped, the homeless, the Argentinians, the Chileans.
REGLA 6
No se utiliza el artculo con determinadas expresiones de tiempo:

at night, at sunset, before sunrise, after sunrise.
Pero con muchas expresiones de tiempo comunes, utilizamos el artculo 'THE':
in the morning/ the afternoon/ the evening, in the past, at the moment.
REGLA 7
No se utiliza el artculo cuando hacemos referencia al nombre de un deporte:

I don't like tennis, Do you play football?
Pero utilizamos el artculo 'THE' para referirnos a instrumentos musicales:
Jorge Essen plays the piano beautifully.
The A, An and The Exercise
Fill the gaps with a, an or the.

1 Excuse me. Have you got ______ time?
2 I want ______ new printer for Christmas.
3 I was four the first time I saw ______ elephant.
4 I spoke to ______ boss this morning about having next Friday off.
5 It was ______ exciting movie.
6 She had ______ boiled egg for breakfast.
7 Have ______ nice day.
8 Where did you buy ______ oranges?
9 ______ apple a day keeps the doctor away.
10 ______ avalanche killed four skiers in Austria today.
11 ______ huge ape ran out of the forest and stole my picnic hamper.
12 Can you tell me ______ way to the post office, please?
13 My students like to do their activity books lying on ______ floor.
14 Samantha's bought a new car. It's ______ red one, parked next to that motorbike.
15 I like this jumper but it's brown. Have you got it in ______ different colour?
16 It's such ______ nice day that I think I'll go and read my book in the park.
17 ______ River Thames flows right through the middle of London.
18 I saw ______ eagle hovering high above the valley.
The Definite or Zero Article Exercise

Fill the gaps with the correct answer in brackets.
1
I'm tired. I'm going to ______________. ( the bed / bed )
Blast! I forgot to go to ______________. ( the bank / bank )
I hate going to ______________, don't you? ( the church / church )
I'm nervous because I've got to go to ______________. ( the dentist / dentist )
I loved being at ______________. ( the university / university )
We need to be at ______________ in an hour. ( the airport / airport )
I normally watch ______________ after dinner. ( the TV / TV )
I listen to ______________ in the morning. ( the radio / radio )
All politicians should be sent to ______________. ( the prison / prison )
10
Her husband got home early from ______________. ( the work / work )
11
I'm having ______________ at Begonya's tonight. ( the dinner / dinner )
12
I love ______________. ( the cheese / cheese )
13
Have you seen ______________ in the new delicatessen? ( the cheese / cheese )
14
Why didn't someone tell me he was in ______________? ( the hospital / hospital )
15
He lives somewhere in ______________ Germany. ( the southern / southern )
16
That pub is somewhere in ______________ of the city. ( the north / north )
17
Holistic medicine is practised by ______________. ( the Chinese / Chinese )
18
I love ______________ food. ( the Chinese / Chinese )
19
HMV is in ______________ Street. ( the Oxford / Oxford )
20
We met for drinks in The Lamb and Flag near ______________ Garden. ( the Covent /
Covent )
LECCIN 2 LOS PRONOMBRES SUJETO Y OBJETO

PRONOMBRES SUJETO
(i)
I
(i)
you
(j)
he
(sh) she
(it)
it
(u)
we
(i)
you
(di) they
Yo
tu, usted
l
Ella
ello (para cosas)
nosotros, nosotras
ustedes, vosotros, vosotras
ellos, ellas
1. En castellano existe el sujeto tcito (Como una manzana) pero en ingls el sujeto
debe expresarse siempre y precede al verbo: I eat an apple every day, (yo) como una
manzana a diario.
2. Slo puede suprimirse el pronombre con el imperativo, pues se sobreentiende que
va dirigido a la persona o personas que lo escuchan: Come here!, ven aqu! vengan
aqu!
PRONOMBRES OBJETO (complemento directo o indirecto)

(m)
(i)
(jm)
(jer)
(it)
(as)
(i)
(dm)
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
me, a m
te, a ti, a usted
le, a l
le, a ella
le, a ello (para cosas)
nos, a nosotros, a nosotras
les, a ustedes; a vosotros, a vosotras
les, a ellos, a ellas
1. El pronombre objetivo tiene funcin de complemento de un verbo o una preposicin:

Mary met him here
Mary lo encontr aqu (complemento de verbo)
Mary came with him
Mary vino con l (complemento de preposicin)
2. Si el verbo tiene dos complementos (CD: complemento directo; CI: complemento
indirecto), la frase tiene dos formas posibles de construccin:
V + CD + to + CI = I give an apple to him, Le doy una manzana a l.
V + CI + CD = I give him an apple, Le doy a l una manzana.
The Subject and Object Pronoun Exercise

Replace all the nouns with pronouns.
1
Tony saw that girl yesterday.

_________________________________________________ .
Sarah and I had lunch with Nicola and Michael.

_________________________________________________ .
Can you lend Billy and me the car?

_________________________________________________ .
I saw you and Andy at the disco.

_________________________________________________ .
Alison kissed Billy.

_________________________________________________ .
Susana gave the letter to her mother.

_________________________________________________ .
Billy phoned Alison.

_________________________________________________ .
The dog chased the postman and the milkman.

_________________________________________________ .
Alison and I love Billy and Tommy.

_________________________________________________ .
10
Sally and Susana don't like cheese.

_________________________________________________ .
LECCIN 3 EL VERBO TO BE Y HAVE GOT

9
Sintaxis afirmativa /negativa: sujeto +verbo /not
I am /not tall
It is /not tall
You are /not tall
We are /not tall
He is /not tall
You are /not tall
She is /not tall
They are /not tall
Sintaxis interrogativa: verbo + sujeto ?
am I tall?
is it tall?
are you tall?
are we tall?
is he tall ?
are you tall?
is she tall ?
are they tall?
Sintaxis afirmativa /negativa: sujeto +verbo /not
I have(not) got
It has(not) got
You have(not) got
We have(not) got
He has (not) got
You have(not) got
She has(not) got

have I got?
They have(not) got

Has it got?
Have you got?
Have we got?
has he got?
Have you got?
Has she got?
Have they got?
Sintaxis interrogativa: verbo + sujeto + got?
HAVE can be a full verb

1. in causative forms
ex: I didn't have my hair cut there, it's too expensive
2. when HAVE means different things, depending on the object, as in
ex: What do you have for breakfast ? (=tomar para desayunar)
ex: She had a cigarrette and went back to smoke(=fum un cigarrillo y volvi a
fumar).
3. in both cases, it functions like a full verb in all aspects and takes do, does, did
for negative and interrogative
ex: does she have a big car ? No,She doesnt.
TO BE and HAVE GOT Exercises

10
Complete with the correct form of to Be or Have got:
1 Who___________the President of France ?

2 Let me introduce my children. Their names ___Flora and Fauna.
3 How____________your mother ? She's much better, thank you.
4 ______________the students interested in languages ? Not really.
5 Why___________Susan so shy when I'm around ?
6 I__________________a new record of 'The Kinks'.
7
He_________________the longest hair in the classroom
They_______________got the answer to the questions.
We___________________some potatoes, so we can make an

omelette
We_____________any (your
money,
so we
can't
go?inWe must go in
10 ____________-_______
friend
) the
keys
11
12
_______________she got the material we need ?
13
What__________________(you)for breakfast yesterday ?
14
We_________________the answers to all the question.
16
15
_______________a big swimming pool, so we go there in the summer.

What _______________for lunch when you're ill ?
11
LECCIN 4 ESTRUCTURA DE LA ORACION

La oracin afirmativa en ingls se construye de acuerdo con la siguiente
estructura:
Sujeto
I
You
We
Verbo
eat
need
bought
Objeto Directo
apples
help
a car
En la oracin negativa, el auxiliar se sita delante del verbo principal:

Sujeto
I
You
We
Auxiliar negacin
don't
don't
didn't
Verbo
eat
need
buy
Objeto Directo
apples
help
a car
En la oracin interrogativa, el auxiliar se sita al comienzo de la misma:

Auxiliar
Do
Do
Did
Sujeto
I
you
we
Verbo
eat
need
buy
Objeto Directo ?
apples ?
help ?
a car ?
Otros complementos de la oracin (lugar, tiempo, etc.) se suelen situar al final

de la misma:
I eat apples at lunchtime.
You need help in your job.
We bought a car last Friday.
Normalmente, el complemento de lugar va delante del complemento de tiempo:
I eat apples at home at lunchtime.
You need help in your job right now.
We bought a car in Madrid last Friday.
Cuando hay adverbios en las oraciones, stos se suelen situar delante del verbo
en las formas simples, y entre el auxiliar y el verbo principal en las formas
compuestas (hay numerosas excepciones):
I always eat apples at home.
I have always eaten apples at home.
You never need help.
You have never needed help.
12
Word Order in Questions Exercise

(INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN +) AUXILIARY + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB
Order the words in the boxes to make questions.
oranges
1
like
do
__________________________________________________ ?
you have much do how
you
money
__________________________________________________ ?
you are who
__________________________________________________ ?
mousse my chocolate did eat you
__________________________________________________ ?
say you what did
__________________________________________________ ?
you where are
__________________________________________________ ?
car
last night borrow my you did
__________________________________________________ ?
Sister Got or you have brother
__________________________________________________ ?
speak she French Does always To your

__________________________________________________ ?
LECCIN 5 ADJETIVOS Y PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS
13
ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS( seguidos del sustantivo)

(mi)
(ir)
(jis)
(jer)
(its)
(ur)
(ir)
(dir)
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
mi, mis
tu, tus (de t); su, sus (de ustedes)
su, sus (de l)
su, sus (de ella)
su, sus (de l o ella, para cosas)
nuestro, nuestra, nuestros, nuestras
vuestro, vuestra, vuestros, vuestras
su, sus (de ellos o ellas)
1. ITS es adjetivo posesivo para un solo poseedor que no tiene sexo aunque s genero
gramatical: its table, su mesa (la de esa casa); its leaves, sus hojas (las de ese rbol);
its legs, sus patas (las de ese perro); its wheels, sus ruedas (las de ese auto).
2. En ingls se usa el posesivo en vez del artculo delante de sustantivos de partes del
cuerpo y de objetos particulares: He hurt his finger (Se lastim el dedo); I lost my
book (Perd el libro).
PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS(Sin acompaar al sustantivo)

(min)
(irs)
mine
yours
(jis)
(jers)
(its)
(aurs)
(irs)
(dirs)
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
el mo, la ma, los mos, las mas

el tuyo, la tuya, los tuyos, las tuyas (de t);
el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (de ustedes)
el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (de l)
el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (de ella)
el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (de l o ella, para cosas
el nuestro, la nuestra, los nuestros, las nuestras
el vuestro, la vuestra, los vuestros, las vuestras
el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (de ellos o ellas)
1. Indican posesin o pertenencia y corresponde cada uno a cada persona gramatical.

2. Los pronombres se forman a partir de los adjetivos aadiendo una s al adjetivo,
excepto en my, mine y en los que ya llevan la s (his, his; its, its).
3. El artculo que en castellano precede al posesivo no se traduce al ingls:
This book is mine (Este libro es el mo).
MAS EJEMPLOS:
My father spent his life reading (Mi padre pas su vida leyendo).
She came to me in her despair (Ella vino a m en su desesperacin).
Her eyes were really beautiful (Sus ojos eran realmente hermosos).
Certainly, yours is a very curious case (Por cierto, el suyo es un caso muy curioso).
14
Possessive Adjective and Pronoun Exercise
Circle the correct answer.
This is ______ new car. I bought it

yesterday.
A my
A your
B mine
B yours
C its
C you
I'd like you to meet Rita. She's a great

friend of ______ .
Michael's married. ______ wife is an

accountant.
A our
A His
B us
B Her
C ours
C Its
3 They live on the other side of the street.

That's ______ house, the red one.
A family photo. Which one's ______

sister?
8 Susan's coming to the party on her own.

______ boyfriend's staying at home.
A they
A His
B theirs
B Hers
C their
C Her
This one's hers, so that one must be

______ .
The cat belongs to my wife but the dog is

______ .
A him
A mine
B he
B hers
C his
C my
5 Find the missing possessive pronoun:

mine, yours, his, hers, ______ , yours,
theirs.
10 ______ best friend lives in London so I

only see her about once every two years.
A Her
A we
B My
B our
C Pumpkin brain
C ours
The Possessive 's Exercise
15
A PERSON
PEOPLE
THINGS
Bob's computer Boys' habits The Gates of Mordor
Order the words in the boxes to make phrases.
car My sister 's
Tree children 's house The
1 ____________________________________
friend 's My house
6 ____________________________________
secret darkest 's Natalia
2 ____________________________________
men The President All 's
7 ____________________________________
's bar Pepe
3 ____________________________________
's army Napoleon
8 ____________________________________
house door of The the
4 ____________________________________
parent place My s'
9 ____________________________________
cupboard the of top The
5 ____________________________________
10 ____________________________________
LECCIN 6 NUMERALES: cardinales y ordinales
16
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
101
200
1.000
10.000
100.000
1.000.000
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty
twenty-one
twenty-two
thirty
forty
fifty
sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
a/one hundred
a/one hundred and one
two hundred
a/one thousand
ten thousand
a/one hundred thousand
a/one million
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
30th
40th
50th
60th
70th
80th
90th
100th
101st
200th
1.000th
10.000th
First
second
Third
fourth
Fifth
Sixth
seventh
eighth
Ninth
Tenth
eleventh
twelfth
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth
twentieth
twenty-first
twenty-second
thirtieth
fortieth
fiftieth
sixtieth
seventieth
eightieth
ninetieth
hundredth
hundred and first
two hundredth
thousandth
ten thousandth
100.000th one hundred thousandth

one millionth
1.000.000th
17
Para tener en cuenta:
"Mil" se traduce como thousand y tambin como one thousand cuando va seguido de otro
nmero: mil doscientos cuarenta, one thousand two hundred and forty, o en frases enfticas:
Insisto que cost mil, no tres mil. I insist that it cost one thousand, not three.
De los nmeros 1.100 al 1.900 es muy frecuente, especialmente en ingls americano,

emplear eleven hundred (1.100), twelve hundred (1.200), eighteen hundred (1.800), etc; El
aeropuerto de Buenos Aires tiene una pista de mil novecientos metros, Buenos Aires airport
has a nineteen hundred metre runway.
A billion era equivalente a "un billn". Actualmente equivale a "mil millones". A trillion
equivale a "un milln de millones" (= un billn).
Como en castellano, la abreviatura de los nmeros ordinales se forma con el nmero en

cifra seguido por las ltimas dos letras de la palabra completa: 1ro. (primero), 1st. (first); 2do.
(segundo), 2nd. (second); 3ro. (tercero), 3rd. (third); 20mo. (vigsimo), 20th. (twentieth), etc.
En ingls se usa una coma o un espacio (y NO un punto) para marcar el millar. Ejemplo: 25
000 o 25,000.
En cuanto a nmeros como 100, 1.000, 1.000.000, etc. se pueden decir de dos maneras:
one hundred o a hundred, one thousand o a thousand.
0 (cero) se pronuncia nought, zero, nothing, oh (u) dependiendo de las expresiones.
Contar de dos en dos se dice count by twos; contar de tres en tres, count by threes; y as
sucesivamente, siempre pluralizando el nmero de veces.
Los nmeros de telfono se leen de dos en dos y si hay una cifra reptrida se puede usar
double five/six 55/66
Write these numbers:

1/1.
2/2
3/3
4/4
5/5
6 / 6.
8/8
11/11
15/15
17 /17
20/20
46/46
23/23
59/59
15486
1,659.984
18
LECCIN
7 LOS DEMOSTRATIVOS
En ingls se utilizan como adjetivos demostrativos "THIS" (este / esta) y "THAT" (ese /
esa):
Estos adjetivos concuerdan en nmero (singular / plural) con el sustantivo al que acompaan,
mientras que en gnero no existen diferencias entre masculino y femenino:
Masculino / femenino
Masculino / femenino
Singular
THIS (este / esta)
THAT (ese / esa)
This student is intelligent.

These students are intelligent.
That book is interesting.
Those books are interesting.
Plural
THESE (estos / estas)
THOSE (esos / esas)
Este estudiante es inteligente

Estos estudiantes son inteligentes
Ese libro es interesante
Esos libros son interesantes
"This / that" y sus formas plurales "these / those" tambin se utilizan solos, funcionando
como pronombres demostrativos, en este caso, el pronombres demostrativo sustituye al
sustantivo al que se refiere y se utiliza cuando ste ya ha sido mencionado anteriormente:
Have you seen my book? Yes,

this is your book.
Has visto mi libro ?. S, este es tu libro
Fill the gaps with this, these, that or those.

