Completacin de Pozos de Petrleo y Gas

Tipos de Completacin

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 1

Dowell

Types of Completion Note: This section does not include artificial lift examples. Artificial lift completions, by their nature, require special consideration of several detailed design factors. A description of artificial lift systems (including wellbore configuration examples) is covered in a later manual section/presentation sequence. Completion designs vary greatly, and can be categorised in many ways. The underlying requirement is, as always, that the completion be safe, efficient and economical.

Page 1 1

Factores para el Diseo de la completacin

Los principales factores para el diseo de la completacin incluyen:

Proteccin del revestidor

proteccin contra la erosin y la corrosin

Posibilidad de remocin de la tubera de produccin

Para el caso de reemplazo o de reparaciones

Seguridad y Contingencias
Requerimiento de vlvulas de seguridad y control del pozo

Control de la Produccin
Componentes que provean flexibilidad y opciones de control
de la produccin (niples y perfiles de asentamiento, camisas corredizas, etc)
Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 2

Dowell

Completion Design Factors Completion design processes has evolved as the complexity of com ponents and the overall completion design has increased. However, the principal factors shown are considered basic and have a role to play in almost all completion design processes.

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Configuraciones bsicas de produccin

La mayora de las completaciones se basan en las siguientes configuraciones:

Segn la interfase con el yacimiento

Agujero Descubierto Revestimiento de Produccin Liner de Produccin Pozo con empaque de grava

Segn el conducto de produccin instalado

Tubera suspendida Empacador bsico Empacador con cola debajo del mismo Empacador con accesorios adicionales de seguridad y produccin
Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 3

Dowell

Basic Production Configurations This slide sequence almost describes the evolution of completion design. However, some of the more simple configurations may still be appropriate for some special applications (or locations)

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Produccin en agujero descubierto

Caractersticas:

El revestidor provee aislamiento

entre las formaciones poco profundas

No hay control de flujo ni

aislamiento en el fondo

La formacin productora no est

soportada

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 4

Dowell

Open Hole No protection against formation movement and minimal control of production (surface only). Wellbore tubulars (casing) exposed to production fluids.

Page 4

Produccin por el revestimiento

Caractersticas:

El revestidor provee aislamiento

entre las formaciones poco profundas con potencial de efectuar trabajos de remediacin para aislar secciones del intervalo perforado

No existe control de flujo ni

aislamiento en el fondo del pozo

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 5

Dowell

Cased Hole Protection against formation movement and minimal control of production (surface only). Wellbore tubulars (casing) exposed to production fluids. The perforated producing interval can enable remedial work (cement squeeze) to control excess water or gas production.

Page 5

Produccin por Liner

Caractersticas:

Similar a la produccin por el

revestidor pero con tubulares ms pequeos y ms cortos al frente del yacimiento

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 6

Dowell

Liner Production Protection against formation movement and minimal control of production (surface only). Wellbore tubulars (casing) exposed to production fluids. Reduced cost associated with liner (less tubulars and smaller hole size)

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Pozo con Empaque de Grava

Caractersticas:

Aplicacin especial
requerimiento determinado por el tipo de formacin

Puede requerir operaciones

especiales para su instalacin (ensanchado debajo del revestidor anterior) durante la fase de construccin del pozo

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 7

Dowell

Gravel Pack Completion Special application determined by formation type/behaviour often, requiring greater complexity during the well construction phase.

Page 7

Empaque con grava Rejillas o Crivas

Rejilla de alambre o Enmallada

Rejilla Pre -Empacada con grava

Tipos de Rejilla para el Empaque con Grava

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 8

Dowell

Gravel pack screens Gravel pack screens may be standard wire wrapped of prepacked where the void behind the wire screen is packed with epoxy coated sand.

Page 8

Completacin Simple con Tubera

Caractersticas:

Posibilidad de circular el pozo

(para controlar flujo imprevisto o matar el pozo)

Mejora el desempeo hidrulico Proteccin limitada del revestidor

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 9

Dowell

Suspended Tubing Provides partial protection for casing/liner string by providing a separate flow path. However, casing/liner remains exposed to production fluids. Provides a circulating capability for well kill (and kick-off) purposes. Reduced cross sectional area results in more efficient production of all production fluids, I.e., preventing liquid loading or water build-up.

