Metodos Experimentales en Quimica Organica Omarambi

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U N I VERSI DAD TECN O L GI CA M ETRO PO LI TAN A
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D I RECCI N D E CO M U N I C ACI N Y CU LTU RA
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M todos Experiment ales
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U N I V E R S I D A D
T E C N O L G I C A
METROPOLI TANA
EDICIONES UNIVERSIDAD
TECNOLGICA METROPOLITANA
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1. 0 I ntroduccin 13
2. 0 N or mas Generales para el Trabajo de Laborator ios 17
I. k r It s 1 t | r i ti a| t | ra| a}t |tj t ri m t r Ia|
I.I | a rar It t r ra| a}t |tj t ri m t r Ia|
I.1 |i r a|i ta1 t t | ra| a}t |tj t ri m t r Ia| 1
3. 0 Anlisis Element al Cualit at i vo 21
1. k r It tt 1 t r It s t t ri tt s I
1. . | 1 t r Ii Ii tati t r 1 t | ar| t r t t 1 i 1 rt ] t r t II
1. .I |a si t r tt r t 1 i t II
1. .1 | 1 t r Ii Ii tati t r 1 t k ta Irt I1
1. .\ | 1 t r Ii Ii tati t r 1 t K i Irt ] t r t I1
1. .! | 1 t r Ii Ii tati t r 1 t 1 a|t ] t r t s I1
1.I | arIt t tj t ri m t r Ia|. |tj t ri m t r It | I!
1.I. 1 | }t Ii tt I!
1.I.1 | rt tt 1 i m i t r It |tj t ri m t r Ia| I!
k | t It rm i r ati t r 1 t | ar| t r t t 1 i 1 rt ] t r t I!
| | t atti t r 1 t |a si t r tt r t 1 i t It
| | t It rm i r ati t r 1 t k ta Irt It
| | t It rm i r ati t r 1 t K i Irt ] t r t II
|| t It rm i r ati t r 1 t 1 a|t ] t r t s II
ndice ndice ndice ndice ndice
|| t It rm i r ati t r 1 t | |t ra rt t r | rt st r ti a 1 t
| rt m a rt Yt 1 a rt II
| | t It rm i r ati t r 1 t Yt 1 a rt | rt m a rt t r
| rt st r ti a 1 t | |t ra rt I
1.1 | a t sIi t r ari t I
4. 0 Pur if i cacin de Compuestos O rgnicos Slidos 29
\. k r It tt 1 t r It s t t ri tt s I1
\. . | ri sIa|i tati t r I1
\. .I t j arati t r 1 t |as | m j a rt tas t r |a | t tri sIa|i tati t r 1I
\. .1 a | |i m ati t r 11
\.I | arIt |tj t ri m t r Ia|. |tj t ri m t r It | I 11
\.I. 1 | }t Ii tt 1\
\.I.I | rt tt 1 i m i t r It |tj t ri m t r Ia| 1\
k ||t tti t r 1 t a r | i st |tt r It 1\
| t j arati t r 1 t | m j a rt tas | a ri Ii tati t r
j t r | t tri sIa|i tati t r 1t
\.1 | a t sIi t r ari t 1t
5. 0 Calibracin de un Ter mmetro 37
!. k r It tt 1 t r It s t t ri tt s 1I
!. . | a|i | rati t r 1 t | t rm t m t Irt 1I
!. .I | t r sIar It s |i si tas 1
!. .1 | a r It 1 t |a si t r || a ||i ti t r 11
!.I | arIt |tj t ri m t r Ia|. |tj t ri m t r It | 1 \1
!.I. 1 | }t Ii tt s \1
!.I.I | rt tt 1 i m i t r It |tj t ri m t r Ia| \1
k | a|i | rati t r t r t | || a i |i | ri t | i t |t a] a a a 1 | \1
| | a|i | rati t r t r t | || a i |i | ri t t |i 1 t |i | a i 1 t \
!.1 | a t sIi t r ari t \\
6. 0 Pur if icacin de Lquidos por D est ilacin 45
t. k r It tt 1 t r It s t t ri tt s \!
t. . | t r sIar It s |i si tas \!
t. .I | a r It 1 t || a ||i ti t r \!
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t. .\ | t sIi |ati t r \I
t. .! M t tt|as k tt t Irt j i tas !1
t. .t M t It 1 t s 1 t | t sIi |ati t r !I
k M t It 1 t 1 t | t sIi |ati t r i m j |t !I
| M t It 1 t 1 t | t sIi |ati t r |ratti t r a1 a !1
| M t It 1 t 1 t | t sIi |ati t r j t r k rrasIrt 1 t Vaj t r !!
| M t It 1 t 1 t | t sIi |ati t r a | rt si t r | t 1 a ti 1 a !I
t.I | arIt |tj t ri m t r Ia|. |tj t ri m t r It | \ !
t.I. 1 | }t Ii tt s !
t.I.I | rt tt 1 i m i t r It |tj t ri m t r Ia| !1
k | t sIi |ati t r i m j |t !1
| | t sIi |ati t r |ratti t r a1 a t1
| | t It rm i r ati t r 1 t | | a r It 1 t || a ||i ti t r t1
t.1 | a t sIi t r ari t t
7. 0 M todos de extraccin y Agentes D esecantes 63
I. k r It tt 1 t r It s t t ri tt s t1
I. . |tIratti t r | i stt r Ii r a a t\
I. .I | t t Ii ti t r It 1 t | t j arIt t!
I. .1 |tIratti t r k ti 1 t - | ast tt
I. .\ |tIratti t r | t r Ii r a a t
I. .! k ] t r It s | t st tar It s t1
k t ta1 t M t tar i tt I1
| t ta1 t a i m i tt I1
| k ] t r It s | t st tar It s a i m i tt s r t rt tt rsi | |t s I1
| |t rm ati t r 1 t 1 i 1 raIt s t r t | | rt tt st 1 t t ta1 t II
I.I | arIt |tj t ri m t r Ia|. |tj t ri m t r It | ! I!
I.I. 1 | }t Ii tt I!
I.I.I | rt tt 1 i m i t r It |tj t ri m t r Ia| It
k t j arati t r 1 t |a ] t r t | j t r |tIratti t r | i stt r Ii r a a It
| t j arati t r 1 t | aIt i r a j t r |tIratti t r | i stt r Ii r a a II
| t j arati t r 1 t | art It r t s j t r |tIratti t r | t r Ii r a a I
| t j arati t r 1 t |i m t r t r t j t r |tIratti t r | t r Ii r a a I
I.1 | a t sIi t r ari t
1
8. 0 Anlisis cromatogrf ico 83
. k r It tt 1 t r It s t t ri tt s 1
. . | |asi Ii tati t r 1 t |t s M t It 1 t s | rt m aIt ] raIi tt s 1
k | rt m aIt ] raIi a 1 t k 1 st rti t r 1
| | rt m aIt ] raIi a 1 t | arIi ti t r \
| | rt m aIt ] raIi a 1 t | r It rtam | i t | t r i tt !
| | rt m aIt ] raIi a 1 t |tt|a si t r !
. .I | rt m aIt ] raIi a t r | t |a m r a t
. .1 | rt m aIt ] raIi a t r | aj t | I
. .\ | t r sIar It 1 t | t rri m i t r It | I 1
. .! | rt m aIt ] raIi a M a |Ii j |t 1
. .t | rt m aIt ] raIi a | t stt r 1 t r It 11
. .I | rt m aIt ] raIi a | i 1 i m t r si t r a| 11
. . | rt m aIt ] raIi a | i rta |ar 1 t ri tt r Ia| 11
. .1 | rt m aIt ] raIi a t r | aj a |i r a 11
.I | arIt |tj t ri m t r Ia|. |tj t ri m t r It | t 1I
.I. 1 | }t Ii tt 1I
.I.I | rt tt 1 i m i t r It |tj t ri m t r Ia| 1I
k t j arati t r t | 1 t r Ii Ii tati t r j t r | rt m aIt ] raIi a
t r | aj a |i r a 1I
| t j arati t r t | 1 t r Ii Ii tati t r j t r
| rt m aIt ] raIi a t r | t |a m r a 1\
.1 | a t sIi t r ari t 1!
9. 0 Reacciones de los H idrocarburos 97
1. k r It tt 1 t r It s t t ri tt s 1I
1. . k |tar t s | i t|t a|tar t s. | t atti t r t s | t atIi ti 1 a1 1I
1. .I M t tar i sm t s 1 t 1 a|t ] t r ati t r ti a | a1 i ta|t s
|i | rt s 1 t |t s k |tar t s 1
1. .1 k || a t r t s. | t atti t r t s | t atIi ti 1 a1 11
k t t ri a | t r t ra| 1 t |as | t atti t r t s 1 t |t s k || a t r t s 11
| k 1 i ti t r 1 t k ti 1 t a |Ia ri tt rt atIi tt r t si m t Iri tt
a |t s k || a t r t s 1I
| 1 i 1 raIati t r . k 1 i ti t r 1 t a] a a rt atIi tt r t si m t Iri tt
a |t s k || a t r t s 11

| 1 a|t ] t r ati t r . k 1 i ti t r 1 t | a|t ] t r t s rt atIi tt
si m t Iri tt a |t s k || a t r t s 11
| |t rm ati t r 1 t 1 a|t | i 1 ri r as. k 1 i ti t r 1 t |t s k ti 1 t s
1 i j t | a|t st s rt atIi tt r t si m t Iri tt a |t s k || a t r t s 1!
| | t atti t r 1 t |t s k || a t r t s tt r k ] t r It s
1 ti 1 ar It s. 1 ti | i 1 ri |ati t r ti s | ra t | a 1 t | at r 1!
| 1 tt r t |i si s. | i st ti ati t r 1 t |t s | t | |t s |r |att s
| ar| t r t -| ar| t r t 1t
1. .\ k || a i r t s. | t atti t r t s | t atIi ti 1 a1 1I
k | t atti t r t s 1 t k || a i r t s t rm i r a|t s. a|t s
M t Ia|i tas j t sa1 as 1
| k 1 i ti t r 1 t 1 a|t ] t r t s a |t s k || a i r t s 11
| | t atti t r t s 1 t | a j Ia ra 1 t | |r |att ri j |t 11
1.I | arIt |tj t ri m t r Ia|. |tj t ri m t r It | 1
1.I. 1 | }t Ii tt 1
1.I.I | rt tt 1 i m i t r It |tj t ri m t r Ia| 1
k i r It si s 1 t M t Iar t 1
| | t atIi ti 1 a1 1 t |t s k |tar t s
| i r It si s 1 t |Ii |t r t t It r t I
| i r It si s 1 t k tt Ii |t r t t Ii r t 1
| i r It si s 1 t 1 tt r i 1 t 1
1.1 | a t sIi t r ari t \
10. 0 I nterconversin de I smeros Geomtr icos 117
1. k r It tt 1 t r It s t t ri tt s I
1.I | arIt |tj t ri m t r Ia|. |tj t ri m t r It | I1
1.I. 1 | }t Ii tt I1
1.I.I | rt tt 1 i m i t r It |tj t ri m t r Ia| I1
11. 0 Bibliografa 121
1
t m ar |a 1 t ti si t r 1 t t stri | i r a r It tIt t tj t ri m t r Ia| 1 t | a i m i ta
t r] a r i t a | a t st a 1 t a Ii |i 1 a 1 j a ra r a t sIrt s a |a m r t s, t s a r a Ia rt a
Iasti r ar It , a | a t 1 t | t m t s rt sa m i r It 1 a r a t sIra t tj t ri t r ti a t r a|] a r as
j a] i r as, si r 1 t }ar 1 t st r ri ] a rt st s t r |t s j ri r ti j i t s | asi tt s | a t 1 t | t m t s
t tj |i tar, j t rt tt r |a m at r t|ari 1 a1 j t si | |t j ara t | |t tIt r.
|| j rt j t si It 1 t t sIt It tIt t s aa 1 ar a| a|a m r t a t sIa 1 i ar |t s m t It 1 t s
sa s j ri r ti j i t s It t ri tt s Ia r 1 am t r Ia|t s, j ara tt r st ] a i r a r a1 i t sIram i t r It
t r |as It tr i tas 1 t |a| t raIt ri t 1 t m ar i j a |ati t r 1 t | m aIt ri a| | asi tt 1 t
a st | a| i Ia a| t r | a i m i ta t r] ar i ta. | t r t ||t s t | t sIa 1 i ar It tt r st ] a i ra
1 t m i r ar 1 i tt rst s j rt tt 1 i m i t r It s j ara |a si r It si s taratIt ri tati t r
| asi ta 1 t tt m j a t sIt s t r] ar i tt s, | a t |t j t rm i Ii rar t r Irt r Iar tt r t ti It
sa s atIi ti 1 a1 t s 1 t aj rt r 1 i ta}t t r si sIt m as m as tt m j |t }t s.
|a st ta t r ti a 1 t t tj t ri m t r It s | a t j rt st r Iam t s t r t | It tIt , |a | t m t s
t r1 t r a1 t 1 t Ia| m ar t ra 1 t i r i ti ar a| t sIa 1 i ar It tt r a r a i 1 t r Ii Ii tati t r
1 t | tt r It r i 1 t 1 t |as sa sIar ti as t r] ar i tas a Iratt s 1 t | ar a|i si s t |t m t r Ia|
ta a|i IaIi tt 1 t sa s t |t m t r It s rt j rt st r IaIi tt s, Ia|t s tt m t , tar| t r t ,
| i 1 rt ] t r t , | a |t ] t r t s, r i Irt ] t r t a t a Irt . |a t ] t j rt st r Ia m t s t |
m ar t }t t tj t ri m t r Ia| 1 t sa sIar ti as t r] ar i tas st |i 1 as, t tj t ri m t r Iar 1 t
|a rt tri sIa|i tati t r | asa1 a t r sa s st |a | i |i 1 a1 t s j ara sa j a ri Ii tati t r , |a
| a t t s tt m j rt | a1 a tt r |a 1 t It rm i r ati t r 1 t | j a r It 1 t Ia si t r tt m t
| t rram i t r Ia 1 t taratIt ri tati t r . k si m i sm t , st |t ] rar t sIa| |t tt r |as
1 i It rt r ti as t | It r i 1 as t r sa m t 1 i ti t r ast ti a1 t s a i m j a rt tas a| a st
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1 t It rm t m t Irt s r t t a |i | ra 1 t s. | t r Ii r a a m t s t t r |a s sa sIa r t i a s
t r] a r i t a s |i | a i 1 a s, 1 t st ri | i t r 1 t sa st j a ra t i t r j a ri Ii t a t i t r j t r
1 t sIi |ati t r , | a t st r tt m j rt | a1 as tt r |a 1 t It rm i r ati t r 1 t | j a r It 1 t
t | a ||i ti t r tt m t | t rram i t r Ia 1 t taratIt ri tati t r , t sIa| |t ti t r 1 t |as
tt rrt tti t r t s a |a j rt si t r aIm t sIt ri ta 1 t Ira| a}t . | rt st ] a i m t s tt r |a
st j arati t r 1 t |as sa sIar ti as t r] ar i tas Iar It t r t sIa1 t st |i 1 t tt m t
|i | a i 1 t 1 t s1 t m aIri tt s r aIa ra|t s, tt m t st m i ||as, Ira It s, tastaras | t }as,
j ara tt m j |t m t r Iar, sa taratIt ri tati t r tt r t | ar a|i si s trt m aIt ] raIi tt
a Ii |i tar 1 t a r a st ri t 1 t rt tt |a1 t rt s t sj t ti Ii tt s ] t r t ra|t s. |i r a|m t r It
j rt st r Ia m t s a r t t j t ri m t r It 1 t i r It rt t r t t rsi t r 1 t i st m t rt s
] t t m t Iri tt s | a t j t rm i Ii ra a| t sIa 1 i ar It aj |i tar |t s m t It 1 t s aj rt r 1 i 1 t s
tt r ar It ri t ri 1 a1 .
| t st am t s Ii r a|m t r It a] ra1 t tt r a| ] ra j t 1 t | a i m i ta t r] ar i ta 1 t |
| t j a rIa m t r It 1 t a i m i t a 1 t |a |a t a |Ia 1 1 t | i t r t i a s K a Ia ra |t s,
M aIt m aIi tas 1 t | M t 1 i t k m | i t r It 1 t |a | r i tt rsi 1 a1 t tr t |t ] i ta
M t Irt j t |i Iar a 1 t | | i |t , j t r sa j ati t r ti a t sIa t rtt t r |a ta|i 1 ati t r 1 t
|t s 1 i st 1 t s t tj t ri m t r Ia|t s. k ] ra1 t tt m t s t r t sj t ti a| a |t s j rt It st rt s
Vt rt r i ta | art 1 t s, | a | t r | at r a, M ar a t | M t ra|t s, 1 sta|1 t | i Ia t r It s,
M ar}t ri M t r 1 i t Ia !t r] t M a 1 t t. | t r sa j a t sIt , a] ra1 t ttt |a ] rar
m t Ii tati t r j t r aj rt r 1 t r t sIa ti t r ti a, a m i s a|a m r t s | a t | ar ta rsa1 t
| a s a si ] r a I a ra s 1 t | a i m i t a t r] a r i t a t r m i s t | a st s I t t ri t a s
t tj t ri m t r Ia|t s.
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1.0 Introduccin 1.0 Introduccin 1.0 Introduccin 1.0 Introduccin 1.0 Introduccin
|a | a i m i ta t r] ar i ta t tj t ri m t r Ia| t s t Ira m aIt ri a 1 t t sIa 1 i t 1 t t sIa
Iasti r ar It ti t r ti a | a t t s |a | a i m i ta. |r Irt r Iarr t s a t ||a st r taj att s
1 t tt m j rt r 1 t r sa s j ri r ti j i t s Ia r 1 am t r It s m t |t ta |art s t s a r a Iart a
a r1 a a , j t r| a t st 1 t | t r a j rt r 1 t r r a t t a s I t t r i t a s 1 t I ra | a } t
t tj t ri m t r Ia| | a t t sIar j rt st r It s t r t sIa ti t r ti a. | ara |t ] rar t sIt s
t | }t Ii tt s |t s j rt It st rt s t sj t t i a |i sIa s t r t sIa s m a It ri a s j t 1 t m t s
aa 1 ar|t s att m j a1 ar|t s t r t sIt j rt tt st .
| ara i r i ti ar r a t sIrt t sIa 1 i t t s r t tt sari t 1 ar a r a 1 t Ii r i ti t r aj rt ti m a1 a
1 t |a | a i m i t a t r] a r i t a . | s t | t sIa 1 i t 1 t |a m a It ri a , | a t t r sa
t t m j t si t i t r m t |t t a |a r t t r Ii t r t a It m t s t a r| t r t , Ia r It t r sa s
j rt j i t 1 a1 t s Ii si tt -| a i m i ta tt m t t r |a 1 i sj t si ti t r t sj ati a| 1 t sa s
aIt m t s j ara j rt 1 t ti r sa rt atIi ti 1 a1 . |sIa 1 t Ii r i ti t r , aa r | a t j art tt
si m j |t , ] t r t ra a r si r r a m t rt 1 t r a t tt s tt r t ti m i t r It s |t s ta a|t s
1 t | t m t s t tj t ri m t r Iar ||t ] ar a 1 t m i r ar. k 1 t m as, t sIa 1 t Ii r i ti t r
a| arta a| a t ||as sa sIar ti as | a i m i tas | a t tt r Ii t r t r tar| t r t t Irt s
aIt m t s tt m t j t r t }t m j |t | i 1 rt ] t r t , r i Irt ] t r t , ata Irt , | a|t ] t r t s
a|] a r t s m t Ia|t s.
|t s j ri m t rt s i r It r It s 1 t t sIa 1 i ar t tj t ri m t r Ia|m t r It |as sa sIar ti as
t r] ar i tas Ia t rt r |as 1 t ri ta1 as 1 t Ia t r It s r aIa ra|t s t r] ar i sm t s ti tt s,
| a t st rt a |i t a rt r t r |t s t t m i t r tt s 1 t | si ] |t X| X. | r a 1 t |a r It st
t t r t t i t rt r t | t Ia r t | t | a t i 1 t a t t Ii t t | a t st t | Ia t i t rt r 1 t |a
It rm t r Iati t r 1 t }a ] t s 1 t Ira Ia t 1 t ] rar t s, |a | a i r i r a st ai s|t 1 t |a
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tt rIt ta 1 t | ar| t | 1 t |a | a i r a, st sa| i a | a t t ra a r m t 1 i tam t r It t It tIi tt
j ara ta rar t | j a|a 1 i sm t , |a a rt a st t | Ia tt 1 t |a t ri r a | a m ar a. am | i t r
st ||t ] t a tt r t tt r |as ] rasas, |t s att i It s |t s tt m j a t sIt s 1 t ri ta1 t s 1 t |
j t Irt |t t j rt tt r i t r It s 1 t |t s rt sIt s It si |t s 1 t |t s | a t | a| i ar si 1 t st rt s
t i t i t r I t s. | a 1 t | a t | a s sa sI a r t i a s t r] a r i t a s j a rt t i a r t sI a r
t sIrt t| am t r It |i ] a1 as a |t s j rt tt st s ti Ia|t s, r t st It r i a t sj t rar ta 1 t
j rt j arar|t s t r t | |a| t raIt ri t , aIi rm ar 1 t st t r It r tt s | a t j ara It rm ar|t s
st r t tt si Ia| a a r a Ia t rta ti Ia|. i | i t r t sIa It t ri a ti Ia|i sIa Ia t att j Ia1 a
j t r m a t| t s ti t r Ii sIas 1 t |a t j t ta, r t Ia t 1 t m t 1 t a|] a r t a r i tt rsa|, a
| a t tt r |a t |a| t rati t r 1 t }a| t r ati 1 t s ] rast s a j arIi r 1 t ] rasas 1 t
ar i m a|t s M i t| t | | | t trt a |, It 1 tt r |a j t sIt ri t r si r It si s 1 t |a
a rt a a j arIi r 1 t a r a sa| i r t r] ar i ta ti ar aIt 1 t am t r i t j t r |ri t 1 ri t|
wt | |t r 11 I , t sIa It t ri a 1 t }t 1 t st r|t 1 i t j ast a| 1 t sarrt ||t
1 t t sIa ti t r ti a.
|as It t ri as t ri ] i r a1 as 1 i t rt r j ast a| tt r t ti m i t r It t tj t ri m t r Ia| j ara
|a t |a | t ra t i t r 1 t r a t tt s m a It ri a |t s, Ia |t s t t m t m t 1 i t a m t r It s,
tt |t rar It s, j t |i m t rt s, j |asIi tt s, a1 i Ii tt s j ara a|i m t r It s, a1 | t si tt s,
j |a] a i ti 1 as, a r si r r a m t rt 1 t t Iras sa sIar ti as, | a t st t | Ii t r t r It 1 as
t r t | |a| t raIt ri t It 1 t s st r tt m j a t sIt s t r] ar i tt s. t 1 t t sIt | a
||t ta1 t a | a t t | st r | a m ar t It r ] a a r a m t }t r ta|i 1 a1 1 t ti 1 a. i r
t m | ar] t , st | a t ri ] i r a1 t a r r a t tt | a t sj t 1 t r t | ti t|t | i t |t ] i tt , | a t
|t ||am art m t s | a t sj t 1 tecnolgico , | a t st ra a r a j ara1 t }a 1 t 1 i Ii ti |
st |a ti t r j ara |t s Ia Ia rt s ti t r Ii Ii tt s 1 t r a t sIrt j |ar t Ia. | ara t r It r 1 t r
t sIt | t t| t t s i m j t rIar It tt r t tt r t r It rm a sa ti r Ia |t s ti t|t s | a t
] t | i t rr a r r a t sIra t t i sIt r t i a . | t s t i t |t s | i t |t ] i t t s st r j rt t t st s
t st r t i a |t s j a ra j rt m t tt r t | Ia r t i t r a m i t r It 1 t |a t t i sIt r t i a |a
1 t j a ra t i t r t r |a r a Ia ra |t t a . | t s t i t |t s | i t |t ] i t t s a |t s | a t r t s
rt It ri m t s st r . t | 1 t r a Iri ti t r , t | 1 t t ti ] t r t , 1 t | 1 i t ti 1 t 1 t tar| t r t ,
1 t | r i Irt ] t r t , 1 t | ata Irt , 1 t | It sIt rt 1 t | a] a a. |rt r It a t ||t s tt m t
tt r st ta t r ti a 1 t | 1 t sarrt ||t It tr t |t ] i tt , t | | t m | rt trt t t | | a t sj t 1
tecnolgico . a rt |ati t r tt r |t s ti t|t s | i t |t ] i tt s t s Irastt r 1 t r Ia|,
j t r| a t sa t It tIt t s a|It rar t st | rt tar] ar a|] a r t s 1 t t ||t s, i m j i 1 i t r 1 t
| a t atIa t r r aIa ra|m t r It j ara j a ri Ii tar t | m t 1 i t am | i t r It , |t | a t st
Ira1 a tt t r r t It ri t s tast s 1 t 1 t It ri t rt am | i t r Ia| 1 t }a 1 t m ar i Ii t sIt
|a Ira] i |i 1 a1 1 t |a r aIa ra|t ta. || | a t sj t 1 It tr t |t ] i tt ||t ta i m j |i ti It
I
|a a Ii |i t a t i t r | a m a r a 1 t |a t r t r] i a |a It t r t |t ] i a , |t t a a | t sIa
t sIrt t| am t r It ti r ta |a1 t a |t s ti t|t s | i t |t ] i tt s t 1 t sostn de la vida .
| a m t r Ia | |t m t r It , t sIa rt |a t i t r , a a r | a t t sIrt t | a , r t t sIa m a
rt tt r t ti 1 a. |a si Ia ati t r t | }t Ii ta t s |a si ] a i t r It . t | st r | a m ar t j rt tt sa
|as m aIt ri as j ri m as j rt tt r i t r It s 1 t Ia t r It s r aIa ra|t s ti t|t s | i t |t ] i tt s
t r | t r t Ii ti t j rt j i t , j ara t | It r t r 1 t t ||a |t s | i t r t s 1 t st a1 t s. | a rar It
t | j rt tt st 1 t m ar a IatIa rati t r rt sa |Ia1 t 1 t |as Irar sIt rm ati t r t s 1 t
t sIas m aIt ri as j ri m as, st ] t r t rar 1 t st t| t s rt si 1 a t s, | a t st r st |t
j arti a|m t r It rt a Ii |i ta1 t s, m i t r Iras | a t |t s r t a Ii |i ta1 t s Ii t r 1 t r a
ata m a |arst . k j t sar 1 t | a t t s j t si | |t |a rt a Ii |i tati t r 1 t Ia|t s 1 t st t| t s,
t sIa st rt a |i t a t st a sa m t r It . | t s j ri r t i j a |t s t | sIa t a |t s st r |a
a| a r 1 ar ti a 1 t |as m aIt ri as j ri m as t | tt sIt t tIra 1 t | j rt tt st m i sm t
1 t rt ti t|am i t r It 1 t rt si 1 a t s. | t t sIa m ar t ra, am | t s IatIt rt s tt r I|a t r
a| a] t Iam i t r It j rt ] rt si tt 1 t |t s rt ta rst s r aIa ra|t s a |a ata m a |ati t r
1 t 1 t st t| t s tt r Iam i r ati t r .
| a | a i m i t a t r] a r i t a | a t st | a 1 t sa rrt ||a 1 t a j a rIi r 1 t |t s t i t |t s
| i t |t ] i tt s, Ii t r t a r r a t tt 1 t saIi t j ara |t s | a i m i tt s, | a t t s t r tt r Irar
rt Iar1 ar |t m as j t si | |t t | a] t Iam i t r It 1 t r a t sIrt rt ta rst s r aIa ra|t s,
|a Ia t r It j ri r ti j a| 1 t ti 1 a j ara It 1 t s |t s | a t | a| i Iam t s r a t sIra Ii t rra.
|s 1 t Irastt r 1 t r Ia| i m j t rIar ti a | a t |t s t sIa 1 i ar It s | a t st i r i ti ar t r
t sIt Iasti r ar It tam j t 1 t |a | a i m i ta t r] ar i ta, | a t |t ] rarar 1 t m i r ar
| t s I a r 1 a m t r I t s I t t ri t t s t t j t ri m t r I a | t s, st j a r a j | i t a r | t s
m t tar i sm t s 1 t m i Ii ] ati t r 1 t |as 1 t tasIa1 t ras tt r st ta t r ti as | a t
tt r ||t ta It r t r t | tt r t ti m i t r It 1 t |as Irar sIt rm ati t r t s t r] ar i tas, | a t
t r 1 t Ii r i Ii ta t s a r a rm a j t 1 t rt sa j a ra st |a t i t r a r |t s j rt | |t m a s
am | i t r Ia|t s Irar sIt rm ar t | | a t sj t 1 It tr t |t ] i tt t r a r tt r1 a1 t rt
ti t|t It tr t |t ] i tt .
| ara i r i ti ar t sIt aj rt r 1 i ta}t , t s i m j t rIar It i 1 t r Ii Ii tar t rt tt r t tt r a r a
sa sIar ti a t r] ar i ta, aj rt r 1 i t r 1 t a|] a r as 1 i It rt r ti as si m j |t s t r Irt a r
tt m j a t sIt t r] ar i tt 1 t a r t i r t r] ar i tt .
|t s tt m j a t sIt s t r] ar i tt s st r tt m | a sIi | |t s, tt r j t tas t ttt j ti t r t s
r t Ia| |t s j t r t }t m j |t , t | It Irat|t ra rt 1 t tar| t r t , | | |
\
, t r Iar It
| a t |t s i r t r] ar i tt s r t |t st r . | t | t t| t , t sIa j rt j i t 1 a1 j a t 1 t