1
I don't like this chair. I like ___________ one over there.
Don't do it like that. Do it like ___________.
___________ house is old but that one on the other side of the street is quite new.
Sean is ___________ boy at the back of the class.
The red shoes are awful. I like ___________ shoes here.
Where did you buy ___________ hat you're wearing?
Look at ___________ earrings I'm wearing. I bought them in the market.
Did you see ___________ motorbikes that just went by?
I wish ___________ people at the next table would stop talking so loudly.
10
Do you remember ___________ black jeans I'm always wearing? I got bleach on them.
11
If ___________ kid doesn't stop screaming, I'm going to another restaurant and quickly!
12
Waiter. ___________ coffee tastes funny.
19
LECCIN 8 LOS SUSTANTIVOS Y LA FORMACIN DEL PLURAL

GENERO DE LOS SUSTANTIVOS
1. En ingls slo tienen gnero, masculino o femenino, los nombres de personas y
animales;
2. Los objetos no tienen gnero y les corresponden los pronombres neutros it (singular) y
they (plural);
3. Hay palabras que sirven indistintamente para masculino y femenino:
friend, amigo, amiga; pupil, alumno, alumna; teacher, profesor, profesora;
traveller, viajero, viajera; baby, beb, beba; child, nio, nia; cousin, primo, prima
DETERMINACION DEL GENERO
1. Se distingue el gnero empleando distintas palabras para el masculino y el femenino:
man, woman, hombre, mujer; father, mother, padre, madre; son, daughter, hijo, hija;
brother, sister, hermano, hermana; boy, girl, nio, nia;
nephew, niece, sobrino, sobrina; king, queen, rey, reina;
2. Tambin se pueen distinguir por medio de los sufijos -ess o -ine, aadidos al masculino
al final de la palabra:
count, countess, conde, condesa; prince, princess, prncipe, princesa;
poet, poetess, poeta, poetisa; author, authoress, autor, autora;
actor, actress, actor, actriz; emperor, empress, emperador, emperatriz;
tiger, tigress, tigre, tigresa; hero, heroine, hroe, herona;
3. Se puede distinguir incluso por medio de una palabra indicadora del sexo unidas por
medio de un guin:
boy-scout, girl-scout, explorador, exploradora:
cock-sparrow, hen-sparrow, gorrin macho, gorrin hembra;
man-servant, woman-servant, criado, criada;
4. En casos poco frecuentes el masculino se origina a partir del femenino:
bride, bridegroom, novia, novio; widow, widower, viuda, viudo.
PLURALES REGULARES
1. El plural se forma aadiendo una s al singular: dog, dogs; book, books; teacher,
teachers;
2. Los sustantivos terminados en s, ss, sh, ch y x, forman el plural aadiendo la slaba -es:
bus, buses; dress, dresses; brush, brushes; bench, benches; box, boxes;
3. Los sustantivos terminados en o precedida por una consonante forman el plural
aadiendo la slaba -es: tomato, tomatoes; potato, potatoes; negro, negroes.
EXCEPCIONES: piano, pianos; solo, solos; kangaroo, kangaroos; bamboo, bamboos;
4. Las palabras terminadas en y, precedida de consonante, cambian y por i antes de aadir
-es: lady, ladies; country, countries. Pero si la y va precedida de vocal, slo toma una s:
day, days; toy, toys.
20
5. Los siguientes 12 sustantivos cambian la f o fe final por v o ve antes de aadir la s del

plural:
life (vida), lives
wolf (lobo), wolves
half (mitad), halves
wife (esposa), wives
knife (cuchillo), knives
shelf (estante), shelves
leaf (hoja), leaves
thief (ladrn), thieves
PLURALES IRREGULARES
1. Algunos sustantivos aaden en al singular: ox, oxen, buey, bueyes; child, children, nio,
nios
2. Otros sustantivos forman el plural cambiando la vocal interna y no toman sufijo: man,
men, hombre, hombres; woman, women, mujer, mujeres; foot, feet, pie, pies; tooth, teeth,
diente, dientes; goose, geese, ganso, gansos; mouse, mice, ratn, ratones;
3. Algunos nombres de animales no cambian en plural: sheep, sheep, cordero, corderos;
deer, deer, ciervo, ciervos; cod, cod, bacalao, bacalaos; fish, fish, pez, peces (cuando el
pez ha sido pescado su plural es fishes);
4. Tampoco cambian algunas palabras con sentido colectivo: people, people, gente; cattle,
cattle, ganado; poultry, poultry, aves de corral
5. Algunos nombres terminados en s se emplean indistintamente en singular y plural (pero
siempre escritos con s final): goods, mercaderas; news, noticias; stairs, escaleras; thanks,
gracias
CASOS ESPECIALES
1. En el caso de sustantivos compuestos, se pluraliza la palabra de mayor importancia en el
grupo: passer-by, passers-by (peatn). EXCEPCIONES QUE FORMAN DOBLE PLURAL:
man-servant, men-servants (sirviente); woman-servant, women-servants (sirvienta);
2. Los sustantivos abstractos no se emplean como tales en plural: the peace, la paz (the
"peaces", las paces NO ES CORRECTO EN INGLS);
3. En ingls (al revs del castellano) los apellidos se emplean en plural cuando se refieren a
varios miembros de la familia: I have seen the Howards (He visto a los Howard);The
Geoghegans live here (Aqu viven los Geoghegan).
Put these words in plural:
Book
Boy
Sandwich
Bus
Radio
Man
Child
Life
This
Berry
City
House
Potato
Car
Woman
Racket
Lady
Orange
Shoe
Name
Watch
Wife
Bush
Party
21
Glass
tax
Hour
monkey
match
fly
fax
thief
piano
bike
computer
boss
Knife
baby
Horse
LECCIN 9 LOS ADJETIVOS
22
Los adjetivos en ingls tienen un nica forma, por lo que no varan ni en funcin
del gnero, ni del nmero (singular o plural) del sustantivo al que acompaan:
The happy boy
The happy girl
The happy boys
The happy girls
El nio feliz
La nia feliz
Los nios felices
Las nias felices
El adjetivo en ingls se sita delante del sustantivo:

A big car
An old person
Un coche grande
Una persona mayor
Cuando varios adjetivos acompaan a un mismo sustantivo, estos adjetivos se

colocan siguiendo un orden determinado, que suele ser:
1.- Opinion
2.- Tamao
3.- Edad
4.- Forma
5.- Color
6.- Material
7.- Procedencia
Interesting, beautiful....
Big, smal....
Old, young....
Round, narrow, broad....
Red, blue....
Plastic, golden, silver....
Spanish, Swiss....
Algunos ejemplos:
A big Spanish car
A young pretty woman
An old, red, plastic table
Un coche espaol grande

Una joven mujer guapa
Una vieja mesa roja de plstico
FORMACION DEL ADJETIVO

Puede efectuarse por adicin de sufijos, separables o no:
a) A PARTIR DE UN SUSTANTIVO
hope, esperanza
hopeless, desesperanzado
grace, gracia
graceful, gracioso
child, nio
childish, aniado
rain, lluvia
rainy, lluvioso
gold, oro
golden, dorado, de oro
West, oeste
Western, occidental
friend, amigo
friendly, amistoso
pleasure, placer
pleasurable, placentero
atom, tomo
atomic, atmico
b) A PARTIR DE UN VERBO
to eat, comer
eatable, comestible
23
to act, actuar
to contribute, contribuir
to work, trabajar
c) A PARTIR DE OTRO ADJETIVO
blind, ciego
yellow, amarillo
practic, prctico
active, activo
contributive, contribuyente
working, que trabaja
blindfold, a ciegas
yellowish, amarillento
practical, prctico
FORMACION ESPECIAL DE ADJETIVOS

Algunos adjetivos pueden derivar directamente de verbos. Los estudiantes hispanoparlantes suelen confundir esta modalidad del ingls y, con frecuencia, se cometen errores
en los exmenes. Observa:
Ron's war experience was depressing: it made him depressed.
(La experiencia de Ron en la guerra fue deprimente: lo dej depresivo)
Ramiro's friends were encouraging: he was encouraged.
(Los amigos de Ramiro fueron alentadores: l se sinti alentado).
ADJETIVOS TERMINADOS EN ING
Estos adjetivos generalmente describen el efecto que algo genera:se aplican a las cosas
The television programme was ...
annoying (molesto) / boring (aburridor) / disappointing (decepcionante)
frightening (alarmante, aterrador) / interesting (interesante)
ADJETIVOS TERMINADOS EN ED
Estos adjetivos generalmente describen cmo dicho efecto te hace sentir:se aplican a
personas
I was completely ...
annoyed (molesto) / bored (aburrido) / disappointed (decepcionado)
frightened (alarmado, aterrado) / interested (interesado
COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS
REGLA 1
El comparativo y superlativo de los adjetivos de una slaba se forman
agregando las terminaciones -er y -est al final del adjetivo:
cold
>> colder than >> the coldest
24
REGLA 2
Los adjetivos que terminan con vocal seguida de una consonante duplican la
consonante final antes de agregar las terminaciones -er or -est:
hot
>> hotter than
>> the hottest
REGLA 3
Los adjetivos de dos slabas que terminan en -y cambian la y por i y recin
entonces agregan las terminaciones -er or -est:
noisy >> noisier than >> the noisiest

REGLA 4
En el caso de adjetivos de dos o ms slabas (excepto aquellos terminados en y) el comparativo y superlativo se forman con more y most:
beautiful >> more beautiful than >>the most beautiful

REGLA 5
Recuerda que los comparativos y superlativos "irregulares" cambian totalmente.
Aqu tienes algunos:
good >> better

>> best
bad >> worse
>> worst
far
>> farther / further >> farthest / furthest
EXPRESANDO SIMILITUD
Puedes usar la estructura as ... as ... (tan ... como ...) para expresar similitud:
In this southern island it is as hot as the tropics.
(En esta isla austral el tiempo es tan clido como en el trpico)
Asimismo puedes colocar nearly (casi), almost (casi) or just (exactamente)
delante de la estructura as ... as ...:
London is nearly as expensive as Tokyo.
(Londres es casi tan caro como Tokyo)
In summer, Tokyo is just as hot as the desert.
(En verano, Tokyo es exactamente tan caluroso como el desierto)
EXPRESANDO DIFERENCIA
25
Cuando comparas puedes expresar diferencia de tres formas:
A) not as/so ... as

Life in the countryside is not as fast as it is in Tokyo.
(La vida en el campo no es tan agitada como lo es en Tokyo)
Tambin puedes agregar nearly a la estructura not as/so ... as:
Kyoto isn't nearly as busy as Tokyo.
(Kyoto casi no tiene tanto movimiento como Tokyo)
B) as ... as ... con twice, three times, half, a third, etc.

Japan's car exports are twice as high as Britain's.
(Las exportaciones de autos de Japn duplican [son dos veces ms que] las de
Gran Bretaa)
Rice-growing is only half as important as it used to be.
(El cultivo de arroz es apenas la mitad de lo importante que sola ser)
C) -er than ... o more/less ... than ...

The mountains are generally fresher than the cities.
(Por lo general, las montaas son ms frescas que las ciudades)
Most people think spring is more beautiful than summer.
(La mayora de la gente piensa que la primavera es ms bonita que el verano)
England is less mountainous than Japan.
(Inglaterra es menos montaosa que Japn)
Tambin puedes anteponer much, far, a lot, lots, a little o a bit a la forma
comparativa del adjetivo:
The south of the country is a lot warmer than the north.
(El sur del pas es mucho ms clido que el norte)
Their products are much less important than they used to be.
(Sus productos son mucho menos importantes de lo que solan ser)
Adjectives -ED or -ING Exercise

-ING the cause
-ED
26
the effect
Fill the gaps with the adjectives in brackets.

1
He's such a monotonous speaker. I was ________________ stiff. (bored / boring)
Most sequels are ________________. (disappointed / disappointing)
I had such a ________________ day I went straight to bed. (tired / tiring)
Everyone's very ________________ about the news. (excited / exciting)
That lamp produces a very ________________ effect. (pleased / pleasing)
The whole school was ________________ by the tragic event. (saddened / saddening)
I don't like watching ________________ films on my own. (depressed / depressing)
I was ________________ when she told me she'd got divorced. (amazed / amazing)
He's such a ________________ guy. He only ever talks about himself. (bored / boring)
10
I'm very ________________ in films and theatre. (interested / interesting)
11
No one knew what would happen next. We were all ________________ . (intrigued /
intriguing)
12
It was a very ________________ situation. (interested / interesting)
13
There's been some very ________________ news. (surprised / surprising)
14
His mother was ________________ by what she found under his bed. (disgusted /
disgusting)
15
Their hamburgers are ________________ . (disgusted / disgusting)
16
Dad always arrives home from work thoroughly ________________ . (exhausted /

exhausting)
17
He's always showing off. It's really ________________ . (annoyed / annoying)
18
I think Alex is one of the most ________________ people I've ever met. He can't keep still
for a second. (annoyed / annoying)
19
I walked into this restaurant and there was Andy with a strange woman. He seemed really
________________ . (embarrassed / embarrassing)
20
She kept talking about her boyfriend problems all night. It was rather ________________ .
(embarrassed / embarrassing)
Comparatives and Superlatives Exercise

27
1 Diana was much taller _______ Charles.
6 Texas is big but Alaska is _______ .
A as
A more big
B like
B Biger
C than
C Bigger
2 This one is better _______ that one.
A as
American Beauty was the _______ film

that year.
B like
A worse
C than
B best
C better
8 Of all the sofas I've seen so far, this one is

_______ .
This hamburger is bad, but that one is

_______ .
A badder
A Nicer
B worst
B the nicest
C worse
C most nice
4 Moscow is a long way away but Ulan

Batur is even _______ .
I'm not short. I'm just _______ tall as

Hans.
A further
A as
B more far
B like
C father
C than
5 She's beautiful I agree, but her mother is

_______.
10 Samantha is just as rich _______ David.

A as
A beautifuller
B like
B most beautiful
C than
C more beautiful
Word Order for Adjectives Exercise at Auto-English
28
Below you can see a diagram explaining the position of adjectives before a noun. Use it to
answer the questions which follow.
OPINION CONDITION SIZE AGE COLOUR ORIGIN MATERIAL NOUN
Order the words in the boxes.
my teacher old maths smelly

1
New a perfect system
___________________________________
black small box Turkish a old

2
18th century a Scottish fantastic castle
___________________________________
man a fat friendly young

3
___________________________________
___________________________________
10
___________________________________
11
___________________________________
12
___________________________________
spoilt boy nasty a little
13
arts nice teacher French our

7
___________________________________
student self-righteous a middle-class
city a Spanish beautiful old

6
___________________________________
a big old brown bear
wooden dark a table long

5
___________________________________
a businessman horrible greedy
tall our headmaster boring

4
___________________________________
___________________________________
greeneyed
gorgeous
blackhaired
a girl
___________________________________
14
___________________________________
-ful and -less Suffix Exercise at Auto-English
29
1 Use the base words in the chart below to make adjectives with the suffixes -ful and -less.
WARNING
Not all adjectives ending in -ful have a positive meaning
Base word
Adjectives
Positive
meaning
Translation
Negative meaning
(1)
_______________
beauty
.................................
brain
.................................
care
.................................
careful
charm
.................................
charmless
end
.................................
endless*
event
.................................
(3)
_______________
faith
.................................
(4)
_______________
harm
.................................
harmless
help
.................................
helpful
home
hope
brainless
(2) _______________
X
faithless
(5) _______________
helpless
(6)
_______________
(7)
_______________
(8)
_______________
.................................
.................................
(9)
(10) _______________
_______________
pain
.................................
peace
.................................
penny
.................................
power
.................................
sleep
.................................
taste
.................................
tasteful
(13) _______________
thought
.................................
thoughtful
(14) _______________
time
.................................
timeless
use
.................................
(15)
______________
peaceful
X
X
(11) _______________
(12)
_______________
powerless
sleepless*
* these adjectives could also be used with a positive meaning
30
X
useless
Rule
-able
-ible
If the root is not a complete word, If the root is a complete word, add -able.
add -ible.
accept + able = acceptable
aud + ible =
Examples:
audible
Examples:
visible
horrible
terrible
possible
edible
eligible
incredible
permissible
fashionable
laughable
suitable
dependable
comfortable
If the root is a complete word ending in -e, drop the

final -e and add -able.
excuse - e+ able = excusable
Examples:
advisable
desirable
valuable
debatable
Some exceptions:
contemptible
digestible
flexible
irritable
responsible
inevitable
In the following paragraph there are fourteen words ending with -ible or -able,
some of which are misspelled. Read the paragraph, locate the misspelled words
and write the correct spellings in the space provided below the paragraph.
Most people thought that Michael, an eligable bachelor, was an adorable,
personible man. Mattie, however, found him detestable. Some time ago,
Michael promised to take Mattie to a fashionible restaurant for a remarkible
dinner. As horrable as it sounds, Michael took Mattie to the local McDonald's.
Most of the food there was either inedable or undigestable. Mattie was as
irritable as possable when she told her roommates about her terrible date.
"Whoever finally marries that contemptable Michael," Mattie said, "is certainly
not going to be in an enviable position."
Write the correct spellings below:
31
In the following sentences, the final four letters are omitted from each -ible or able word. Complete each word with the appropriate ending.
1. Last night's movie about the invis____ man was so incred____ that it was
laugh____.
2. My irrespons____ little brother is usually kept away from anything break____.
3. Are these new clothes really comfort____, or do people only wear them
because they are fashion____?
4. I think I would be less irrit____ if my professors were more flex____.
5. I don't think voting twice in national elections is permiss____.
6. It's always valu____ to have a friend who is depend____.
7. My employer said that it isn't suit____ to have a secretary whose handwriting
is illeg____.
LECCIN 10 EL PRESENTE SIMPLE

Present Simple (Presente del Indicativo)
32
Se utiliza para hablar de acciones habituales, genricas, que tienen lugar con cierta
frecuencia, sin hacer referencia a si en el momento actual se estn realizando.
I study English.
He plays tennis.
Yo estudio ingls; empec hace algn tiempo y

contino, aunque puede que en el momento presente no
est realizando esta actividad.
El juega al tenis; practica este deporte con cierta
asiduidad, pero no significa que en el momento presente
est en la pista de tenis jugando.
Tambin se utiliza para hablar de acciones futuras que ya han sido planificadas,
especialmente al referirse a viajes.
I leave Madrid tomorrow morning. Me voy de Madrid maana por la maana
La forma del "present simple" coincide con la del infinitivo sin la partcula "to", salvo
en la 3 persona del singular en la que se le aade una "s".
Infinitivo
To eat (comer)
To run (correr)
I / you / we / they
eat
run
He / she / it
eats
runs
Si el verbo termina en "ss", "sh", "ch", "x", "o", al formar la 3 persona del singular se
le aade "-es".
Infinitivo
To kiss (besar)
To watch (observar)
I / you / we / they
I kiss
I watch
He / she / it
He kisses
He watches
Si el verbo termina en "y" tras consonante, al formar la 3 persona del singular se

sustituye esta "y" por una "i", seguida de la terminacin "es".
Infinitivo
To carry (llevar)
To envy (envidiar)
I / you / we / they
I carry
I envy
He / she / it
He carries
He envies
Las oraciones negativas se forman con el auxiliar "to do", habitualmente en sus
formas contradas: "dont" (= do not) para las personas "I, you, we, they", y "doesnt" (=
does not) para las personas "he, she, it".
I don't play tennis.
Yo no juego al tenis
She doesnt go to the cinema.
Ella no va al cine
We dont know the answer.
Nosotros no sabemos la respuesta
La forma interrogativa se forma tambin con el auxiliar "to do" al comienzo de la
oracin ("do" con las personas "I, you, we, they"; "does" con "he, she, it").
Do you play tennis?
Does she go to the cinema?
Juegas al tenis ?
Va ella al cine ?
33
Do we know the answer?
Conocemos la respuesta ?
ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA CON PRESENTE SIMPLE

Cuando utilizas el tiempo presente simple para describir un hbito o costumbre,
generalmente lo usas con un adverbio de frecuencia. Recordamos aqu algunos de
estos adverbios:
always (siempre), usually (generalmente), often (a menudo, con frecuencia)

sometimes (a veces), occasionally (en ocasiones), never (nunca)
hardly ever (casi nunca), rarely (pocas veces), seldom (rara vez)
:
UN ADVERBIO DE FRECUENCIA SUELE COLOCARSE...