Page 9

Completacin Bsica con Empacador

Caractersticas:

Capacidad de circulacin:
(determinada por el diseo y asentamiento del empacador)

Sarta de revestimiento protejida de

los efectos de fluido y de la presin

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 10

Dowell

Basic Packer Installation Provides better protection for casing/liner string by providing a separate flow path and enabling a inhibited fluid to be placed in the annulus. Provides a circulating capability for well kill (and kick-off) purposes, with the additional safety feature of the annulus containing kill fluid. In addition to safety issues, this also reduces the levels of stress to which the casing string is submitted.

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Completacin con empacador y cola

Caractersticas:

Flexibilidad adicional para

control del flujo en fondo (uso de tapones, desviadores)

Facilidad de instalar
instrumentos y registradores en el fondo del pozo (medidores de P y T)

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 11

Dowell

Packer with Tailpipe Provides all advantages of the basic packer installation but enables downhole flow control (including plugging) and a facility for downhole gauges.

Page 11

Instalacin mejorada del Empacador

Caractersticas:

Flexibilidad mejorada para

el control de la produccin en el fondo del pozo (tapones arriba o abajo del empacador)

Capacidad de circular el Vlvulas de seguridad

subsuelo (SSSV)
Schlumberger

pozo independientemente del empacador en el

Comp 4/ 12

Dowell

Enhanced Packer Installation Provides all advantages of the previous basic packer installations but enables greater flexibility in downhole flow control and circulation. Safety components (SSSV) provide a higher safety factor (typically considered to be a minimum requirement).

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Ejemplos de Completacin
Ejemplos de diseo de completacin para:

Completaciones en Zona simple Completacin de Mltiples Zonas Completaciones con Liner Completaciones Especiales
Control de arenamiento Inyeccin de inhibidor Pozo inyector de agua Completacin Trmica Reparacin de revestidor (parche de liner)

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 13

Dowell

Completion Examples The following completion examples are provided to illustrate the range, or diversity, of applications under which an extensive selection of completion components can be used.

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Zona Simple Empacador Recuperable

Caractersticas:

Opcin de cola de tubera debajo del empacador

para instalacin de registradores de presin y de temperatura Completacin 100% recuperable

El empacador se puede asentar despus de haber

instalado el cabezal del pozo

Posibilidad de caoneo a travs de la tubera

cuando los tamaos lo permiten
Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 14

Dowell

Single Zone - Retrievable Packer The majority of single zone completions are of a simple configuration, utilizing a retrievable packer conveyed and set by the production tubing. The completion shown is designed to facilitate installation and future workover operations. Recovery/Function Primary recovery Frequency of Usage Common Operational Advantages Fully retrievable completion no permanent components. Packer can be set with well flanged up sliding sleeve allows circulation of kick-off or perforating fluids. Thru-tubing perforation possible where size permits. Tail-pipe facility for pressure and temperature gauges located in no-go nipple below perforated spacer. This protects instruments from turbulence during high production rates. Operational Disadvantages

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Zona Simple Empacador con pasaje de sello

Caractersticas:

Empacador Permanente con pasaje de sellos

asentado con cable elctrico o con tubera

Conector/desconector rpido con ancla de

tubera que permite recuperar la sarta del pozo dejando el empacador asentado

Cola de tubera debajo del empacador que se

puede taponar y dejar en el pozo o recuperar con la sarta de produccin

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 15

Dowell

Single Zone Seal-bore Packer Seal bore packers are typically utilized in application where dependability and longevity are important issues. Electric line setting enables the packer depth to be accurately correlated in critical applications. Recovery/Function Primary recovery Frequency of Usage Common Operational Advantages Seal-bore packer set on electric line or tubing. On-off connector and tubing anchor allows tubing to be retrieved while leaving the packer and tailpipe in place. Tailpipe can be plugged before the tubing is removed to protect formation from kill fluid or workover fluids. Tailpipe can be retrieved with tubing if required. Operational Disadvantages Completion retrieval and replacement may be more complex

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Zona Simple Empacador con tubera de cola

Caractersticas:

La tubera de cola se puede taponar y

dejar en el pozo cuando se retira la sarta de produccin

Permite el caoneo seguro a travs de

la tubera de produccin

El sistema de bloqueo y matada facilita

la operacin de control en pozos de alta presin y alta produccin
Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 16

Dowell

Single Zone Seal-bore Packer with Tailpipe Permanent packer with tailpipe provides flexible option for well kill without endangering the reservoir formation (exposure to kill fluids) Recovery/Function Primary recovery Frequency of Usage Less common - more specialised Operational Advantages Tailpipe permanently attached to packer. Tailpipe plug isolates formation during workover/tubing retrieval. Permits safe thru-tubing perforating. Block and kill system facilitates the killing and control of h igh-pressure, high volume wells. Operational Disadvantages