t m j |t arst tt m t a r m t It 1 t t tj t ri m t r Ia| st r ti ||t j ara 1 t It rm i r ar
si a r tt m j a t sIt t s t r] ar i tt t i r t r] ar i tt . |a j ra t | a 1 t |a I|am a
t t r si sI t t r t t | t t a r a r a j t | a t 1 a j a rI t 1 t a r t t m j a t sI t
1 t stt r t ti 1 t t r |a j a r Ia 1 t a r a t sj aIa |a j t r t r|a t r a r a I|am a 1 t
a r m t t| t rt . i t | tt m j a t sIt st t r ti t r 1 t Iati |m t r It si r 1 t }ar
rt si 1 a t s, t s m a j rt | a| |t | a t st a t r] ar i tt . i t | tt m j a t sIt st |t
st t r ti t r 1 t j arti a|m t r It 1 t }a a r rt si 1 a t , j a t 1 t st r |a sa| 1 t a r
tt m j a t sIt t r] ar i tt . i |a m a t sIra r t t s aIt tIa1 a j t r t | ta|t r, t s
j t si | |t | a t st a i r t r] ar i ta.
|a ] rar m at ri a 1 t |t s tt m j a t sIt s t r] ar i tt s st r ] ast s, |i | a i 1 t s t
st |i 1 t s | a t Ia r 1 t r a It m j t raIa ras m t r t rt s 1 t \11| , |a t ttt j ti t r
st r |t s j t |i m t rt s. |sIt tt r IrasIa tt r |t s tt m j a t sIt s i r t r] ar i tt s,
| a t a m t r a 1 t st r 1 t r aIa ra|t ta i t r i ta st r st |i 1 t s | a t Ia r 1 t r a
It m j t raIa ras m a a|Ias. |a m at ri a 1 t |t s tt m j a t sIt s t r] ar i tt s r t
st r st |a | |t s t r a] a a, a m t r t s | a t It r ] ar ] ra j t s j t |art s, Ia|t s tt m t
|t s ] ra j t s | i 1 rt ti |t s, -1 1 , t ] ra j t s tar| t ti |t s, -| 1 1 1 , ti r ta |a1 t s
a t ||t s, t r Ia r It | a t a r m a t r j t rt t r Ia }t 1 t |t s t t m j a t sIt s
i r t r] ar i tt s st r st |a | |t s t r a] a a 1 t | i 1 t a sa taratIt r i t r i tt .
1
2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Normas generales para trabajar Normas generales para trabajar Normas generales para trabajar Normas generales para trabajar Normas generales para trabajar
en los laboratorios en los laboratorios en los laboratorios en los laboratorios en los laboratorios
| ara ||t tar a ta| t ta a|| a i t r Ira| a}t t tj t ri m t r Ia| t r t | |a| t raIt ri t st
rt | a i t rt ] ra r j t rst tt ra r t i a , t sIa t rtt , st ] a i r t i t rIa s r t rm a s 1 t
t t r 1 a t Ia | a t |a t t j t ri t r t i a a t t r st }a . K t j ra t Ii t a r t sIa s r t rm a s
si ] r i Ii ta j t r1 t r m a t| as | t ras 1 t Ira| a}t m a|t ] rar Iart as 1 i ] r as 1 t
t ti It .
| r t sIt t a rst st j rt It r 1 t 1 a r It rm a t i t r | a si t a t r t | Ira | a }t 1 t
|a | t ra It ri t | a t t r t sj t t i a | | i r t a j i t t r t t i ] t r t i a s | a t j t rm i It r
tt r st ] a i r t sIt j rt j t si It . | sIt 1 i r ] rt sa a a r m a r 1 t arIi Ii ti a| 1 t r 1 t st
a sar rt atIi tt s 1 t a|Ia tt r tt r Irati t r j a rt ta, 1 i Ii ti |t s 1 t t r tt r Irar t r
t | m a r 1 t tt Ii 1 i ar t . |a m at ri a 1 t t sIas sa sIar ti as st r t tIrt m a1 am t r It
atIi tas, tt r t r t sas tt rrt si tas, 1 a1 i r as a tt rIt It |ar] t j |att , | a t
j a t 1 t r i r ] rt sa r a | t r] a r i sm t j t r t i a s 1 t rm i t a s, 1 i ] t sIi t a s It
j a |m t r art s.
|t s atti 1 t r It s m as Irt ta t r It s t r |t s |a| t raIt ri t s 1 t | a i m i ta st r
| a t m a1 a ras, t tj |t si t r t s, i r tt r 1 i t s t r tt r t r am i t r It s, sa s taa sas
j a t 1 t r 1 t | t rst a |a a1 | a i si ti t r 1 t | a| i It s i r tt rrt tIt s t a i ] r t rar ti a
1 t |a j t |i ] rt si 1 a1 1 t | Ira| a}t | a t st rt a|i ta. | t a sIt 1 1 t j t r 1 t t r It r tt s
sa st ] a ri 1 a1 t i r It ] ri 1 a1 |a 1 t |t s | a t |t rt 1 t ar .
| a ra ||t t a r a t a | t t a a || a i t r Ira | a }t j ra t Ii t t t r t | |a | t ra It ri t , t s
i r 1 i sj t r sa| |t | a t t | a|a m r t tt r t tta ti t rIas nor mas generales, r t rm as
1 t j rt tt r ti t r 1 t st ] a ri 1 a1 , | a t 1 t | t t | st rtar st m t It rst a t ||as.
I1
2. 1 Antes de iniciar el trabajo exper iment al
k r It s 1 t i r i t i a r t | Ira | a }t t t j t ri m t r Ia | a sIt 1 1 t | t ra st ] a i r |a s
si ] a i t r It s r t rm as.
|| |a ] ar 1 t Ira| a}t 1 t | t j t rm ar t tt r si t m j rt |i m j i t t r1 t r a1 t
m t st r j i st .
k j a] a t ] a ar1 t |t s t | a i j t s t |t tIrt r i tt s Ia|t s tt m t It |t It r t s
tt |a |art s, rt j rt 1 a tIt rt s 1 t m a si ta 1 t ti 1 t t j t rIaIi |t s, }a t ] t s
t |t tIrt r i tt s, | | j t rIaIi |t s, t It.
|tam i r t ta i 1 a1 t sam t r It t | m aIt ri a|, i r sIra m t r It s t | a i j t s 1 t
|a | t ra It ri t , t t rt i t rt st 1 t sa t t rrt t It Ia r t i t r a m i t r It , t t m t
Iam | i t r 1 t |t s t r t| a It s t |t tIri tt s, ||att s 1 t a] a a ] as.
|sta t| t aIt r Iam t r It |as i r sIra tti t r t s 1 t sa j rt It st r.
k | rt t| t st t | 1 t |ar Ia|, j t r ] ast |as ar Ii j arras 1 t st ] a ri 1 a1 , am arrt st
t | j t |t si |t a sa |ar] t a Ii |i tt taj aIt s tt rra1 t s.
| t Ii rt 1 t sa s m ar t s t | }t It s m t Ia|i tt s, Ia|t s tt m t ar i ||t s j a |st ras.
1 | st rtt sa s a|rt 1 t 1 t rt s a | i | a t |t s t tIi r It rt s, 1 a t| as 1 t st ] a ri 1 a1
|as sa|i 1 as 1 t t staj t . k st ] a rt st | a t |as j a t rIas 1 t t staj t t sIt r
si r st ] a rt si r ||att .
2. 2 D urante el trabajo exper iment al
| a rar It t | Ira| a}t t tj t ri m t r Ia| a sIt 1 1 t | t ra st ] a i r |as si ] a i t r It s
r t rm as.
| t 1 i | a t st a rt a|i tar |t s t tj t ri m t r It s | a t st | ar i r 1 i ta1 t . |t s
t t j t ri m t r It s r t t t r It m j |a 1 t s t r |a ] a i a 1 t Ira | a }t , r t t sIa r
aa It ri ta1 t s. K t atIa t j t r i r i ti aIi ta j rt j i a.
| sI a t sI ri t I a m t r I t j rt | i | i 1 t t r t | I ra r st a rst 1 t | I ra | a } t
t tj t ri m t r Ia|. |a m ar, tt m t r, tt rrt r, |as atIi ti 1 a1 t s | a t 1 i sIrai ] ar
|a aIt r ti t r 1 t sa s tt m j a1 t rt s.
| t m t r t a r t | Ira | a }t t t j t ri m t r Ia | st |t t t r |a a a It ri t a t i t r 1 t |
j rt It st r, si ] a sa s i r sIra tti t r t s, r t st arri t s] a t , si r t sa| t j rt ] a r It .
|t s t tj t ri m t r It s | a t a sIt 1 rt a|i ta j a t 1 t r It r t r ri t s] t s It rIa i It s,
j t r |t | a t r t st si t r It Irt r It a |t s rt atIt rt s t r | a t t sIa t ta rri t r 1 t
I
|a rt atti t r | a i m i ta r t |t 1 t |a t sj a|1 a.
t 1 t s |t s rt atIi tt s | a i m i tt s st r tt r t r t st s, r t |t s j ra t | t , It | a t
r i | a t |a.
rar stast |t s rt atIi tt s |i | a i 1 t s | a}t tam j ar a 1 t t tIratti t r 1 t ] ast s
a a r tast 1 t j rt ti j i Ia1 t , m i 1 a t | tt |a m t r | a t a Ii |i tara t r a r a
j rt | t Ia 1 t tt |a m t r a1 t ta a1 t , a Ii |i tt ] a ar It s Ii j t | a i ra r] i tt s. |r
tast 1 t a sar a r a j i j t Ia t s r t tt sari t | a t a Ii |i tt a r a j rt j i j t Ia.
rar stast |t s rt atIi tt s st |i 1 t s t r a r am | i t r It tt r Ii |a1 t 1 t s1 t t |
t r tast a a r ti 1 ri t rt |t } j ara m t 1 i r |a tar Ii 1 a1 | a t a Ii |i tara.
| ara sa m i r i sIrar ta|t r a |as rt atti t r t s | a i m i tas si t m j rt a Ii |i tt a r a
m ar Ia ta|t IatIt ra, t | a st 1 t m t t| t rt j a t 1 t j rt tt tar i r I|am ati t r t
i r tt r 1 i t 1 t |a sa sIar ti a t r] ar i ta.
|a t taj t rati t r t tt r tt r Irati t r 1 t st |a ti t r t s t r] ar i tas st 1 t | t
rt a|i tar t r tt r 1 t r sa1 t rt s tt |t tIt rt s 1 t sIi |ati t r si m j |t t | i t r
t r t t a j t ra 1 t r rt Ia It ri t , r a r t a t t a j t rt t t a |i t r It sa sIa r t i a s
t r] ar i tas t r si sIt m as tt rra1 t s.
|as tt r t ti t r t s 1 t m ar ] a t ras a aj araIt s 1 t ti 1 ri t 1 t | t r rt a|i tarst
ta i 1 a1 t sam t r It , |a | ri tar 1 t tt r a] a a, si r i r It r Iar It rsi t r ar t 1 t | |ar
t | ti 1 ri t . |a tt r t ti t r 1 t | t rt a|i tar|a t r It rm a | t ri tt r Ia|, r t |a Ia t rtt ,
j ara t ti Iar rt Ia ras | a t | ra1 a ras 1 t | ti 1 ri t , |t | a t j a t 1 t j rt 1 a ti r
|att rati t r t s tt rIa1 a ras j rt Ia r 1 as.
|r tast | a t |a rt atti t r | a i m i ta j rt 1 a tta t m ar ati t r t s 1 t taj t rt s
1 t s1 t t | rt atIt r | ati a t | m t 1 i t ti rta r 1 ar It , st 1 t | t a1 aj Iar a r
si sIt m a 1 t a| st rti t r 1 t ] ast s.
|r tast 1 t a Ii |i tar sa sIar ti as m t Ia|i tas, Ia|t s tt m t K a, | , | a, k || |
1
,
t It., r t |as j t r ] a t r tt r IatIt tt r a] a a, a | a t j rt 1 a tt r t tj |t si t r t s,
Ia t ] t m t Ia|i tt t m ar ati t r t s 1 t ] ast s j t |i ] rt st s 1 t 1 i Ii ti | t tIi r ti t r .
| r t a st 1 t sa Iri r a t | st rt a r t a a || a i t r a t t i 1 t r It t t rIa 1 a ra ,
| a t m a 1 a ra , 1 t rra m t 1 t rt a t I i t t s, t I t . 1 t | t ra i r It rm a r
i r m t 1 i aIam t r It a| j rt It st r rt sj t r sa| |t 1 t t sIa It rm a atIi tar |t s
m t tar i sm t s j |ar i Ii ta1 t s j ara m i Ii ] ar t | atti 1 t r It .
2. 3 Finalizado el trabajo exper iment al
|i r a|i ta1 t t | Ira| a}t t tj t ri m t r Ia| a sIt 1 1 t | t ra st ] a i r |as si ] a i t r It s
r t rm as.
II
| t stt r t tIt |as tt r t ti t r t s t |t tIri tas t r t| a It s t r Iri t |t s si sIt m as
1 t rt atti t r ar It s 1 t 1 t sarm ar|t s.
| |a si Ii | a t |t s rt si 1 a t s t r a t i 1 t s, | a st s, r t a Irt s, t r] a r i t t s,
| a|t ] t r a1 t s, r i Irt ] t r a1 t s st |i 1 t s. |a t ] t ta1 a a r t 1 t t ||t s 1 t | t
st r 1 t j t si Ia1 t t r rt ti j i t r It s 1 t | i 1 am t r It t|asi Ii ta1 t s.
|att t | m aIt ri a| 1 t ti 1 ri t j rt |i }am t r It t r1 t r t sa s m aIt ri a|t s Ia|
t t m t a sIt 1 |t s t r t t r Irt t r t | i r i t i t 1 t sa Ira | a }t . t |i t i It
aa It ri tati t r j ara rt Ii rarst .
I1
3.0 Anlisis elemental cualitativo 3.0 Anlisis elemental cualitativo 3.0 Anlisis elemental cualitativo 3.0 Anlisis elemental cualitativo 3.0 Anlisis elemental cualitativo
3. 1 Antecedentes ter i cos
|a i 1 t r Ii Ii tati t r j rt |i m i r ar 1 t a r tt m j a t sIt t r] ar i tt 1 t stt r t ti 1 t
tt m i t r ta j t r tt r t tt r sa s j rt j i t 1 a1 t s Ii si tas, Ia|t s tt m t . j a r It 1 t
Ia si t r , j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r , i r 1 i tt 1 t rt Iratti t r , 1 t r si 1 a1 , st |a | i |i 1 a1
ar a|i si s t |t m t r Ia| ta a|i IaIi tt . | t sIt ri t rm t r It t | ar a|i si s t |t m t r Ia|
ta ar Ii IaIi tt r t s t r Irt ] ara sa frmula emprica, Iras |a 1 t It rm i r ati t r
aj rt ti m a1 a 1 t sa m asa m t |ar, sa frmula molecular.
k t Ia a |m t r It , a 1 t m a s 1 t t t r t t t r sa s t t r sIa r It s Ii si t a s a r a |i si s
t |t m t r Ia| ta a|i IaIi tt , st rt a|i tar |as 1 t It rm i r ati t r t s 1 t |t s t sj t tIrt s
1 t | r Irarrt }t |-| | , 1 t | t st r ar ti a M a] r t Ii ta K a t|t ar | M K 1 t 1
1| |sj t tIrt m t Iri a 1 t M asa |M j ara sa i 1 t r Ii Ii tati t r .
| ara tt m t r tar t | t sIa 1 i t 1 t a r a m a t sIra t r] ar i ta, 1 i st 1 a1 t s j ara
}t tt r t s | a t st i r i ti ar t r t sIt Iasti r ar It tam j t , | t m t s j |ar It a1 t a r a
st ri t 1 t t tj t ri m t r It s tt r |as rt atti t r t s | a i m i tas | a t j t rm i Ii rar a|
t sIa 1 i ar It Iam i |i ari tarst t r |a i 1 t r Ii Ii tati t r 1 t It rm i r ati t r 1 t |t s
t |t m t r It s | a i m i tt s j rt st r It s t r |as sa sIar ti as t r] ar i tas.
|t s t |t m t r It s m a s t t m a r t s t r t t r Ira 1 t s t r m a t sIra s t r] a r i t a s,
a1 t m as 1 t tar| t r t | t | i 1 rt ] t r t 1 , st r . t ti ] t r t 1 , r i Irt ] t r t
K , ata Irt , | a|t ] t r t s X. |, | |, | r, | , si t r 1 t | asIar It m t r t r |a
j rt st r ti a 1 t It sIt rt | .
I\
| t s t |t m t r It s | a i m i t t s j rt st r It s t r |a s sa sIa r t i a s t r] a r i t a s st
t r ta t r Irar t r |ata1 t s t r It rm a tt ta|t r It , j ara j t 1 t r i 1 t r Ii Ii tar|t s
t s r t tt sari t tt r tt rIi r|t s, a Iratt s 1 t rt atti t r t s | a i m i tas, t r j rt 1 a tIt s
i t r i tt s 1 t Iati | i 1 t r Ii Ii tati t r . | ara t ||t tt m t r tart m t s tt r .
3.1.1 Identificacin de carbono e hidrgeno:
t rt a|i tara a Iratt s 1 t |a rt atti t r 1 t a r a m a t sIra t r] ar i ta tt r t ti 1 t
ta j ri tt t ti 1 t 1 t tt | rt | | . |sIt m t It 1 t st j a t 1 t | att r ta ar Ii IaIi tt ,
Ia t 1 t sarrt ||a1 t j t r !. |i t | i ] t r 1 , tt r a|] a r as m t 1 i Ii tati t r t s aa r
st a Ii |i ta. |t s j rt 1 a tIt s st r | 1
I
1
I
1 , | a t j t rm i It r i 1 t r Ii Ii tar
tar| t r t t | i 1 rt ] t r t rt sj t tIi tam t r It . |as rt atti t r t s i r tt |a tra1 as st r .
M a t sIra 1 r] ar i ta | a 1 s | 1
I
] 1
I
1 | | a s
| 1
I
] | a 1 1
I
at | a| 1
1
s 1
I
1 |
j rt ti j i Ia1 t | |ar tt
3.1.2 Fusin con sodio
| ara t | rt tt r t ti m i t r It 1 t ata Irt , r i Irt ] t r t | a|t ] t r t s X. | |, | r, | t s
r t tt sari t st m t It r |a sa sIar ti a t r] ar i ta a a r a ti ] t rt sa rt atti t r , | a t
j t rm i Ia rt m j t r |t s t r |att s tt ta|t r It s 1 t }ar |i | rt s |t s t |t m t r It s | a t
st 1 t st ar t sIa 1 i ar. | ara t ||t st rt a|i ta a r a Ia si t r tt r st 1 i t M t It 1 t
1 t |ai ssa] r t , | a t j t rm i It Irar sIt rm ar |t s t |t m t r It s a| t sIa1 t i t r i tt .
|r |a t ta ati t r 1 t |a rt atti t r ] t r t ra| st t stri | t r t sIt s i t r t s t r |a It rm a
1 t sa|t s st 1 i tas i r t r] ar i tas, Ia| tt m t st m a t sIra a tt r Ii r a ati t r .
M a t sIra t r] ar i ta K a K aX at K a
I
at K a| K at K a| K at
|as sa|t s st 1 i tas It rm a1 as st j rt st r Iar t r t sIa t ta ati t r | a i m i ta t r
st |a ti t r ata t sa at st r i r tt |t ras. | t r |t Iar It sa i 1 t r Ii Ii tati t r st
rt a|i tara j t r j rt ti j i Iati t r 1 t sa s ar i t r t s, It rm ar 1 t tt r 1 i It rt r It s
rt atIi tt s j rt 1 a tIt s tt |t rt a1 t s, |t s ta a|t s st j rt st r Iar a tt r Ii r a ati t r .