ANTES DEL VERBO:
Do you usually take the elevator?
(Generalmente tomas el ascensor/elevador?)
A propsito recuerda tambin >> elevator (American) = lift (British)
ENTRE EL AUXILIAR (O MODAL) Y EL VERBO:

We don't often have hail storms in Buenos Aires.
(No solemos tener tormentas de granizo en Buenos Aires)
DESPUS DEL VERBO TO BE

His mothes is usually at home in the morning.
(Su madre generalmente esta en casa por la maana)
Adverbs of Frequency Exercise
34
1 Order the words in the boxes below to make sentences. Remember that the adverbs go after
the verb to be and before all the other verbs. SPECIAL NOTE: sometimes you will see some
of these adverbs at the beginning and at the end of sentences. However, that will not be
accepted in my exercise because that's too easy, so raspberry to you.
'm late I never

1
always clean class isn't our
___________________________________.
Seldom go they in the week out

2
out go do always you on Fridays
___________________________________.
don't her we see often

3
___________________________________.
___________________________________?
sometimes sad feel you do
___________________________________.
___________________________________?
take too long in the shower I always

4
___________________________________.
on time usually Sam arrives
___________________________________.
That dirty pig his teeth never cleans
___________________________________.
smiles our maths teacher hardly ever
10
___________________________________.
Fill the gaps with one of the words in brackets( Simple present).
1 Jenny really ___________ Sammy. (like/likes)
2 Does Sammy ___________ Jenny? (like/likes)
35
3 Sadly, Sammy doesn't ___________ anyone except himself. (like/likes)

4 They absolutely ___________ swing music. (love/loves)
5 We always ___________ a swim in the river before lunch. (has/have)
6 ___________ anyone got the time? (Has/Have)
7 Nobody ___________ in that horrible old house. (live/lives)
8 All the critics ___________ that film is rubbish. (say/says)
9 Juli doesn't ___________ in the city centre anymore. (live/lives)
10 People ___________ films with a good story. (want/wants)
11 Does Begoa ___________ cakes? (bake/bakes)
12 Everybody ___________ mistakes sometimes. (make/makes)
13 Bob doesn't ___________ to go out tonight. (want /wants)
14 Their daughter ___________ to university. (go/goes)
15 Her dog ___________ three cans of food a day. (eat/eats)
LECCIN 11 EL PRESENTE CONTINUO

Formacin del "present continuous": se construye con el presente del indicativo del
verbo "to be", en su funcin de verbo auxiliar, y el "present participle" ( = gerundio) del
verbo principal.
36
Afirmacin
I am eating
You are eating
He / she is eating
We are eating
You are eating
They are eating
Negacin
Im not eating
You arent eating
He / she isnt eating
We aren't eating
You aren't eating
They aren't eating
Interrogacin
Am I eating?
Are you eating?
Is he/she eating?
Are we eating?
Are you eating?
Are they eating?
Se utiliza para describir acciones que se estn desarrollando en este mismo

momento:
I am reading a book.
You are playing football.
Yo estoy leyendo un libro (en este preciso

instante)
T ests jugando al futbol
Tambin se utiliza para describir acciones que se estn desarrollando alrededor del
momento en el que se habla, aunque no necesariamente en ese preciso instante:
I am studying French.
Yo estoy estudiando francs (me he

matriculado en una academia, pero no
necesariamente en este preciso momento
estoy con los libros de francs)
Otro uso del presente continuo es para describir acciones que se vienen repitiendo
con frecuencia; en este caso, la oracin viene acompaada del adverbio "always"
(siempre):
He is always working.
El est siempre trabajando (con el

significado de que trabaja frecuentemente,
quizs, incluso, excesivamente)
VERBOS NO UTILIZADOS EN FORMA PROGRESIVA (CONTINUA)

Algunos verbos no suelen usarse en la forma progresiva del verbo. Observa:
Kim Jones seems fitter than Paulo Soares.

(Kim Jones parece en mejor estado fsico que Paulo Soares)
37
I know sugary, salty and fatty foods aren't good for me.
(S que las comidas dulces, saladas y grasas no son buenas para m)
This cough medicine tastes horrible !!

(Este jarabe para la tos tiene un sabor espantoso!!)
Generalmente no se utilizan en formas continuas o progresivas determinados
verbos que expresan...
"AGRADO" Y "DESAGRADO":
like (gustar), hate (odiar), love (amar, encantarle a uno/a), dislike (disgustar),
want (querer), wish (desear), prefer (preferir), don't mind no me/ importa )
"PENSAMIENTO":
think (pensar), mean (significar, querer decir), know (saber, conocer), relieve
(aliviar), remember (recordar), suppose (suponer), understand (entender)
"PERCEPCION":
taste (tener sabor a), smell (oler), see (ver), hear (oir)
"APARIENCIA":
seem (parecer), look (aparentar, parecer), appear (aparecer), measure
(medir), weigh (pesar)
"POSESION":
have (tener), belong to (pertenecer a), own (poseer), contain (contener), need
(tener la necesidad de)
The Present Simple or Continuous Exercises
Use the verbs in brackets to fill the gaps.
1
Don't bother me now. I ______________. (to work)
She ______________ to play chess now.(to want)
BILLY
Where's Jim?
SALLY
He ______________ with friends.(to stay)
SALLY
What ______________ tomorrow? (to do)
BILLY
Nothing.
BILLY
I've won the lottery!
SALLY
I ______________ you. (to not believe)
This year I ______________ French and German. (to study)
This summer we ______________ to Portugal.(to go)
38
Take an umbrella. It ______________.(to rain)
It never ______________ in Valencia. (to rain)
10
BILLY
Hi. Is Alison there?
MUM
Yes, but can you ring back in 10 minutes? She ______________ a shower. (to
have)
LECCIN 12 LOS ADVERBIOS

Muchos adverbios en ingls se forman aadiendo la terminacin "-ly" al adjetivo:
Intelligent (adjetivo)
Inteligente
Intelligently (adverbio)
Inteligentemente
Bad (adjetivo)
Malo
Badly (adverbio)
Mal
39
En la formacin de estos adverbios, si el adjetivo finaliza en "-y", esta se cambia por "-i" y se
aade la terminacin "-ly":
Happy
Happily
Funny
Funnily
Los adverbios se colocan normalmente en la oracin en el siguiente orden, aunque hay

otras posibilidades:
-
1 adverbios de modo despus del complemento indirecto o

directo (si los hay)
She played the piano beautifully
2 adverbios de lugar
She played the piano in the White House yesterday
3 adverbios de tiempo(que tambin pueden ir al principio de la

oracin)
Tomorrow he will finish the work.
He arrived very soon.
Adverbs of Manner Exercise

1 Adverb Formation. Fill the gaps in the table below.
Adjectives
Adverbs
1 ____________________
anxiously
bad
____________________
beautiful
____________________
____________________
carefully
____________________
easily
____________________
fast
____________________
hard
8 ____________________
well
2 Choose a word in brackets to fill the gaps.

1
They dance the cha-cha-cha ________________________ (beautiful / beautifully)
She planned their trip to Greece very ________________________. (careful / carefully)
Jim painted the kitchen very ________________________. (bad / badly)
40
She speaks very ________________________. (quiet / quietly)
Turn the stereo down. It's too ________________________. (loud / loudly)
He skipped ________________________ down the road to school. (happy / happily)
He drives too ________________________. (fast / well)
She knows the road ________________________. (good / well)
He plays the guitar ________________________. (terrible / terribly)
10
We're going camping tomorrow so we have to get up ________________________. (early

/ soon)
11
Andy doesn't often work ________________________. (hard / hardly)
12
Sometimes our teacher arrives ________________________ for class. (late / lately)
Word Order Mistakes Exercise at

Correct the mistakes.
1
It's the place most beautiful .

______________________________________________________ .
I was all day at home.

______________________________________________________ .
Miguel has a life very complicated.

______________________________________________________ .
I know don't it.

______________________________________________________ .
I have never a cat.

______________________________________________________ .
He has always an apple after lunch.

______________________________________________________ .
She never is late.

______________________________________________________ .
She asked it him.

______________________________________________________ .
41
We heard for a long time that thing.

______________________________________________________ .
10
Yesterday phoned me an Irish man.

______________________________________________________ .
LECCIN 13 PASADO SIMPLE

Se utiliza para referirse a acciones que se desarrollaron en el pasado y que
que finalizaron. Su equivalente en castellano es el pretrito indefinido:
I studied English.
Yo estudi ingls (fue una actividad que

realic en el pasado y que ya finaliz)
42
I bought a car.
Yo compr un coche
Con frecuencia se indica el periodo de tiempo en el que se desarroll la

accin con adverbios o expresiones de tiempo pasado:
I played tennis yesterday. Yo jugu al tenis ayer.
I went to Paris last summer. Yo fui a Pars el verano pasado
En las formas negativas e interrogativas se emplea, asimismo, una

estructura similar: se utiliza el verbo auxiliar " did" , que acompaa al verbo
principal en su forma infinitiva:
I didnt go to the party.
Did you go to the party?
Yo no fui a la fiesta
Fuiste t a la fiesta ?
En la formacin del tiempo pasado hay que distinguir entre verbos regulares
e irregulares: los verbos regulares forman el tiempo pasado aadiendo "-ed" a
la forma infinitiva , mientras que los irregulares no siguen un patrn
determinado, hay que estudiarlos individualmente (ver dcima clase).
Verbo regular
Verbo irregular
"To listen": forma pasada "listened".

"To go": forma pasada "went"
La forma pasada de los verbos es nica para todas las personas, no hay
una forma distinta para la 3 persona del singular como ocurra en el presente.
I / you / he / she / we / they "listened"
I / you / he / she / we / they "went"
Verbos Regulares
Se forma aadiendo "-ed" al infinitivo:
Forma pasada
Infinitivo
To need (necesitar)
needed
To listen (escuchar)
listened
43
Si el infinitivo del verbo termina en "e", entonces tan slo se le aade una "d":
Infinitivo
To love (amar)
To bribe (sobornar)
Forma pasada
loved
bribed
Si el infinitivo del verbo termina en "y", tras consonante, entonces esta letra
"y" se transforma en "i" y se le aade "-ed".
Forma pasada
Infinitivo
To carry (llevar)
carried
To study (estudiar)
studied
Si el infinitivo del verbo est formado por una sola slaba, con una sola vocal
y termina en consonante, entonces esta consonante se dobla:
Infinitivo
To stop (parar)
To ban (prohibir)
Forma pasada
stopped
banned
Por ltimo, se dobla tambin la ltima consonante de aquellos verbos cuyo

infinitivo termina por "l", tras una nica vocal:
Infinitivo
To travel (viajar)
To cancel (cancelar)
Forma pasada
travelled
cancelled
Verbos irregulares
En la siguiente lista se incluyen todos los verbos irregulares ingleses. En ella
se recoge el infinitivo y el presente (ambos tienen la misma forma, salvo que el
infinitivo va precedido de la partcula "to"), as como el pasado simple y el
participio.
44
En algunos casos, el verbo tiene dos posibles formas en el pasado o en el

futuro que aparecen indicadas. En otros casos, el verbo no tiene infinitivo (son
algunos verbos modales y en la tabla aparecen sin partcula "to").
Estos verbos no siguen una regla determinada, por lo que hay que
aprenderlos de memoria. Al ser numerosos, entendemos que lo ms prctico
es irlos estudiando poco a poco (algunos de ellos apenas se utilizan).
Infinitivo/Presente
Significado
Forma pasada
Participio
To be
ser / estar
was
been
To beat
golpear
beat
beaten
To become
llegar a ser
became
become
To begin
empezar
began
begun
To bend
doblar
bent
bent
To bet
apostar
bet
bet
To bite
morder
bit
bitten
To bleed
sangrar
bled
bled
To blow
soplar
blew
blown
To break
romper
broke
broken
To bring
traer
brought
brought
To build
construir
built
built
To burn
quemar
burned / burnt
burned / burnt
To buy
comprar
bought
bought
Can
poder
could
be able
To catch
coger
caught
caught
To choose
elegir
chose
chosen
To cut
cortar / romper
cut
cut
To come
venir
came
come
To cost
costar
cost
cost
To cut
cortar
cut
cut
To dig
cavar
dug
dug
To do
hacer
did
done
To draw
dibujar
drew
drawn
To dream
soar
dreamt
dreamt
To drink
beber
drank
drunk
To drive
conducir
drove
driven
To eat
comer
ate
eaten
To fall
caer
fell
fallen
To feel
sentir
felt
felt
To fight
luchar
fought
fought
To find
encontrar
found
found
To fly
volar
flew
flown
To forbid
prohibir
forbade
forbidden
To forget
olvidar
forgot
forgotten
To forgive
perdonar
forgave
forgiven
To freeze
helar(se)
froze
frozen
To get
Coger, volverse.
got
got
45
To fasten
sujetar con cinturn
fastened
fastened
To give
dar
gave
given
To go
ir
went
gone
To grow
crecer
grew
grown
To hang
colgar
hanged / hung
hanged / hung
To have
haber / tener
had
had
To hear
or
heard
heard
To hide
esconder
hid
hidden
To hit
golpear
hit
hit
To hold
sostener
held
held
To hurt
herir
hurt
hurt
To keep
mantener
kept
kept
To know
saber
knew
known
To lay
colocar
laid
laid
To lead
guiar
led
led
To learn
aprender
learned / learnt
learned / learnt
To leave
Dejar, Irse
left
left
To lend
prestar
lent
lent
To let
permitir
let
let
To lie
echarse
lay
lain
To light
encender
lit
lit
To lose
perder
lost
lost
To make
hacer
made
made
May
poder
might
----
To mean
significar
meant
meant
To meet
encontrar(se)
met
met
Must
deber
had to
----
Ought
deber
----
----
To pay
pagar
paid
paid
To put
poner
put
put
To read
leer
read / red
read / red
To rent
alquilar
rented
rented
To ride
montar (a caballo)
rode
ridden
To ring
sonar
rang
rung
To rise
subir
rose
risen
To run
correr
ran
run
To say
decir
said
said
To see
ver
saw
seen
To sell
vender
sold
sold
To send
enviar
sent
sent
To shake
agitar
shook
shaken
To shine
brillar
shone
shone
To shut
cerrar
shut
shut
To sing
cantar
sang
sung
To sit
sentarse
sat
sat
To sleep
dormir
slept
slept
To smell
oler
smelled / smelt
smelled / smelt
To hit
golpear
hit
hit
To speak
hablar
spoke
spoken
To spell
deletrear
spelled / spelt
spelled / spelt
46
To spend
gastar
spent
spent
To stand
soportar
stood
stood
To swim
nadar
swam
swum
To take
coger
took
taken
To tell
decir
told
told
To think
pensar
thought
thought
To understand
comprender
understood
understood
To wake
despertarse
waked / woke
waked / woken
To wear
usar
wore
worn
Will
(auxiliar futuro)
would
----
To win
ganar
won
won
To write
escribir
wrote
written
The Past Simple Exercise

Use the verbs in the box to fill the gaps.
decide
live
remember
eat
love
visit
like X2
rain
want
Pepe Hernandez _____________ in Cuenca from 1992 to 1995.
Mari Sarmiento _____________ to learn how to fly.
It _____________ all day yesterday.
Migueln _____________ to buy a new stereo.
Sofia didn't _____________ anything for breakfast.
Angela and Ramn _____________ each other very much.
Simon didn't _____________ Benidorm because there were too many students.
Did you _____________ to turn everything off?
When Eleonora and Paola went to Granada, they _____________ the Alhambra Palace.
10
Fiona _____________ everything about Wales except the weather.
Irregular Verb Exercises Part

Use the verbs in the boxes to fill the gaps. Use your dictionary to check meanings.
1 Group One
cost hit put
3 Group Three
shut
have make
47
send
cut let quit spread
lend
pay
spend
1 The ticket ____________ a lot more than I

originally expected to pay.
1 The bank ____________ me the money

to buy a new car.
2 Blast! I've ____________ my finger.
2 We ____________ twelve faxes

yesterday.
3 When I told him I thought he was an idiot,

he ____________ me.
3 We ____________ the weekend in

Cuenca.
4 My Dad ____________ me borrow his car

last weekend.
4 His car is ____________ in France.
5 Where did you ____________ today's

paper? I can't find it.
5 They ____________ me in cash.

6 We ____________ sardines for lunch.
6 She wasn't sacked. She ____________

her job.
7 When it started to rain, we ____________
all the windows.
8 The virus has ____________ from Asia to
Europe.
2 Group Two
4 Group Four
bring catch teach

buy
fight
feel
think
leave read
keep meet sleep
1 Yesterday I ____________ the bus at

exactly ten thirty.
1 I ____________ terrible about the news.