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Zona Simple Receptculo de sello en el revestidor

Caractersticas:

Junta de expansin que permite el movimiento

de la tubera de produccin

Tubera de cola recuperable (en forma separada) Camisa de proteccin instalada en el receptculo
del revestidor durante los trabajos de cementacin primaria o remedial

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 17

Dowell

Single Zone CSR Uncommon option with limited application Recovery/Function Primary recovery Frequency of Usage Infrequent Operational Advantages Tailpipe retrievable separately. Protective sleeve run in CSR during primary and remedial cementing operations Expansion joint allows for tubing movement. Safety valve run and retrieved on wireline. Circulation of well fluid/kill fluid facilitated by sliding sleeve. Operational Disadvantages Relatively complex installation providing little flexibility of operation

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Mltiples Zonas Dos Zonas, Un Empacador

Caractersticas:

Produccin separada o mezclada a travs

de la nica sarta de tubera

Tubulares de pared gruesa para evitar flujo

erosivo frente a intervalo superior

Conector / desconector rpido con anclaje

de tubera que permite retirar la sarta dejando aislado el intervalo inferior

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 18

Dowell

Multiple zone completions Multiple zone completions can be extremely complex. Key to their success of is the ability to control or service each zone selectively. Sufficient room must obviously be allowed within the production casing or liner strings for multip le tubing strings and the necessary components. Multiple Zone Seal-bore Packer A simple approach to multiple zone production. However, the use of the annulus as a production conduit it not always acceptable to the regulatory authorities. Recovery/Function Primary recovery Frequency of Usage Uncommon Operational Advantages Separate or commingled flow through single production tubing s tring. Upper zone may be produced through the annulus. Blast joint protects tubular integrity across perforated intervals. On-off connector and tubing anchor allows tubing to be retrieved with lower interval isolated. Seating and polished nipples above and below the blast joint provide for contingency repair in the event of blast joint deterioration. Page 18 Sliding sleeve or the on-off connector facilitates circulation of well fluids and kill fluid.

Mltiples Zonas Dos Zonas, Dos Empacadores

Caractersticas:

Produccin independiente a travs de dos

sartas separadas

Tubulares de pared gruesa frente a intervalo

superior para evitar erosin del flujo

Ambos empacadores son recuperables Facilidades para instalar instrumentos en las

tuberas de cola de ambas sartas

Posibilidad de caonear la zona inferior a

travs de la tubera
Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 19

Dowell

Multiple Zone Multiple Packers An effective option providing a high degree of safety and control for each zone. However, The complexity of dual string packer installations requires careful planning and preparation. Recovery/Function Primary recovery Frequency of Usage Uncommon Operational Advantages Independent production through two tubing strings. Both packers are fully retrievable. Tailpipe instrument facility in both strings. Thru-tubing perforation possible on bottom zone. Blast joint protection Operational Disadvantages Complexdownhole design and configuration. Multiple packer system retrieval can be difficult to release.

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Mltiples Zonas Tres Zonas, Tres Empacadores

Caractersticas:

Varias zonas produciendo por la misma tubera Flujo controlado por vlvulas y chokes
instalados y retirados con lnea de alambre liso

Camisa deslizante de desvo previene la

comunicacin durante los trabajos de servicio selectivo

Se han producido hasta cinco zonas con este

tipo de instalacin
Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 20

Dowell

Multiple Zone Multiple Packers Provides a multiple zone option without the requirement for dual conduits (and packers). However, commingled flow and interconnected zones may not always be feasible due to reservoir management and pressure difficulties. Recovery/Function Primary recovery Frequency of Usage Uncommon Operational Advantages Several zones produced through one tubing string. Flow controlled by wireline retrievable choke/check valves. By-pass sliding sleeve prevents communication during service work. Up to five zones have been produced using this method. Operational Disadvantages Complexdownhole design and configuration. Multiple packer retrieval can be difficult to release. Commingled flow limits reservoir management options.

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Mltiples Zonas 4 Zonas, 4 Empacadores

Caractersticas:

Sistema de produccin selectiva para cuatro

zonas independientes

Dos sartas de produccin Produccin alterna o mezclada controlada por

camisas deslizantes

El sistema contiene 28 componentes mayores

en el subsuelo.