I!
3.1.3 Identificacin de azufre:
|| i t r sa |Ia rt
-2
st i 1 t r Ii Ii ta ati 1 i Ii tar 1 t |a st |a ti t r j rt tt r i t r It 1 t |a Ia si t r
tt r st 1 i t tt r ati 1 t att Ii tt | 1
1
| 1 1 1 j ara It rm ar ati 1 t sa |I| i 1 ri tt , t |
ta a| It rm a a r j rt ti j i Ia1 t r t ] rt t r |a rt atti t r tt r att IaIt 1 t j |t m t , st ] a r
st m a t sIra t r |as si ] a i t r It s t ta ati t r t s 1 t rt atti t r | a i m i ta.
I | 1
1
| 1 1 1 at
- 2
at 1
I
at I | 1
1
| 1 1
-
at
| | | 1
1
| 1 1
I
at 1
I
at | | s I | 1
1
| 1 1 1 at
j rt ti j i Ia1 t r t ] rt
| r a rt atti t r a|It rr aIi ta t s |a rt atti t r 1 t | i t r sa |Ia rt tt r r i Irt j ra si aIt
1 t st 1 i t .
K a
I
|t | K
!
K 1
- 2
at K a
\
|t | K
!
K 1
| t |t rati t r ti t |t Ia
3.1.4 Identificacin de nitrgeno:
|| r i Irt ] t r t , | a t |a t ] t 1 t |a Ia si t r st t r ta t r Ira tt m t i t r ti ar a rt
| K
-
, t s i 1 t r Ii Ii ta1 t a Iratt s 1 t |as si ] a i t r It s rt atti t r t s.
|t
+ 2
at t | K
-
at |t | K
t
- 4
at
\ |t
+ 3
at 1 |t | K
t
- 4
at |t
\
|t | K
t
1
at
k ta | 1 t | ra si a
| a ar 1 t |a m a t sIra t r] ar i ta tt r Ii t r t ata Irt , j a t 1 t It rm arst t | i t r
sa |It ti ar a rt , | a t tt r t | i t r It rri tt |t
+ 3
, 1 a a r j rt 1 a tIt 1 t tt |t rati t r
rt }a 1 t | i 1 t a| |t | K
1
.
3.1.5 Identificacin de halgenos (X: Cl, Br, I):
|r t | j rt st r It t tj t ri m t r It i 1 t r Ii Ii tart m t s |a j rt st r ti a 1 t | i t r t|t ra rt
| |
-
, i t r | rt m a rt | r
-
, t i t r t 1 a rt |
-
. | ara t ||t 1 t | t m t s t |i m i r ar |as

It
t sj t ti t s | a i m i tas | a t atIa ar tt m t i r It rIt rt r It s t r t sIa rt atti t r , Ia|t s
tt m t |t s i t r t s | K
-

-I
, |t s t |i m i r art m t s tt m t ] ast s 1 t 1 | K ati 1 t
ti ar | i 1 ri tt 1
I
ati 1 t sa |I| i 1 ri tt . |a t ] t |a rt atti t r ] t r t ra| j rt tt 1 t
1 t ata t r1 t tt r |a si ] a i t r It rt atti t r | a i m i ta.
X
-
at k ] K 1
1
at k ] X s K 1
1
-
at
|t s j rt ti j i Ia1 t s 1 t | a|t ] t r a rt s 1 t j |aIa, st r 1 i sIi r It s 1 t ata t r1 t a|
| a|t ] t r t j rt st r It . t | t|t ra rt 1 t j |aIa t s | |ar tt st |a | |t t r st |a ti t r
1 t am t r i att , t | | rt m a rt 1 t j |aIa t s am ari ||t r It a|] t st |a | |t t r
st |a ti t r 1 t am t r i att t | t 1 a rt 1 t j |aIa t s am ari ||t t i r st |a | |t t r
st |a ti t r 1 t am t r i att .
| ara |a i 1 t r Ii Ii tati t r 1 t |t s i t r t s |
-
| r
-
t r j rt st r ti a 1 t | i t r | |
-
r t Ia.
si t ti sIt 1
I
t s r t tt sari t t |i m i r ar|t st 1 t | t rt a|i tar |a t ti 1 ati t r 1 t
|t s i t r t s |
-
| r
-
tt r a] a a 1 t t|t rt . |a rt atti t r t s.
I|
-
at | |
I
at |
I
s

I| |
-
I| r
-
at | |
I
at | r
I
| I| |
-
|a j rt st r ti a 1 t am | as t sj t ti t s | a i m i tas st rt tt r t tt j t r |a tt |t rati t r
ti t |t Ia 1 t | |
I
t | tt |t r j ar1 t am ari ||t 1 t | | r
I
ta ar 1 t st 1 i sa t |tt r t r
| | |
\
. |a t ti 1 ati t r tt r a] a a 1 t t|t rt 1 t | t st r tt r Irt |a1 a a | a t a r
t ttt st 1 t a] a a 1 t t|t rt t r |a rt atti t r j rt tt tara |a t ti 1 ati t r 1 t | t 1 t
|
I
a i t r t 1 aIt | 1
1
-
. |sIa t ti 1 ati t r 1 t | t 1 t j t rm i Ii ra |a i 1 t r Ii Ii tati t r
1 t | rt m t | r
I
t r |a t tIratti t r |i | a i 1 t -|i | a i 1 t tt r It Irat|t ra rt 1 t
tar| t r t | | |
\
, st 1 t | t tt r si 1 t rar | a t t | | rt m t Iam | i t r sa Irt |a
t ti 1 ati t r a | rt m aIt j t r |a atti t r 1 t | a] a a 1 t t|t rt .
|
I
!| |
I
t1
I
1 I1 | 1
1
11 | |
| r
I
!| |
I
t1
I
1 I1 | r1
1
11 | |
|ara |a i 1 t r Ii Ii tati t r 1 t t|t rt t r j rt st r ti a 1 t i t r t 1 a rt t i t r | rt m a rt ,
st 1 t | t r t |i m i r ar t sIt s i r It rIt rt r It s j t r t ti 1 ati t r tt r | | 1
I
s t r
m t 1 i t ati 1 t .

II
|
-
1| | 1
I
s | 1
1
-
1| | 1
| r
-
1| | 1
I
s | r1
1
-
1| | 1
| |
-
1| | 1
I
s r t | a rt atti t r
|a t ] t .
| |
-
at k ]
at k ] | | s
3. 2 Par te Exper iment al: Exper imento E 1
3.2.1 Objetivo
| 1 t r Ii Ii tar j t r m t It 1 t s | a i m i tt s |a j rt st r ti a 1 t |t s j ri r ti j a|t s
t |t m t r It s | a i m i tt s j rt st r It s t r a r a m a t sIra t r] ar i ta.
3.2.2 Procedimiento Experimental
A] D eter minacin de carbono e hidrgeno:
|r a r Ia | t 1 t t r sat | rt t m t tt|t 1.! ] t a r a j a r Ia 1 t t sj aIa |a
1 t | tt m j a t sIt t r] ar i tt st tt m t |i 1 t tt r aj rt ti m a1 am t r It .1 ]
1 t t ti 1 t ta j ri tt ar | i 1 rt m t |i 1 t .
a j t t | Ia | t 1 t t r sa t t t r a r Ia j t r j rt t i sIt 1 t a r Ia | t 1 t
1 t sj rt r 1 i m i t r It sa m t r}a|t t r a r a st |a ti t r i r tt |t ra 1 t | i 1 rt ti 1 t
1 t | ari t a] a a 1 t | ari Ia .
K t Ia. Iam | i t r j a t 1 t a Ii |i tar a r a st |a ti t r 1 t | i 1 rt ti 1 t 1 t ta|ti t .
| a|i t r It ] ra1 a a|m t r It t | Ia | t 1 t t r sat tt r ||am a 1 i rt tIa. |t s ] ast s
j rt 1 a ti 1 t s t r |a tt m | a sIi t r j asar j t r t | Ia | t 1 t 1 t sj rt r 1 i m i t r It
a |a st |a ti t r . |a j rt st r ti a 1 t a r j rt ti j i Ia1 t | |ar tt | a| 1
1
t ti 1 t r ti a
|a j rt st r ti a 1 t tar| t r t .
|a i 1 t r Ii Ii tati t r 1 t | i 1 rt ] t r t st 1 t It rm i r a j t r |a tt r 1 t r sati t r 1 t
j t | a t 1 as ] t Ias 1 t a] a a t r |as j art 1 t s Iri as 1 t | Ia | t 1 t t r sat t r
t | Ia | t 1 t 1 t sj rt r 1 i m i t r It .
| r a tt t | a t It rm i r t t | | a r| a }t t , p r i m e r o sa | a t t | Ia | t 1 t
1 t sj rt r 1 i m i t r It 1 t |a st |a ti t r l u e go 1 t }t 1 t ta|t r Iar, 1 t |t
tt r Irari t st j rt 1 a tt a r a rt a| st rti t r 1 t |a st |a ti t r 1 t | i 1 rt ti 1 t ,
|t | a t j rt 1 a ti ra |a ra j Ia ra 1 t | Ia | t 1 t t r sat .

I
B] Reaccin de fusin con sodio:
| t rIt tt r a r a t sj aIa |a a r j t | a t 1 t Irt tt 1 t st 1 i t m t Ia|i tt \t\
m m | | | | k | 1 . r a r ta st It m a 1 i rt tIam t r It tt r |t s 1 t 1 t s, r i st
1 t | t j t r t r t r tt r IatIt tt r a] a a, a| a|m att r ar|t , m ar It r ] ast
sa m t r] i 1 t t r j araIi r a t t It r 1 t j t Irt |t t . t 1 t j t si Ia t r a r Ia | t
1 t t r sat tt I! m m It Ia|m t r It st tt , Iaj t |t tt r a r Irt tt 1 t
a|] t 1 t r .
a }t It t | Ia | t 1 t t r sat 1 t sa j arIt sa j t ri t r tt r a r a j i r ta m t Ia|i ta
m ar It r i t r 1 t |t t r j t si ti t r i r t|i r a1 a \! , |a t ] t ta|i t r It tt r ||am a
1 i rt t Ia t t i 1 a r It |a j a rIt i r It ri t r 1 t | Ia | t , | a sIa | a t t | st 1 i t
tt m i t r tt a Ia r 1 i r sa s taj t rt s st t |t tt r .1 tm 1 t r Irt 1 t | Ia | t .
| t }t 1 t ta|t r Iar rt Ii rar 1 t t | m t t| t rt tt r ta i 1 a1 t a] rt ] a t !.1
m ] 1 t m a t sIra 1 t m ar t ra Ia| | a t tai ] a a| It r 1 t 1 t | Ia | t , j a t 1 t
a Ii |i t a r a r a | t }a 1 t j a j t | 1 t | |a 1 a j a ra a 1 i t i t r a r |a m a t sIra .
CUIDADO: a |t }t sa rt sIrt 1 t | Ia | t 1 t t r sa t . | sa a |m t r It st
j rt 1 a tt a r a ||am a m a |a m i r t sa taj t rt s j t |i ] rt st s, |t ta a| t s
r t rm a| tt m t j rt 1 a tIt 1 t |a rt atti t r 1 t | st 1 i t tt r a|] a r ] ra j t
Ia r ti t r a| t ti ] t r a1 t .
aj t t | Ia | t tt r a|] t 1 t r tt r Ii r a t ta|t r Iar 1 t tt r ||am a t ti 1 ar It
| asIa | a t st t r ta t r Irt a| rt }t ti tt rt }t tt rt ta j t r I m i r a It s,
|a t ] t sa m t r}a t | Ia | t j t r sa j arIt i r It ri t r t r a r tast 1 t j rt ti j i Ia1 t
| a t tt r It r ] a I1.1 m | 1 t a] a a 1 t sIi |a1 a. a i t | rt t | Ia | t 1 t t r sat
j ara t tIrat r t | j rt 1 a tIt 1 t |a rt atti t r , |a t ] t ta|i t r It | asIa t | a ||i ti t r
Ii |Irt .
|a t ] t a] rt ] a t !.1 m | 1 t a] a a 1 t sIi |a1 a a| tast 1 t j rt ti j i Ia1 t ta t |ta
a Ii |Irar, rt a r a am | t s Ii |Ira1 t s.
| a st | a t i t r a r It ri t r m a r| a t | a t rt Ia | t | a t t r t | r t m | rt 1 t
|| | | k | 1
C] D eter minacin de Azufre:
t tt |t tar I.1 m | 1 t | || | | k | 1 Iri t t r a r Ia | t 1 t t r sat .
| a st |a t i t r st a t i 1 a |a t t r I . 1 -1 . 1 m | 1 t a t i 1 t a t t Ii t t 1 i |a i 1 t .
1 t m t ] t r t i tt .
|a t ] t st a] rt ] ar 1 ] t Ias 1 t att IaIt 1 t j |t m t a| !X . |a aj ari ti t r 1 t
I1
a r j rt ti j i Ia1 t r t ] rt i r 1 i ta |a j rt st r ti a 1 t ata Irt .
| t m t t t j t ri m t r It a 1 i t i t r a | a sIt 1 j a t 1 t It m a r . 1 m | 1 t |
| | | | k | 1 a ] rt ] a r I ] t Ia s 1 t st |a t i t r rt t i t r j rt j a ra 1 a 1 t
r i Irt j ra si aIt 1 t st 1 i t t | i t r a r tri sIa| . | r a i r It r sa tt |t rati t r
ti t |t Ia rt }i ta i r 1 i ta |a j rt st r ti a 1 t ata Irt .
D ] D eter minacin de nitrgeno:
t m t 1.1 m | 1 t | || | | k | 1 t r a r Ia | t 1 t t r sat .
k ] rt ] a t a r a j a r Ia 1 t t sj aIa |a 1 t tri sIa|t s 1 t sa |IaIt It rrt st sa |IaIt
1 t | i t rrt | | .
1 i t rta j t r 1 st ] a r 1 t s t r Iri t .
k ] rt ] a t 1 ] t Ias 1 t ati 1 t sa |Ia ri tt tt r tt r Ira1 t a] i It | asIa |a
aj ari ti t r 1 t a r tt |t r ata | 1 t | ra si a.
E] D eter minacin de halgenos (Cl
-
, Br
-
y I
-
) :
t m t 1.1 m | 1 t | || | | k | 1 t r a r Ia | t 1 t t r sat .
k ti 1 i Ii | a t t | || | | k | 1 a] rt ] ar 1 t I a 1 ] t Ias 1 t 1 K 1
1
tt r tt r Ira1 t
a] i It .
| a|i t r It t | Ia | t sa att m t r It , a] i Iar 1 t tt r Ii r a am t r It j rt ta rar 1 t
| a t r t | i t rta a sa|It s j t r aj rt ti m a1 am t r It I m i r a It s tt r t | Ii r 1 t
t |i m i r ar t | ata Irt t | r i Irt ] t r t | a t tt r Ii t r t |a m a t sIra t r Iri t .
|a t ] t , a] rt ] a t 1 ] t Ias 1 t st |a ti t r 1 t r i IraIt 1 t j |aIa a| ! X .
|a j rt 1 a tti t r 1 t a r j rt ti j i Ia1 t a| a r 1 ar It i r 1 i ta |a j rt st r ti a 1 t
k ] | |, k ] | r k ] | .
| t m j ra t | t tt |t rati t r st |a | i |i 1 a1 t r am t r i att 1 t | j rt ti j i Ia1 t .
F] D e te r m i n aci n d e cl o r u ro ( C l
-
) e n p r e se n ci a d e b r o m u r o ( Br
-
) y
yoduro (I
-
) :
k !.1 m | 1 t | || | | k | 1 , ati 1 i Ii | a t tt r 1 ] t Ias 1 t ati 1 t att Ii tt ] |ati a|
a r a j a r Ia 1 t t sj aIa |a 1 t t ti 1 t 1 t j |t m t | V | | 1
I
.
1 i t rta j t r 1 st ] a r 1 t s. | i |a a tt r !.1 m | 1 t a] a a 1 t sIi |a1 a, Ii |Irt
t r Iri t .
k ti 1 i Ii | a t t | Ii |Ira1 t tt r ati 1 t r i Iri tt 1 i |a i 1 t , tt ri Ii | a t t | j 1 ati 1 t .
11
k ] rt ] a t r i IraIt 1 t j |aIa, t | st rtt t | tt |t r 1 t |a sa | sIar ti a t | It r i 1 a
rt atti t r j t si Ii ta, j rt ti j i Ia1 t | |ar tt . | t m j art |a tt |t rati t r 1 t
|t s j rt 1 a tIt s t | It r i 1 t s t r t | t tj t ri m t r It | |.
G] D eter minacin de yoduro (I
-
) y bromuro (Br
-
) en presencia de cloruro
(Cl
-
) .
k !.1 m | 1 t | || | | k | 1 , a] rt ] a t 1 ] t Ias 1 t 1
I
1
\
tt r tt r Ira1 t a] i It .
1 i t rta tt r ta i 1 a1 t j t r 1 st ] a r 1 t s t r Iri t .
k ] rt ] a t .1 m | 1 t | | |
\
|a t ] t a] rt ] a t ] t Ia a ] t Ia a] a a 1 t | |t rt
t ti It t | t ttt st a] i Iar 1 t ti ] t rt sam t r It ta1 a tt t.
1 | st rtt t | t t |t r 1 t |a Ia st 1 t | It Ira t |t ra rt 1 t t a r| t r t | | |
\
rt atti t r j t si Ii ta. tt |t r ti t |t Ia, |