2 They ____________ ringing me all day.
2 Elizabeth ____________ about it a lot

before she made her final decision.
3 My boss ____________ the office very

early yesterday.
3 They ____________ me back a lovely

little wooden statue from Kenya as a
souvenir.
4 I ____________ my cousin Natalia in the

supermarket yesterday.
5 I only ____________ for two hours last
night.
4 My last English teacher was terrible. He

____________ me nothing.
6 I ____________ three books this summer.
5 I ____________ three new pens last week

and now I can't find any.
6 Valencia FC ____________ hard to win
the match.
The Pronunciation of Regular Verbs in the Past Exercise
Place the verbs in the box into the correct columns below.
48
1-/
allowed
flooded
mixed
visited
asked
guessed
pasted
wasted
cracked
included
relaxed
washed
cried
jailed
repeated
watched
damaged
killed
shaved
welcomed
decided
landed
slipped
yawned
encouraged
loved
stopped
ended
missed
tasted
d/
2-
/t/
3-/
id /
1 ______________
1 ______________
1 ______________
2 ______________
2 ______________
2 ______________
3 ______________
3 ______________
3 ______________
4 ______________
4 ______________
4 ______________
5 ______________
5 ______________
5 ______________
6 ______________
6 ______________
6 ______________
7 ______________
7 ______________
7 ______________
8 ______________
8 ______________
8 ______________
9 ______________
9 ______________
9 ______________
10 ______________
10 ______________
10 ______________
Complete the rules for the pronunciation of regular verbs in the past.
i.
When the regular verb ends in a vowel sound or voiced consonant sound (B, G, L, M, N, V,
Y and Z), the -ed ending is pronounced /_____ /.
ii.
When the regular verb ends in an unvoiced consonant sound (K, F,P, -SH, -TCH or X), the
-ed ending is pronounced /_____ /.
iii.
The -ed ending is pronounced /id/ when the verb ends in the consonant sounds _____ and
_____ .
LECCIN 14 EL PASADO CONTINUO

El "past continuous" se forma con el verbo auxiliar "to be" en su forma pasada y el
gerundio (present participle) del verbo principal:
She was playing tennis.
Ella estaba jugando al tenis
49
They were travelling.
Ellos estaban viajando
La forma negativa se forma con la partcula "not" detrs del verbo auxiliar, y la forma
interrogativa con el verbo auxiliar al comienzo de la oracin, seguido del sujeto y del verbo
principal:
I was not listening.
Yo no estaba escuchando
Were they dancing?
Estaban ellos bailando ?
El pasado continuo se utiliza para describir acciones que se estaban desarrollando en el

momento del pasado al que nos estamos refiriendo:
(equivale al pasado continuo (ella estaba leyendo)al pretrito imperfecto (ella lea).
This morning at 8 o'clock she A las 8 de la maana ella estaba

was reading
leyendo: la accin de leer haba
comenzado antes de las ocho y continu
despus de este instante.
Last Monday he was traveling El pasado lunes, l estaba viajando: la
accin de viajar comenz antes del lunes y
continu despus.
El pasado continuo se utiliza tambin para referimos a dos acciones en el pasado, una de las
cuales se complet, mientras que la otra continuaba: para la primera se utiliza el "past simple" y
para la segunda el "past continuous":
When he arrived, I was watching TV. Cuando l lleg, yo estaba
viendo al tele
While she was listening to music, her brother did his homework.
Mientras ella escuchaba msica, su hermano hizo sus deberes
Mientras que en el "past simple" se indica que la accin ya ha terminado, en el "past

continuous" la accin NO ha concluido:
She wrotre a letter.
Ella escribi una carta: la carta est

escrita, la accin ya ha finalizado.
She was writing a letter.
Ella estaba escribiendo una carta: no

sabemos si lleg a terminar de escribir la
carta.
The Past Continuous Exercise

Fill the gaps using the verb in brackets in the past continuous tense.
1
I ________________ letters all day yesterday. (write)
50
You ________________ very slow about it. (be)
You ________________ on the phone for hours and hours. (talk)
They ________________ much business before lunch. (do NEGATIVE)
She ________________ to me all week. Silly cow. (speak NEGATIVE)
It ________________ for long. (rain NEGATIVE)
What ________________ you ________________ when I phoned yesterday? (do)
________________ you ________________TV when it happened? (watch)
What ________________ you ________________ at the party? (wear)
10
He ________________ horrible to everyone, the nasty pig! (be)
LECCIN 15 PRONOMBRES INTERROGATIVOS
What...?
Where...?
Qu...?
Dnde...?
51
When...?
Who...?
Whose...?
How...?
Why...?
Which...?
Cundo...?
Quin...?
De quin...?
Cmo...?
Por qu...?
Cul...?
What kind of music do you like? ( Qu tipo de msica te gusta?)

What is the weather like? (Qu tiempo hace?)
What's he like? (Cmo es l?)
What does he like? (Qu le gusta a l?)
What does he look like? (Cmo es l? -de aspecto-)
Which do you prefer jazz or pop? (Cul msica prefieres jazz o pop?)
Who's that man? (Quin es ese hombre ?)
Who's got my bag? (Quin tiene mi bolso?)
Whose bag is this? (De quin es este bolso?)
Where is Santa Monica? (Dnde est Santa Mnica?)
When is your birthday? (Cundo es tu cumpleaos?)
Why are you in a hurry? (Por qu tienes prisa?)
How is your mother? (Cmo est tu madre?)
How do you spell your name? (Cmo se deletrea tu nombre?)
How old are you? (Cuntos aos tienes?)
How tall are you? (Cmo eres de alto?)
How much money do you have got? (Cunto dinero tienes?)
How many tickets do you want? (Cuntas entradas quieres?)
How long have you lived in this town? (Cunto tiempo has vivido en esta ciudad?)
Question Word Exercise

1 ___________'s the post office?

A
How much
Who
Where
2 ___________'s the president of France?
6 ___________ is your favourite football

player?
A
When
What
Who
7 ___________ is The Atlantic Ocean?
Who
How deep
Which
How much
Whose
How
52
3 ___________ is your boyfriend. He looks

about thirty.
8 Jimmy, you've grown so much.

___________ are you now?
How much
How long
How old
How much
How long
How tall
4 Billy: ___________ are you angry with

me? I haven't done anything.
Sally: Exactly.
9 Sally: ___________ do you take the dog

for a walk?
Jilly: Oh. Twice a day.
How
With what frequency
What
How often
Why
When
5 Billy: ___________ is Paris like?

Marie: It's beautiful.
A
How
What
Who
10 ___________ does it take to get from

Valencia to Madrid by car?
A
How many time
How long
How far
LECCIN 16 LOS PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS
that
who
which
el que, la que, los que, las que, lo que

quien, quienes
el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales, lo cual
53
whom
whose
what
a quien, a quienes
de quien, de quienes, cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas
lo que, lo cual
OMISION DEL RELATIVO

Se omite el pronombre relativo:
1.
Cuando el relativo hace de complemento:
the book (that) I bought, el libro que compr.
2.
Si est regido por preposicin, sta puede colocarse al final y omitirse
o no el relativo:
the place (that) we went to, el lugar al que fuimos.
3.
Con that, la preposicin se ubica siempre al final:
I bought the book that you told me about, compr el libro del cual me
hablaste.
Defining Relative Pronouns Exercise

people
that / who
owners whose
things
that / which
places
where
Combine the sentences using defining relative pronouns. When the relative pronoun is an
object, it can be omitted.
1 That's the girl. She spoke to me yesterday.
_____________________________________________________________ .
2 What's the name of the book? You want me to read it.
_____________________________________________________________ .
3 We stayed in a hotel. The hotel was very expensive.
_____________________________________________________________ .
4 I rent a house. It is very small.
_____________________________________________________________ .
5 The car was stolen. It was a BMW.
_____________________________________________________________ .
6 The man smoked forty cigarettes a day. He died of a heart attack.
_____________________________________________________________ .
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7 That's the building. I work there.

_____________________________________________________________ .
8 That's the boy. His mother works in the post office.
_____________________________________________________________ .
9 The businessman was very rich. I saw him last night.
_____________________________________________________________ .
10 That's the dog. Its owner is French.
_____________________________________________________________ .
Non-defining Relative Pronouns Exercise

Three things about Non-defining Relative Clauses.
1. The relative clause is closed off by commas and is quite similar to information in brackets.
2. Non-defining relative clauses are NOT used in spoken English. It would sound unnatural.
3. The relative pronoun can never be omitted.
Combine the sentences using non-defining relative pronouns.
1 Valencia is a great place. Valencia is due east of Madrid.
__________________________________________________________________________________
2 Jimbo is living in Thailand now. Jimbo got divorced last year.
__________________________________________________________________________________
3 Clare is a good teacher. I don't like Clare very much.
__________________________________________________________________________________
4 The Flaca pub rocks. I met my girlfriend in The Flaca. (use WHERE)
__________________________________________________________________________________
5 My greasy neighbour stinks of after-shave. My greasy neighbour is a bus driver.
__________________________________________________________________________________
6 Almeria is very dry. The beaches of Almeria are wonderful.
__________________________________________________________________________________
7 The school was built in 1907. The school has about 800 students.
__________________________________________________________________________________
8 The government handled the diplomatic crisis badly. The government is facing corruption charges.
__________________________________________________________________________________
9 The Plaza Rodonda square is near the cathedral. They hold a market in The Plaza Rodonda square
55
every Sunday. (use WHERE)

__________________________________________________________________________________
10 Samantha is coming to the party. Samantha's mother is mayoress of this town.
LECCIN 17 LOS INDEFINIDOS
USO DE "ANY" Y "ANYTHING" EN FRASES AFIRMATIVAS

1) some/something se utilizan en frases afirmativas, y any/anything se utilizan
en frases negativas e interrogativas. Y aveces some puede traducirse como "unos".
Es decir, hace las veces de plural del artculo indefinido a/an (un/una) que no tiene
plural directo.
Algunos ejemplos:
Some friends are coming to dinner. (Unos amigos van a venir a cenar)
Some old friends called me yesterday. (Unos viejos amigos me llamaron ayer)
Some people will never learn anything. (Algunas personas nunca aprendern
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nada)
Are you doing anything tomorrow night? (Vas a hacer algo maana a la
noche?)
2) En las frases interrogativas, se utiliza some/something cuando se espera una
respuesta afirmativa a la pregunta, o cuando la persona que habla quiere inducir al
interlocutor a responder afirmativamente.
Observa estos ejemplos:
Could we have some bread, please? (Podra traernos algo de pan, por favor?)
Would you like something to drink? (Desea algo de beber?)
Estos aspectos generales del empleo de some/something y any/anything se
pueden precisar aadiendo la norma que rige el uso de any/anything en frases
afirmativas traducindose como "cualquier/a". Observa la siguiente frase
pronunciada por una persona que se dispone a hacer un juego con una baraja:
Take a card. Any card. (Toma un naipe. Cualquier naipe)
Can I take any book with me? (Puedo llevarme cualquier libro?)
La palabra anything tambin se utiliza en frases afirmativas con un significado muy
similar al que posee any en la frase anterior.
I'm really hungry. I'll eat anything. (Tengo mucho apetito. Comer cualquier
cosa)
As, se puede observar que, en esas frases, la palabra any seguida de un sustantivo
significa "cualquiera, no importa cul", mientras que la palabra anything utilizada
sola al final de una frase significa ''cualquier cosa, no importa qu".
PRESTA MUCHA ATENCION AHORA !!
No confundas any/anything y no/nothing. Para practicarlo compara estos dos
refranes:
Any publicity is good publicity. (Cualquier publicidad es buena publicidad)
No news is good news. (La falta de noticias es una buena noticia)
ALGO PARA RECORDAR

En un anuncio publicitario de un banco britnico, relativo a la buena disposicin de la
entidad para prestar dinero a aquellas personas que quisieran comprar un coche,
apareci un ejemplo muy claro del "diferente significado" que posee la palabra any
segn se utilice en frases afirmativas o interrogativas. El anuncio deca exactamente:
Any car. Any model. Any colour. Any questions?
(Cualquier coche. Cualquier modelo. Cualquier color. Alguna pregunta?)
FORMAS COMPUESTAS
Las formas compuestas derivan de las formas anteriores:
Agregando one o body (persona)

someone, alguien; somebody, alguien
57
anyone, alguien; anybody, alguien

everyone, cada uno, todos; everybody, cada uno, todos
no one, nadie; nobody, nadie
Agregando thing (cosa, objeto)

something, algo, alguna cosa
anything, algo, alguna cosa
everything, todo, cada cosa
nothing, nada (ninguna cosa)
USO DE "SOMEBODY", "ANYBODY", ETC.

Las normas expuestas en el apartado anterior en relacin con el uso de
some/something y any/anything tambin se pueden aplicar a las palabras
compuestas que figuran a continuacin:
somebody/someone (alguien, alguna persona)
somewhere (en alguna parte)
Como puedes observar, no hay diferencia de significado entre las terminaciones -body y
-one. Y aqu tienes las correspondencias de estas palabras con las derivadas de any:
anybody
anyone
anywhere
1) alguien/alguna persona; 2) nadie/ninguna persona (en negativo)

1) en alguna parte; 2) en ninguna parte (en negativo)
Se utiliza "much" (mucho) y "little" (poco) con sustantivos en singular:

Do you have much time?
Tienes mucho tiempo ?
No, I have little time.
No, tengo poco tiempo
Mientras que "many " (mucho) y "few" (poco) se utilizan con sustantivos en
plural:
Do you have many books?
Tienes muchos libros ?
No, I have few books.
No, tengo pocos libros
"Much" y "many" se utilizan principalmente en oraciones negativas e

interrogativas, ya que en oraciones afirmativas se suelen sustituir ambos por "a lot
of" (muchos, un montn):
Do you have many friends?
Tienes muchos amigos ?
Yes, I have a lot of friends.
S, tengo muchos amigos
No, I don't have many friends.
No, no tengo muchos amigos
Did you spend much money?
Gastaste mucho dinero ?
Yes, I spent a lot of money.
S, gast mucho dinero
No, I didn't spend much money. No, no gast mucho dinero
58
No obstante, "much" y "many" s se utilizan en oraciones afirmativas cuando

van precedidos por algunas partculas, como "so" (tanto), "too" (demasiado), etc.:
He has so many friends....
El tiene tantos amigos ...
You have too many doubts.
T tienes demasiadas dudas
We drank too much alcohol.
Bebimos demasiado alcohol
We spent so much money.... Gastamos tanto dinero ...
Some and Any Exercise

Fill the gaps using either some or any.
1
I can see a house, a lake and _______________ trees.
We've got one dog, two cats and _______________ fish.
I like _______________ songs by Ricki Martin but not all of them.
There are _______________ chocolate biscuits in the cupboard.
I can't find _______________ books about dinosaurs.
Natalia hasn't got _______________ friends in Athens.
There aren't _______________ banana trees in Scotland.
Have you got _______________ games for your computer?
Are there _______________ messages for me?
Countables and Uncountables Exercise

1 Is there ________ cheese left?
6 Excuse me. I need ________ information

about trains to Guadalajara.
A some
B any
A some
C the
B any
C an
59
2 To make pancakes we need ________

eggs and some flour.
7 Do you know ________ good restaurants

near here?
A some
A some
B any
B any
C an
C the
3 How ________ money do we have left?
8 For lunch today I had a salad and

________ piece of pizza.
A many
B much
A some
C do
B any
C a
4 How ________ cars are we taking?
9 How ________ rice do we have left?
A many
A many
B much
B much
C long
C peas
10 It's cold. Don't open ________ windows.
How ________ glasses of wine did you

drink?
A some
A many
B any
B much
C a
C drunk
LECCIN 18 LAS PREPOSICIONES DE TIEMPO

TRES PARTICULARIDADES DE LAS PREPOSICIONES EN UNA ORACION
1. Las preposiciones van seguidas normalmente de un sustantivo o pronombre.

La nica forma verbal que puede seguir a una preposicin es el gerundio ING:
AFTER eating the chicken he drank a soda.
2. En ingls, a diferencia de muchos otros idiomas, una preposicin puede
rematar o terminar una oracin. No te preocupes... pero practcalo!! Esta
funcin tan especial del idioma suele confundir a casi todos los estudiantes:
What did you do that FOR?
Who are you looking AT?
This is the building where OM Personal office is IN.
60
She is the writer I was referring TO.

Who does Sylvia remind you OF?
PREPOSICIONES DE TIEMPO
Las preposiciones utilizadas con relacin al tiempo pueden resultar algo
complicadas :
AT? IN? ON? BY?
AT se usa con las horas (at 10:00 am), momentos del da (at night) y con
nombres de festividades (at Christmas, at Easter).
IN se refiere a partes o divisiones del da (in the evening), meses (in
November), estaciones del ao (in winter) y aos (in 2004). IN se usa tambin
para sealar un perodo en el cual algo tendr lugar (in nine months' time).
ON se usa para los das de la semana (on Monday), para partes o divisiones
del da mencionando el da de la semana (on Monday mornings) y para las
fechas (on 15th May, on November 5th).
BY indica el ltimo momento/hora/fecha en que una accin ser finalizada.
Normalmente es similar en significado a before. BY se usa generalmente con
tiempos futuros (I will have finished my project by Saturday).
IN TIME vs ON TIME
ON TIME expresa punctualidad, no tarde o demora. IN TIME expresa lo
suficientemente temprano para hacer algo o antes de que un
acontecimiento desagradable ocurra. Por lo tanto, decimos: The hero
arrived in time to save the children; It is important to arrive on time to
an interview.
Preposition Exercises
Fill the gaps with at, in or on.
1 I hate doing the shopping ___________ Saturdays.
2 She passed her driving test ___________ March.
3 Valencia is too hot for me ___________ summer.
4 ___________ Sunday mornings I have coffee and toast for breakfast and read the
newspaper.
5 ___________ Monday and Wednesday evenings I go to English class.
61
6 We're planning to go skiing ___________ Easter.