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 21

Dowell

Multiple Zone Multiple Packers Complex and specialised installation requiring extensive engineering and planning effort. However, this illustrates the potential for effective mu ltiple zone production if the economics can be justified. Recovery/Function Primary recovery Frequency of Usage Uncommon Operational Advantages Four zone selective production system, two at a time, with the lower two zones alternating or commingled through the long string. Upper zone produced through the short string with remaining zone being produced through either the short or long string. Operational Disadvantages Complexdownhole design and configuration (System contains 28 major downhole components). Multiple packer retrieval can be difficult to release. Flow capabilities may limit reservoir management options.

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Zona Simple Receptculo de sello en el Liner

Caractersticas:

Sistema ms simple de colgador de liner El Receptculo de sellos reemplaza al colgador

del liner

Circulacin de fluidos a travs de la camisa

deslizante arriba del colgador

La tubera de cola es retirada con la sarta de

produccin
Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 22

Dowell

Liner Completion CSR A relatively simple liner completion which is typically suited to larger completion sizes. Recovery/Function Primary recovery Frequency of Usage Becoming more common Operational Advantages Simplest liner-type hook-up. CSR replaces packer function. Sliding sleeve permits well fluid or kill fluid circulation. Tailpipe retrieved with production tubing Operational Disadvantages

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Receptculo de sellos y Empacador con pasaje

Caractersticas:

El traslape superior del liner permanece aislado Circulacin de fluidos a travs de la camisa
deslizante arriba del empacador

La cola de tubera se puede taponar y dejar en

el pozo mientras se retira la sarta de produccin

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 23

Dowell

Liner Completion CSR and Seal-bore Packer Similar to previous design but with more safety/contingency options included. The ability to remove the tubing string without unseating the packer or exposing the producing interval to kill fluid is an attractive feature of such completions. Recovery/Function Primary recovery Frequency of Usage Uncommon Operational Advantages Liner lap/top is permanently isolated. Fluid circulation through sliding sleeve. Tailpipe can be plugged to allow retrieval of tubing string with the producing zone isolated. Operational Disadvantages

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Completaciones Especiales

Ejemplos de completaciones especiales inclyen:

Control de arenamiento Inyeccin de inhibidor Pozo inyector de agua Reparacin de tubera o revestidor

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 24

Dowell

Special Service Special service completions, like remedial completions, are typically designed on an individual, or limited number basis. Remedial Completions Remedial completions are specially designed and configured for specific or individual applications. Careful review of the reservoir, wellbore and production conditions are required, as well as a careful assessment of the risk and consequences of failure, e.g., economic impact, loss of the well etc.

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Completacin con Empaque de Grava

Caractersticas:

Se asientan las herramientas en el subsuelo y se

coloca la grava en el sitio deseado a travs de la sarta de trabajo y herramienta de servicio Forzado de grava a travs de los tneles de las perforaciones en el revestidor La tubera de produccin es enchufada con el ensamblaje de sellos de produccin Servicio especializado que tpicamente incluye equipo y personal de servicio dedicados

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 25

Dowell

Gravel Pack Completion A relatively simple liner completion which is typically suited to larger completion sizes. Recovery/Function Sand control Frequency of Usage Common - generally within certain regions (dependent on reservoir characteristics) Operational Advantages Tools and equipment placed using a service tool and tubing workstring. Through tubing installation using CT possible in some situations. Production string can generally be removed while leaving the pack in place. Operational Disadvantages Gravel pack equipment and the resulting intervals can constrain subsequent wellbore or reservoir treatments.

Page 25 18

Inyeccin de Inhibidor

Caractersticas:

Mandriles de inyeccin con bolsillo lateral dan

proteccin dentro de la sarta de produccin arriba del empacador Nipple y lnea de inyeccin esterior a la sarta y conectada a la superficie son opcionales para aplicaciones poco profundas

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 26

Dowell

Inhibitor Injection The requirement for inhibitor injection is determined by the reservoir formation and fluid composition, and the presence of injected water break through. These characteristics and the wellbore conditions (temperature and pressure) will determine the level of protection required. Recovery/Function Primary and secondary Frequency of Usage Uncommon Operational Advantages System comprises conventional components Operational Disadvantages Protection at relatively shallow depths only Full protection of producing conduit/tubulars not possible

Page 26 19

Inhibidor Proteccin total

Caractersticas:

Un tubo de inyeccin paralelo a la sarta y un

empacador de pasaje con sellos permite que el inhibidor sea bombeado desde la superficie

Todos los componentes de la completacin en

contacto con los fluidos de formacin quedan expuestos al fluido inhibidor

Flujo del inhibidor controlado desde la superficie

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 27

Dowell

Inhibitor Injection Dual strings provide an injection point below the main conduit enabling complete protection Recovery/Function Primary and secondary Frequency of Usage Uncommon Operational Advantages Complete protection of flow wetted components Operational Disadvantages Additional (dedicated) injection string required.