I
. k ] rt ] a t m as a] a a 1 t t|t rt
t | st rtt t | tt |t r 1 t |a Iast 1 t | | |
\
rt atti t r j t si Ii ta. tt |t r j ar1 t
am ari ||t r It , | r
I
.
3. 3 Cuest ionar io:
| t r | a t st 1 t | t Ia r 1 i r |a m a t sIra t r] ar i ta tt r st 1 i t a| rt a|i tar a r
ar a|i si s t |t m t r Ia| ta a|i IaIi tt !
a t j rt 1 a tIt s | a t 1 ar t r st |a ti t r 1 t sj a t s 1 t Ia r 1 i r tt r st 1 i t
ta1 a a r t 1 t |t s si ] a i t r It s tt m j a t sIt s. a | rt a, | i t a rt a!
a t j aj t | 1 t st m j t 1 a | a 1 t r |a 1 t It rm i r ati t r 1 t | 1 !
| t r | a t st 1 t | t a1 a1 i r 1 K 1
1
| t rti r ar It s 1 t 1 t It rm i r ar |t s
| a|t ] t r t s!
1
4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Purificacin de compuestos Purificacin de compuestos Purificacin de compuestos Purificacin de compuestos Purificacin de compuestos
orgnicos slidos orgnicos slidos orgnicos slidos orgnicos slidos orgnicos slidos
4. 1 Antecedentes tericos
|t s tt m j a t sIt s t r] ar i tt s t | It r i 1 t s t r j rt tt st s a st a j t r t tIratti t r
1 t Ia t r It s r aIa ra|t s tt m t a Iratt s 1 t j rt j arati t r t s si r It Ii tas, rara
t t t st a i s| a r j a rt s. | t r t ra | m t r It t a r a t t m j a 1 a 1 t s 1 t t Irt s
tt m j a t sIt s m i r t ri Iari t s sa | j rt 1 a tIt s 1 t rt atti t r | a t atIa ar tt m t
i m j a rt tas t tt r Iam i r ar It s , 1 t a| i | a t |t s m t It 1 t s 1 t j a ri Ii tati t r
1 t t sIt s j rt 1 a tIt s st |i 1 t s t |i | a i 1 t s tt r sIi Ia i rar |t s t | }t Ii tt s 1 t |t s
j rt ti m t s t tj t ri m t r It s.
|ti sIt r tari a1 t s m t It 1 t s j ara j a ri Ii tar sa sIar ti as t r] ar i tas st |i 1 as
i m j a ras, |t s ta a|t s st aj |i tar 1 t j t r 1 i t r 1 t 1 t |as j rt j i t 1 a1 t s 1 t |
tt m j a t sIt 1 t |a m t tt|a t r |a ta a| st t r ta t r Irar . |as It tr i tas m as
a sa 1 a s t r |a st j a ra t i t r j a ri Ii t a t i t r 1 t sa sIa r t i a s st |i 1 a s st r .
t tIratti t r , Ii |Irati t r , tri sIa|i tati t r t rt tri sIa|i tati t r , sa | |i m ati t r
trt m aIt ] raIi a. ar It |a j ri m t ra It tr i ta t tIratti t r tt m t |a a |Ii m a
t rt m a It ] ra Ii a , j t st t r t a ra t It ri sIi t a s j rt j i a s, st Ira Ia ra r t r
t tj t ri m t r It s j t sIt ri t rt s.
4. 1. 1 Cr ist alizacin:
| a j a ri I i t a t i t r j t r t ri sI a | i t a t i t r t rt t ri sI a | i t a t i t r , st | a sa
j ri r ti j a|m t r It t r |a st |a | i |i 1 a1 1 t | st |i 1 t t r a r 1 i st |tt r It a 1 i It rt r It s
It m j t raIa ras, j t r |t | a t |a t |t tti t r 1 t | 1 i st |tt r It t s Ia r 1 am t r Ia|. |s
1I
i r 1 i sj t r sa| |t | a t t | st |a It st a m as st |a | |t t r ta|i t r It | a t t r Iri t ,
j ara |t | a t st 1 t | t r tt r sa |Iar Ia| |as 1 t st |a | i |i 1 a1 t s a 1 i It rt r It s
It m j t ra Ia ra s. | t r t }t m j |t , |a st |a | i |i 1 a 1 1 t a r st |a It t r t a ri t s
1 i st |tt r It s st m a t sIra t r |a Ii ] a ra \. . |a ta rta k m a t sIra | a t a I! | |a
st | a | i | i 1 a 1 t s st | t . 1 ] I 1 1 m | , m i t r I ra s | a t a I ! | t s
aj rt ti m a1 am t r It .1] I 11m |. |a rt tri sIa|i tati t r 1 t .1] 1 t st |a It
t r t sIt 1 i st |tt r It j rt 1 a tt I.1] 1 t m aIt ri a| tri sIa|i r t j a rt a I! | , t
st a, a r a rt ta j t rati t r 1 t | 1!X . |a st |a | i |i 1 a1 1 t | m i sm t tt m j a t sIt t r
t Irt s 1 t s 1 i st |tt r It s, 1 t stri Ia j t r |as ta rtas | | 1 t |a Ii ] a ra \. , r t
st r Iatt ra| |t s. || 1 i st |tt r It 1 t |a ta rta | a I! | 1 i sa t |tt 1.1] I 11m |
a I 1 | st |t 1 i sa t |tt \ . 1 ] I 1 1 m | . | | st |t t r It 1 t |a t a rt a | t s
i ] a a|m t r It i r saIi sIatIt ri t , j t rt j t r a r a ratt r 1 i It rt r It . |a j t r 1 i t r It
1 t |a t a rt a t s Ia r ] ra r 1 t , | a t a r a 1 i sm i r a t i t r a t t i 1 t r Ia | 1 t |a
It m j t raIa ra, 1 t st |t a|] a r t s ] ra1 t s, st ri a sa Ii ti t r It j ara i r 1 a ti r |a
tri sIa|i tati t r 1 t | tt m j a t sIt 1 i sa t |It ar It s 1 t |t 1 t st a1 t .
k 1 t m as 1 t |as j rt j i t 1 a1 t s ar It ri t rt s, t | 1 i st |tt r It 1 t | t ra It r t r a r
j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r m as | a}t | a t t | j a r It 1 t Ia si t r 1 t | st |i 1 t a
rt tri sIa|i tar, 1 t |t tt r Irari t t | st |i 1 t st tt |tt ri a att i It st ar It s | a t
1 i st |tt rst t r t | 1 i st |tt r It .
|i ] a ra \. . t |a | i |i 1 a1 1 t a r st |i 1 t a 1 i It rt r It s It m j t raIa ras.
| r 1 i st |tt r It aj rt j i a1 t j ara |a rt tri sIa|i tati t r 1 t | t ra ta m j |i r tt r
|t s si ] a i t r It s rt | a i si It s.

25 50 75 100 125
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
S
o
l
u
b
i
l
i
d
a
d

[
g
/
1
0
0
m
L
]
Temperatura [C]
C
B
A
11
k It m j t raIa ra t |t ta1 a 1 t | t 1 ist |tt r ] rar tar Ii1 a1 1 t st |a It .
k | a}a It m j t raIa ra, 1 t | t 1 ist |tt r |a m ir im a tar Ii1 a1 1 t st |a It .
t r |t sa Iitit r It m t r It tt |aIi| j ara | a t st a Iati| 1 t st j arar.
| ist |tt r a r a ] rar tar Ii1 a1 1 t im j a rt tas t r Irit .
K t rt attit r ar tt r t | st |a It .
K t st r ir I|am a| |t .
t r 1 t | a}t tt sIt .
| ara |a t |t tti t r 1 t | 1 i st |tt r It st 1 t | t r tt r sa |Iar |t s m ar a a|t s 1 t
|a| t raIt ri t 1 ar 1 | t t | tt r 1 aIt s 1 t st |a | i |i 1 a1 , 1 t |t s ta a|t s a sIt 1
j a t 1 t t tIrat r i r It rm ati t r t sj t ti Ii ta, Ia| tt m t st m a t sIra t r |a Ia| |a
\. |a Ii ] a ra \.I.
am | it r t s j t si| |t t r tt r Irar t | 1 ist |tt r It st | rt a r a | ast t m j irita, t s
1 t ti r, |a m t }t r It rm a 1 t t r tt r Irar a r 1 i st |tt r It a1 t ta a1 t j ara |a
rt tri sIa|i tati t r t s t r saar t tj t ri m t r Ia|m t r It |a sa sIar ti a st |i 1 a tt r
1 i sIi r It s Ii j t s 1 t 1 i st |tt r It s 1 t j t |a ri 1 a 1 t rt t i t r It a 1 i It rt r It s
It m j t raIa ras am | it r Ia| t | a ||itit r . |t s 1 ist |tt r It s m as a sa1 t s a1 t m as
1 t | a] a a st r . t It r 1 t j t Irt |t t , 1 i t Ii |t It r, t|t rt It rm t , It Irat|t ra rt 1 t
tar| t r t , att IaIt 1 t t Ii|t , It |a t r t , m t Iar t | t Iar t |.
a| |a \. . t |a | i|i1 a1 t s 1 t sa sIar tias st |i1 as t r 1 iIt rt r It s 1 ist |tt r It s.
Solubilidades en 100 partes
k ] a a k |tt | t | |It r
t |i 1 t | I | t |a | . I | t |a | . I | t |a | . I |
| rt a 1I.I 11 I I1 I1 s|.s r.I.
\-t|t rt - , !1.\ | - s|.s. r.I. s r.I.
1-1 i r i Irt | t r tt r t
k tt Iar i |i 1 a 1- \ 1.!1 t I I1 I I!
k ti 1 t | t r tt i tt I .I 1.I I.! \t.t ! tt !
k ti 1 t a tti r i tt 1-11 t. I1 1.1 ! .I !
a-r aIIt | 1t s|.s.| . r.I. t.s. r.I. t.s. r.I.
k r | i 1 ri 1 t m a|t i tt !1 s|.s.| r.I. - - s|.s t | a ||.
| t st rti r a 11- \I.1 I.! t.s. r.I. t.s. r.I.
i . i r st |a | |t , s. st |a | |t , h. st | i 1 rt |i ta, v. s. . m a st |a | |t , sl . s. . j t tt
st |a | |t , sl. s. h. . j t tt st |a | |t t | i 1 raIa| |t , r. t. . It m j t raIa ra am | i t r It .
1\
|i] a ra \.I. |sIra tIa ra 1 t sa sIar tias t r] ar itas st |i1 as.
4.1.2 Separacin de las impurezas en la recristalizacin
|t s Ii j t s 1 t i m j a rt tas | a t j a t 1 t r t |i m i r arst j t r rt tri sIa|i tati t r ,
j a t 1 t r t|asi Ii tarst t r .
a k| a t ||as im j a rt tas | a t st r m t r t s st |a | |t s t ir st |a | |t s. | a t 1 t r st r
Iati |m t r It t |i m i r a1 as, a st a j t r Ii |Irati t r 1 t |a st |a ti t r t r Iri t t
] t r t ra|m t r It t r ta|it r It .
| |as | a t st r i] a a|m t r It st |a | |t s t 1 t st |a | i|i1 a1 sim i|ar. t r 1 iIiti|t s
st rt | a i t rt 1 t a r a tt r si 1 t ra| |t j ati t r ti a j t rsj i tati a. | a t 1 t st r
rt sa t |Ia j t r trisIa|itatit r st |t tIita, a Iratt s 1 t st m | rar |a st |a tit r
tt r a r t s trisIa|t s 1 t | tt m j a t sIt t | }t Iitt , j a t sIt | a t t r |a It rm atit r
1 t trisIa|t s, |as m t |t ta |as 1 t a r a sa sIar tia Iit r 1 t r a st r st |t tIitas t r
It rm ar |a rt 1 trisIa|ir a, aa r ta ar 1 t |a j rt st r tia 1 t t Irt tt m j a t sIt t
im j a rt tas t sIt r t r st |a tit r sa j t rsaIa ra1 a. |am t r Ia| |t m t r It t | j t |tt
1 t | airt It raas t r |as j art 1 t s 1 t | aj araIt 1 t ti1 rit a sa1 t , j a t 1 t r
taa sar |a trisIa|itatit r ir 1 istrim ir a1 a 1 t It 1 t s |t s tt r sIiIa t r It s 1 t |a
st |a tit r .
t |as | a t st r m as st |a | |t s. | asi r t taa sar j rt | |t m as j t r j t rm ar t tt r
t r st |a tit r aa r t r Irit , t r t | j rt tt st 1 t rt trisIa|itatit r .
1!
1 | m j a rt tas tt |t rt a1 as. | t r t ra|m t r It st r It rm a1 as a Iratt s 1 t |a
t ti1 atit r t j t |im t ritatit r j t r t | t ti] t r t 1 t | airt . | t r t ra|m t r It st
t r ta t r Irar t r j t | a t 1 as tar Ii 1 a1 t s j a t 1 t r st r t |i m i r a1 as j t r
a| st rtit r tt r tar| t r atIita1 t . || tar| t r atIitt Iit r t a r a ] rar sa j t rIitit
1 t tt r IatIt a| st r| t sa sIar tias t ti] t r a1 as 1 t ] rar m asa m t |ar. |s
a r m aIt ria| j t rt st tt r m i||t r t s 1 t t riIitit s m itrt stt j itt s | a t aIrat ,
taj Ia ra a| st r| t |as m t |t ta |as 1 t tt r Iam i r ar It s j rt st r It s. a
sa j t rIitit ir It rr a st | a ta|ta |a1 t t r Irt !11 - !11 m
I
I] , |a 1 t r si1 a1 ,
taria t r Irt 1.1 1.!. || tar| t r atIitt Iam | it r a| st r| t a| tt m j a t sIt ,
j t r |t | a t 1 t | t st r a] rt ] a1 t t r j t | a t 1 a tar Ii1 a1 -IX .
|r t | tast i 1 t a|, |a sa sIar ti a st st j ara t r It rm a tri sIa|i r a It 1 as |as
im j a rt tas st |a | |t s | a t 1 ar 1 isa t |Ias t r |as aguas madres. |ir a|m t r It , |t s
trisIa|t s st st j arar j t r Ii|Iratit r st 1 t }ar st tar. i tt r t sIt m t It 1 t r t
st ||t ] a a a r a sa sIar tia j a ra, st rt j iIt t | j rt tt st t m j |t ar 1 t t | m ism t a
t Irt 1 ist |tt r It .
4.1.3 Sublimacin:
|ti sIt r st |i 1 t s, Ia|t s tt m t | t tat|t rt t Iar t t t | 1 i t ti 1 t 1 t tar| t r t
st |i 1 t | i t |t st tt , | a t a| ta|t r Iarst a aIm t sIt ra 1 t j rt si t r , sa It r si t r
1 t taj t r a|tar ta t | ta|t r 1 t It1 m m 1 t 1 ] ar It s 1 t ||t ] ar a sa j a r It 1 t
Ia si t r . |s 1 t ti r, t | st |i 1 t j asa a ] as 1 i rt tIam t r It . k | t ra, si |t s taj t rt s
st t r Iri ar , t sIt s j asarar 1 i rt tIam t r It a |a Iast st |i 1 a. k m | t s j rt tt st s
| a t tt r si sIt r Iar It 1 t | j ast 1 i rt tIt 1 t |a Iast taj t r sa tt r tt rsi t r a
st |i 1 t t ti tt tt rsa, rt ti | t r t | r t m | rt 1 t sa | |i m ati t r . k | | a i m i tt
t r] ar i tt |t i r It rt sa tt m t m t It 1 t 1 t j a ri Ii tati t r st |t t | j ast 1 t taj t r
a st |i 1 t , i r 1 t j t r 1 i t r It 1 t tt m t st ] t r t rt t st taj t r, tt r sIi Ia t r 1 t
a r m t It 1 t 1 t m a t | t a st t i m j t rIa r t i a j a ra |a j a ri Ii t a t i t r 1 t
tt m j a t sIt s t r] ar i tt s.
4. 2 Parte Experiment al: Experimento E 2
|| j rt It st r t | it r t | ir sIra tIt r |t t r Irt ] ara a a sIt 1 a r t 1 t |t s tt m j a t sIt s
st |i1 t s | a t st j rt st r Iar t r |a Ia| |a \. t r saara sa st |a | i|i1 a1 t r a] a a,
t|t rt It rm t t Iar t |, t | st rtar 1 t rt ] i sIrar 1 t |a st |a | i |i 1 a1 Iar It a
1t
It m j t raIa ra am | it r It tt m t t r ta|it r It . |t s rt sa |Ia1 t s t | It r i1 t s 1 t | t r
tt ir ti1 ir tt r |t s t r Irt ] a1 t s t r |a Ia| |a \. , t r tast tt r Irarit , 1 t | t |t t r
aIt r Iam t r It |as Notas 1 2, | a t st j rt st r Iar a| Iir a| 1 t | j rim t r Ira| a}t
t tj t rim t r Ia| |t Ira k .
4. 3 O bjeti vo
| t r t tt r aj |itar |as It tr itas | a t j t rm iIt r j a riIitar a r tt m j a t sIt
t r] ar itt st |i1 t .
Procedimiento experimental:
A] Eleccin de un D isolvente:
| t st 1. ] 1 t |a sa sIar ti a st |i 1 a 1 t j t si It |a t r a r Ia | t 1 t t r sat .
k ] rt ] ar 1.! m | 1 t | 1 i st |tt r It .
i st | a 1 isa t |It It 1 t t | st |i1 t t r t | 1 ist |tt r It t r Irit , t | 1 ist |tt r It r t
si rtt .
i r t st | a 1 isa t |It It 1 t t | st |i1 t , st ta|it r Ia sa att m t r It t r | a1 t
m aria tt r a] iIatit r tt r sIar It | asIa | a t | it rta. i It 1 t t | st |i1 t st
1 isa t |tt , st j a t 1 t ar t Iar | a t t | tt m j a t sIt es muy soluble en caliente.
i r t st 1 isa t |tt ta ar 1 t | it rtt , st a1 a1 t m as 1 ist |tt r It t r j t rtit r t s
1 t 1.! m | | asIa | a t It 1 t t | st |i 1 t st 1 i sa t |ta a |a It m j t raIa ra 1 t
t | a ||i ti t r st 1 t | t ar t Iar | a t t | tt m j a t sIt es moderadamente
soluble.
i st | a | i t ra a|tar ta1 t a r tt |a m t r It Ia| 1 t 1.1 m | 1 t 1 i st |tt r It
It 1 atia | a t 1 a st |i1 t sir 1 ist |tt r a |a It m j t raIa ra 1 t t | a ||itit r , st j a t 1 t
ar t Iar | a t t | tt m j a t sIt es poco soluble, 1 t | it r 1 t st t r saar tt r t Irt
1 ist |tt r It .
| a ar 1 t t | st |i1 t st 1 isa t |ta t r t | 1 ist |tt r It ta|it r It , st 1 t }ara t r Iriar
|t r Iam t r It |a st |a tit r . 1 | st rtt |a Iati|i1 a1 1 t trisIa|itatit r tt r Nota
1, |a tar Ii1 a1 1 t trisIa|t s It rm a1 t s.
| t r It 1 t s |t s 1 aIt s t | It r i 1 t s, st tt r It tti t r ara a r a Ia| |a st
st |t ttit r ara t | t |t s 1 ist |tt r It s m as a1 t ta a1 t s j ara |a rt trisIa|itatit r
1 t | tt m j a t sIt .
1I
Nota 1: i t sIa r t t ta rrt , j t 1 ri a 1 t | t rst a |a Ia|Ia 1 t r a t|t t s 1 t
trisIa|itatit r , j t r |t | a t st j a t 1 t ir 1 a tir a st a a] rt ] ar 1 t a r j t | a t 1 t
trisIa| 1 t | tt m j a t sIt , t rasj ar 1 t |as j art 1 t s 1 t | Ia | t tt r |a tari||a 1 t
ti1 rit , j ara | a t |t s j t | a t 1 t s Ira] m t r It s 1 t ti1 rit ] t r t ra1 t s ir 1 a ttar |a
It rm atit r 1 t trisIa|t s. i aa r 1 t sj a t s 1 t tarit s m ir a It s j t r t r Iriam it r It
st | rt | i t |t , |a tri sIa|i tati t r r t t ta rrt , t | st |tt r It st 1 t st t| a. i | a
It rm atit r 1 t trisIa|t s, ar t Iar |a tar Ii1 a1 It rm a1 a. || m t }t r st |tt r It t s
a| a t | | a t It r ] a a r a m t }t r rt |atit r rt |aIita st |a It -st |tt r It .
Nota 2: i 1 t sj a t s 1 t rt j t Iir t sIa t j t ratit r tt r tarit s 1 ist |tt r It s r t
t r ta t r Ira t | a1 t ta a1 t , j t rt t | st rta | a t t | st |i1 t t s m a st |a | |t t r a r
st |tt r It j t tt st |a | |t t r t Irt , j t 1 ra t | It r t r a r a rt tri sIa|i tati t r
saIi sIatIt ri a a sar 1 t a r a m t tt|a 1 t t sIt s 1 t s 1 i st |tt r It s, si t m j rt | a t
am | t s 1 ist |tt r It s st ar m isti| |t s tt m j |t Iam t r It st |a | |t s a r t t r t Irt .
|sIa It tr ita st rt a|ita t r t | j a r It 1 t t | a ||itit r 1 t | st |tt r It t r t | ta a| |a
m a t sIra t s st |a | |t . t 1 isa t |tt t | tt m j a t sIt t r t | 1 ist |tt r It t r | a t t s
st |a | |t t r ta|it r It st ta a] rt ] ar 1 t t | t Irt st |tt r It t r | a t t s ir st |a | |t
] t Ia a ] t Ia, | asIa | a t st j rt 1 a tta a r a Ia r| i1 t t. |a t ] t st a] rt ] a a r as
] t Ias 1 t | j ri m t r st |tt r It | asIa at|arar|a st t r Iri a j ara j rt 1 a ti r |a
trisIa|itatit r . |t s si] a it r It s j art s 1 t st |tt r It s st r a1 t ta a1 t s j ara t sIa
t j t rati t r . m t Iar t |-a] a a, t Iar t |-a] a a, t Iar t |-It |a t r t , It |a t r t -t It r 1 t
j t Irt |t t , t|t rt It rm t -m t Iar t |, att It r a-t It r 1 t j t Irt |t t , ati 1 t att Ii tt -
a] a a, It |a t r t -att IaIt 1 t t Ii|t , 1 it Ii| t It r-t It r 1 t j t Irt |t t .
am | it r j a t 1 t a sar |as si] a it r It s aj rt tim atit r t s j ara |a t |t ttit r 1 t |
1 ist |tt r It .
| r tt m j a t sIt t s st |a | |t t r a r st |tt r It | a t j t st a taratIt ri sIi tas
| a im itas Iisitas t sIra tIa ra|m t r It sim i|art s. similia similibus solvunter
st m t }ar It 1 isa t |tt a st m t }ar It 1 t tiar |t s a|| a im isIas.
|r a r a st ri t | t m t |t ] a, t r |a m t 1 i 1 a | a t aa m t r Ia t | r a m t rt 1 t
tar| t r t s, |a st |a | i|i1 a1 Iit r 1 t a st r m as st |a | |t s t r | i1 rt tar| a rt s, a
| a t t | ] ra j t Ia r tit r a| tt r Iri| a t m t r t s t r sa t sIra tIa ra.
| r tt m j a t sIt j t |ar t s ] t r t ra|m t r It st |a | |t t r st |tt r It s j t |art s | a t
a r t r t j t |ar.
1
B] Separacin de impurezas y purificacin por recristalizacin:
|t st aj rt tim a1 am t r It I.1 ] 1 t |a sa sIar tia a j a riIitar t r a r m aIrat 1 t
|r|t r m t t r 1 t I! m | a] rt ] a t sa Iitit r It st |tt r It j ara t | It r t r a r a
st |a tit r saIa ra1 a a t | a ||itit r .
i |a st |a tit r t sIa tt |t rt a1 a, a] rt ] a t a r a j a r Ia 1 t t sj aIa |a 1 t tar| t r
atIi tt , | t rti r Ii |Irar raj i 1 am t r It t r ta|i t r It , a Ii |i tar 1 t t m | a 1 t
j rt tiam t r It ta|t r Ia1 t .
i |a st |a tit r r t t sIa tt |t rt a1 a j rt st r Ia j arIita |as ir st |a | |t s, | t rtir
Ii |Irar raj i 1 am t r It t r ta|i t r It , a Ii |i tar 1 t t m | a 1 t j rt ti am t r It
ta|t r Ia1 t .
|r Irit |a m t tt|a st | rt | it |t Ii|Irt . |att |t s trisIa|t s tt r a|] a r as ] t Ias
1 t | st |tt r It t r Iria1 t t r | it |t .
rar sIit ra t | j rt tij iIa1 t a a r a | t }a 1 t j aj t | Ii|Irt 1 t }t st tar a| airt .
|a t ] t Irar sIi t ra |t s tri sIa|t s a Irastt aj rt j i a1 t ] a ar1 t |t s t r a r a
1 t st ta1 t ra | asIa t | t tj t rim t r It 1 t j a r It 1 t Ia sit r .
4. 3 Cuestionario:
a t tt r 1 itit r t s st rt | a it rt r j ara a r a | a t r a rt trisIa|itatit r !
a t taratIt risIitas 1 t | t It r t r a r | a t r 1 ist |tt r It 1 t rt trisIa|itatit r !
|r | a t m t m t r It 1 t t sIt j rt tt st st t |im ir ar |as im j a rt tas st |a | |t s,
ir st |a | |t s tt |t rt a1 as!
|t r | a t st |atar |t s trisIa|t s t | It r i1 t s!
|t r | a t t s im j t rIar It rt 1 a tir a| m ir im t |a t taj t ratit r 1 a rar It |a
Ii|Iratit r ta|it r It !
| r |a j a ri Ii t a t i t r 1 t a r st |i 1 t j t r t ri sIa |i t a t i t r , | a t t s |t
att r st }a| |t . t r Iri ar |a st |a ti t r raj i 1 a t |t r Iam t r It ! |tj |i | a t .
11
5.1.1 Calibracin del termmetro:
|r It 1 t s |t s t tj t ri m t r It s | a t st 1 t sarrt ||ar t r t | |a| t raIt ri t 1 t
| a i m i ta t r] ar i ta st It r 1 ra | a t m t 1 i r It m j t raIa ras 1 t Ia si t r , 1 t
t | a ||i ti t r , 1 t rt atti t r , t It. j t r m t 1 i t 1 t a r It rm t m t Irt , j t r t sIt
rt sa |Ia st r a r i m j t rIar It i r sIra m t r It 1 t m t 1 i ti t r , It r 1 ra | a t st r
att j Ia| |t m t r It t tatIt . |t s It rm t m t Irt s tt rri t r It s 1 t |a| t raIt ri t ,
aa r | a t t sIar Ia| ri ta1 t s tt r Ia | t s taj i |art s st |t tti t r a1 t s, st | rt It 1 t
j t r |a a r i It rm i 1 a 1 1 t sa t t |a m r a j a t 1 t r 1 a r |t t Ia ra s | a sIa r It
aj rt j i a1 as t r ti t rIt s i r It rta|t s j t | a t 1 t s, j t rt j a t 1 t r It r t r t rrt rt s
1 t a|] a r t s ] ra1 t s t r t Irt s |a ] art s 1 t |a t sta|a, t r 1 t r 1 t t | taj i |ar
i r It rr t j a t 1 t It r t r i m j t rIt tti t r t s. | t r t sIa ratt r t s 1 t a Ii |i 1 a1 |a
ta|i | rati t r 1 t a r It rm t m t Irt .
| r It rm t m t Irt 1 t m t rta ri t tt rri t r It si rtt j ara m t 1 i r It m j t raIa ras
t t m j rt r 1 i 1 a s t r Irt 1 | 1 ! 1 | a j rt t i m a 1 a m t r It , a | a t t |
m t rta ri t | i t rtt a 1!t,I | a It1 m m 1 ] 1 t j rt si t r st |i 1 i Ii ta a -1,1 | .
|a t tatIi Ia 1 1 t |t s It rm t m t Irt s t s tari a| |t . |r |t s | a t r t s It rm t m t Irt s,
t | t rrt r j t rm i Ii 1 t t s 1 t 1,! | j ara It m j t raIa ras 1 t | asIa 11 | 1 t
, 1 | | a sIa I ! 1 | . i r t m | a r] t , |t s It rm t m t Irt s t t rri t r It s 1 t
| a | t ra It ri t j a t 1 t r j rt st r Ia r t rrt rt s 1 t | a sIa 1 , 1 | a \ , 1 | ,
5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Calibracin de un termmetro Calibracin de un termmetro Calibracin de un termmetro Calibracin de un termmetro Calibracin de un termmetro
\1
t sj t ti a|m t r It a a|Ias It m j t raIa ras, 1 t a| i |a r t tt si 1 a1 1 t 1 i sj t r t r t r
t | |a| t raIt ri t 1 t It rm t m t Irt s ta|i | ra1 t s.
| a ra |a t a |i | ra t i t r 1 t a r It rm t m t Irt , st t t a m i r a r a r a st ri t 1 t
It m j t raIa ras tt r t ti 1 as, Irt r It a |a |t tIa ra 1 t | It rm t m t Irt . |sIas
It m j t raIa ras tt r t ti 1 as j a t 1 t r st r.
. |as |t tIa ras i r 1 i ta1 as j t r a r It rm t m t Irt r t rm a|i ta1 t sa m t r] i 1 t
t r t | m i sm t | a1 t | a t t | It rm t m t Irt | a t st ta|i | ra.
I. |as 1 a1 as j t r sa sIar ti as j a ras t r sa s tam | i t s 1 t t sIa1 t , tt m t j t r
t }t m j |t t | j a r It 1 t Ia si t r j a r It 1 t Irar si ti t r st |i 1 t |i | a i 1 t , t
t | j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r j a r It 1 t t | a i |i | ri t |i | a i 1 t taj t r . | t ta t r1 t
| a t t sIt a |Ii m t 1 t j t r 1 t 1 t |a j rt si t r aIm t sIt ri ta 1 t Ira| a}t , j t r |t
| a t ] t r t ra|m t r It r t t s a sa1 t .
| a| t rt tt r1 ar | a t a r It rm t m t Irt 1 t m t rta ri t t s tt r sIra i 1 t t r a r a
tt |a m r a 1 t ti 1 ri t , j ara ta|i | rar|t , st 1 t | t It m ar t r ta t r Ia ta ar
sa m t r] i 1 t t sIa t | | a || t t r r a t sIrt si sIt m a 1 t m t 1 i ti t r , ta ar It 1 t
|a tt |a m r a t ta t rj t 1 t t | t sIa t tj a t sIt a| ai rt Iri t 1 t | |a| t raIt ri t . |a
tt rrt tti t r 1 t | tasIa] t t ta t rj t t sIa 1 a1 a j t r |a si ] a i t r It It rm a |a t
t tj rt si t r a|] t | rai ta.
| t rrt tti t r 1 t ta t rj t t r ] ra1 t s = | K I