7 It's ridiculous. The bank closes ___________ 2:30 pm.
8 Jim had a terrible journey to Wales ___________ Christmas Eve 2003.
9 ___________ 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue.
10 Some people study best ___________ night but I prefer the morning.
11 I love watching the James Bond film ___________ Christmas Day.
12 I normally phone my girlfriend ___________ 10 o'clock every evening.
13 I hate going out ___________ the week.
14 We usually go out for dinner ___________ the weekend.
15 She's always very grumpy first thing ___________ the morning.
LECCIN 19 PREPOSICIONES DE LUGAR

La preposicin "IN" indica dentro de un lugar:
In my room
In my pocket
En mi habitacin
En mi bolsillo
Se suele utilizar tambin cuando nos referimos a pases o ciudades:

The concert is in Madrid.
El concierto es en Madrid
This match took place in Spain. Este partido se celebr en Espaa
62
"ON" indica sobre un lugar:

On the table
On my book
Sobre la mesa
Sobre mi libro
Hay expresiones muy usuales que se construyen con "on":

On the left
A la izquierda
On the right
A la derecha
On the fifth floor
En el quinto piso
La preposicin "AT" se utiliza normalmente para indicar "junto a, al
lado de":
At the bed
At the bridge
Junto a la cama
Junto al puente
Pero hay una serie de lugares que suelen ir acompaados de la

preposicin "at", incluso cuando estamos dentro de los mismos:
At
At
At
At
At
home
the university
work
the airport
the bus station
En
En
En
En
En
casa
la universidad
el trabajo
el aeropuerto
la estacin de autobuses
Tambin se utiliza "at" para referirnos a acontecimientos:

At the exposition
At the meeting
At the conference
En la exposicin
En el meeting
En la conferencia
Si nos referimos al tipo de transporte que empleamos, utilizamos "by",

salvo en la expresin "on foot" (andando):
To go by bicycle
To go by car
Ir en bicicleta
Ir en coche
63
To go by train
To go by plane
Ir en tren
Ir en avin
Preposition Exercises
Fill the gaps with at, in, on or to.
1 I get ___________ work at 9.
2 I arrive ___________ work at 9.
3 We arrived ___________ Paris at five in the morning.
4 Samantha likes to stay ___________ bed all Sunday morning.
5 Clare's boyfriend's a nurse. He works ___________ the hospital.
6 A: When's Jenny having her baby?
B: Very soon. She's already ___________ hospital.
7 Do you put your feet ___________ the table at home?
8 My beautiful friend Claudia is lying ___________ the beach.
9 I'm sorry. Mara's not here. She's ___________ work.
10 I go ___________ school by bus.
Fill the gaps below using the prepositions in the box once only.
Across/along/in/at/out/of/on/past/straight/under/through/into
Go ___________ of the building and turn left.
At the end ___________ the street turn right.
___________ the traffic lights turn right again.
Go ___________ ahead until you come to a petrol station.
Turn left ___________ Acacia Avenue.
Next, take the third turning ___________ your right.
Go ___________ the newsagent's and carry on until you come to a bridge.
Go ___________ the bridge and on the other side you will see a park.
Go ________ the park until you come to Church St. on the other side, where you turn left.
10
Keep going. After about 300 metres, you go ___________ a railway bridge.
11
Keep going ___________ Church St. for another 100 metres.
12
A: You'll see the tourist information office ___________ front of you. You can't miss it.
64
LECCIN 20 EL PRESENTE PERFECTO

El "present perfect" se forma con el auxiliar "to have" en presente del
indicativo (simple present), ms el participio (past participle) del verbo principal:
I have listened to the news. Yo he escuchado las noticias

She has watched TV.
Ella ha visto la tele
La forma negativa se forma con la partcula de negacin "not" entre el

auxiliar y el verbo principal, y la forma interrogativa se construye con el auxiliar
al comienzo de la oracin, seguido del sujeto y del verbo principal:
I have not done my

homework.
Have you been in Seville?
Yo no he hecho mis deberes.

Has estado en Sevilla
USO DEL PRESENTE PERFECTO

En ingls utilizamos el tiempo presente perfecto cuando existe una conexin o
relacin entre el pasado y el presente. Tiene dos usos principales:
65
a) Lo utilizamos cuando nos encontramos interesados en el resultado presente

de algo que ocurri en un momento no definido del pasado:
- The secretary has decided to look for a new job.
La secretaria ha decidido buscar un nuevo trabajo.
- I'm afraid I have forgotten your name.
Me temo que he olvidado tu nombre.
b) Lo utilizamos para hablar acerca de una accin o situacin que comenz en
el pasado y an contina:
- How long have you worked here?
Cunto tiempo has trabajado aqu?
- She has been away on business since last week.
Ella se ha ausentado por negocios desde la semana pasada.
- I haven't seen Sylvia for several years. No he visto a Silvia durante varios.
Con el presente perfecto utilizamos How long...? (Cunto tiempo...?) en
preguntas relacionadas con la duracin y for (durante) o since (desde) para las
respuestas.
- How long have you worked at OM Personal?
Cunto tiempo has trabajado en OM Personal?
Observa que usamos for(durante) para expresar la duracin de una accin, y
since(desde) para indicar cundo comenz la accin.
- I've worked here for twelve months (for twenty years, etc).
He trabajado aqu durante doce meses (durante veinte aos, etc)
- I've worked here since January (since 1990, since Christmas, etc).
He trabajado aqu desde Enero (desde 1990, desde Navidad, etc)
A menudo el presente perfecto se utiliza con los adverbios just (justo), yet (an),
still (todava), already (ya), ever (alguna vez), never (nunca), recently
(recientemente), lately (ltimamente), so far (hasta aqu), up to now (hasta
ahora). Observa algunos ejemplos:
- They 've just signed an important contract.
Ellos acaban de firmar un importante contrato.
(RECUERDA: Present Perfect + JUST >> Acabar de hacer algo)
- Sheila hasn't received an answer yet.(en negativa y al final de la frase)
Sheila no ha recibido respuesta an.
- Have you ever used this type of machine?
Has utilizado alguna vez este tipo de mquina?
- We've had good results so far.
Hasta aqu hemos obtenido buenos resultados.
66
The Present Perfect or The Past Simple Exercise

Fill the gaps with the verb in brackets using the present perfect tenses.
1 A: I ________________ (to see, negative) Anna for a long time.
2 David lost his wallet yesterday but he ________________ (to find) it this
morning in his jacket pocket.
3 ________________ (to be / you) to Paris?
4 We ________________ (to live) in this house for five years .
5 He ________________ ( not to meet) Sally in the supermarket since last
week.
6 She feels great. She ________________ (to lose) three kilos since
Christmas.
7 It's cold in here because someone ________________ (to open) the
window.
8 ________________ (to feed / you) the cat yet?
_No ,I ________________________________(not to feed) it yet.
Fill the gaps with either for(durante) or since(desde).

1 I've lived in Spain ________ 11 years now.
2 I've worked at this English school ________ six years.
3 Carlos's had internet at home ________ August last year.
4 I haven't seen Maggie ________ the party.
5 We've been waiting for the bus ________ over half an hour now.
6 I've put on 4 kilos ________ Christmas.
7 That new clothes shop has been open ________ last Saturday.
8 Have you been married ________ a long time?
9 I've been surfing the net ________ half past seven this morning.
10 The police have been at the scene ________ 3 hours.
67
LECCIN 21 EL INFINITIVO DE FINALIDAD

En ingls existen bsicamente dos formas de expresar el propsito u objetivo de hacer
algo. Analicemos ambas formas y trata de recordar esta regla prctica:
1. Utilizamos el infinitivo de un verbo (to do) para hablar acerca del propsito u
objetivo de hacer algo (= why someone does something):
- I went out to mail a letter. (Sal para franquear una carta).
- She called me to invite me to a party. (Me llam para invitarme a una fiesta)
Tambin utilizamos el infinitivo de un verbo para expresar una justificacin (= why
someone has, wants or needs something):
- They have bodyguards to protect them. (Tienen guardaespaldas para protegerlos)
- I need a can opener to open this. (Necesito un abrelatas para abrir esto)
Asimismo es posible utilizar in order to (para, a fin de que) como sinnimo:
- We shouted in order to get help. (Gritamos a fin de pedir ayuda)
No se debe utilizar FOR en ciertas oraciones (un error bastante frecuente entre los
hispanoparlantes):
- I'm going to Argentina to learn Spanish (not, I'm going to Argentina FOR TO
LEARN Spanish, or I'm going to Argentina FOR LEARNING Spanish).
2. A veces se usa SO THAT (no el to infinitivo) para hablar de objetivos:
a) Cuando el propsito es NEGATIVO:
- I hurried so that I wouldn't be late. (Me apur para no llegar tarde).
b) Con los verbos CAN y COULD:
68
- He's learning English at OM Personal so that he can work in the United States.
(Est aprendiendo ingls en OM Personal para poder trabajar en los Estados
Unidos)
c) Cuando una persona hace algo para que otra persona pueda hacer otra cosa:
- I gave him my address so that he can contact me. (Le di mi direccin para que
pueda ponerse en contacto conmigo)
"For and To" Preposition Exercise at Auto-English
Fill the gaps with either for or to.
1
Thank you ___________ helping me with my homework.
I need to go out ___________ buy some milk and sugar.
They went to London ___________ see the Crown jewels.
Here. This is ___________ you.
You'll need at least 12 Euros ___________ the train.
Don't forget to bring everything ___________ tomorrow.
Take a jacket just ___________ be sure you don't get cold.
___________ the time being, everything's going well.
Sorry ___________ being late.
10
Simon's gone into town ___________ look ___________ a book.
11
I married him for better or ___________ worse.
12
___________ be a success in life, you need dedication.
69
LECCIN 22 EL FUTURO
A) FUTURO SIMPLE
subject + will + infinitive

Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I will go
I won't go
Will I go ?
You will go
You won't go
Will you go ?
He will go
He won't go
Will he go ?
She will go
She won't go
Will she go ?
It will go
It won't go
Will it go ?
We will go
We won't go
Will we go ?
You will go
You won't go
Will you go ?
They will go
They won't go
Will they go ?
Affirmative
70
I will go to New York - Ir a New York

He will go to New York - El ir a New York
Negative
I won't go to New York - No ir a New York
He won't go to New York - El no ir a New York
Interrogative
Will I go to New York ? - Ir a New York ?
Will he go to New York ? - Ir l a New York ?
usos del futuro simple

Acciones que se van a desarrollar con certeza en el futuro.
I will play tennis tomorrow. Jugar tenis maana.
OM Personal will be six in 2005. OM Personal cumplir seis aos en el 2005.
Prediccin en el futuro.
It will snow tomorrow. Nevar maana.
Promesas.
"Every Argentinian will have a job in this blessed country." (Carlos Menem)
"Todo Argentino tendr un puesto de trabajo en este bendito pas." (Carlos Menem)
Ofrecimientos.
I will stay with you all night if you really need it.
Me quedar contigo toda la noche si realmente lo necesitas.
Suele utilizarse el auxiliar shall (o su contraccin 'll) para el

futuro de la primera persona del singular y del plural.
We shall go to the movies = We will go to the movies
We'll go to the movies. Iremos al cine.
expresiones usuales del futuro simple

tomorrow - the day after tomorrow - in 2010
next Monday - next week - next month - next year
71
B) TO BE +GOING TO
FUTURO PLANEADO
La forma GOING TO seguida de infinitivo se utiliza:

1) Para expresar la intencin de realizar en el futuro alguna accin
que ya est decidida.
What are you going to do at the weekend?
Qu hars durante el fin de semana?
I'm going to visit a friend near Bogota.
Visitar (Tengo intenciones de visitar) a un amigo cerca de Bogot.
2) Para predecir acontecimientos futuros basndose en una
evidencia presente. (Estos acontecimientos suelen estar situados en
un futuro prximo.)
Look at those clouds. It's going to rain.
Mira esas nubes. Llover. (Va a llover.)
FORMACION DE LA ESTRUCTURA "GOING TO + INFINITIVO".
Esta estructura se construye con las formas del tiempo Present
Continuous del verbo go (I'm going, She's going, etc.) ms el
infinitivo del verbo principal precedido de la partcula to (to visit,
to answer, etc.).
Ejemplos:
I'm going to visit some friends this afternoon.
He's going to watch TV tomorrow.
She's going to leave in ten minutes.
We're going to play tennis at six o'clock.
You're to paint the kitchen on Friday.
They're going to go to the movies next week.
PRESTA MUCHA ATENCION AHORA !!

Cuando el verbo en infinitivo que sigue a la forma going to es el
mismo verbo go, la frase puede parecer un poco confusa a causa de
la repeticin verbal. Este tipo de frases se suelen abreviar de la
siguiente manera:
En lugar de: We're going to go to the cinema on Friday.
Se omite to go y se dice: We're going to the cinema on Friday.
. Las formas negativas se construyen colocando la partcula not entre
el verbo auxiliar y la forma going to:
72
I'm not going to play tennis tomorrow.

He's not / He isn't going to watch TV this evening.
Las formas interrogativas se construyen invirtiendo el orden del
sujeto y del verbo auxiliar:
Are you going to stay at home tonight?
Is it going to rain?
What is he going to do?
"GONNA": COLOQUIALMENTE HABLANDO.
En el habla coloquial la forma verbal going to a menudo se pronuncia /gona/ o
/gana/, lo que a veces se refleja en la forma escrita gonna. No obstante, esta
forma coloquial no debe utilizarse en el lenguaje escrito habitual, limitando su
uso al lenguaje informal, como el empleado en la transcripcin de canciones .
Aqu tienes un mini-dilogo para que practiques cmo utilizan los
norteamericanos el famoso gonna:
A: What are you gonna do tonight?
B: I'm gonna stay home.
A: What are you gonna do for your birthday?
B: I'm gonna go out with some friends.
Going to or Will ? Exercise
Fill the gaps with the verb in brackets using either the going to or will form of the future tense.
1
Sally: There's no milk left!

Betty: Oh. I _______________ some from the shop. (get)
The population of Valencia _______________ 2 million by the year 2010. (reach)
Mum: I told you to tidy up your room.

Son: Sorry, Mum, I forgot. I _______________ it after lunch.(do)
Sally: Why don't we meet for coffee on Friday morning?

Willy: Sorry. I can't. I _______________ the doctor then. (see)
"Tomorrow _______________ a bright and sunny day everywhere in Spain, except in La

Corua," said the weatherwoman. (be)
Look at that big black cloud. I think it _______________ . (rain)
Sally: What are your plans for the week-end?

Betty: Brad Pitt phoned. We _______________ on a picnic. (go)
73
Betty: Have you booked the flights yet?

Sally: Don't worry. It's all organized. I _______________ to the travel agent's tomorrow
morning. (go)
In the future people _______________ bigger heads. (have)
10
If we miss the bus, we _______________ a taxi. (take)
11
Next month I _______________ a DVD player. (buy)
12
When _______________ you _______________ another party? (have)
13
I've got to go to the dentist this morning. _______________ you _______________ with
me? (come)
14
Oh no! I think I _______________ . (sneeze)
15
Fanny: I can't open this jar.
LECCIN 23 SO Y SUCH
SO (tan, as, entonces) y SUCH (semejante, tal, tan, tanto), suelen confundir.
1. CON ADJETIVO SIN SUSTANTIVO SE USA "SO":

Ejemplos: so stupid (tan tonta).
2. CON ADJETIVO Y SUSTANTIVO SE USA "SUCH":
Ejemplos: such a stupid story (una historia tan tonta).
Tambin puedes usar SO con un adverbio . Por ejemplo:

Mirta's difficult to understand because she speaks so quickly.
(Es difcil entenderle a Mirta porque habla tan rpidamente)
I didn't know Maria lived so far from the city.
I didn't know Maria lived such a long way from the city.
(No saba que Mara viva tan lejos de la ciudad)
So and Such Exercise

She's so pretty
Fill the gaps with either so or such.
He's such a nice guy
74
Charlie's ___________ a nice boy.
The sun was out and the birds were singing. It was ___________ a beautiful day in May.
The movie Shrek is ___________ good it's unbelievable.
It was ___________ a shame you couldn't come to Laura's party.
The ending of the film The Mission was ___________ sad I couldn't help crying.
Try the cake. It's ___________ delicious.
I really want you to meet Andy. He's ___________ a funny guy.
My internet connection is ___________ slow it's unbearable.
The La Latina part of Madrid is ___________ exciting. You have to go there.
10
Thailand is ___________ a beautiful country.
11
The Thais are so polite. It makes ___________ a change from rude Europeans.
12
The summer of 2003 in Spain was ___________ hot. I mean really terrible.
LECCIN 24 EL PASADO PERFECTO

subject + had + participio pasivo
I had gone to New York - Yo haba ido a New York
He had gone to New York - El haba a New York
I hadn't gone to New York - Yo no haba ido a New York
Had he gone to New York? - Haba ido l a New York?
usos del pasado perfecto simple

Accin del pasado que tuvo lugar antes que otra.
Her plane had already left when Thelma arrived at the airport.
Su vuelo ya haba partido cuando Thelma lleg al aeropuerto.
The Past Perfect or The Past Simple Exercises

Fill the gaps with the verb in brackets using either the past perfect or the past simple tenses.
1
2
By the time we got to the cinema the film ______________ (to start), so we missed the
first five minutes.
When I rang the bell there was no answer. The neighbour told me that they
______________ (to go out) about half an hour ago.
75
I saw Casablanca for the first time last night. I ______________ (to see NEGATIVE) it
before.
I feel fat. I ______________ (to have) a huge lunch.
I spent a week in Miami recently. I ______________ there before.
There was so much to see in Toledo. I wanted to see everything but I ______________
(to have NEGATIVE) enough time.
If I ______________ (to know) about the concert, I would have gone.
If you ______________ (to take) my advice, it wouldn't have happened.
We would have had an argument, if she ______________ (to mention) politics.
10
If you ______________ (to not park) there, you wouldn't have got a parking fine.
11
They found the body on a building site. It ______________ (to mutilate "in the passive!").
12
She told me she ______________ (to buy) a new car.
LECCIN 25 EXPRESAR OBLIGACIN

TYPE USE
Obligation(externa)
Obligation(del
hablante)
MODAL
VERB+
INFINITIVO
EXAMPLES
NOTES
have to
Mara has to go to Rome.
must
You must see a doctor.
no obligation
don't have to
He doesn't have to go.
prohibition
mustn't
You mustn't insult people.
recommendation
should
You shouldn't eat so quickly.
ought to
You ought to phone your

mother.
Must expresses
more urgency than
have to.
Ought to is not
used in the
negative.
Modal Verbs of Obligation Exercise

Decide which type of modal goes with each sentence
1
____
If you want to lose weight, you _____________ eat pasta, potatoes, white
bread or white rice. NEGATIVE
76
____
It's alright. You _____________ come to Muriel's wedding if you don't want
to. NEGATIVE
____
Stupid boy! You _____________ play with matches! NEGATIVE
____
I haven't heard from Eleonora for ages. Maybe I _____________ give her a
ring.
____
You _____________ remember your passport. Otherwise they won't let you
on the plane.
____
The weather forecast says this weekend will be fine. We _____________ go

on a picnic.
____
You _____________ go there on your own. It's extremely dangerous.