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Inyeccin de Agua

Caractersticas:

Dos zonas de inyeccin tratadas con

reguladores de flujo operados en la superficie

Sistemas de inyeccin totalmente

independientes

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 28

Dowell

Waterflood More common offshore, for obvious reasons, the complexity of waterflood installations is dependent on the current (and required) reservoir parameters, especially pressure! Recovery/Function Primary and secondary Frequency of Usage Common on offshore installations or where adequate quality water is available. May also serve as a disposal well for separated water. Operational Advantages Dual zones can be controlled independently Operational Disadvantages Annular injection exposes casing string to pressure and potential corrosion/erosion

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Inyeccin de Agua Mltiples Zonas

Caractersticas:

La

inyeccin de agua en zonas de alto espesor se puede mejorar distribuyendo el fluido inyectado a travs de varios puntos de inyeccin que se pueden operar en forma selectiva mediante el uso de empacadores y camisas deslizantes

Los accesorios para regulacin del flujo en el

fondo ayudan a prevenir la ruptura prematura a travs de secciones intermedias en la zona

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 29

Dowell

Waterflood Thick zones, or multiple streaked zones may require multiple injection Recovery/Function Primary and secondary Frequency of Usage Common on offshore installations or where adequate quality water is available. May also serve as a disposal well for separated water. Operational Advantages Dual zones can be controlled independently Operational Disadvantages Annular injection exposes casing string to pressure and potential corrosion/erosion

Page 29 22

Completacin Tmica Inyeccin de Vapor

Caractersticas:

El empacador incorpora el ensamblaje de una

junta de expansin deslizante para absorber las dilataciones de la sarta por incrementos de temperatura

Un mandril de bolsillo lateral permite circular

material aislante hacia el espacio anular

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 30

Dowell

Steamflood More common offshore, for obvious reasons, the complexity of waterflood installations is dependent on the current (and required) reservoir parameters, especially pressure! Recovery/Function Special application - heavy crude Frequency of Usage Uncommon - limited application Operational Advantages Operational Disadvantages

Page 30 23

Completacin Remedial Camisa protectora

Caracrtersticas:

Camisa concntrica

de proteccn que se instala para el aislamiento de secciones daadas en el revestimiento o liner de produccin o para abandonar zonas abiertas indeseables o depletadas La camisa est provisa de empacadores en ambos extremos para asegurar sello hidrulico de la zona aislada La completacin se corre a travs de la camisa protectora y se instala en forma convencional con conectores / desconectores y tubos de produccin para activar las zonas de inters

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 31

Dowell

Scab Liner More common offshore, for obvious reasons, the complexity of waterflood installations is dependent on the current (and required) reservoir parameters, especially pressure! Recovery/Function Special application - remedial installation or temporary repair Frequency of Usage Uncommon - limited application Operational Advantages Rigless intervention Enables continued production from damaged tubing/casing/liner Shuts off selected perforated interval Operational Disadvantages

Page 31 24

Completacin de conducto uniforme nico (Monobore)

Caractersticas:
Vlvula de Seguridad

Diseada para cumplir con los criterios de:

Tasas de produccin apropiadas Flexibilidad y contingencias Seguridad Mediciones (control del yacimiento) longevidad

Ensamblaje de Empacador/Colgador

Liner

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 32

Dowell

Monobore Completion ? Recovery/Function ? Frequency of Usage ? Operational Advantages ? Operational Disadvantages ?

Page 32

Completacin de Mltiples Zonas

Lnea de control hidrulico para la TRSCSSV Vlvula de Seguridad de Subsuelo en el Tubing Recuperable y operada desde la superficie (TRSCSSV)

Ejemplo de una Completacin Multi-Zona con configuracin estndar para cada zona
(se puede aplicar a cualquier nmero de zonas)

Lnea de control hidrulico para la ASV

Vlvula de Seguridad en el Anular (ASV) Con desconector hmedo

Revestidor de 10

Mandril para inyeccin de gas Tubera de produccin de 5 Empacador de produccin con pasaje para TEC Conductor al interior de tubera, Tubing Encased Conductor,TEC

Empacador con alimentador de TEC

Control de Flujo con sensor integral de P y T

Grapa del Acople de Cruce Medidor de flujo tipo Venturi Liner de 9-5/8

Tapn

Zona 1

Zona 2

Schlumberger

Comp 4/ 33

Dowell

Multizone Completion

Page 33