- I
I
| t r 1 t .
| = tt t Ii ti t r It 1 t t tj ar si t r 1 t | m t rta ri t t r t | ti 1 ri t j t r t }. 1,111 !
t r Irt 1| - !1|
K = |t r ] i Ia 1 1 t |a tt |a m r a t tj a t sIa a| ai rt t r ] ra1 t s
I
= It m j t raIa ra t | st rta1 a |
I
I
= It m j t ra Ia ra m t 1 i 1 a t t r It rm t m t Irt a a t i |i a r t r m i Ia 1 1 t |a
tt |a m r a
5.1.2 Constantes fsicas:
|t s tt m j a t sIt s t r] ar i tt s t ti sIt r t r It 1 t s |t s t sIa1 t s 1 t a] rt ] ati t r .
j t r t }t m j |t ] ast t st tt m t st r t | m t Iar t , | a Iar t , t It., |i | a i 1 t s tt m t
\
t Iar t |, It |a t r t , t It r t Ii |i tt , t It., st |i 1 t s r t tri sIa|i r t s tt m t |as tt ras,
] rasas, t It., tri sIa|i r t tt m t |a r aIIa|i r a, ati 1 t att Ii |sa|i ti |i tt , taIt i r a,
t It. |as j rt j i t 1 a1 t s Ii si tas taratIt ri sIi tas 1 t |t s tt m j a t sIt s t r] ar i tt s
j a rt s st r . | a r It 1 t |a si t r , | a r It 1 t || a ||i ti t r , | t r si 1 a1 t | r 1 i tt 1 t
| t Iratti t r , t r Irt t Iras tt r sIar It s Ii si tas tt m t | t m j t si ti t r , | t Iati t r
|sj t ti Ii ta, t |a | i |i 1 a1 , j rt j i t 1 a1 t s t sj t tIrt stt j i tas | | , | V, | M K ,
|M . |sIas j rt j i t 1 a1 t s st r m a a Ii |t s t r |a i 1 t r Ii Ii tati t r 1 t r Irt 1 t
m as 1 t a r m i ||ar 1 t tt m j a t sIt s t r] ar i tt s tt r t ti 1 t s.
5.1.3 Punto de fusin y ebullicin:
|| j a r It 1 t Ia si t r 1 t a r a sa sIar ti a j a ra | a t t s i 1 t r Ii tt a sa j a r It 1 t
tt r ] t |ati t r t | j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r , st 1 t It rm i r ar tari ar 1 t m a
|t r Iam t r It |a It m j t raIa ra 1 t |a sa sIar ti a t r t sIa 1 i t . | t s1 t | a t
tt m i t r ta | asIa | a t It rm i r a t | tam | i t 1 t t sIa1 t , |a It m j t raIa ra 1 t | t
j t rm ar t tt r tt r sIar It , t s 1 t ti r, si a r a sa sIar ti a tt m i t r ta a Ia r 1 i r t
t | a ||i r a |a It m j t raIa ra I | , t sIa It m j t raIa ra st m ar It r 1 ra | asIa | a t
|a a |Ii m a j arIi ta |a t j t rti t r 1 t |a sa sIar ti a a1 | a i t ra |a t r t r] i a sa Ii ti t r It
j ara j asar a| si ] a i t r It t sIa1 t 1 t a] rt ] ati t r . st |i 1 t - |i | a i 1 t |i | a i 1 t
taj t r, rt sj t tIi tam t r It .
i r t m | ar] t st j rt st r Iar a|] a r as 1 i Ii ta |Ia1 t s j ara |t ] rar |t ar It ri t r.
|t r t }t m j |t , |a It m j t raIa ra m t 1 i 1 a t r m i trt t sta|a t r taj i |ar , st m i 1 t
i r tari a| |t m t r It 1 t s1 t aIa t ra 1 t |a sa sIar ti a. k 1 t m as, si |a tari ati t r
1 t |a It m j t raIa ra r t t s sa Ii ti t r It m t r It ta i 1 a1 t sa, t s j t si | |t | a t st
It r ] a r st | rt t a |t r Ia m i t r It t st | rt t r Iri a m i t r It j t r |t | a t |a
It m j t raIa ra r t st m ar Ii t r t tt r sIar It .
El punto de fusin normal 1 t a r st |i 1 t tri sIa|i r t st j a t 1 t 1 t Ii r i r tt m t
|a It m j t raIa ra a |a ta a| a r st |i 1 t tam | i a a |a It rm a |i | a i 1 t . |r a r a
sa sIar ti a j a ra t | tam | i t 1 t t sIa1 t t s ] t r t ra|m t r It m a raj i 1 t |a
It m j t raIa ra t s taratIt ri sIi ta, r t si t r 1 t aIt tIa1 t s j t r tam | i t s 1 t
j rt si t r aIm t sIt ri tas 1 t a r a rt ] i t r a t Ira.
| t r t sIa ra t t r t | j a r It 1 t Ia si t r t s a r a | a t r a t t r sIa r It t r |a
i 1 t r Ii Ii tati t r 1 t st |i 1 t s a Ii | tt m t j aIrt r j ri m ari t t r |a ta|i | rati t r
1 t It rm t m t Irt s tt rri t r It s 1 t |a| t raIt ri t . | t | i 1 t a | a t t | j a r It 1 t
\I
Ia si t r st a|It ra st r si | |t m t r It j t r |a j rt st r ti a 1 t i m j a rt tas, t sIa
tt r sIar It tt r sIi Ia t a r | a t r tri It ri t 1 t j a rt ta. | r st |i 1 t j a rt Ia r 1 t
t r a r i r It rta|t m a j t | a t 1 t 1 t It m j t raIa ra. | r st |i 1 t | asIar It
i m j a rt j rt st r Ia ] t r t ra|m t r It a r i r It rta|t 1 t Ia si t r | asIar It m as
am j |i t t r i r It rta|t 1 t 1 a I1 m t r t rt s a| j a r It 1 t Ia si t r tt r1 a1 t rt .
| t r t sIt m t Ii tt , |a j a ri Ii tati t r 1 t a r st |i 1 t st si ] a t Irt ta t r It m t r It
t | st rtar 1 t t | j a r It 1 t Ia si t r .
5. 2 Par te exper iment al: Exper imento E 3
|as sa sIar ti as | a t st a Ii |i tarar tt m t It m j t raIa ras 1 t rt It rt r ti as t r t |
|a| t raIt ri t st j rt st r Iar t r |a Ia| |a !. , 1 t |as ta a|t s a sIt 1 1 t | t ra t |t ] i r
st |t !, j ara | a t |as a Ii |i tt tt m t rt It rt r ti a t r |a ta|i | rati t r 1 t a r
It rm t m t Irt . |sIas 1 t | t rar t sIar t r a r rar ] t 1 t Ia si t r | a t a| ar| a t
i r It rta |t s rt j rt st r Ia Ii t t s 1 t |a t st a |a 1 t | It rm t m t Irt | a t a sIt 1
a Ii |i tara.
5.2.1 Objetivos
| a|i | rar a r It rm t m t Irt tt rri t r It t r t | t | a i |i | ri t | i t |t a] a a 1|
tt r st |i 1 t s 1 t 1 i It rt r It s j a r It 1 t Ia si t r t r t | rar ] t 1 t !1 I11| .
| t It rm i r ar |as 1 t sti ati t r t s 1 t |a t sta|a 1 t | It rm t m t Irt , t r |t s
1 i It rt r It s i r It rta|t s 1 t It m j t raIa ra 1 t | It rm t m t Irt .
5.2.2 Procedimiento experimental:
A] Calibracin en el equilibr io hielo agua a 0 C.
1 | st rtt |a Ii ] a ra !. a |t a aIt r Iam t r It t | si ] a i t r It j rt tt 1 i m i t r It .
k 1 i ti t r t t r a r tast 1 t j rt ti j i Ia1 t 1 t \11 m |, | i t |t j i ta1 t | t t| t
tt r a] a a 1 t sIi |a1 a a1 a1 a a] a a 1 t sIi |a1 a 1 t Ia| It rm a | a t t ti sIa
a r a m t tt|a a] a a | i t |t .
k ] i It |a m t tt|a tt r a r a | a| a t Ia t i r Irt 1 a tta t | It rm t m t Irt t r t ||a
1 t m a r t ra | a t t | t t rt 1 t |a t st a |a | a t 1 t }a sIt t r t i m a 1 t |a
sa j t rIi ti t .
\1
1 | st rtt ar t It |a |t tIa ra tt r sIar It t | It r i 1 a a| ta| t 1 t I m i r a It s.
B] Calibracin en el equilibr io slido lquido.
1 | st rtt |a Ii ] a ra !. | |t a aIt r Iam t r It t | si ] a i t r It j rt tt 1 i m i t r It .
|r a r Ia | t taj i |ar tt rra1 t t r a r t 1 t |t s t tIrt m t s, i r Irt 1 a tta a r a
j t | a t 1 a tar Ii 1 a1 1 t m a t sIra a ar a|i tar t sIa 1 t | t ra t sIar st | rt a r
ti 1 ri t 1 t rt |t } . | ara t ||t a r Iar t | t tIrt m t a| i t rIt 1 t | taj i |ar t r t |
st |i 1 t j a |tt ri ta1 t st tt . | t m j atIt |t |ar tar 1 t t | taj i |ar j t r a r
Ia | t 1 t ti 1 ri t 1 t I1 tm 1 t |t r ] i Ia 1 .
k 1 aj It t | taj i |ar a a r It rm t m t Irt tt r a r ar i ||t 1 t ] t m a , 1 t Ia|
It rm a | a t |a m a t sIra | a t 1 t a |a a|Ia ra 1 t | | a || t 1 t | It rm t m t Irt |a
| ar 1 a 1 t ] t m a |t m as arri | a j t si | |t , j ara | a t r t st m t }t tt r |a
tast |i r a |i | a i 1 a 1 t | | a1 t .
||t r t t | Ia | t 1 t | i t |t tt r ] |i tt ri r a t tast |i r a |i | a i 1 a, | asIa |a a|Ia ra
| a t st i r 1 i ta t r |a Ii ] a ra !. | . |a ] |i tt ri r a t tast |i r a j t rm i It |a
Irar sm i si t r | t m t ] t r t a 1 t | ta|t r | a t st t r Irt ] a a| si sIt m a a| ta|t r Iar
t | tt 1 t |aIt ra| 1 t | Ia | t | i t |t .
| r Irt 1 a tta t | It rm t m t Irt tt r t | taj i |ar t r t | Ia | t 1 t | i t |t , 1 t m t 1 t
Ia| | a t |a m a t sIra | a || t | a t 1 t r a |a a|Ia ra | a t st m a t sIra t r |a
Ii ] a ra !. | . t r ] a t sj t ti a| ta i 1 a1 t tt r t | ar i ||t 1 t ] t m a | a t sa }t Ia
t | taj i |ar, r t 1 t | t t sIar t r tt r IatIt tt r |a ] |i tt ri r a t tast |i r a, 1 t | i 1 t
a | a t t sIa j t 1 ri a a| |ar 1 ar It 1 i st |tt r |a ] t m a st |Iar t | taj i |ar.
| a|i t r It t | Ia | t 1 t | i t |t |t r Iam t r It , 1 t Ia| It rm a | a t t | aa m t r It
1 t It m j t raIa ra st a 1 t I | Im i r 1 t r Irt 1 t \ | | a}t t | rar ] t 1 t
Ia si t r .
|| j a r It 1 t Ia si t r st 1 t It rm i r a ar t Iar 1 t |a It m j t raIa ra i r i ti a|
Ii r a| t r |a ta a| |a Ia si t r tt m i t r ta It rm i r a, t s 1 t ti r, ta ar 1 t |a
m a t sIra t sIa tt m j |t Iam t r It |i | a i 1 a. |a tari ati t r 1 t 1.! | t r |a
It m j t raIa ra 1 t Ia si t r si ] r i Ii ta | a t |a m a t sIra Ii t r t a r a j a rt ta
ratt r a| |t . i j t r t | tt r Irari t j rt st r Ia a r rar ] t m at r, j t 1 t m t s
ast ] a rar | a t |a m a t sIra t sIa i m j a ra t s r t tt sari t j rt tt 1 t r a a r a
j a ri Ii tati t r j rt ti a a |a 1 t It rm i r ati t r 1 t | j a r It 1 t Ia si t r .
Repita esta operacin con los compuestos orgnicos que usted ha
seleccionado para su trabajo experimental.
\\
| t r sIra a a r a ] raIi ta t r Irt |as It m j t raIa ras 1 t |t s j a r It s 1 t Ia si t r
t | st rta1 t s t }t X ts. |a 1 i It rt r ti a rt sIa t r Irt |a It m j t raIa ra
r t rm a|i ta1 a 1 a1 a t r |a Ia| |a !. |a It m j t raIa ra t | st rta1 a t }t Y .
| m j |t t t | t s| a t m a 1 t ] ra Ii t t | a t st a 1 }a r Ia Ii ] a ra ! . I j a ra
rt j rt st r Iar |as 1 t sti ati t r t s rt sj t tIt a |as It m j t raIa ras tt r1 a1 t ras,
| a t | ar | a t 1 a1 t 1 t m ar i Ii t sIt j t r |as t | st rtati t r t s j ara |t s
i r It rta|t s 1 t | It rm t m t Irt . M ar| a t t | It rm t m t Irt j ara i 1 t r Ii Ii tar|t
a j arIi r 1 t a| t ra j t 1 ra t m j |t ar t sIa ] raIi ta j ara tt rrt ] i r It 1 t s |t s
j a r It s 1 t Ia si t r t | a ||i ti t r Ia Ia rt s tt r t sIt It rm t m t Irt .
|i ] a ra !. . i sIt m as 1 t m t 1 i ti t r 1 t It m j t raIa ra t r t | tam | i t 1 t t sIa1 t .

Termmetro
Equilibrio agua-hielo
a)
Termmetro
Capilar
Tubo de Thiele
b)
\!
|i ] a ra !.I. | raIi ta | a t m a t sIra |as 1 t sti ati t r t s 1 t | It rm t m t Irt .
D