NEGATIVE
____
You _____________ come if you don't feel like it. NEGATIVE
____
You _____________ take life so seriously. Relax a bit. NEGATIVE
10
____
Orange juice in cartons has no goodness in it at all. You _____________

make it yourself.
11
____
You _____________ drink and drive. NEGATIVE
12
____
These instructions are difficult to follow. They _____________ to explain

things better.
LECCIN 26 EXPRESAR HABILIDAD Y PERMISO

Modal Verbs of Ability and Permission Exercise
.
TYPE
USE
MODAL VERBS
EXAMPLE
expressing ability
CAN (poder/saber)
Mara can drive.
Asking for permission
MAY, CAN, COULD Could I borrow your pen?
giving permission
MAY, CAN
refusing permission, prohibition CAN'T, MAY NOT
requests
CAN, COULD
You can use my phone.

You may not talk in the exam
Can you pass me the salt?
Modal Verbs of Ability and Permission Exercise

Look at the following phrases and write in which type you think it is. Then use one of the modal
verbs in brackets to fill the gaps.
TYPE
77
_______
You (may/could)________________ leave now if you wish.
_______
(Could/May)________________ you open the window a bit, please?
_______
(May/Can)________________ you play the piano?
_______
Listen, please. You (may not/could not)________________ speak

during this exam.
_______
You (can't/might not)________________ smoke on the bus.
_______
(Can't/May)________________ I make a call on your mobile?
_______
Do you know if Mark (can/may)________________ sing?
_______
(Can't/May)________________ I sit here, please?
_______
Caroline, your friends (can/could)________________ stay the night if

they want to. They're perfectly welcome.
10
_______
I'm sorry but you (can't/may)________________ use the computer until

after I've finished.
11
_______
(May/Could)________________ you lend me 40 Euros til Monday?
12
_______
Listen, please. Students (may/could)________________ study in the

library from five to nine in the evening.
LECCIN 27 EXPRESAR CERTEZA Y POSIBILIDAD

Modal Verbs of Deduction Exercises
TYPE
USE
MODAL VERBS
EXAMPLE
to express possibilities for the

future
MAY(+), MIGHT(-),
COULD
It may rain tomorrow.
to express certainty
CAN'T, COULDN'T,
MUST
She can't be Irish.
for possible explanations
MAY, MIGHT, COULD
She could be
Scottish.
Modal Verbs of Deduction and Posibility Exercises

Look at the following phrases and write in which type you think they are. Then use one of the
modal verbs in brackets to fill the gaps.
TYPE
78
_______
They (may/must)________________ be away for the weekend but I'm not

sure.
_______
He (can/could)________________ be French, judging by his accent.
_______
They (can't/may)________________ still be out!
_______
With luck, tomorrow (can't/could)________________ be a sunny day.
_______
You (can/might)________________ be right but I'm going to check

anyway.
_______
The exam (can't/might)________________ be easy. You never know.
_______
It (may/can't)________________ be true about a sauropod dinosaur living

in Lake Tel in the Congo. It's impossible.
_______
Dave reckons she's from The States but I think she

(can't/might)________________ be from Scandinavia.
_______
I (can't/might)________________ go to the party but I'm not sure yet.
10
_______
This (must/could)________________ be the right answer but we'll have to

check with your teacher to make sure.
11
_______
She (can't/could)________________ steal things from shops. She's rich

and famous.
12
_______
I really think Real Madrid (can't/could)________________ lose the final of

the King's Cup.
LECCIN 28 LA PRIMERA CONDICIONAL (REAL)

Cuando deseas hablar acerca de una "posible" situacin y sus resultados, debes
utilizar una oracin condicional En este tipo de oraciones condicionales existe una
posibilidad real de que suceda lo que en ellas se expresa. Bsicamente, existen DOS
tipos de estructuras
CLAUSULA CONDICIONAL
IF +SUJETO + present simple
CLAUSULA PRINCIPAL
SUJETO+present simple
ejemplos:
If you heat ice, it melts.
(Si calientas hielo, ste se derrite)
(= When you heat ice, it melts)
(Cuando calientas hielo, ste se derrite)
CLAUSULA CONDICIONAL
IF +SUJETO+ prest simple
CLAUSULA PRINCIPAL
SUJETO +WILL / 'LL / WON'T + infinitive
79
If I wear the green jacket, it'll go with my new shoes.

(Si uso la chaqueta verde, sta har juego con mis zapatos nuevos)
If you don't study, you won't pass the FCE exam.
(Si no estudias, no aprobars el examen de First Certificate
En estas oraciones condicionales generalmente podemos utilizar unless (a menos
que) en lugar de la estructura if... not (si... no). Observa:
Unless you study, you won't pass the exam.
(A menos que estudies, no aprobars el examen de First Certificate)
(= If you don't study, you won't pass the exam)
(= Si no estudias, no aprobars el examen)
Son posibles tambin otras combinaciones de formas verbales. Aqu tienes dos
ejemplos:
: If you have finished, you may go. >> MODAL VERB: may
(Si has terminado, puedes irte)
If you're feeling ill, you ought to see a doctor. >> MODAL VERB: ought to
(Si te ests sintiendo mal, deberas ver a un mdico)
First Conditional Exercise

IF + PRESENT SIMPLE , WILL + INFINITIVE
WILL + INFINITIVE + IF + PRESENT SIMPLE
Fill the gap using the verb in brackets.Three gaps need a NEGATIVE verb and watch out for
the third person S!
1
If Clare ___________________ late again, the hockey trainer will be furious. (to arrive)
You'll be sorry if you ___________________ for your exams. (to revise)
We ___________________ if the weather's good. (to go)
They ___________________ you if you wear a wig and dark glasses. (to recognise)
If the bus ___________________ on time, I won't miss the football. (to be)
If you ___________________ your homework now, you'll be free all tomorrow. (to do)
We___________________ out if there's no food at home. (to eat)
80
You'll find life much easier if you ___________________ more often. (to smile)
If it's hot, we___________________ for a swim. (to go)
10
You'll do it better if you ___________________ more time over it. (to take)
11
If she ___________________ practising, she'll get better. (to keep)
12
Mum will be very sad if Jim ___________________ Mother's Day again. (to forget)
13
I___________________ so happy if I pass the exam. (to be)
14
You'll be really tired tomorrow if you ___________________ to bed soon. (to go)
15
The government ___________________ the next election if they continue to ignore public
opinion. (to lose)
16
If Valencia FC win the Spanish football league, I___________________ my hair blue. (to
dye)
17
If someone ___________________ you a bike, you can come with us. (to lend)
LECCIN 29 LA SEGUNDA CONDICIONAL (IRREAL)

La segunda condicional se forma co el verbo de la oracin donde est if en pasado
simple y la oracin principal con el modal would + un infinitivo.
'IF' CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
If + pasado simple
If it rained( si lloviera , te mojarias)
If you went to bed earlier (si te fueras
mas pronto a la cama, no estarias tan
cansado)
condctional
you would get we
you wouldn't be so tired.
Se usa :
1. Para hablar de una situacin que no es real en el
presente pero si posible:
I would visit her if I had time. (la visitara si tuviera
tiempo= I haven't got time but I might have some time)
81
2. Para una situacin que no es real en el presente y que

no lo ser nunca:
If I were you, I'd give up smoking (= si yo fuera
tu,dejara de fumar /but I could never be you)
Examples:
a. If I were a plant, I would love the rain.
b. If you really loved me, you would buy me a diamond
ring.
c. If I knew where she lived, I would go and see her.
d. You wouldn't need to read this if you understood
English grammar.
e. Would he go to the concert if I gave him a ticket?
Second Conditional Exercise

IF + PAST SIMPLE , WOULD + INFINITIVE
WOULD+ INFINITIVE + IF + PAST SIMPLE
Fill the gap using the verb in brackets. 5 gaps need a NEGATIVE verb!
1
I ___________________ that if I were you. It's bad luck. (to do)
They'd be a better team if they ___________________ fitter. (to be)
If I had some spare money, I ___________________ a DVD player. (to buy)
Those children ___________________ so horrible if their parents were stricter. (to

be)
I wouldn't go out with him even if you ___________________ me. (to pay)
If we ___________________ so hard, we wouldn't be so tired all the time. (to

work)
82
If she didn't take so long in the shower, she ___________________ more time for
breakfast. (to have)
If you ___________________ so much beer, you wouldn't be so fat. (to drink)
The world ___________________ a better place if politicians were less vain. (to
be)
10
I ___________________ to visit Thailand if I had the chance. (to love)
11
If I had more free time, I ___________________ a play. (to write)
12
If you ___________________ a digital camera, you could send photos by email.

(to have)
13
He would definitely lose weight if he ___________________ eating carbohydrates

and sugar. (to stop)
14
We could go travelling across France if we ___________________ a tent. (to buy)
15
Valencia would have the perfect climate if it ___________________ so hot in July

and August
16
If I understood more about computers, I___________________ help you out. (to

be able to)
17
I wouldn't do that if I ___________________ you. (to be)
LECCIN 30 LA TERCERA CONDICIONAL (IMPOSIBLE)

La tercera condicional se forma con el verbo de la oracin de IF en
pasado perfecto y la oracin principal con WOULD HAVE + EL
PARTICIPIO PASIVO del verbo que conjuguemos.
'IF' CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
If + pasado perfecto
If it had rained(si hubiese
llovido te habras mojado)
If you had worked harder (si
hubieras trabajado
mas,habras aprobado)
conditional compuesto
you would have got wet
Se usa para:
83
you would have passed the

exam.
l1. Para hablar de una situacin que ya ha ocurrido y por

lo tanto la condicin y el resultado que expresan son
imposibles. Estas oraciones se realizaron en el pasado
por lo tanto la situacin que plantean es contraria a la
realidad,los hechos estan basados en lo opuesto a lo que
expresan:
Examples:
a. If I'd known you were in hospital, I would have
visited you.
b. I would have bought you a present if I'd known
it was your birthday.
c. If they'd had a better goalkeeper they wouldn't
have lost the game.
d. If you had told me you were on the Internet, I'd
have sent you an e-mail.
Conditional Exercise
IF + PAST PERFECT , WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE + IF + PAST PERFECT
Fill the gap using the verb in brackets. Think very carefully about the meaning of the phrase
before deciding whether to use a negative or positive verb form.
1
I wouldn't be angry if you _____________________ my chocolate mousse. (to eat)
If he had known you were in hospital, he _____________________ you. (to visit)
We wouldn't have come by taxi if we _____________________ the right bus. (to find)
We would have visited the Prado gallery if we _____________________ time. (to have)
If you hadn't been asking me questions all the time, I _____________________ the film.(to
enjoy)
If I _____________________ your number, I would have phoned.(to know)
84
If just one person had remembered my birthday, I _____________________ sad. (to be)
I would have understood the film if it _____________________ in German. (to be*)
They _____________________ to see you if they hadn't been away. (to come)
10
If she _____________________ on a double yellow line, she wouldn't have got a fine. (to
park)
11
If I'd known you were coming, I _____________________ a cake. (to bake)
12
If she _____________________ the shed unlocked, they wouldn't have stolen her bike. (to
leave)
13
If you had told me about the concert, I _____________________. (to go)
14
The storm _____________________ a lot of damage if it had come this way. (to do)
15
The holidays would have been great if the weather _____________________ better. (to
be)
* If you are a German speaker, then the answer is different!
LECCIN 31 LOS FALSOS AMIGOS

QU SON LOS "FALSOS AMIGOS"?
Los estudiantes hispano-parlantes suelen utilizar indebidamente ciertas palabras en
ingls que, en su idioma natal, se escriben o pronuncian de modo parecido.
EJEMPLO 1:
Para expresar: "Compr dos carpetas en la papelera", un hispano-parlante suele
decir: "I bought two CARPETS at the stationery's". "Carpet" en ingls significa
"alfombra", mientras que la "carpeta" del ejemplo se traduce como "FOLDER".
EJEMPLO 2:
Para decir: "Compr este libro en la librera", suele expresarlo como "I bought this
book at the LIBRARY". "Library" en ingls significa "biblioteca", mientras que la
"librera" del ejemplo debe traducirse como "BOOKSHOP" o "BOOKSTORE".
los FALSE FRIENDS ms frecuentes :
85
"FALSE FRIEND"
USUALMENTE UTILIZADO
PARA EXPRESAR
DEBE UTILIZARSE
agenda personal
DIARY
aviso (advertencia)
ADVERTISEMENT
(aviso de diario)
NOTICE (cartel)
casco (protector)
casco (de un barco)
HELMET (casco protector)

HULL (casco de un barco)
(productos internacionales)
comodidades,
instalaciones
FACILITIES
conductor
conductor (chofer)
DRIVER
crimen (asesinato)
MURDER
decepcin
DISAPPOINTMENT
defraudar (desilusionar)
DISAPPOINT
efectivo (dinero en mano)
CASH
embarazada, preada
PREGNANT
frente (de la cara)
FOREHEAD
largo
LONG
portero (de edificio)
DOORMAN (UK)
JANITOR (US)
pretender
CLAIM
raro
STRANGE
regular (no muy bueno)
POOR
realizar
MAKE
rico (en sabor)
DELICIOUS
sensible
SENSITIVE
traductor
TRANSLATOR
vaso
GLASS
vicios (fumar, lotera)
BAD HABITS
agenda
(orden del da)
advice
(consejo)
cask
(barril)
commodities
(director de orquesta)
crime
(delito, acto ilegal)
deception
(engao)
defraud
(cometer fraude)
effective
(eficaz, eficiente)
embarrassed
(avergonzado, incmodo)
front
(ubicado al frente)
large
(grande)
porter
(changador)
pretend
(simular, fingir)
rare
(poco cocido)
regular
(estndar, normal)
realize
(darse cuenta)
rich
(rico )
sensible
(sensato, prudente)
traducer
(calumniador)
vase
(florero)
vice
(actividades inmorales)
86
The False Friends Exercise

Fill the gaps by choosing the most appropiate answer in brackets.
1
Did you know that Chrissie got ________________ (embarrassed/pregnant) on holiday in

Ibiza?
The ________________ (signature/subject) I hate most is maths.
Begonia is a very ________________ (kind /sympathetic) person.
I couldn't agree more. That's a very ________________ (sensible/sensitive) idea.
The film The Quiet American was a box-office ________________ (exit/success).
How many ________________ (idioms/languages) can you speak?
________________ (Actually/Nowadays) I'm living with my parents again.
I've got ________________ (a cold/constipation). Pass me a tissue, please.
I was only living with my parents ________________ (eventually/temporarily).
10
All my immediate family live in England but I have a lot of ________________

(parents/relatives) in Canada.
LECCIN
32
EL ESTILO INDIRECTO O REPORTED SPEECH
Puedes relatar o comentar lo que alguien dice en forma indirecta:
The inspector thought that the sex of the driver was irrelevant.
(El inspector piensa que el sexo del conductor no tena importancia)
He believed that the load you carry in your car makes a difference.
(El cree que la carga que llevas en tu auto hace la diferencia)
h
Cabe destacar aqu que el pronombre relativo that a veces puede omitirse,
especialmente en lenguaje ms informal. Como regla muy general, salo cuando
escribes y omtelo cuando hablas.
CAMBIOS EN LOS PRONOMBRES

87
El primer y segundo pronombre personal cambian a tercera persona:
DIRECT STATEMENT personal pronoun "I"

"I drive a van and women are terrible", said Ian Lewis.
("Conduzco una camioneta y las mujeres son terribles", dijo Ian Lewis)
REPORTED STATEMENT personal pronoun "he"

lan Lewis said that he drove a van and that women were terrible.
(Ian Lewis dijo que conduca una camioneta y que las mujeres eran terribles)
CAMBIOS EN LAS "PALABRAS PUNTERO"

"Palabras puntero" (pointer words, en ingls) son palabras que se refieren a
momentos y lugares especficos, por ejemplo, this (esto/a), now (ahora), here
(aqu), tomorrow (maana), etc.
1) Si las palabras del orador son comentadas ms o menos en el mismo momento y
lugar, y pueden interpretarse correctamente, entonces no necesitas cambiar las
palabras puntero. Pero, cuando el comentario se hace en otro momento y/o lugar
ser necesario hacer algunos ajustes.
2) Las expresiones idiomticas orales como Wow!, Never!, etc. deben ser
expresadas a travs del verbo: He exclaimed (El exclam), She denied (Ella
neg), etc.
3) Despus del verbo tell (comentar, contar, relatar), debes indicar a quien se
comenta o relata. Por ejemplo:
Manuela told him she would be late.
(Manuela le dijo que llegara tarde)
5) Despus de los verbos explain (explicar), say (decir) y suggest (sugerir), no es
necesario mencionar a quien se est hablando, pero si deseas mencionarlo deber
utilizar la preposicin to (a) a continuacin del verbo. Observa estos ejemplos:
The tour guide explained to the tourists that they needed a visa.
(El gua de turismo explic a los turistas que ellos necesitaban una visa)
I said to my wife that I was surprised at the result.
(Le dije a mi esposa que yo estaba sorprendido por el resultado)
He suggested to Monica that the driver should be paid.
(El le sugiri a Mnica que haba que pagar al conductor)
Observa ahora los cambios o ajustes que sufren las siguientes palabras puntero
cuando comentas (Voz Indirecta) lo que otra persona ha dicho (Voz Directa):
DIRECT STATEMENT
now (ahora)
this morning (esta maana)
today (hoy)
yesterday (ayer)
REPORTED STATEMENT
at that time / then (en ese momento)
that morning (esa maana)
that day (ese da)
the day before (el da anterior)
88
tomorrow (maana)
next week (la semana prxima)
last year (el ao pasado)
here (aqu)
come (venir)
the day after (el da siguiente)

the following week (la siguiente semana)
the year before (el ao anterior)
there (all)
CAMBIOS EN LOS TIEMPOS VERBALES

Cuando el verbo comunicador (reporting verb, en ingls) se encuentra en pasado
(said [dijo], added [agreg], explained [explic], etc), generalmente deben
ajustarse los verbos que contenga la clusula relativa that (que):
Ian Lewis said that he drove a van and that women were terrible.
(Ian Lewis dijo que conduca una camioneta y que las mujeres eran terribles)
DIRECT STATEMENT
am/is, are, have/has
present simple
present progressive present
perfect
past simple
past progressive
can
may
must
will
REPORTED STATEMENT
was, were, had
past simple
past progressive
past perfect
past perfect
past perfect progressive
could
might
had to
would
REPORTING VERBS (Verbos Comunicadores)

Estos son algunos de los verbos comunicadores o reporting verbs ms utilizados
(seguidos por una clusula relativa con that):
add
complain
feel
repeat
say
tell
(agregar)
(quejarse)
(sentir)
(repetir)
(decir)
(comentar)
agree
deny
inform
reply
show
threaten
answer
explain
promise
report
suggest
warn
(contestar)
(explicar)
(prometer)
(comunicar)
(sugerir)
(advertir)
(acordar)
(negar)
(informar)
(responder)
(demostrar) (amenazar)
DOS ASPECTOS A TENER EN CUENTA

1) Los verbos que se encuentran en Pasado Perfecto en la voz directa no cambian
al cuando pasan a la voz indirecta.
"I had driven a van before this", said Ian Lewis.
("Yo haba conducido una camioneta antes", dijo Ian Lewis)
89
Ian Lewis said that he had driven a van before that.

