1.

SHOWING CONTRAST - MANERAS DE INDICAR CONTRASTE

A. Los conectores son las palabras que se usan para mostrar las relaciones
entre ideas. En los siguientes ejemplos los hemos subrayado.
In spite of /Despite the cold weather, she didn't take a coat. (seguidos de nombre)
She didnt pass the exam despite/ in spite of studying hard. (seguidos de un
gerundio)
She objected to the plans, but they went ahead in spite of her/that. (seguidos de
nombre o pronombre)
Although / Though / Even though / In spite of the fact that the
weather was cold, she didn't take a coat. (seguidos de oracin: sujeto + verbo)
Las palabras que presentamos aqu introducen un contraste o una idea opuesta, pero
pueden ir seguidas por distintas partes de la oracin.
in spite of / despite + expresin sustantivada (que a menudo incluye un verbo + ing
o un pronombre)
although / though / even though / in spite of the fact that + sentence (sujeto +
verbo)
Cuando un conector comienza una oracin debemos poner una coma para separar las dos
ideas que deseamos contrastar.
B. Los conectores que presentamos a continuacin tienen todos un significado muy
semejante y van separados del resto de la frase por una coma.
He was very rude to us; still,we forgave him.
He was very rude to us, yet we (still) forgave him.
He was vory rude to us. However / Nevertheless / In spife of that / Even so, we
forgave him.
C. On the one hand ... on the other hand se usa para mostrar dos ideas contrastadas
sobre algo. Suele implicar que una idea tiene una ventaja mientras que la otra no.
Va separada del resto de la oracin por una coma
On the one hand, the city offers lots of entertaiment. On the other hand, it's very
noisy.
D. On the other hand puede ir solo, ya que la idea de contraste se sobreentiende a
partir de la frase anterior. Va separada por una coma del resto de la frase.
The lecture was very boring. On the other hand, it was very short.
E. On the contrary se usa para contradecir lo que se dijo anteriormente, dando a
entender lo opuesto de la frase anterior. Se separa del resto de la oracin por una
coma.
"I thought you liked Italian food."
"On the contrary, I hate it.
F. While / whereas + oracin (sujeto + verbo) une oraciones con significados
opuestos, por ello el orden de las oraciones no importa. Las dos ideas van separadas
por una coma.
This restaurant has a good reputation, while / whereas that one does not.
G. In contrast to / Contrary to + expresin nominal (incluyendo un gerundio o un
pronombre) introduce una idea contrapuesta. Las dos oraciones van separadas por una
coma.
In contrast to/Contrary to other TV shows, this one is very amusing.

2. SHOWING REASON, CAUSE AND PURPOSE - MANERAS DE EXPRESAR

RAZN, CAUSA Y PROPSITO
A Los conectores because, as, since y seeing that que vamos a ver seguidamente
tienen todos el mismo significado y van seguidos de una oracin completa.
Indican la razn o la causa de algo. Si los conectores comenzaran la frase la
oracin principal y la subordinada iran separadas por una coma.
Because /As/ Since / Seeing that it's late, we should all go home.
We should all go home because /as/ since / seeing that it's late.
B Los conectores que ponemos a continuacin significan "porque" (razn por la que):
because of, on account of, owing to y due to. Van seguidos de una expresin
sustantiva. Si son ellos los que comienzan la frase, ambas oraciones irn separadas
por coma.
Because of/On account of/Owing to/Due to the weather, we stayed at home.
We stayed at home because of/on account of/owing to/due to the weather.
C Los conectores in order to, so as to y to expresan propsito. Van seguidos de la
raz del verbo. Por el contrario in order that y so that van seguidos de una oracin
con verbo modal.
She uses her video in order to /So as to /to record her favourite shows.
She uses her video in order that/so that she can have a recording of her favourite
shows.
Nota:
1 En ingls oral se suele omitir that cuando se hubiera tenido que usar so that.
She studied all week so she could pass the test.
2 Si queremos poner en negativa el propsito, podemos usar so as not to e in order
not to, pero no se puede usar not to.
Estara muy mal decir: She is studying not to fail.
Habra que decir: She is studying so as not to fail. She is studying in order not to
fail.

3. ADDING INFORMATION AND GIVING EXAMPLES - MANERAS DE

AADIR INFORMACIN Y DAR EJEMPLOS
A. For example, for instance y such as pueden utilizarse indistintamente.
There are many historic places to visit here, for example / for instance the old
city and the national museum.
Fruits, such as lemons and oranges, provide us with vitamin C.
La palabra including puede emplearse tambin, aunque es mucho menos frecuente,
B. Moreover, furthermore, besides e in addition se usan de la misma manera, para
aadir ms informacin. Significan "tambin" (also). Suelen ir seguidos de una coma.
There is an old medieval church in the town. Moreover / Furthermore / In addition,
the town hall dates back to 1493.
C. Besides tiene un sentido ligeramente diferente, ya que a menudo introduce un
argumento un poco ms fuerte que el anterior o subraya el punto que creemos
importante.
I'm too busy to take a holiday. Besides, my passport is out of date.

In addition to, besides y as well as se emplean para dar ms informacin, pero van
seguidos de una expresin sustantiva.
In addition to / Besides a medieval church. the town has a Gothic town hall.
The town has several sports centres as well as a football stadium.
Compara en los ejemplos anteriores la diferencia entre las estructuras:
Besides, + oracin = In addition, + oracin.
besides + expresin sustantiva = in addition to + oracin sustantiva
as well as suele tender a ir al final de la frase.
Nota: No confundas besides con beside ya que esto ltimo significa "al lado de".
She sits beside me at school.
D. Apart from y except (for) se usan para indicar que algo es una excepcin a la
idea general expresada en la frase.
Apart from Andrew, all my friends will be at the party.
There is nothing to see in this village except (for) the old church.

4 SEQUENCING AND SHOWING SEQUENCE - MODOS DE MOSTRAR LA

SUCESIN DE HECHOS
A. Usamos una serie de expresiones que indican sucesin de hechos para poner en
orden lo que estamos diciendo.
First of all / To begin with / First / Firstly, we should talk to the manager.
Second / Secondly / Then, we mustmake a detailed plan.
The next stage is to view...
Finally / In short / To sum up / In conclusion / Lastly / Last but not least, we
need to have good ideas before we present our plan to the whole company.
Nota: Todos ellos deben llevar una coma detrs al ir seguidos de una oracin
completa.

5. SHOWING RESULT - MODOS DE MOSTRAR EL RESULTADO

A Therefore, as a result, consequently y for this reason sealan la conexin entre
la accin y su resultado. Van seguidos por una oracin completa.
Thus tiene el mismo sentido pero es menos formal.
Tina keeps her car in good condition. Therefore/As a result/ Consequently / For this
reason, it always passes its annual road test.
B As a result of tiene el mismo sentido que los conectores que acabamos de estudiar,
pero va seguido de una expresin sustantiva, no de una oracin.
As a result of his brave action, he was awarded a military medal.