e

s

v

i

a

c

i

n
T e m p e r a t u r a (C)
\
1
I
1
-
-I
-1
-\
I! !1 I! 11 I! !1 I! I11
a| |a !. . a sIar ti as | a i m i tas It m j t raIa ras 1 t Ia si t r r t rm a|i ta1 t s.
N Sust ancia Punto de fusin nor malizado (C)
k ] a a | i t |t 1.1
I K aIIi |am i r a !1.1
1 k r | i 1 ri 1 t m a|t i tt !1.1
\ j -1 i t|t rt | t r tt r t !\.1
! \-t|t rt - ,1-1 i r i Irt | t r tt r t !I.1-!\.1
t | t r tt aIt 1 t It r i |t t1.1
I -| i 1 rt ti | a i r t |i r a It.1
Vai r i ||i r a I.1
1 m -1 i r i Irt | t r tt r t 1.!
1 | i | t r tt i |t | t r ti |t 1!.1
a-r aIIt | 1t.1
I | t st rti r a 11.1 .1
1 | aIt tt | 1\.1
\ k tt Iar i |i 1 a 1.1 \.1
! ati 1 t | t r tt i tt I .I
t -r aIIt | I1.1
I | rt a 1I.I
ati 1 t sa|i ti |i tt !1.1
1 1 i 1 rt | a i r t r a I1.1
I1 ati 1 t sa tti r i tt 1.1 11.1
\t
5. 3 Cuest ionar io:
a t t s a r It rm t m t Irt ! |tj |i | a t |a t tatIi Ia 1 j rt ti si t r 1 t t ||t s.
| a a| t s |a rt |ati t r t r Irt |as t sta|as 1 t It m j t raIa ras | , | | ! | t a|i tt
a r t s| a t m a | a t m a t sIrt |a rt |ati t r t r Irt t ||as |as It rm a |as | a t st
aj |i tar j ara i r It rtt r tt rIi r|a.
| t r | a t 1 t | t ta|i | rar a r It rm t m t Irt ! | t Ii t rast a |as tt r Ia}as
1 t stt r Ia}as.
| t Ii r a t|aram t r It |t s tt r tt j It s j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r j a r It 1 t
Ia si t r .
a t rt |ati t r Ii t r t |a j rt si t r aIm t sIt ri ta t r |a 1 t It rm i r ati t r 1 t
|as tt r sIar It s Ii si tas, | a t st 1 t It rm i r arar t r |as t tj t ri t r ti as 1 t
|a| t raIt ri t !
\I
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Purificacin de lquidos Purificacin de lquidos Purificacin de lquidos Purificacin de lquidos Purificacin de lquidos
por destilacin por destilacin por destilacin por destilacin por destilacin
6.1.1 Constantes fsicas:
rt s st r |as tt r sIar It s Ii si tas j ri r ti j a|t s 1 t |t s tt m j a t sIt s t r] ar i tt s
|i | a i 1 t s j a rt s | a t j t rm i It r Iar It |a st j arati t r j a ri Ii tati t r , tt m t
|a i 1 t r Ii Ii tati t r 1 t t ||t s. |sIt s st r : punto de ebullicin, densidad e
ndice de refraccin. |r t | j rt st r It Ira| a}t t tj t ri m t r Ia| ar a|i tart m t s
|a tt r sIar It Ii si ta j unto de ebullicin.
6.1.2 Punto de ebullicin:
|| j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r 1 t a r a sa sIar ti a st 1 t Ii r t tt m t |a It m j t raIa ra
a |a ta a| sa j rt si t r 1 t taj t r t s i ] a a| a |a j rt si t r aIm t sIt ri ta r t rm a|
It1 m m 1 ] . |sIa tt r sIar It Ii si ta t s m a i m j t rIar It tt m t tri It ri t 1 t
j a rt ta t i 1 t r Ii 1 a1 . | ara |a 1 t It rm i r ati t r st a Ii |i ta a r si sIt m a t r | a t
t | It rm t m t Irt t sIa t r tt r IatIt Iar It tt r |a Iast |i | a i 1 a tt m t tt r |a
] ast t sa, m i 1 i t r 1 t |a It m j t raIa ra | a t a|tar ta t | j a r It 1 t t | a i |i | ri t
t r Irt am | as Iast s.
6.1.3 Punto de ebullicin y estructura:
|t s j a r It s 1 t t | a ||i ti t r 1 t |as sa sIar ti as t r] ar i tas |i | a i 1 as 1 t j t r 1 t r
t sIrt t| am t r It 1 t |a M asa M t |ar M t j t st m t |t ta |ar . k m at r m asa,
\
m at r t s |a It m j t raIa ra 1 t t | a ||i ti t r , tt m t j t r t }t m j |t . t | m t Iar t |
M = 1I] Im t | t!.1| t | t Iar t | M = \t] Im t | I.!| . k 1 t m as, j ara m asas
si m i |art s It tt rtar as, 1 t j t r 1 t r 1 t |as i r It ratti t r t s intermoleculares,
Ia|t s tt m t .
a fuerzas de van del Waals, j ri r ti j a|m t r It t r |a It rm a t ] t t m t Iri a
t sj ati a| tt m t j t r t }t m j |t |t s i st m t rt s 1 t | | t tar t . r -| t tar t
t.I| , i st | t tar t t1.1| , r t t | t tar t \1.I | .
| polar idad, |t s |i | a i 1 t s j t |art s Ii t r 1 t r a | t rti r a It m j t raIa ras m as
a|Ias | a t |t s r t j t |art s 1 t |a m i sm a m asa m t |ar, tt m t j t r t }t m j |t .
t | | a Ia r t | 1
1
| 1
I
| 1
I
| 1
1
M = ! ] Im t | -1 . t | , | a a t t It r a
| 1
1
| 1 | 1
1
M = !] Im t | !t.1| , t | m t Ii |t Ii |t It r | 1
1
| 1
I
1 | 1
1
M = t1] Im t | 1.1| .
t puente de hidrgeno, tt m t j t r t }t m j |t . t | t Iar t M = 11] Im t |
-.t| , t | m t Iar t | M = 1I] Im t | t!.1| .
| t m t |a j rt si t r aIm t sIt ri ta tari a 1 t a r |a ] ar ] t t ] raIi tt a t Irt 1 t a r
1 i a a t Irt , |t s t a |t rt s | a t st t r t a t r Ira r t r |a |i It ra Ia ra t sIa r
K t rm a|i ta1 t s a a r a j rt si t r 1 t It1 It rr m m 1 ] = aIm = 1 1,I! | | a
= .1 1I! | ar. | t r |t Iar It st 1 t | t t It tIa ar a r a tt rrt tti t r , j ara t ||t ,
1 t | t ra t t r sa |Ia rst t | m a r a a | 1 t |a | t ra It ri t 1 t | a i m i t a ||a m a 1 t
1 k K | | 1 1 | rt a|i tar a r a tt rrt |ati t r 1 t 1 aIt s r t rm a|i ta1 t s ts.
1 aIt s t tj t ri m t r Ia|t s.
k |It rr a Ii t a m t r It st j a t 1 t r rt a |i t a r t t rrt t t i t r t s a j rt t i m a 1 a s,
a Ii |i tar 1 t |a si ] a i t r It t ta ati t r
I = t It1 j I II1, !
| t r 1 t .
I = | t rrt tti t r t r ] ra1 t s | t |ti a s.
j = | rt si t r | art m t Iri ta t r m m 1 ] .
I = t m j t raIa ra 1 t t | a ||i ti t r t tj t ri m t r Ia| t r ] ra1 t s | t |ti a s.
t = | t r sIar It 1 t ta|t r i ] a a| a 1.11111 j ara |i | a i 1 t s ast ti a1 t s t
1.111 j ara |i | a i 1 t s r t ast ti a1 t s.
\1
| t m t j t r 1 t Ii r i ti t r t | j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r 1 t j t r 1 t 1 t |a j rt si t r
aIm t sIt ri ta, j t 1 t m t s a1 i ti t r a|m t r It 1 t Ii r i r |t s |i | a i 1 t s 1 t ata t r1 t
tt r sa s i r It ratti t r t s. ta ar 1 t | a j a t r It 1 t | i 1 rt ] t r t st r lquidos
asociados tt m t t | a] a a 1
I
1 , ati 1 t att Ii tt | 1
1
| 1 1 1 , a|tt | t |t s
| -1 1 , t It., t ta ar 1 t | a Ia t rtas 1 t van del Waals son lquidos no
asociados, tt m t r -| t tar t |
t
1
\
, t|t rt It rm t | 1 | |
1
, | t r tt r t |
t
1
t
,
t It . a si , |t s |i | a i 1 t s j t |a rt s a st t i a 1 t s | i t rt t r a It m j t ra Ia ra s
tt r si 1 t ra| |t m t r It m as t |t ta1 as | a t |t s |i | a i 1 t s j t |art s r t ast ti a1 t s,
t | a |t t | t | t Ii |i t t | 1
1
| 1
I
1 1 , t Ia r t | | i t rt t a a r a It m j t ra Ia ra
tt r si 1 t ra| |t m t r It sa j t ri t r I. | | a t t | t It r m t Ii |i tt | 1
1
1 | 1
1
-
I1.I | , | a t t s a r |i | a i 1 t a|] t j t |ar j t rt r t ast ti a1 t , am | t s | i t rtt r
a a r a It m j t raIa ra sa j t ri t r | a t t | j rt j ar t | 1
1
| 1
I
| 1
1
-\I. | | a t
t s, a1 t m as, r t j t |ar r t ast ti a1 t .
i t m j rt | a t st a Ii |i tt a r a It m j t raIa ra 1 t tam | i t 1 t t sIa1 t tt m t
rt It rt r t i a j a ra |a t a |i | ra t i t r 1 t a r It rm t m t Irt t s sa m a m t r It
i m j t rIar It | a t t | si sIt m a st t r ta t r Irt t r t | a i |i | ri t t r |t s a|rt 1 t 1 t rt s
1 t | | a || t It rm t m t Iri tt . |ara | a t t sIt t ta rra t r t | si sIt m a st |i 1 t
|i | a i 1 t j a r It 1 t Ia si t r t s r t tt sari t tt r Irt ta t r ti a a r a a] i Iati t r
ti ] t rt sa. |r t | si sIt m a |i | a i 1 t taj t r j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r t | | a || t
1 t | It rm t m t Irt st si Ia ara t r ti m a 1 t |a sa j t rIi ti t 1 t | |i | a i 1 t | a t | i t rtt
| a t j rt | a| |t m t r It t sIara st | rt ta|t r Ia1 t 1 t | t ra t sIar | a m t 1 t ti 1 t
tt r |i | a i 1 t tt r 1 t r sa1 t t r t | a i |i | ri t tt r t | taj t r.
6.1.4 Destilacin:
| a 1 t sIi |a t i t r t s t | m t It 1 t m a s Irt t a t r It t i m j t rIa r It j a ra |a
separacin y purificacin 1 t |i | a i 1 t s. t a Ii |i ta j ara st j arar 1 t s t m as
|i | a i 1 t s | a t It r ] ar j a r It s 1 t t | a ||i ti t r 1 i It rt r It s It i m j a rt tas r t
tt |aIi |t s | a t j a t 1 a tt r It r t r t | |i | a i 1 t j rt | |t m a. |r t Iras j a|a| ras,
tt rrt sj t r 1 t a |a st j arati t r m t 1 i ar It |a t taj t rati t r 1 t | tt m j t r t r It
m as tt |aIi |, | a t st t r ta t r Ira m t tt|a1 t tt r |t s t Irt s tt m j t r t r It s
m t r t s tt |aIi |t s, st ] a i 1 t j t r a r j rt tt st 1 t t r Iri am i t r It 1 t |t s taj t rt s
tt r 1 t r sati t r 1 t t ||t s.
|as m t tt|as 1 t |i | a i 1 t s j a t 1 t r st r 1 t tari t s Ii j t s, st ] a r |a st |a | i |i 1 a1
t r Irt t ||t s.
!1
Lquidos inmiscibles, r t st m t tt|ar t r a| st |a It , si m j |t m t r It st
st j arar t r 1 t s taj as 1 i sIi r Ias ta ar 1 t st j t r t r t r tt r IatIt . |}t m j |t s
1 t |i | a i 1 t s i r m i sti | |t s st r t | att i It t | a] a a, |a j araIi r a t | a] a a, t t |
| t r tt r t t | a] a a. |t s |i | a i 1 t s | a t , tt m t t | a] a a t | t It r t Ii |i tt ,
Ii t r t r a r a st |a | i |i 1 a1 m a Ia a |i m i Ia1 a st tt r t tt r tt m t parcialmente
miscibles. | t s |i | a i 1 t s | a t st r completamente miscibles, It rm ar a r a
st |a ti t r | t m t ] t r t a ta ar 1 t st m t tt|ar t r ta a|| a i t r j rt j t rti t r .
|}t m j |t s st r t | a] a a t | a|tt | t | t Ii |i tt t Iar t | , t t | | t r tt r t t | t It r
t Ii |i tt .
|t s |i | a i 1 t s tt m j |t Iam t r It m i sti | |t s, ta a 1 t sIi |ati t r t s |a | a t st ta
a tt r si 1 t rar a| a i , j a t 1 t r st r a sa tt t 1 t 1 t s Ii j t s.
a Separables por dest ilacin fraccionada.
| Az eotrpi cos, r t st j ara| |t s j t r 1 t sIi |ati t r Iratti t r a1 a, a | a t
It rm ar m t tt|as tt r j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r m ati m t t m i r i m t .
| a ar 1 t st ta|i t r Ia a r a st |a ti t r t m t tt|a 1 t 1 t s t m as |i | a i 1 t s,
tt m i t r ta a | t rti r a |a It m j t raIa ra t r | a t |a j rt si t r 1 t taj t r It Ia| 1 t
|a st |a ti t r t s i ] a a| a |a j rt si t r aIm t sIt ri ta 1 t Ira| a}t . |a j rt si t r 1 t
taj t r It Ia| |
1 t a r a m t tt|a t s i ] a a| a |a sa m a 1 t |as j rt si t r t s 1 t
taj t r j arti a|t s j
i
1 t ta1 a tt m j t r t r It . |r |as disoluciones ideales st
ta m j |t |a ley de Raoult, | a t st t tj rt sa t r |t s si ] a i t r It s It rm i r t s. La
presin parcial (p
i
) de un componente de una disolucin a una
temperatura dada es igual a la presin de vapor de la sustancia pura (p
i
)
multiplicada por su fraccin molar (x
i
) en la disolucin .
j
i
= t
i
j
i
| ara a r a m t tt|a 1 t 1 t s |i | a i 1 t s j a rt s k | , |a j rt si t r It Ia| st ra.

|
= j
k
j
|
= t
k
j
k
t
|
j
|
| t |a |t 1 t | at a |I st j a t 1 t r t sIa| |t tt r |as si ] a i t r It s tt r t|a si t r t s.

!
|| j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r 1 t a r a m t tt|a i 1 t a| 1 t j t r 1 t 1 t |t s j a r It s
1 t t | a ||i ti t r 1 t sa s tt m j t r t r It s 1 t sa s j rt j t rti t r t s rt |aIi tas
Iratti t r t s m t |art s .
|r a r a m t tt|a i 1 t a| 1 t 1 t s |i | a i 1 t s, t | j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r 1 t a r a
m t tt|a 1 t ta a|| a i t ra tt m j t si ti t r 1 t It rm i r a1 a t sIa tt m j rt r 1 i 1 t
t r Irt |t s j a r It s 1 t t | a ||i ti t r 1 t |t s tt m j t r t r It s j a rt s.
|| taj t r j rt 1 a ti 1 t st ra si t m j rt m as ri tt t r t | tt m j t r t r It 1 t j a r It
1 t t | a ||i ti t r m as | a}t | a t t | |i | a i 1 t tt r t | | a t t sIa t r t | a i |i | ri t .
|a st j arati t r 1 t a r a m t tt|a 1 t 1 t s t m as tt m j a t sIt s tt |aIi |t s, st
j t 1 ra st j arar t r sa s tt m j t r t r It s j t r 1 t sIi |ati t r si t m j rt | a t It r ] ar
sa Ii ti t r It 1 i It rt r ti a t r sa s j a r It s 1 t t | a ||i ti t r , si r t , 1 t sIi |arar }a r It s
1 t | i 1 t a | a t sa s j a r It s 1 t t | a ||i ti t r t sIar m a j rt ti m t s.
|i ] a ra t. . | i a] ram a 1 t |a |t 1 t | at a |I j ara a r a m t tt|a 1 t 1 t s |i | a i 1 t s.
|| tt m j t rIam i t r It 1 t |as st |a ti t r t s | a t si ] a t r |a |t 1 t | at a |I st
j a t 1 t rt I|t }ar t r a r 1 i a] ram a It m j t raIa ra 1 t t | a ||i ti t r -tt m j t si ti t r ,
a j rt si t r tt r sIar It Ii ] a ra t. .
| t a t a t r1 t a t sIt ] ra Ii t t , j a ra a r a t t m j t si t i t r t , t | j a r It 1 t
t | a ||i ti t r 1 t |a st |a ti t r t s |a j rt t tti t r tt rIi ta| | a t tt rIa |a ta rta

!I
i r It ri t r | , j rt t tIa1 t t r |a | t ri tt r Ia| , t | j a r It V | a t tt rIa
|a ta rta sa j t ri t r, r t s i r 1 i ta |a tt m j t si ti t r 1 t |t s taj t rt s . i t sIt s
taj t rt s st tt r 1 t r sar , | t rti ri ar a |a It m j t raIa ra I t | j a r It V I ,
| a t r t s 1 a |a tt m j t si ti t r 1 t |t s taj t rt s t .
|r t | tast 1 t lquidos inmiscibles st ta m j |t |a |t 1 t | a|It r , j t r |t
Iar It , |a m t tt|a 1 t sIi |a a a r a tt m j t si ti t r It m j t raIa ra tt r sIar It s.
|sIa It m j t raIa ra si t m j rt st ra i r It ri t r a |a 1 t | tt m j a t sIt m as tt |aIi |.
K t rm a|m t r It t sIt Ii j t 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r st t m j |t a j ara tt -1 t sIi |ar tt r
a] a a |i | a i 1 t s t r] ar i tt s | a t 1 t stt m j t r t r t r |as tt rtar i as 1 t sa j a r It
1 t t | a ||i ti t r , tt m t t s t | tast 1 t |t s att i It s t st r ti a|t s 1 t j |ar Ias, j t r
|t | a t st a Ii |i ta m a | a| i Ia a|m t r It tt m t m t It 1 t 1 t t | It r ti t r 1 t
a t t i It s t st r t i a |t s 1 t |a s m i sm a s. | a 1 t sIi |a t i t r 1 t 1 t s |i | a i 1 t s
i r m i sti | |t s j a t 1 t ||t tarst a ta| t t r t tasi t r t s m t 1 i ar It |a It tr i ta 1 t
destilacin con arrastre de vapor. t a Ii |i ta Irt ta t r It m t r It tt m t
a|It rr aIi ta a |a 1 t sIi |ati t r a| tati t 1 t sa sIar ti as | a t st 1 t stt m j t r t r
si st |as ta|i t r Ia | asIa |as j rt ti m i 1 a1 t s 1 t sa j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r .
| a s disoluciones reales j a t 1 t r m t sIra r Irt s Ii j t s 1 t 1 i a ] ra m a s
It m j t raIa ra 1 t t | a ||i ti t r -tt m j t si ti t r .
a) Sin mximo o mnimo: |sIt Ii j t tt rrt sj t r 1 t a| 1 i a] ram a ar It ri t r
Ii ] a ra t. . |t s j a r It s 1 t t | a ||i ti t r 1 t |as m t tt|as t sIar t r Irt |t s
j a r It s 1 t t | a ||i ti t r 1 t |t s tt m j t r t r It s j a rt s. | r t }t m j |t 1 t
t sIt tt m j t rIam i t r It t s t | 1 t |as m t tt|as m t Iar t |-a] a a.
b) Con punto de ebullicin mximo
c) con punto de ebullicin mnimo: |sIt s 1 t s tast s, st IraIar t r t |
aj arIa1 t si ] a i t r It tt m t .
6.1.5 Mezclas azeotrpicas:
| t s |i | a i 1 t s j a t 1 t r It rm ar 1 i st |a ti t r t s ta t s 1 i a] ram as It m j t raIa ra
1 t t | a ||i ti t r -tt m j t si ti t r j rt st r It r a r j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r m ati m t
Ii ] a ra t.Ia t m i r i m t Ii ] a ra t.I| .
!1

100% B
|t s 1 i a] ram as Ii t r t r 1 t s j art s 1 t ta rtas, ta1 a a r a 1 t t ||as si m i |ar a |as
ta rtas 1 t | 1 i a] ram a 1 t |a Ii ] a ra t. . |r am | t s tast s |a ta rta sa j t ri t r
1 a |a tt m j t si ti t r 1 t | taj t r, |a i r It ri t r |a tt m j t si ti t r 1 t | |i | a i 1 t .
t |
k
t |
| st r |as It m j t raIa ras 1 t t | a ||i ti t r 1 t |t s tt m j t r t r It s k |
j a rt s, rt sj t tIi tam t r It .
| r a m t tt|a tt r t | Ii j t 1 t ta rta a 1 t j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r -tt m j t si ti t r
tt r att t Irt j t s, r t j a t 1 t st j ararst tt m j |t Iam t r It j t r 1 t sIi |ati t r .
t |t j a t 1 t st j ararst t r a r tt m j t r t r It t r |t | a t st tt r t tt tt m t
m t tt|a att t Irt j i ta. M a t sIrar t sIt tt m j t rIam i t r It |as m t tt|as 1 t
a|] a r t s ati 1 t s t|t r| i 1 ri tt , r i Iri tt , sa |Ia ri tt , t It. tt r a] a a.
|i ] a ra t.I. | i a] ram as 1 t j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r -tt m j t si ti t r j ara a r a
m t tt|a 1 t 1 t s tt m j t r t r It s k | . a tt r j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r m ati m t ,
| tt r j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r m i r i m t .
|| t Iar t | t | a] a a It rm ar a r si sIt m a att t Irt j i tt 1 t | Ii j t | . k |a
j rt si t r 1 t aIm |a m t tt|a tt r Ii t r t a r 1!.tX j t r ti t r It t r m asa 1 t
a|tt | t | Ii t r t a r j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r 1 t I. !| , m i t r Iras | a t t |
a|tt | t | j a rt Ii t r t a r j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r 1 t I.\| . | r a m t tt|a tt r
m t r t s 1 t | 1!.tX 1 t a|tt | t | j a t 1 t st j ararst t r a] a a j a ra |a m t tt|a
att t Irt j i ta. |sIa m t tt|a rt j rt st r Ia t | |i m i It 1 t tt r tt r Irati t r | a t
j a t 1 t tt r st ] a i rst j t r 1 t sIi |ati t r 1 t a r a 1 i st |a ti t r ata t sa 1 i |a i 1 a.
|| a] a a | a t | a t 1 a 1 t | t t |i m i r arst j t r m t It 1 t s | a i m i tt s, j t r a1 st rti t r
t j t r t tIratti t r . am | i t r j a t 1 t a Ii |i tarst a r a 1 t sIi |ati t r tt r a r It rtt r
tt m j t r t r It j ara st j arar |t s 1 t s tt m j t r t r It s | a t It rm ar |a m t tt|a
att t Irt j i ta. |t r t }t m j |t , si st a1 a1 t | t r tt r t a |as 1 i st |a ti t r t s a] a a-
a|tt | t | j a t 1 t 1 t sIi |arst a|tt | t | j a rt .
!\
6.1.6 Mtodos de destilacin
| t ata t r1 t a |a m t tt|a a st j arar t j a ri Ii tar, t s j t si | |t 1 i sIi r ] a i r tari t s
Ii j t s 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r , |t s ta a|t s j a t 1 t r st r rt sa m i 1 t s t r .
| t sIi |ati t r si m j |t
| t sIi |ati t r Iratti t r a1 a
| t sIi |ati t r j t r arrasIrt 1 t taj t r
| t sIi |ati t r a j rt si t r rt 1 a ti 1 a
A] Mtodo de destilacin simple:
| t r |t ] t r t ra|, t sIt Ii j t 1 t j rt tt 1 i m i t r It t s a Ii |i ta1 t j ara st j arar a r a
m t tt|a 1 t 1 t s sa sIar ti as t r |a | a t st |t a r a 1 t t ||as t s tt |aIi |. | r a
m t tt|a 1 t 1 t s t m as tt m j t r t r It s | a t | i t rtt r tt r a r a 1 i It rt r ti a 1 t
I1.1-11.1| st st j arar |a t ] t 1 t rt j t Ii 1 as rt 1 t sIi |ati t r t s. || |i | a i 1 t st
ta|i t r Ia tt m i t r ta a | t rti r t r t | | a|t r 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r . | arIt 1 t | taj t r
] t r t ra1 t st tt r 1 t r sa t r t | It rm t m t Irt t t r |as j art 1 t s 1 t | | a|t r ,
j t rt |a m at r j arIt j asa a Iratt s 1 t | Ia | t |aIt ra| a r i 1 t a| | a|t r | ati a t |
rt Iri ] t rar It , 1 t r 1 t st tt r 1 t r sa 1 t | i 1 t a |a tt rri t r It 1 t a] a a Iri a | a t
asti t r 1 t j t r |a tam i sa 1 t t sIt Ii ] a ra t.1 .
|i ] a ra t.1. i sIt m a 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r si m j |t .