(Ian Lewis dijo que el haba conducido una camioneta antes)
2) Otros verbos modales -could, might, ought to, should, would- normalmente
no cambian.
"I might drive a van if I wanted to do it", said Ian Lewis.
("Yo podra conducir una camioneta si quisiera hacerlo", dijo Ian Lewis)
Ian Lewis said that he might drive a van if he wanted to do it.
(Ian Lewis dijo que l podra conducir una camioneta si quisiera hacerlo)
"Young people ought to drive more carefully", said the policeman.
(Los jvenes deberan conducir con ms cuidado", dijo el agente de polica)
The policeman said that young people ought to drive more carefully.
(El agente de polica dijo que los jvenes deberan conducir con ms cuidado)
REPORTED SPEECH
1. STATEMENTS
Reporting verbs . Say, Tell, Answer, Explain, Reply,..
Main changes:
When the reporting verb is in the past there are changes in the tense of the verbs and in
rhe time expressions.Verb tenses must be changed into their past equivalents thats to
say they must go one step back into the past.
EXAMPLES:
She said : I am Spanish--------------------------------------------- She said that she was
spanish.
He said : It may rain ---------------------------------------------- He said that It might
rain.
*He said (to me) that
* He told me , her, him, our, you,them
He said that he was leaving
He told me that he was leaving
2. QUESTIONS
Reporting verbs : Ask, ..
Main changes: Yes/No questions -------------------(s)he asked IF..
Wh- questions --------------------(s)he asked Wh-
You must remember that they are not questions (PONER PRIMERO EL SUJETO +
VERB) and follow the same changes as the statements for tenses and time expressions.
EXAMPLES: Are you a student? He asked---------- He asked if I was a student
Where have you been lately? He asked----- he asked where I had been
lately
3. REQUEST
Reporting verbs : Ask, Tell,Order.
90
Main changes : A request always contains an imperative, this imperative changes to the
INFINITIVE.
Ask is used to report polite requests and tell is used for more authoritative request and
order for orders.
EXAMPLES:
Would you mind helping me?
Could you please help me?
----------------- He asked me to help him
REQUEST
I wonder if you could help me

Dont smoke in here!-----------------------------He told me not to smoke
Put up your hands! ----------------------------- He told me to put up my hands ORDERS
Reported Speech Exercise

Convert the phrases below into reported speech.
"It's raining," she said.
1 ______________________________________________
He said to her, "I love you."
2 ______________________________________________
"I saw Mara in the supermarket yesterday," said Carlos.
3 ______________________________________________
"We've lived here for three years," he said.
4 ______________________________________________
"I'll bring a pasta salad," said Francesca.
5 ______________________________________________
"Mark's going to install solar panels," said Miranda.
6 ______________________________________________
"They found gold here," said the geology teacher.
7 ______________________________________________
"Jenny can't speak French," said Pierre.
8 ______________________________________________
"I first met my wife in Seville," he told us.
9 ______________________________________________
"I want your homework handed in by tomorrow," he said.
10 ______________________________________________
91
"My mother made these cakes," said Juan.

11 ______________________________________________
"I'm feeling tired now," said David.
12 ______________________________________________
Reported Speech for Questions

Convert the questions below into reported speech.
"Can they play the piano?" she asked.
1 _____________________________________________________
"Has Sarah ever been to Siena?" he asked.
2 _____________________________________________________
"Are they French or Canadian?," asked Charlie.
3 _____________________________________________________
"Where do bears live?" asked George.
4 _____________________________________________________
"Who wants some more yoghurt ice cream?" asked Mum.
5 _____________________________________________________
"Are we going out tonight?" asked Bob.
6 _____________________________________________________
"Can I use your mobile, John?" asked Sarah.
7 _____________________________________________________
"Have you ever been to Lisbon?" Luis asked Paul.
8 _____________________________________________________
"What has Daddy made for dinner?" asked Simon.
9 _____________________________________________________
"Is the Pope a Catholic," asked JK.
10 _____________________________________________________
"Who won the match?" asked Monica.
11 _____________________________________________________
"Have you fed the cat yet, Philip?" asked Letizia.
12 _____________________________________________________
"How much does it cost?" asked Carlos.
13 _____________________________________________________
"Do you like fried eggs?" Anne asked David.
92
14 _____________________________________________________
Reported Speech for Orders

"Don't turn on the light," she said to him.
She told him not to turn on the light.
Convert the orders below into reported speech.
"Shut up, everybody!" said the teacher.
1 _____________________________________________________
"Open the window, Robert," said Jane.
2 _____________________________________________________
"Phone your granny," she told him.
3 _____________________________________________________
"Don't be late," she warned him.
4 _____________________________________________________
"Don't talk to strangers, Michael," said his mother.
5 _____________________________________________________
"Don't listen to a word he says," she told me.
6 _____________________________________________________
"Clare, help me clean up the kitchen," said Tony.
7
_____________________________________________________
"Fiona, get out of my way," said Alastair.
8 _____________________________________________________
"Boys! Stay away from the dog when he's eating," said Dad.
9 _____________________________________________________
"Minnie, don't scratch the sofa," said Bob.
10 _____________________________________________________
"Carla, don't pick your nose in class," said the teacher.
11 _____________________________________________________
"Look after your sister," said my father.
12 _____________________________________________________
"Break a leg, Oliver," said the actor.
13 _____________________________________________________
"Lionel, eat your meat," said Elsa.
93
14 _____________________________________________________
LECCIN 33 CARTA COMERCIAL
Formato de una carta comercial

This is the letterhead - the sender's company and address
(Esta es la cabecera de la carta - la empresa y direccin del remitente)
Date
(fecha)
14th July 2001

Addresser's full name, title and address here.
receptor de la carta)
MRS. A.J. Hill

Export manager
Siemens
14, Regent Street
1489 LONDON
94
(nombre, cargo y direccin del
caso A
Dear Sir / Madam (cuando nos dirigimos a una
persona)
Dear Sirs,
(cuando nos dirigimos a una empresa en
general)
caso B
Dear Mr./ Mrs. Lopez,
Body of the letter
(cuerpo de la carta)
This is to inform you that...

May I take this opportunity to enclose our latest list of prices...
En las cartas comerciales no usamos: formas cortas (I'm, you've,
She'd...), exclamaciones, question tags o palabras o expresiones que sean
informales.
Closing I
Ejemplo:
I look forward to hearing from you soon,
Closing II
Yours faithfully,
Yours sincerely,
signature
despedida para el caso A

despedida para el caso B
(firma)
Sender's name (nombre del remitente)

Sender's title (cargo del remitente)
Frases tiles para escribir cartas comerciales
Primer prrafo
We have seen your advertisement in... (Hemos ledo su anuncio

en...)
Thank you for your inquiry about the... (Agradecemos su solicitud de
oferta sobre los...)
This is to inform you that... (La presente es para informarles que ...)
I am writing to you with regard to... (Les escribo en relacin con...)
Thank you for your letter of 5th december... (Gracias por su carta
del 5 de diciembre...)
In reply to your letter of 4th july 2001 in which you enquire about...
(En respuesta a su carta del cuatro de julio en la que nos solicitan
informacin sobre...)
We are a wholease firm based in ... (Somos una empresa de venta al
mayor situada en ...)
95
Segundo prrafo
Details of the new prices are enclosed... (Adjunto la lista de los

nuevos precios...)
May I take this opportunity to enclose our latest list of prizes... (Me
permito aprovechar la oportunidad para incluir nuestra ltima lista de
precios...)
Could you please send us your current catalogue and price list for ...
( Podran enviarnos su catlogo actualizado y su lista de precios ...)
We would be very happy to discuss different terms of payment with
you. (Tendramos mucho gusto en hablar con usted sobre las
diferentes condiciones de pago.)
Tercer prrafo / Despedida
We look forward to receiving your order, (A la espera de recibir su

pedido en breve,)
We are at your disposal for any further information you may
require, (Estamos a su entera disposicin para cualquier otra
informacin que pueda necesitar,)
We hope to hear from you shortly, (Esperamos tener noticias suyas
en breve,)
Thanking you in advance, (Agradecindoles por anticipado,)
Despedida / Firma
Yours sincerely, (Atentamente)

Your faithfully, (Les saluda atentamente)
<Best> Regards, (Saludos)
Ejemplo de una carta comercial
Disc Barcelo S.A.
Paris, 567
05862 Barcelona
Spain
18th April 2002
Sales Department
Limpoz Ltd.
9 Berstgood Street
London L923
Dear Sirs,
We are a large record store in the centre of Barcelona, and we would
like to know more about the tapes that you advertised in this month's
edition of "Hi Fi" magazine.
96
Could you send us some information about your products? We would

like to know if the tapes are a leading brand name or they are made
by small independent companies, and if they would be suitable for
recording classical music or only for dictations of messages.
In addition, we would be grateful if you could send us some samples.
If they have the quality we require, we will place a substancial order.
Also, we would like to know if you offer any kind of trade discount.
Thank you in advance
Yours faithfully,
Sing
XXXXXX
Oscar Guzman
Head of Purchasing
LECCIN 34 LLAMADAS TELEFONICAS

Llamadas telefnicas: Cuando nosotros llamamos
Nos identificamos...
My name is ______.
This is _______ (here).
Si preguntamos por alguien...
Could I speak to _____, please?
Could you put me through to _______, please?
Could I have extension 123, please?
I'd like to speak to ________ , please.
Explicamos el motivo de la llamada...
I'm calling to ask about...
I'm phoning to tell you about...
97
Si queremos dejar un mensaje...

Could you give ____ a message?
Could you ask ___ to call me when he gets back?
Agradecemos la atencin...
Thanks you very much for your help.
Thanks for the information.
Cierre de la llamada...
Good bye.
Bye.
Llamadas telefnicas: cuando nosotros contestamos

Contestamos al telfono.
Good morning.
Good afternoon.
Good evening.
Paul Smith speaking.
Who's calling, please?
Nos presentamos.
This is Paul Smith speaking.
Hello, this is Paul Smith from Microsoft.
Preguntamos por alguien.

Could I speak to Mr Roger, please?
I'd like to speak to Mr Roger, please.
Could you put me through to Mr Roger, please?
Nos disculpamos por no poder comunicarle con la persona que pide.
I'm afraid Mr Roger isn't in at the moment.
I'm sorry, he's in a meeting at the moment.
I'm afraid he's on another line at the moment.
Ponemos a alguien en espera.
Just a moment, please.
Could you hold the line, please?
Hold the line, please.
No entendemos o no escuchamos bien al interlocutor.
98
I'm sorry, I don't understand. Could you repeat that, please?

I'm sorry, I can't hear you very well. Could you speak up a little, please?
Could you spell that, please?
Pasamos la llamada a otra persona.
One moment, please. I'll see if Mr Roger is available.
I'll put you through.
I'll connect you.
I'm connecting you now.
La persona est comunicando
I've tried to get through several times but it's always engaged.
Tomamos nota de un mensaje.
Can I take a message?
Would you like to leave a message?
Can I give him a message?
I'll tell Mr Roger that you called
I'll ask him to call you as soon as possible.
Vocabulario telefnico
hang up: colgar
bad line: mala seal
cut off: cortar
call/ring back: volver a llamar
hold on: esperar
pick up: descolgar
directory: gua telefnica
collect call: cobro revertido
switchboard operator: telefonista
dialing: sonido telefnico

directory enquirie: informacin telefnica
put trough: pasar la llamada
Vocabulario: La empresa
ingls
espaol
brand name
marca
business
negocios
company
empresa, compaa
employee
empleado
factory
fbrica
headquarters
oficinas centrales
industry
industria
leading
delantera
multinational
multinacional
office
oficina
retail
venta al por menor
99
salary
salario
schedule
horario, programa
staff
plantilla
tax
impuesto
warranty
garanta
wholesale
venta al por mayor
workplace
lugar de trabajo
LECCIN 35 REDACCION DE E-MAILS

Example 1: Formal
Hello,
I read on your web site that you offer Music CD copying for large quantities of CDs. I'd like to inquire about
the procedures involved in these services. Are the files transferred online, or are the titles sent by CD to
you by standard mail? How long does it usually take to produce approximately 500 copies? Are there any
discounts on such a large quantity?
Thank you for taking the time to answer my questions. I look forward to your response.
Jack Finley
Sales Manager, Young Talent Inc.
Business Email Basics

(709) 567 - 3498
Example 2: Informal
At 16.22 01/07/2002 +0000, you wrote:
100
> I hear you're working on the Smith account. If you need any information don't hesitate to get in > contact
with me.
Hi Tom,
Listen, we've been working on the Smith account and I was wondering if you could give me a hand? I need
some inside information on recent developments over there.
Do you think you could pass on any information you might have?
Thanks
Peter
Peter Thompsen
Account Manager, Tri-State Accounting
(698) 345 - 7843
Important Points to Remember
Email is much less formal than a written letter. Emails are usually short and concise.
If you are writing to someone you don't know, a simple "Hello" is adequate. Using a salutation
such as "Dear Mr Smith," is too formal.
When writing to someone you know well, feel free to write as if you are speaking to the person.
Use abbreviated verb forms (He's, We're, He'd, etc.)
Include a telephone number to the signature of the email. This will give the recipient the chance
to telephone if necessary.
It is not necessary to include your email address as the recipient can just reply to the email.
When replying eliminate all the information that is not necessary. Only leave the sections of text
that are related to your reply. This will save your reader time when reading your email.
LECCIN 36 MAKE O DO CAL DEBO USAR?
1. Usamos DO cuando hablamos de una actividad sin mencionar

exactamente cul es:
- What's Marta doing?

Qu est haciendo Marta?
- Are you doing anything special tonight?
Van a hacer algo en especial est noche?
2. DO se usa a menudo cuando hablamos de un trabajo o una tarea
especfica. Tambin se utiliza con la estructura DO + ING (ando, endo):
- It was a pleasure doing business with you.

Fue un placer hacer negocios contigo.
- Could you do some photocopying for me, please?
Podrias hacerme unas fotocopias, por favor?
3. Por lo general, MAKE tiene el significado de crear, fabricar o construir.
101
- We made a new design for the product based on suggestions.

Hicimos (Creamos) un nuevo diseo del producto basado en sugerencias.
- The company makes photographic equipment.
La empresa hace (fabrica) equipamiento fotogrfico.
4. A menudo MAKE se usa con sustantivos relacionados con la conversacin,
los sonidos y los viajes:
CONVERSACION Y SONIDOS
make a complaint, make an enquiry, make a noise, make a remark
presentar un reclamo, hacer una consulta, hacer ruido, hacer un comentario
VIAJES
make a journey, make a trip, make a visit
hacer un traslado, hacer un viaje, hacer una visita
[JOURNEY: slo desplazamiento de un lugar a otro; TRIP: incluye la estancia]
MAKE...
an appointment, an arrangement, an attempt, a choice,
fijar una cita, establecer un acuerdo, hacer un intento, optar,
a living, sense, certain, redundant, money, progress,
ganarse la vida, tener sentido, asegurarse, despedir, hacer dinero, progresar,
a start, a suggestion, a decision, an investigation,
iniciarse, ofrecer una sugerencia, tomar una decisin, realizar una investigacin,
a speech,a mistake, a sound, a loss
dar un discurso, cometer un error, producir un sonido, generar una prdida
DO...
business, nothing, an exam, research,
hacer negocios, nacer nada, rendir un examen, investigar,
damage, harm, a job,
causar dao (material), causar dao (moral), realizar un trabajo,
a favour, the typing, your best, well/bad
hacer un favor, tipear, hacer lo mejor posible, hacer bien/mal
Do or Make Exercise
Fill the gaps with either do or make in the correct form.
1
The house was a disaster. They ________________ a terrible mess.
102
Have you ________________ all the arrangements yet?
Vincent: English football fans came to Valencia last weekend.

Maria: Did they ________________ any damage?
Listen. I made lunch so you can ________________ the washing up. It's only fair.
What he did was terrible. He didn't even ________________ an apology.
They're ________________ plans for their wedding.
Bob: Richie and I have had a fight.

Julio: Not again! You should ________________ amends once and for all.
Who's going to ________________ dinner? You or me?
Be careful that you ________________ the right decision.
10
He's ________________ an appointment to see the dentist on Thursday.
11
Would you ________________ me a favour and feed the cat while I'm away.
12
We normally ________________ the shopping on Saturday mornings.
13
Before you go out, you have to ________________ your homework, OK?
14
This cake is delicious. Did you really ________________ it?
15
I always ________________ my bed before breakfast.
LECCIN 37 LA
VOZ PASIVA
VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA: REGLAS PRACTICAS EN 4 PASOS.

