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Mecanismo = Proceso(s) que mantienen al sistema como tal (digestin, circulacin de la sangre, etc.).
Este anlisis evoca seis grupos de doctrinas ontolgicas (metafsicas), algunas de ellas de aeja prosapia:
Ambientalismo El entorno es omnipotente. Ejemplos: la hiptesis de que todas las enfermdades son causadas por las miasmas,
y el conductismo.
Estructuralismo Un todo es el conjunto de las conexiones. Ejemplos: la psicologa conexionista y la tesis sociolgica de que lo nico
que importa en una sociedad son las redes de comunicacin (como
si pudiera haber grafos sin nodos).
Procesualismo Una cosa concreta es un atado de procesos. Ejemplo: la metafsica procesual de Alfred North Whitehead.
Holismo El todo precede y domina a sus partes. Ejemplos: la
metafsica de Aristteles) y la medicinas orientales tradicionales.
Individualismo Un todo no es sino el conjunto de sus partes.
Ejemplos: el atomismo antiguo y la tesis de que la salud depende
exclusivamente de los hbitos del individuo.
Sistemismo El universo es el sistema de todos los sistemas.
Ejemplos: Holbach (1996), Bunge (1979).
Las cinco primeras doctrinas son lgicamente errneas. El holismo
y el individualismo son errneos porque los conceptos de todo y de
parte se definen recprocamente: no hay el uno sin el otro. El ambientalismo es factualmente falso porque todo ente concreto es activo: su
entorno lo influye pero no lo crea. El estructuralismo es falso porque,
por definicin, no hay red sin nodos (individuos). Y el procesualismo
es falso porque, tambin por definicin, todo proceso (por ejemplo, movimiento y metabolismo) es una sucesin de estados de alguna cosa
concreta: no hay proceso sin cosas cambiantes ni cosas inmutables.
En definitiva, slo el sistemismo queda indemne. Esta ontologa, propuesta inicialmente por el Barn Thiry d'Holbach a mediados del siglo XVIII, postula que todo cuanto existe realmente (materialmente) es un sistema o un componente de un sistema. Se ha
argido que el sistemismo es la ontologa adecuada a las ciencias
modernas, de la fsica cuntica a la historiografa (Bunge, 2012a).
La medicina cientfica es sistmica, en tanto que admite que las
partes del organismo humano, aunque distintas, estn conectadas
30
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Filosofa
Serie CLADEMA
Mario Bunge
Filosofa para mdicos
Los mdicos filosofan todo el tiempo, casi siempre sin saberlo. As adoptan: el realismo, cuando dan por descontado que sus pacientes son reales;
el materialismo, cuando cortan por medio de la ciruga o recetan pldoras
en vez de hacer conjuros o rezar; el sistemismo, cuando conciben y tratan
el cuerpo humano como un sistema, no como un agregado de partes
desconectadas entre s. La filosofa en la medicina es un vasto territorio
apenas explorado, casi desconocido por muchos mdicos.
En este libro se analizan ideas mdicas clave y, sin embargo, muy
discutidas. Cmo puede ayudar o perjudicar la filosofa a la medicina?
Qu es la enfermedad: cosa o proceso, natural o social? Por qu suelen
ser inciertos los diagnsticos mdicos? Tiene sentido hablar de probabilidad en medicina? A qu se debe el atraso de la psiquiatra? Hay pruebas de eficacia de las medicinas tradicionales, como la china y la ayurvdica? Qu es la medicina: ciencia aplicada, tcnica o arte? Qu filosofa
moral debe guiar el ejercicio de la medicina?
A estos interrogantes y a otras cuestiones no menos controvertidas,
como el ensayo clnico aleatorio, la prevencin en cuanto problema
mdico-poltico, las medicinas alternativas y los delitos de la industria
farmacutica, son algunos de los temas tratados con cuidado y
profundidad por el conocido fsico, filsofo y epistemlogo Mario
Bunge. El texto, adems, ha sido revisado por investigadores
biomdicos y profesionales.
Mario Bunge naci en Buenos Aires (1919) y es profesor de Filosofa en la
McGill University de Montreal (Canad) desde 1967. Contrario a las
seudociencias, es contundente en sus crticas contra corrientes filosficas
como el existencialismo, el posmodernismo, la hermenutica y el feminismo filosfico. Recibi en 1982 el Premio Prncipe de Asturias. Su
amplia bibliografa cubre aspectos fundamentales de la fsica, la filosofa
de las ciencias naturales y sociales, la semntica, la ontologa y la tica.
Editorial Gedisa ha publicado en castellano sus obras capitales.

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