termmetro
refrigerante
agua
gata
pinza
codo de conexin
!!
|| 1 t sIi |a1 t t sta rrt | ati a t | m aIrat tt |t tIt r a Iratt s 1 t a r a a|ar] a1 t ra,
|t s tt m j a t sIt s m t r t s tt |aIi |t s | a t 1 ar t r t | | a|t r 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r tt m t
rt si 1 a t . | a rar It |a 1 t sIi |ati t r t | t tIrt m t sa j t ri t r 1 t | | a || t 1 t |
It rm t m t Irt 1 t | t | a t 1 ar }a sIt a |a a|Ia ra 1 t |a | t ri tt r Ia| | a t j asa j t r
|a j arIt i r It ri t r 1 t | Ia | t |aIt ra| 1 t | | a|t r 1 t Ia| It rm a | a t It 1 t t | | a || t
st a | a1 a1 t j t r t | taj t r | a t asti t r 1 t .
|a 1 t sIi |ati t r | a 1 t rt a|i tarst si t m j rt tt r |t r Ii Ia 1 si r i r It rra j ti t r t s,
m ar It r i t r 1 t st tt r Ii r a am t r It a r a ] t Ia 1 t tt r 1 t r sa1 t t r t | | a || t
1 t | It rm t m t Irt a r a sa|i 1 a tt r Ii r a a 1 t 1 t sIi |a1 t .
| a si It 1 t s |t s |i | a i 1 t s Ii t r 1 t r a sobrecalentarse a |t a r t a r a r a
It m j t ra Ia ra a |] t sa j t ri t r a | j a r It 1 t t | a ||i t i t r . t t r t a t r Ira
t r It r tt s t r a r Estado Metaestable | a t st i r It rra m j t j t ri t 1 i tam t r It
a| It rm arst sa | i Iam t r It a r a ] rar | a r| a }a 1 t taj t r t r t | st r t 1 t |
|i | a i 1 t , st 1 i tt t r It r tt s | a t | i t rtt a sa|It s. | a ar 1 t t sIt sa tt 1 t , t |
taj t r t sIa Iam | i t r st | rt ta|t r Ia1 t t | j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r t | st rta1 t
j a t 1 t st r sa j t ri t r a| rt a|. |sIt j a t 1 t st r t ti Ia1 t a] rt ] ar 1 t a| | a|t r
1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r perlas de ebullicin o trozos de porcelana porosa |as | a t
tt r sIi Ia t r |a ] art s a1 t ta a1 t s j ara |a It rm ati t r 1 t ncleos de burbujas
1 t | i 1 t a| aa m t r It 1 t |a sa j t rIi ti t 1 t tt r IatIt ai rt asi t | |i | a i 1 t
| i t rtt t r It rm a sa att tt r sIar It . |a t ti sIt r ti a 1 t a r a taj a 1 t a r
st |i 1 t t r t | It r 1 t 1 t | | a|t r 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r j a t 1 t st r |a taa sa 1 t
ti t |t r It s sa|It s 1 a rar It t | j rt tt st 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r , t sj t ti a|m t r It si t s
a Ii |i ta1 a a r a ta|t Iatti t r |t ta| i r It r sa t r t | It r 1 t 1 t | | a|t r .
B] Mtodo de destilacin fraccionada:
t a Ii |i ta t sIt j rt tt 1 i m i t r It ta ar 1 t |t s tt m j t r t r It s 1 t |a m t tt|a
j t st t r j a r It s 1 t t | a ||i ti t r | a t 1 i Ii t rt r a| m t r t s t r Irt 1.1| I1.1| ,
1 t j t r 1 i t r 1 t 1 t |a tt |a m r a 1 t Iratti t r am i t r It a Ii |i ta1 a. |r t | am | i It
1 t i r tt sIi ] ati t r i r 1 a sIri a| t ti sIt r t | a i j t s 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r Iratti t r a1 a
m a t| t m as t Ii tatt s, | a t j t rm i It r |a st j arati t r 1 t |i | a i 1 t s | a t | i t rtt r
st |t tt r a|] a r t s ] ra1 t s 1 t 1 i It rt r ti a, ||t ] ar 1 t i r t|a st a |a 1 i It rt r ti a
m i r i m a 1 t .1| .
!t
|a 1 t sIi |ati t r Iratti t r a1 a t s a r a It tr i ta t r |a ta a| st tt m | i r ar a r a
st ri t 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r t s si m j |t s t r a r a st |a t j t rati t r st r ti ||a tt r Ii r a a
m t 1 i ar It |a a Ii |i tati t r 1 t a r a tt |a m r a 1 t Iratti t r am i t r It , |a | a t
j rt j t rti t r a a r a ] rar sa j t rIi ti t j ara t | i r It rtam | i t 1 t ta|t r t r |as
tt r 1 i ti t r t s 1 t t | a i |i | ri t t r Irt t | tapor ascendente y el condensado
descendente. |sIt j t si | i |i Ia a r a st ri t tt m j |t Ia 1 t t taj t rati t r t s
t t r 1 t r sa t i t r t s j a rt i a | t s a I ra t t s 1 t | a t t | a m r a . | a a r 1 t t |
tt r 1 t r sa1 t t r a|] a r j a r It 1 t |a tt |a m r a It m a ta|t r 1 t | taj t r, j arIt
st t taj t ra 1 t r a t tt t | taj t r It rm a1 t t s m as ri tt t r t | tt m j t r t r It
m as tt |aIi | | a t t | tt r 1 t r sa1 t . k | m i sm t Ii t m j t , ta ar 1 t t | taj t r tt 1 t
t a |t r a | t t r 1 t r sa 1 t , j a rIt 1 t | m i sm t st t t r 1 t r sa si t r 1 t t sIt
tt r 1 t r sa1 t m as ri tt | a t t | taj t r tt r t | | a t t sIa t r t | a i |i | ri t t r t |
tt m j t r t r It 1 t j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r m as t |t ta1 t .
|t s Ii j t s m as tt m a r t s 1 t tt |a m r as 1 t Iratti t r am i t r It st rt j rt st r Iar
t r |a Ii ] a ra t.\.
|i ] a ra t.\. | t |a m r as j ara 1 t sIi |ati t r Iratti t r a1 a
a) Columna rect a tati a t rt ||t r as, Ii ] a ra t.\a , t r 1 t r 1 t t | rt ||t r t
j a t 1 t tt r si sIi r t r a r a ] rar tari t 1 a1 1 t m aIt ri a|t s i r t rIt s tt r ] rar

a ) b ) c )
!I
sa j t rIi ti t 1 t tt r IatIt , tt m t | t |as 1 t si |i ti t , | t |i tt s 1 t m t Ia| t 1 t
ti 1 ri t , Irt tt s 1 t j t rtt |ar a, t t r sa 1 t It tIt Irt tt s 1 t tari ||as 1 t ti 1 ri t
| a t tas columna de Raschig .
b) Columna de Vigreaux Ii ] a ra t.\| , Ii t r t a r a st ri t 1 t | t r 1 i 1 a ras |as
ta a|t s st Irar sIt rm ar t r j t | a t 1 as tt |a m r as | ati a t | i r It ri t r 1 t |a
tt |a m r a | a t si rtt r j ara aa m t r Iar |a sa j t rIi ti t 1 t i r It rtam | i t .
c) C o l u m n a d e p l at o s Ii ] a ra t . \ t , t sIa j rt t i sIa 1 t j t | a t 1 t s
t sIrt t | a m i t r It s t r |t s | a t st rt t t ] t t | |i | a i 1 t t t r 1 t r sa 1 t a
i r It rta|t s rt ] a |art s.
C] Mtodo de destilacin por arrastre de vapor:
| a 1 t sIi |a t i t r t r t t rri t r It 1 t t a j t r t a rra sIrt t t r t a j t r t s a r a
i r ] t r i t sa It tr i ta j ara |a st j arati t r 1 t sa sIar ti as |i | a i 1 as i r m i sti | |t s
i r st |a | |t s t r a] a a |i ] t ram t r It tt |aIi |t s, 1 t t Irt s j rt 1 a tIt s r t
tt |aIi |t s m t tt|a1 t s tt r t ||a. || arrasIrt t r tt rri t r It 1 t taj t r | att
j t si | |t |a j a ri Ii tati t r a1 t ta a1 a 1 t m a t| as sa sIar ti as 1 t j a r It s 1 t
t | a ||i t i t r t |t t a 1 a m t 1 i a r It a r a 1 t sIi |a t i t r a | a }a It m j t ra Ia ra
aj rt ti m a1 am t r It 11 | . |sIa It tr i ta t s j arIi ta |arm t r It a Ii | ta ar 1 t
|a sa sIa r t i a t r t a t sIi t r | i t rt t j t r t r t i m a 1 t 1 1 | a j rt si t r
aIm t sIt ri ta st 1 t stt m j t r t t r sa j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r t j t r 1 t | a}t
1 t t sIt . || j ri r ti j i t It t ri tt i r tt |a tra1 t t r t sIa st j arati t r tt rrt sj t r 1 t
a a r a destilacin de mezcla inmiscible, t r 1 t r 1 t t | j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r
1 t |a m t tt|a j t rm ar t tt tt r sIar It | asIa | a t a r t 1 t |t s tt m j t r t r It s
st | a st j ara1 t tt m j |t Iam t r It 1 t |a m t tt|a. |a j rt j t rti t r 1 t |t s
tt m j t r t r It s t r t | taj t r | a t st 1 t sIi |a 1 t j t r 1 t 1 t |a presin de vapor
(p) 1 t ta1 a a r t 1 t t ||t s. | t r |t Iar It , si p
A
p
B
st r |as j rt si t r t s 1 t
taj t r 1 t 1 t s |i | a i 1 t s A B t r t | m t m t r It t r | a t | i t rtt |a m t tt|a, |a
j rt si t r It Ia| t s.
P
T
= p
A
p
B

| t rt tt m t |a j rt si t r 1 t a r ] as 1 t j t r 1 t 1 t | r a m t rt 1 t m t |t ta |as K
| a t j t st t , t r It r tt s |a tt m j t si ti t r 1 t | taj t r 1 t a r ] as t sIa 1 a1 a j t r.
!
N
A
/ N
B
= p
A
/ p
B
I
|t r |t Iar It , |as tar Ii 1 a1 t s rt |aIi tas t r j t st 1 t 1 t s |i | a i 1 t s i r m i sti | |t s
| a t st rt tt ] t r t r t | rt tt |t tIt r st r 1 i rt tIam t r It j rt j t rti t r a|t s a.
a |as tensiones de vapor 1 t |t s |i | a i 1 t s a |a It m j t raIa ra 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r .
| k sa s m asas m t |art s j t st s m t |t ta |art s .
|i ] a ra t.!. i sIt m a 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r j t r arrasIrt 1 t taj t r.
1 a | a t It r t r j rt st r It | a t t sIa m t tt|a 1 t sIi |ara a a r a It m j t raIa ra
tt r sIar It m i t r Iras t ti sIa a |t m t r t s a r a j t | a t 1 a tar Ii 1 a1 1 t ta1 a
a r t 1 t |t s tt m j t r t r It s.
|r |a Ii ] a ra t.! st j rt st r Ia t | t s| a t m a 1 t | si sIt m a j ara |a 1 t sIi |ati t r
t r tt rri t r It 1 t taj t r. | r aj araIt st r ti ||t tt r sIa 1 t a r | a|t r 1 t I
!1
ta t ||t s 1 t a r |i Irt j rt ti sIt 1 t a r t m | a 1 t 1 t a1 i ti t r , t | ta a| 1 t si Ii ta t |
a] a a si rtt j ara m ar It r t r t | r i tt | 1 t a] a a t r t | | a|t r . || | a|t r t s t |
] t r t ra1 t r 1 t taj t r, t sIt taj t r st | att j asar a a r rt Iri ] t rar It st r ti ||t
j t r m t 1 i t 1 t a r Ia | t 1 t tt r t ti t r aj rt j i a1 t . || rt Iri ] t rar It ||t ta t r
sa t tIrt m t |i | rt a r rt ti j i t r It a1 t ta a1 t a r m aIrat 1 t |r|t r m t t r
j ara rt ti | i r t | 1 t sIi |a1 t . |a m t tt|a | a t st ta a 1 t sIi |ar st tt |t ta tt r
a] a a t r t | | a|t r , |a t ] t st ta|i t r Ia t | si sIt m a | asIa t | a ||i ti t r .
D]Mtodo de destilacin a presin reducida:
M a t| as sa sIar ti as r t j a t 1 t r j a ri Ii tarst j t r 1 t sIi |ati t r a j rt si t r
t r1 i r a ri a , j t r| a t st 1 t st t m j t r t r j t r 1 t | a }t 1 t sa s j a r It s 1 t
t | a ||i ti t r r t rm a|t s. 1 Iras sa sIar ti as Ii t r t r j a r It s 1 t t | a ||i ti t r Iar
t |t ta1 t s, | a t |a 1 t sIi |ati t r r t rt sa |Ia tt r tt r i t r It t i r t|a st rt sa |Ia
1 i Ii ti |. | t r Irt ta t r ti a Ia|t s |i | a i 1 t s j a t 1 t r 1 t sIi |arst si |a 1 t sIi |ati t r
t s rt a|i ta1 a a j rt si t r rt 1 a ti 1 a t 1 t sIi |ati t r a| tati t .
| r |i | a i 1 t tt m i t r ta a | t rti r a |a It m j t raIa ra t r |a | a t sa j rt si t r 1 t
taj t r st | att i ] a a| a |a j rt si t r t tIt ri t r. | Ii |i tar 1 t aj araIt s t sj t ti a|t s
j ara |a 1 t sIi |ati t r 1 t |i | a i 1 t s a j rt si t r rt 1 a ti 1 a, 1 t s1 t a|] t j t r 1 t | a}t
1 t |a j rt si t r aIm t sIt ri ta | asIa j rt si t r t s m a | a}as, |t s | a i m i tt s
| ar j t 1 i 1 t 1 t sIi |ar |a m at ri a 1 t |t s |i | a i 1 t s t r] ar i tt s Iam | i t r
m a t| t s st |i 1 t s t r] ar i tt s.
| r t | a i j t st r ti ||t j ara |a 1 t sIi |ati t r t r tati t t sIa rt j rt st r Ia1 t t r |a
Ii ] a ra t.t. || | a|t r st tt r t tIa a a r a tt |a m r a 1 t j |aIt s t | i t r a a r a 1 t
V i ] rt a a t t | a i j a 1 a t t r a r It rm t m t Irt , t sIa t t r t t Ia 1 a a a r
rt Iri ] t rar It rt tIt st r ti ||t . |sIt st a r t a a r m ar t m t Irt tt r a r a a r i t r
1 t ti 1 ri t |a ta a| ta a a r a Iram j a 1 t a] a a, |a | a t t ti Ia a r a j t si | |t
tt r Iam i r ati t r 1 t | 1 t sIi |a1 t t t | aIa| a t a |a | t m | a 1 t tati t , tt r t tIa1 a
a a r a ||att | a t st a| rt |t r Iam t r It j ara r t rm a|i tar |a j rt si t r a| It rm i r ar
|a 1 t sIi |ati t r .
t1
|i ] a ra t.t. i sIt m a 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r Iratti t r a1 a a| tati t .
6.2.1 Objetivos
k j |i tar |as It tr i tas 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r tt m t m t It 1 t 1 t j a ri Ii tati t r 1 t
tt m j a t sIt s t r] ar i tt s |i | a i 1 t s.
| t It rm i r ar j t r a r m t It 1 t ] raIi tt t | j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r 1 t 1 t s
|i | a i 1 t s t r m t tt|a.
|r t | j rt st r It Ira| a}t t tj t ri m t r Ia| st rt a|i tara a r a 1 t sIi |ati t r si m j |t
a r a Iratti t r a1 a j ara tt m j arar sa t Ii ti t r ti a t r |a st j arati t r 1 t a r a
st |a ti t r | a t tt r Ii t r t a r I!X 1 t att It r a I!X a] a a. | ara t ||t st
tt r sIra i ra a r a Ia| |a 1 t ta|t rt s tt r 1 aIt s t tj t ri m t r Ia|t s 1 t tiempo vs.
temperatura de fraccin de destilacin. | t r t sIt s 1 aIt s j t 1 ra rt a|i tar
a r a ] raIi ta t i r It rj t |ar |a rt tIa | asIa t | eje Y, 1 t It rm i r ar |t s j a r It s
1 t t | a ||i ti t r 1 t |a att It r a 1 t | a] a a. k 1 t m as j t 1 ra 1 t It rm i r ar |a
tt m j t si ti t r 1 t |a st |a ti t r m i 1 i t r 1 t t | tt |a m t r t | It r i 1 t 1 t ta1 a

1 2
3
4
5 6
7
8
9
1 1
0
2
3
4
5 6
7
8
9 11
Manmetro
Trampa
Bomba de vaco
t
st |tt r It . |sIt s ta|t rt s 1 t j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r 1 t | t rar st r tt rrt ] i 1 t s
t r t rm a|i ta1 t s a It1 m m 1 ] a Iratt s 1 t |a t ta ati t r aj rt ti m a1 a,
t tj a t sIa t r |t s ar It tt 1 t r It s It t ri tt s.
6.2.2 Procedimiento experimental
A] D est ilacin simple:
M t r It t | t | a i j t i r 1 i ta1 t t r |a Ii ] a ra t.1. |sta t| t aIt r Iam t r It |as
i r sIra tti t r t s 1 t sa i r sIra tIt r.
k 1 i ti t r t t tatIam t r It !1.1 m | 1 t |a st |a ti t r att It r aIa] a a I!.I!
t r t | | a|t r 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r a1 i ti t r t 1-\ j t r|as 1 t t | a ||i ti t r t Irt tt s
1 t j t rtt |ar a.
| t r t tIt t | a] a a a| rt Iri ] t rar It , ta|i t r It t | | a|t r | asIa | a t |a
st |a ti t r | i t rta sa att m t r It . i t m j rt ta|i t r It tt r m ar It ta|t IatIt r,
sa j t r ] a | a t It 1 t s |t s |i | a i 1 t s st r i r I|am a| |t s.
| t r sIra a a r a Ia| |a 1 t ta|t rt s t }t X Ii t m j t t r m i r a It s t }t Y
It m j t raIa ra t r | . k r t It |a It m j t raIa ra a |a ta a| 1 t sIi |a |a j ri m t ra
] t Ia t r t | Ia | t rt tt |t tIt r, asi ] r t a t sIa It m j t raIa ra tt m t Ii t m j t
tt rt . || 1 t sIi |a1 t st 1 t | t rt tt ] t r a a r a tt |t ti 1 a1 1 t a r a ] t Ia j t r
st ] a r 1 t .
| t m i t r tt |a 1 t sIi |ati t r m i 1 a |a It m j t raIa ra 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r ta1 a
11 st ] a r 1 t s. | r a tt t | a t st j rt 1 a tta a r tam | i t i m j t rIar It t r |a
It m j t raIa ra 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r !.1 | a 1.1 | , aa m t r It |a j t It r ti a 1 t
|a m ar Ia ta|t IatIt ra | asIa t | m ati m t tam | i t t | m aIrat tt |t tIt r.
| t r Ii r a t tt r |a 1 t sIi |ati t r | asIa t | It r t r I! 1 aIt s 1 t It m j t raIa ra.
t rm i r t |a 1 t sIi |ati t r aj a] ar 1 t rt Ii rar 1 t |a m ar Ia ta|t IatIt ra, r t
1 t sarm t t | si sIt m a t | a i j t 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r | asIa | a t t sIt It Ia|m t r It
Iri t , t r t a st t t r Ira ri t j rt 1 a t i ra t m a r a t i t r t s 1 t st |tt r It a |
am | i t r It 1 t Ira| a}t .
| t r sIra a a r ] raIi tt tt r sa s 1 aIt s t r j aj t | m i |i m t Ira1 t t tIraj t |t
|t s 1 aIt s 1 t It m j t raIa ra | ati a t | eje Y, 1 t It rm i r t t | j a r It 1 t
t | a ||i ti t r j rt m t 1 i t , t | ta a| 1 t | t ra st r r t rm a|i ta1 t a It1 m m 1 ] .
tI
B] D est ilacin fraccionada:
M t r It t | si sIt m a 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r i r 1 i ta1 t t r |a Ii ] a ra t.1 tam | i t t |
ta| t ta| 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r j t r a r a tt |a m r a 1 t V i ] rt aa t tt r Ii ] a ra t.\| .
| t a|i tt t | m i sm t j rt tt 1 i m i t r It i r 1 i ta1 t t r t | Ira| a}t t tj t ri m t r Ia|
ar It ri t r.
C] D eter minacin del punto de ebullicin:
|r t sIt Ira| a}t t tj t ri m t r Ia| a Ii |i tart m t s t | m t It 1 t st m i m i trt 1 t
i t |t | t II.
M t r It t | t | a i j t i r 1 i ta1 t t r |a Ii ] a ra t.I.
k ] rt ] a t 1 t 1 a \ ] t Ias 1 t |a m a t sIra a ar a|i tar t r t | i r It ri t r 1 t | Ia | t
1 t | a r| am Ia | t j t | a t 1 t 1 t \ m m 1 t 1 i am t Irt \ tm 1 t |ar] t ,
tt rra1 t j t r a r t tIrt m t .
t ||t t | t tIrt m t 1 t a r taj i |ar 1. a .1 m m 1 t 1 i am t Irt , |a t ] t
i r Irt 1 a tta|t 1 t It rm a i r tt rIi 1 a t r t | Ia | t 1 t | a r| am | a t tt r Ii t r t
|a m a t sIra.
| Ii |i t t a r a r i ||t 1 t ] t m a j a ra a 1 a j Ia r t | Ia | t 1 t | a r| a m a |
It rm t m t Irt , 1 t Ia| m ar t ra | a t | a t 1 t a |a a|Ia ra 1 t | | a || t 1 t |
It rm t m t Irt .
||t r t t | Ia | t 1 t | i t |t tt r tast |i r a |i | a i 1 a | asIa t | i r i ti t 1 t | | ratt
|aIt ra|.
| r Irt 1 a tta t | It rm t m t Irt tt r t | Ia | t 1 t | a r| am t r t | Ia | t 1 t
| i t |t . k st ] a rt | a t t | Ia | t | a t 1 t sa m t r] i 1 t t r |a tast |i r a, 1 t Ia|
m ar t ra | a t rt ti | a a r a Irar sm i si t r | t m t ] t r t a 1 t ta|t r. | rt ta rt
| a t t | ar i ||t 1 t ] t m a r t st sa m t r}a t r |a tast |i r a.
| t r |a aa 1 a 1 t | m t t| t rt 1 t |a| t raIt ri t ta|i t r It t | tt 1 t 1 t | Ia | t
1 t | i t |t t r It rm a |t r Ia, IraIar 1 t 1 t sa | i r |a It m j t raIa ra t r t I
] ra1 t s j t r m i r a It . | a|i t r It | asIa | a t tt m i t r tt a 1 t sj rt r 1 t r a r
rt sari t 1 t | a r| a }as . t 1 t Ii t r t t | ta|t r Iam i t r It st ar t Ia |a
It m j t raIa ra | a t rt ] i sIra t | It rm t m t Irt t r t | m t m t r It t r | a t 1 t }ar
1 t sa|i r | a r| a }as. |a It m j t raIa ra |t i 1 a tt rrt sj t r 1 t a| j a r It 1 t
t | a ||i ti t r 1 t |a m a t sIra a |a j rt si t r am | i t r Ia|. | sIt 1 1 t | t ra rt a|i tar
|as tt rrt tti t r t s | a t st i r 1 i tar t r |t s Ia r 1 am t r It s It t ri tt s.
t1
|i ] a ra t.I. i sIt m a j ara 1 t It rm i r ar t | j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r
6. 3 Cuest ionar io
|r | a t tt r si sIt |a 1 t sIi |ati t r st r ti ||a!
|r | a t Ii j t 1 t si sIt m as st j a t 1 t a Ii |i tar a r a 1 t sIi |ati t r st r ti ||a!
|r | a t tt r si sIt a r a 1 t sIi |ati t r Iratti t r a1 a!
a t Ii r a|i 1 a1 ta m j |t a r a tt |a m r a 1 t Iratti t r am i t r It !
|r | a t tt r si sIt |a 1 t sIi |ati t r j t r arrasIrt 1 t taj t r!
t\
a t Ii j t 1 t sa sIa r t i a s j a t 1 t st r j a ri Ii t a 1 t m t 1 i a r It a r a
1 t sIi |ati t r j t r arrasIrt 1 t taj t r!
a t 1 t stt r Ia}as j t 1 ri a ti Iar 1 t |a 1 t sIi |ati t r j t r arrasIrt 1 t taj t r
tt r si 1 t ra1 t tt m t m t It 1 t 1 t st j arati t r j a ri Ii tati t r !
|r | a t tt r si sIt |a 1 t sIi |ati t r a j rt si t r rt 1 a ti 1 a!
t!
| a t t Ira t t i t r t s a r a t j t ra t i t r | a t Ii t r t j t r t | }t It st j a ra r a r a
sa sIar ti a 1 t |a m aIri t st |i 1 a t |i | a i 1 a | a t |a tt r Ii t r t , m t 1 i ar It t | a st
1 t a r 1 i st |tt r It i r m i sti | |t tt r |a m aIri t. | Ii |i tar 1 t |t s m t It 1 t s 1 t
t tIratti t r t s IatIi | |t ai s|ar t st j arar j a ri Ii tar 1 i tt rst s j rt 1 a tIt s
r a Ia ra | t s Ia | t s t t m t . t i Ia m i r a s, a | t a | t i 1 t s, ] ra sa s, | t rm t r a s,
tt |t rar It s, t It.
|a t Ii ti t r ti a 1 t |a st j arati t r a Ii |i tar 1 t t sIt s m t It 1 t s, 1 t j t r 1 t 1 t |a
1 i It rt r t i a t r st | a | i | i 1 a 1 t s 1 t a r t t m j t r t r I t t r 1 t s Ia st s
m a Ia am t r It i r m i sti | |t s. a j t r ] a, j t r t }t m j |t , | a t st r t tt si Ia t tIrat r
a r sa sIraIt 1 t a r a st |a ti t r ata t sa. |a j ri m t ra t |t tti t r | a t st 1 t | t
| att r t s |a 1 t | st ] a r 1 t 1 i st |tt r It . |as taratIt ri sIi tas | a t 1 t | t It r t r
t sIt 1 i st |tt r It st r . a r a | a}a st |a | i |i 1 a1 t r t | a] a a, a r j a r It 1 t
t | a ||i ti t r | a}t j ara Iati |i Iar sa t tt r Ia a| t |i m i r ati t r a r a a|Ia taj ati 1 a1
1 t st |taIati t r 1 t |a sa sIar ti a | a t st t tIrat . | ara 1 i sm i r a i r |a st |a | i |i 1 a1
1 t | sa sIraIt t r] ar i tt t r |a st |a ti t r ata t sa, t s a r a j ratIi ta | a| i Ia a|
saIa rar t sIa st |a ti t r tt r a r a sa|, Ia| tt m t t | t|t ra rt 1 t st 1 i t K a| | .
7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Mtodos de extraccin y agentes Mtodos de extraccin y agentes Mtodos de extraccin y agentes Mtodos de extraccin y agentes Mtodos de extraccin y agentes
desecantes de compuestos orgnicos desecantes de compuestos orgnicos desecantes de compuestos orgnicos desecantes de compuestos orgnicos desecantes de compuestos orgnicos
tt
7.1.1 Extraccin discontinua:
| t r si sIt si m j |t m t r It t r |a t tIratti t r 1 t a r st |a It 1 t s1 t a r a st |a ti t r
ata t sa tt r a r 1 i st |tt r It aj rt j i a1 t t r a r t m | a 1 t 1 t 1 t tar Iati t r
Ii ] a ra I. . t Iaj a t | t m | a 1 t st a] i Ia j ara m t tt|ar am | as Iast s, st
a| rt |a ||att j ara t |i m i r ar st | rt j rt si t r 1 t |t s 1 i st |tt r It s t r t | i r It ri t r
1 t | t m | a 1 t . | t sIt ri t rm t r It st st j a ra r a m | a s t a j a s t Ia st s
tt |t tar 1 t t | t m | a 1 t t r a r ar i ||t |a t ] t st rt Ii ra |a Iast i r It ri t r a
Iratt s 1 t |a ||att 1 t | t m | a 1 t . |a t tIratti t r st 1 t | t rt j t Ii r a r as 1 t s a
Irt s tt tt s a Ii |i tar 1 t j t | a t 1 a tar Ii 1 a1 1 t 1 i st |tt r It , rt a r i t r 1 t
st tar 1 t |as Iast s t r] ar i tas tt r a r a] t r It 1 t st tar It tt r Ia| |a I.I 1 t
a] t r It s 1 t st tar It s , j t r t }t m j |t , t | K a
I
1
\
t tIrat j t | a t 1 a tar Ii 1 a1
1 t a] a a arrasIra1 a j t r |a Iast t r] ar i ta t s t |i m i r a1 t t st j ara1 t j t r
Ii |Irati t r si m j |t t | i t r j t r 1 t tar Iati t r . t 1 t sIi |a t | 1 i st |tt r It , j ara
t | It r t r |a sa sIar ti a 1 t st a1 a.
|i ] a ra I. . |tIratti t r 1 i stt r Ii r a a.
| t | i 1 t a |a a ] i Ia t i t r m a r a a | | a t st t }t rt t st | rt t | t m | a 1 t 1 t
1 t tar Iati t r t r |a t tIratti t r 1 i stt r Ii r a a t r a|] a r t s tast s st j rt 1 a tt r
emulsiones, t r t sj t ti a| ta ar 1 t t | tt m j t r t r It a t tIrat r t s 1 t taratIt r
| asi tt st |a ti t r t s a|ta|i r as . |sIas t m a |si t r t s j a t 1 t r st r t |i m i r a1 as
tI
j t r. k ] i Iar 1 t sa att m t r It t r It rm a ti rta |ar |as Iast s | a t t sIar t r t |
i r It ri t r 1 t | t m | a 1 t 1 t 1 t tar Iati t r , m ar It r i t r 1 t |a j t si ti t r tt rIi ta|
1 t | t m | a 1 t . I | r Irt 1 a ti t r 1 t a r a tari ||a 1 t ti 1 ri t t r |a t m a |si t r
a] i Iar 1 t | asIa rt m j t r |a t m a |si t r . 1 k 1 i ti t r ar 1 t t|t ra rt 1 t st 1 i t
K a| | st | rt |a t m a |si t r | asIa saIa rar |a Iast ata t sa. \ t m t It r |a
t m a |si t r a tt r Iri Ia ] ati t r . ! |tj t r t r |a t m a |si t r a a |Irast r i 1 t .
7.1.2 Coeficiente de reparto:
| a a r 1 t st a ] i Ia a r a st |a t i t r a t a t sa | a t t t r Ii t r t a r a sa sIa r t i a
t r] ar i ta tt r a r 1 i st |tt r It t r] ar i tt t t r t | | a t |a sa sIar ti a t s a| m t r t s
a|] t st |a | |t , t | tt m j a t sIt st 1 i sa t |tt t r ti t rIa j rt j t rti t r t r am | as
Ia st s. | r t sIt t a st t | t t m j t r t r It st t r t a t r Ira 1 i sa t |It t r a r
1 i st |tt r It A ] t r t ra|m t r It a] a a j ara t tIrat r|t st a Ii |i ta a r 1 i st |tt r It
B a r st |tt r It t r] ar i tt , |t s | a t st r i r m i sti | |t s t r Irt si . |t s 1 i st |tt r It s
A B st a] i Iar t r a r t m | a 1 t 1 t st j arati t r t t m | a 1 t 1 t 1 t tar Iati t r
st 1 t }a 1 t t a r Ia r | a sIa | a t st st j a rt r |a s 1 t s Ia st s t t a j a s,
j t rm i Ii t r 1 t | a t |a sa sIar ti a t r] ar i ta st |a It j rt st r It st 1 i sIri | a a
t r |as taj as 1 t ata t r1 t a |a solubilidad relat i va.
| a rt |a t i t r | a t ] a a r1 a r |a s t t r t t r Ira t i t r t s 1 t | st |a It t r t a 1 a
1 i st |tt r It st 1 t r t m i r a Coef iciente de D istribucin o de Par t icin, o
de Repar to Kd . k si , si C
A
t s |a tt r tt r Irati t r 1 t | st |a It t r ] ram t s
t r t | 1 i st |tt r It A, C
B
t s |a tt r tt r Irati t r 1 t | m i sm t st |a It t r t |
1 i st |tt r It B, t r It r tt s st Ii t r t .
| 1 = |
k
I |
|
=
k
I
|
| t r 1 t
k