1. La voz pasiva se forma con el verbo to be conjugado ms el participio del
verbo principal. En ingls es mucho ms frecuente que en espaol y, normalmente,
aparece cuando no es importante quien realiza una accin sino el hecho en s. Por
eso, no siempre que veamos una pasiva, tenemos que traducirlo literalmente, puesto
que en espaol suena ms forzado. Slo es posible el uso de la voz pasiva con
verbos transitivos (verbos que llevan complemento directo).
VOZ ACTIVA
Tom writes a letter
Tom is writing a letter
Tom was writing a letter
Tom wrote a letter
Tom has written a letter
Tom had written a letter
Tom will write a letter
Tom is going to write a letter
Tom can write a letter
Tom could write a letter
Tom must write a letter
VOZ PASIVA
A letter is written by Tom
A letter is being written by Tom
A letter was being written by Tom
A letter was written by Tom
A letter has been written by Tom
A letter had been written by Tom
A letter will be written by Tom
A letter is going to be written by Tom
A letter can be written by Tom
A letter could be written by Tom
A letter must be written by Tom
103
Tom may write a letter

Tom might write a letter
A letter may be written...

A letter might be written...
2. El sujeto agente se expresa con by. Sin embargo, en la mayora de las ocasiones
se prescinde del sujeto ya que no sabemos o no nos interesa saber lo. Si una oracin
activa tiene complemento directo e indirecto, cualquiera de los dos complementos
puede ser sujeto paciente de la pasiva:
ACTIVE: Someone gives me a dog
PASSIVE 1: A dog is given to me
PASSIVE 2: I am given a dog (forma pasiva idiomtica)
La forma pasiva de doing, seeing, etc es being done, being seen, etc.
ACTIVE: I don't like people telling me what to do
PASSIVE: I don't like being told what to do
En ocasiones en las que ocurre algo a veces imprevisto, no planeado o fortuito para la
formacin de la voz pasiva se prefiere usar get y no be:
get hurt, get annoyed, get divorced, get married, get invited, get bored, get lost
3. Las construcciones impersonales (se dice, se comenta, etc.) son muy tpicas de la
pasiva y difciles de traducir para los espaoles. Este tipo de construccin pasiva utilizada cada vez con mayor frecuencia en los medios- se forma con la estructura
sujeto + to be + participle: It is reported (Se informa); It is said (Se dice); It is
known (Se sabe); It is supposed (Se supone); It is considered (Se considera); It is
expected (Se espera). Veamos algunos ejemplos:
ACTIVE: Everybody thinks Cathy works very hard.
PASSIVE 1: Cathy is thought to work very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...)
PASSIVE 2: It is thought that Cathy works very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...)
ACTIVE: They believe Tom is wearing a white pullover.
PASSIVE 1: Tom is believed to be wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...)
PASSIVE 2: It is believed that Tom is wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...)
4. USOS ADICIONALES DE SUPPOSE

a) Se usa en afirmativo para acciones que estaban planeadas, que se supone que van
a realizar, u obligaciones que uno debera cumplir.
You were supposed to be here at 9:00 am!!
b) Otras veces, el uso de supposed indica que estos planes o obligaciones finalmente
no se cumplieron:
The train was supposed to arrive at 5 o'clock. (but it arrived at 8 o'clock)
c) Por el contrario, en negativo, supposed significa la no conveniencia o prohibicin de
hacer algo:
You are not supposed to smoke here. (you are not allowed to smoke here)
The Passive Voice Exercise

A shark has eaten the Prime Minister
The Prime Minister has been eaten by a shark
104
Change the sentences from the active to the passive.

They grow coffee in Kenya.
1 ______________________________________________________ .
They publish The Times newspaper in London.
2 ______________________________________________________ .
They make shoes in Calatayud.
3 ______________________________________________________ .
They transport oranges from Valencia to Germany in special crates.
4 ______________________________________________________ .
They are sending the parcel by sea.
5 ______________________________________________________ .
They are destroying the forests in Indonesia.
6 ______________________________________________________ .
The shark ate the man.
7 ______________________________________________________ .
The arsonist started the fire.
8 ______________________________________________________ .
The police took him away.
9 ______________________________________________________ .
They've treated him very well.
10 ______________________________________________________ .
They haven't cleaned the kitchen yet.
11 ______________________________________________________ .
They didn't punish him for what he did.
The Passive Voice in Questions

1
Did they catch the thief?

______________________________________________________
Will The King inaugurate the new bridge?

______________________________________________________
105
Do they make cars in Korea?

______________________________________________________
Do the hounds kill the fox?

______________________________________________________
Did the bull kill the matador?

______________________________________________________
Have the police found the body?

______________________________________________________
Why has the government banned the film?

______________________________________________________
When did they hijack the plane?
LECCIN 38 LOS CUANTIFICADORES
LOS CUANTIFICADORES (Quantifiers)

1. BOTH / ALL.
Mientras que both hace referencia a dos cosas, dos personas, etc., all hace
referencia a tres o ms elementos. Observa:
There were trees on both sides of the road.
(Haba rboles a ambos lados de la carretera).
There were trees on all sides of the road.
(Haba rboles por todas partes en la carretera).
2. ALL / EVERY
All se puede utilizar delante de un sustantivo en plural, every slo puede
106
utilizarse delante de un sustantivo en singular, ejemplo:

All roads lead to Rome.
(Todos los caminos conducen a Roma).
Every man has his price.
(Todo hombre tiene su precio).
3. EVERY / EACH
Each puede utilizarse para referirse a dos o ms personas, cosas, etc., every
slo puede utilizarse para hacer referencia a ms de un elemento. Observa:
Helen was carrying two cases, one in each hand.
(Elena estaba llevando dos maletas, una en cada mano).
Each / Every star in the sky has a name.
(Cada/Toda estrella del firmamento tiene su nombre).
LECCIN 39 ERRORES COMUNES
107
Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos de errores tpicos de los hispanoparlantes corregidos
WRONG
RIGHT
I have 32 years
I am 32 / I am 32 years old
I am manager at YPF
I am a manager at YPF
I like ski
I like skiing
I born in BA
I was born in BA
I am living 20 minutes from downtown I live 20 minutes from downtown

He have to write a report
He has to write a report
What must you to do?
What do you have to do?
I must to learn English
I must learn English
Does he travels a lot?
Does he travel a lot?
Yes, I like very much
Yes, I like it very much
I don't mind to work long hours
I don't mind working long hours
Can you to give me some information?
Can you give me some information?
Can you borrow me your car?
Can you lend me your car?
I like a ticket to New York
I would like a ticket to New York
He wanted two thousands
He wanted two thousand
They stole eighteen millions
They stole eighteen million
He did not arrived yesterday
He did not arrive yesterday
Did you wanted to do it?
Did you want to do it?
I don't have so much money
I don't have enough money
It's too much expensive
It's too expensive
IBM is producing computers
IBM produces computers
Istambul is more cheaper than Paris
Istambul is cheaper than Paris
Our company charges less that others
Our company charges less than others
More persons are buying our products
More people are buying our products
I want that he call me
I want him to call me
Could you say to him to call me?
Could you tell him to call me?
I get her/him/it for you
I'll get her/him/it for you
Hello. Here is Peter Simpson
Hello. Peter Simpson speaking
108
Production of cars fell down in 1990
Production of cars fell in 1990
On January 1990...
In January 1990...
Why unemployment rose?
Why did unemployment rise?
They are made from Bader Co. in

Germany
They are made by Bader Co. in Germany
After key in your personal code
After that key in your personal code
I will buy a new car next year
I'm going to buy a new car next year
It's depend on you
It depends on you
If I would have more time, I would

travel
If I had more time, I would travel
What will you do in my position?
What would you do in my position?
A three-years contract
Correct these mistakes.

1. The Park House is the more expensive than the Rose Cottage.
________________________________________________ .
2. How old does it have? ___________________ ?
3. Do you got a DVD player? _____________________ ?
4. How many TVs have you have? _________________________ ?
5. Have she got a cat? __________________ ?
6 . Do he have a dog? ________________ ?
7. The film was very well. ___________________ .
8. It's the more pretty place in England. _____________________________ .
LECCIN 40 EXPRESAR SUGERENCIAS, DESEOS ,PERMISO.....
109
1. PERMISO
CAN I HAVE A COFFEE ,PLEASE?----Puedo tomar un caf por favor?

MAY I HAVE A DRINK PLEASE?---Muy formal Puedo tomar algo de beber?
YES ,YOU CAN / YES OF COURSE
NO, YOU CANT / NO, OF COURSE NOT
2. SUGERENCIAS
WHY DONT we speak english? Por qu no hablamos en Ingls?

LETS GO to the cinema/ speak english(vamos al cine/ hablemos en Ingls)
3. EXPRESAR DESEOS
I WOULD LIKE some more ice-cream.-----me gustara un poco mas de de helado

I WOULD LIKE TO play tennis with you----- me gustara jugar al tenis contigo
4. INVITACIONES
WOULD YOU LIKE A CUP OF TEA? Te apetece/ gustara una taza de t?

WOULD YOU LIKE TO go for a walk?--- Te apetece/ gustara dar un paseo?
Yes ,I would / Yes , please
No,Thank you
110
5. HABILIDAD
CAN YOU swim/ drive/ speak French?------Sabes nadar/conducir/hablar
Frances?
YES I/ CAN----------Si s
No,I Cant-------- no no s
Can he /she /you/ we/they speak Italian? Yes,He,she,we,you,they can
TRADUCE:
Puedo ir al bao, por favor? Si puedes.(go to the toilet)
Vamos al cine el viernes por la tarde? Vale
(go to the cinema)
Me gustara tomar un helado de fresa y un vaso de agua.(ice-cream)
No s nadar. Sabes tu nadar?(swim)
Sabes hablar Ingls? Si s.
Te gustara venir a la fiesta de Paulina esta noche?(come to )
Podra salir un poco antes ,Seor Smith? Si, puedes.(go out)
Que os parece si tomamos una pizza para cenar.
Sabe cantar lvaro? No, no sabe.(sing)
Te apetecera una cerveza fra?( cold )
Perdone me puede decir el camino a (the way to the) la estacin de trenes por favor?
Perdone,dnde(where) puedo comprar(buy) un sello(stamp),por favor?
111
Listening 1
present simple listen to the sentences and
choose the correct answer
1. Sam___________video games.
A.
B.
C.
?
?
?
plays
says
stays
2. Becky plays_____________
A.
B.
C.
?
?
?
the piano
the guitar
the organ
3. Sam_____________scarves
A.
B.
C.
?
?
?
stairs
fears
wears
4. What____________Becky wear ?
A.
B.
C.
?
?
?
does
is
are
5. Does Becky like sweets ?

A.
B.
C.
?
?
?
No, she doesn't

Yes, she does
Yes, he are.
6. Who likes chocolate ?

A.
B.
?
?
Sam are
Sam likes
112
C.
Sam does
7. ____________does Sam read ? Sports magazines.

A.
B.
C.
?
?
?
What
Why
How
8. Does Becky read Sports magazines ?

A.
B.
C.
?
?
?
No, she isn't

Yes, she are
No, she doesn't
9. Sam _____________cycling.
A.
B.
C.
?
?
?
gos
goes
goies
10. What does Becky____________?

A.
B.
C.
?
?
?
does
do
are
Listening2
listen and complete To School in Tokyo
I live nea r 1. Kalengy .. and I get to school 2. by ... It takes
3. ( . minutes) to get to school 4. .. I have to change
trains twice. There's always 5. a lot of . around my school, but
113
I'm6. hardly ever . for school because the trains are always on
7.. in Tokyo.
Listening 3
1. Sam and Becky____________their grandparents last weekend
wanted
visited
went to see
2.
They_____________their cousins.
found
caught
saw
3. They____________a really great time.
had
are
4. They______________shopping.
came
stayed
went
C
parked
114
5. They _____________some clothes
thought
brought
bought
6. They___________old family videos
watched
won
washed
7. They ______________their homework for school on Monday.
fit
did
felt
Listening 4
1. Sam___________video games.
A.
B.
C.
?
?
?
plays
says
stays
2. Becky plays_____________
A.
B.
?
?
the piano
the guitar
115
C.
the organ
3. Sam_____________scarves
A.
B.
C.
?
?
?
stairs
fears
wears
4. What____________Becky wear ?
A.
B.
C.
?
?
?
does
is
are
5. Does Becky like sweets ?

A.
B.
C.
?
?
?
No, she doesn't

Yes, she does
Yes, he are.
6. Who likes chocolate ?

A.
B.
C.
?
?
?
Sam are
Sam likes
Sam does
7. ____________does Sam read ? Sports magazines.

A.
B.
C.
?
?
?
What
Why
How
8. Does Becky read Sports magazines ?

A.
B.
C.
?
?
?
No, she isn't

Yes, she are
No, she doesn't
116
9. Sam _____________cycling.
A.
B.
C.
?
?
?
gos
goes
goies
10. What does Becky____________?

A.
B.
C.
Listening 5
?
?
?
does
do
ar
Lucky Britney Spears
This is a 1. about a girl named Lucky...

Early morning, she 2. up
Knock, knock, knock on the door
It's 3.. for makeup, perfect smile
It's you they're all waiting for
They go...
"Isn't she lovely, 4.Hollywood girl?"
And they say...
She's so lucky, she's a star
But she cry, cry, 5. in her lonely heart, thinking
If there's 6. missing in my life
Then why do these tears come at 7.
Lost in an image, in a dream
But there's no one there to wake 8 up
And the world is spinning, and she keeps on winning
But 9 me what happens 10.. it stops?
They go...
"Isn't she lovely, this Hollywood girl?"
And they say...
But she cry, cry, cries in her lonely heart, thinking
If there's nothing missing in my life
Then why do these tears come at night
"11actress, and the winner is...Lucky!"
"I'm Roger Johnson! for Pop News standing outside the arena waiting for Lucky"
"Oh my god...here she comes!"
Isn't she lucky, this Hollywood girl?
She is so lucky, but why does she cry?
If there's nothing missing in her life
Why 11. tears come at night?
But she cry, cry, cries in 12.. lonely heart, thinking
If there's nothing missing in my life
Then why do these tears come at night
117
Listening 6
Tears in Heaven
Eric Clapton & Will Jennings
1you know my name

If I 2. you in heaven
Would it be the same
If I saw you in heaven
I 3.. be strong
And carry on
'Cause I know I 4.. belong
Here in heaven
Would you hold my5..
Would you help 6 stand
I'll find my 7
Through 8and 9..
'Cause I know I just 10 stay
Here in heaven
Time can bring you 11..
Time can bend your knee
Time can break your 12.
13.. you beggin' please
Beggin' please
Beyond the door
There's peace 14sure
And I know there'll be no more
Tears in heaven
Would you know my name
Would it 15.the same
I must be strong
118
And carry on
'Cause I know I don't belong
Here in heaven
119

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NDICE

Artculo determinado e indeterminado

Los pronombres sujeto y objeto

El verbo to be y have got

Adjetivos y pronombres posesivos

Numerales: cardinales y ordinales

Los sustantivos y la formacin del plural

Los pronombres relativos

Las preposiciones de tiempo

Las preposiciones de lugar

Expresar habilidad y permiso

Expresar certeza y posibilidad

Los falsos amigos

El estilo indirecto o reported speech

Make o do cal debo usar?

pag 102 a 103

pag 104 a 106

Pag 108 a 109

Expresar sugerencias, permiso licencia

Pag 110 a 119

LECCION 1 ARTICULO DETERMINADO

el, la, los, las

LOS ARTCULOS: 7 PUNTOS PARA RECORDAR

Estas siete reglas bsicas te ayudarn a utilizar correctamente los artculos:

No se utiliza el artculo con nombres de pases, continentes, ciudades, lagos, montaas y

No se utiliza el artculo para referirse a sustantivos no contables (o sustantivos contables

Pero, sin embargo, utilizamos el artculo 'THE' en la estructura 'THE' + noun + a

No se utiliza el artculo en ciertas frases preposicionales con 'instituciones' (por ejemplo.

No se utiliza el artculo con nombres de persona:

No se utiliza el artculo para referirse a sustantivos contables en plural, pero utilizamos

No se utiliza el artculo con determinadas expresiones de tiempo:

No se utiliza el artculo cuando hacemos referencia al nombre de un deporte:

The A, An and The Exercise

Fill the gaps with a, an or the.

The Definite or Zero Article Exercise

I'm tired. I'm going to ______________. ( the bed / bed )

Blast! I forgot to go to ______________. ( the bank / bank )

I hate going to ______________, don't you? ( the church / church )

I'm nervous because I've got to go to ______________. ( the dentist / dentist )

I loved being at ______________. ( the university / university )

We need to be at ______________ in an hour. ( the airport / airport )

I normally watch ______________ after dinner. ( the TV / TV )

I listen to ______________ in the morning. ( the radio / radio )

All politicians should be sent to ______________. ( the prison / prison )

I'm having ______________ at Begonya's tonight. ( the dinner / dinner )

I love ______________. ( the cheese / cheese )

Why didn't someone tell me he was in ______________? ( the hospital / hospital )

He lives somewhere in ______________ Germany. ( the southern / southern )

That pub is somewhere in ______________ of the city. ( the north / north )

Holistic medicine is practised by ______________. ( the Chinese / Chinese )

I love ______________ food. ( the Chinese / Chinese )

HMV is in ______________ Street. ( the Oxford / Oxford )

LECCIN 2 LOS PRONOMBRES SUJETO Y OBJETO

PRONOMBRES OBJETO (complemento directo o indirecto)

1. El pronombre objetivo tiene funcin de complemento de un verbo o una preposicin:

The Subject and Object Pronoun Exercise

Tony saw that girl yesterday.

Sarah and I had lunch with Nicola and Michael.

Can you lend Billy and me the car?

I saw you and Andy at the disco.

Alison kissed Billy.

Susana gave the letter to her mother.

Billy phoned Alison.