|
st r |as st |a | i |i 1 a1 t s rt |aIi tas, | a t st r j rt j t rti t r a|t s a
|
k
|
|
.
|t s tt m j a t sIt s t r] ar i tt s tt m t a|1 t | i 1 t s, am i r as, tt It r as, ati 1 t s
t r] ar i tt s, t It., taj att s 1 t ast ti arst tt r t | a] a a a Iratt s 1 t j a t r It s 1 t
| i 1 rt ] t r t s, st r j a rt i a |m t r It st |a | |t s t r a ] a a t r 1 i st |tt r It s
t r] ar i tt s, t r t sIt s tast s j a t 1 t r st r r t tt sari as tari as t tIratti t r t s
sa tt si tas j ara t tIrat r |a sa sIar ti a t r] ar i ta 1 t |a Iast ata t sa. |a It rm a |a
t
| a t t tj rt sa t sIt j rt tt st 1 t t tIratti t r t s.
1 t r 1 t .
m
1
= m asa 1 t st |a It t tIrai 1 t s t r ] ram t s
m
2
= m asa 1 t st |a It t r ] ram t s
Va = tt |a m t r 1 t k t r m |
Vb = tt |a m t r 1 t | t r m |
|r ] t r t ra|, |a t Ii ti t r ti a 1 t |a t tIratti t r t s m at r si t | tt |a m t r It Ia| 1 t
st |tt r It t tIratIi tt st 1 i ti 1 t t r Irt s j t rti t r t s t | a i ta|t r It s. |r ] t r t ra|
st a Ii |i tar j t | a t 1 as tar Ii 1 a1 t s 1 t 1 i st |tt r It .
|t s 1 i st |tt r It s t r] ar i tt s m as a sa1 t s st r . It |a t r t |
t
1
!
-| 1
1
, t It r 1 t
j t Irt |t t m t t t |a 1 t a |t a r t s 1 t | a }a m a ] r i Ia 1 m t |t t a |a r j t r
tt r si ] a i t r It 1 t | a}t j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r , t It r t Ii |i tt | 1
1
| 1
I
-1 -
| 1
I
| 1
1
, 1 i t|t rt m t Iar t | 1
I
| |
I
, t|t rt It rm t | 1 | |
1
, It Irat|t ra rt 1 t
tar| t r t | | |
\
, att IaIt 1 t t Ii |t | 1
1
| 1
I
| 1
I
| 1
1
a|tt | t | r -| a Ii |i tt
| 1
1
| 1
I
| 1
I
| 1
I
-1 1 . |a t |t tti t r 1 t | 1 i st |tt r It st rt a|i ta t r ta1 a tast
t r j arIi ta |ar, It r i t r 1 t t r ta t r Ia |a st |a | i |i 1 a1 1 t |a sa sIar ti a a t tIrat r
|a Iati |i 1 a1 tt r | a t j a t 1 t st j ararst t | 1 i st |tt r It . || t It r t Ii |i tt t s t |
m as a sa1 t j t r |a ] rar st |a | i |i 1 a1 | a t Ii t r t r |t s tt m j a t sIt s t r] ar i tt s
j t r sa | a}t j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r 1!.1| , j t rt sa ] rar tt |aIi |i 1 a1 sa
Iati | i r I|am a| i |i 1 a1 t ti ] t r m ar t }ar|t tt r j rt taa ti t r t s.
7.1.3 Extraccin cido base:
|r a|] a r t s tast s |a t tIratti t r rt | a i t rt 1 t | a st 1 t st |a ti t r t s ata t sas
ati 1 as t | asi tas, 1 t j t r 1 i t r 1 t 1 t | Ii j t 1 t sa sIar ti a | a t st 1 t st t t tIrat r,
asi j t r t }t m j |t .
a |r |a st j arati t r , tt m j a t sIt s ati 1 t s Ia|t s tt m t |t s It r t |i tt s 1 t
|t s ati 1 t s tar| t ti |i tt s, rt | a i t rt r ||t tar t sIas sa sIar ti as a t sIa1 t s
ml
=
Kd*Vb* m2
Va+Kb* Vb
t1
1 t sa|t s st |a | |t s It rm a i t r i ta t r a] a a, 1 t t sIa m ar t ra st r
st j ara1 t s 1 t |a Iast t r] ar i ta. || IraIam i t r It tt r a r a st |a ti t r 1 t
1X 1 t K a1 1 tt r ti t rIt t sIas sa sIar ti as t r |as sa|t s st |a | |t s k r-1
-
K a
| -| 1
I
-
K a
, 1 t t sIa It rm a st j a t 1 t r st j arar 1 t t Iras sa sIar ti as

t r] ar i tas t i m j a rt tas. | ara st j arati t r t s m as t sj t ti Ii tas 1 t t sIt
Ii j t 1 t tt m j a t sIt s st j a t 1 t ar a|i tar |a m a] r i Ia 1 j | a 1 t ta1 a a r t
1 t t ||t s. |s asi tt m t |t s ati 1 t s tar| t ti |i tt s j rt st r Iar a r j | a 1 t 1-
! m i t r Iras | a t |t s tt m j a t sIt s It r t |i tt s j rt st r Iar a r j | a 1 t
aj rt ti m a1 am t r It 1, j t r |t | a t |t s ati 1 t s tar| t ti |i tt s st r m as
ati 1 t s | a t |t s It r t |i tt s j t r |t Iar It t | a st 1 t a r a | ast 1 t | i |
tt m t t | | i tar| t r aIt 1 t st 1 i t j t rm i Ii ra st |t |a It rm ati t r 1 t |a sa|
st |a | |t 1 t | ati 1 t tar| t ti |i tt i t r tar| t ti |aIt , m i t r Iras | a t |t s
It r t |i tt s j t rm ar t tt rar t r |a Iast t r] ar i ta. | r a tt t t tIrai 1 t t |
ati 1 t tar| t ti |i tt j a t 1 t a Ii |i tarst a r a | ast Ia t rIt tt m t t | K a1 1
j ara t tIrat r |t s tt m j a t sIt s It r t |i tt s. |as t ta ati t r t s 1 t t | a i |i | ri t
1 t | j ri r ti j i t j rt st r Ia1 t st m a t sIrar a tt r Ii r a ati t r .

R
OH
O
R
O
O
Na
NaHCO
3
HCl
soluble
en fase orgnica
fase acuosa soluble
en fase acuosa
st |

OH
R
NaOH
HCl
fase acuosa
O
R
soluble
en fase orgnica
soluble
en fase acuosa
Na
st |
st |
st |
I1
| |r |a st j arati t r 1 t tt m j a t sIt s | asi tt s, Ia|t s tt m t |as am i r as |
1
K ,
1 t t Iras sa sIar ti as r t a Iras t ati 1 as, t | i t r j ara t |i m i r ar i m j a rt tas
| asi tas, st a Ii |i ta ati 1 t t|t r| i 1 ri tt 1 i |a i 1 t , tt r ti rIi t r 1 t t sIt s
tt m j a t sIt s t r |t s t|t r| i 1 raIt s st |a | |t s t r a] a a, Iam | i t r ||am a1 t s
| i 1 rt t|t ra rt |
1
K 1
| |
-
. |as t ta ati t r t s 1 t t | a i |i | ri t 1 t | j ri r ti j i t
j rt st r Ia1 t st m a t sIrar a tt r Ii r a ati t r .
7.1.4 Extraccin continua:
| t s m t It 1 t s a Ii |i t a 1 t s t t r si sIt r t r t | Ira Ia m i t r It a a It m a Ii t t
tt r Ii r a t 1 t | m aIt ri a| st |i 1 t t |i | a i 1 t , tt r t tIratti t r t s sa tt si tas t r
tar Ii 1 a1 t s j t | a t 1 as 1 t 1 i st |tt r It . t aj |i ta t r ] t r t ra| t r a| a t ||t s
tast s t r | a t .
|a t tIratti t r 1 t a r a sa sIar ti a It rm a t m a |si t r t s i r IraIa| |t s t r Irt |a
st |a ti t r ata t sa t | 1 i st |tt r It .
|a sa sIar ti a t r] ar i ta t s m as st |a | |t t r a] a a | a t t r t | 1 i st |tt r It 1 t
t tIratti t r a Ii |i ta1 t .
am | i t r t r a| a t ||t s t r | a t |a sa sIar ti a t r] ar i ta st t r ta t r Ira t r
a r a m aIri t st |i 1 a.
|r |t s 1 t s j ri m t rt s tast s, |t s si sIt m as 1 t t tIratti t r st j a t 1 t r aj rt ti ar
t r |a Ii ] a ra I. a I. | , t r |as ta a|t s st a Ii |i tar 1 i st |tt r It s m as |i ] t rt s
m a s j t sa 1 t s | a t t | a ] a a , rt sj t t Ii t a m t r It . | r a m | t s t a st s t |
1 i st |tt r It t r] ar i tt t s 1 t sIi |a1 t 1 t m t 1 t tt r Ii r a t 1 t s1 t t | | a|t r 1 t
st |
R N
R`
R"
R N
+
R`
R"
H
NaOH
HCl
soluble
en fase orgnica
fase acuosa
soluble
en fase acuosa
Cl
st |
I
|a 1 t rt t| a | asIa |a tt r 1 t r sati t r t r t | rt Iri ] t rar It 1 t |a i t| a i t r1 a. |as
] t Ias 1 t | 1 i st |tt r It tt r 1 t r sa1 t asti t r 1 t r Ii ] a ra I. a t 1 t sti t r 1 t r
Ii ] a ra I. | a Iratt s 1 t | m aIt ri a| a t tIrat r 1 i sa t |It t r |a Iast ata t sa, t r
t a t j a st t t Ira t r |a sa sIa r t i a t r] a r i t a rt It rr a r a | | a |t r 1 t
1 t sI i | a t i t r , t r 1 t r 1 t t | 1 i st | t t r I t t s r a t t a m t r I t 1 t sI i | a 1 t
t taj t ra1 t |a sa sIar ti a t r] ar i ta t s tt r tt r Ira1 a t r t | | a|t r . |a
t tIratti t r tt r Ii r a a t r It rm a sa tt si ta.
| a ra t | a |Ii m t t a st t s j t si | |t a Ii |i t a r 1 t s It t r i t a s 1 i It rt r It s 1 t
t tIratti t r tt r Ii r a a.
| a ra sa sIa r t i a s a t t i It sa s. t | si sIt m a a Ii |i t a 1 t t s a r t | a i j t 1 t
t tIratti t r 1 t att i It s t st r ti a|t s, t | ta a| tt r si sIt t r a r arrasIrt 1 t |a
t st r ti a j t r t | taj t r 1 t a] a a arrasIrt tt r taj t r , | a t asti t r 1 t j t r
a r Ia | t | asIa t | tt r 1 t r sa1 t r rt Iri ] t rar It t s st j ara1 t t r t | Ia | t
|aIt ra| Ii ] a ra I. t .
1 Ira It tr i ta a Ii |i ta1 a j ara sa sIar ti as st |a | |t s t r st |tt r It s t r] ar i tt s
| a t st t r ta t r Irar t r a|Ia tt r tt r Irati t r t r t | sa sIraIt | a t |as
tt r Ii t r t , t s |a It tr i ta 1 t t tIratti t r t r t | t | a i j t ||am a1 t t t| |t I
Ii ] a ra I. 1 , t | ta a| t sIa tt r sIra i 1 t 1 t Ia| m t 1 t | a t t | 1 i st |tt r It
||t r a |a tam ara 1 t t tIratti t r |a st |a ti t r rt sa |Iar It t s si It r a1 a a|
| a|t r 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r . || j rt tt st st rt j i It tt r Ii r a am t r It t r It rm a
aa It m aIi ta | asIa | a t |a t tIratti t r t s tt m j |t Ia1 a. |a t tIratti t r tt r
t t | |t I t s t sj t t i a |m t r It a Ii | t r t | a i s|a m i t r It 1 t j rt 1 a t It s
r aIa ra|t s t ti sIt r It s t r It }i 1 t s 1 t ar i m a|t s t 1 t j |ar Ias tt r a r
tt r It r i 1 t 1 t a] a a t |t ta1 t j ara |i ti ti ar tt m j a t sIt s t r] ar i tt s 1 t
sa|t s i r t r] ar i tas.
7.1.5 Agentes desecantes
| r |a s j ra t Ii t a s t t j t ri m t r Ia |t s | a | i Ia a |t s 1 t | a i m i t a t r] a r i t a t s
i m j t rIar It Ira| a}ar tt r sa sIar ti as t r] ar i tas |i | rt s 1 t a] a a t tt r ti t rIa
tar Ii 1 a1 1 t | a m t 1 a1 , a | a t t sIas i r | i | t r sa j a ri Ii tati t r t r |t s
j rt tt st s 1 t rt tri sIa|i tati t r t | i t r t r |t s j rt tt st s 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r . |sIt
t s 1 t | i 1 t a | a t j a t 1 t r | i 1 rt |i tar |a sa sIar ti a t st 1 t sIi |ar tt r t | a] a a
II
a It m j t raIa ras 1 i It rt r It s 1 t sa j a r It 1 t t | a ||i ti t r , |t | a t ||t ta a
t | It r t r tt r sIar It s Ii si tas 1 i It rt r It s t r |a taratIt ri tati t r 1 t t sIas
sa sIar ti as.
|t s j rt tt st s 1 t st ta1 t 1 t sa sIar ti as t r] ar i tas 1 t a st tt m a r st 1 i ti 1 t r
t r st ta1 t s j t r m t 1 i t s m t tar i tt s t r st ta1 t s tt r a] t r It s | a i m i tt s.
|sIt a |Ii m t st 1 i ti 1 t t r a| a t ||t s | a t rt atti t r ar | a i m i tam t r It tt r t |
a] a a a| a t ||t s | a t st tt m | i r ar rt tt rsi | |t m t r It tt r t | a] a a.
A] Secado mecnico:
|r |t s st |i 1 t s | a t tt r Ii t r t r ti t rIt ] ra1 t 1 t | a m t 1 a1 , t sIa j a t 1 t st r
t |i m i r a1 a j t r atti t r 1 t |a It m j t raIa ra t r a r a t sIa Ia tt r t tIa1 a a a r a
rt 1 1 t tati t t | i t r st |a | i |i tar 1 t t | st |i 1 t t r a r 1 i st |tt r It 1 t j a r It
1 t t | a ||i ti t r | a}t r t m i sti | |t tt r t | a] a a t | a t It rm t a r a m t tt|a
a tt t Irt j i t a , 1 t Ia | m a r t ra | a t t r t | j rt t t st 1 t j a ri Ii t a t i t r j t r
1 t sIi |ati t r st j a t 1 a t tIrat r t | a] a a. | t r t }t m j |t , t | | t r tt r t It rm a
a r a m t tt|a att t Irt j i ta tt r t | a] a a | a t 1 t sIi |a a t1.1 | . | ara t | a] a a
tt r It r i 1 a t r sa sIar ti as |i | a i 1 as t r It rm a 1 t t m a |si t r t s st j a t 1 t
t |i m i r ar j t r 1 t sIi |ati t r , tt r ] t |ati t r , Ii |Irati t r t tt r Iri Ia ] ati t r , t |
a ] a a 1 i sa t |Ia t r sa sIa r t i a s |i | a i 1 a s st t |i m i r a j t r 1 t sIi |a t i t r t
tt r ] t |ati t r .
B] Secado Qumico:
| r | a t r 1 t st tar It | a i m i tt 1 t | t It r t r |as si ] a i t r It s tt r 1 i ti t r t s.
K t rt atti t r ar tt r |a sa sIar ti a t r] ar i ta a st tar, I t r t Ii ti t r It t 1 t
] rar j t 1 t r 1 t st tar It , t s 1 t ti r, t |i m i r ar t | a] a a tt m j |t Iam t r It t tasi
tt m j |t Iam t r It , 1 | rar taj ati 1 a1 1 t 1 t st tati t r , t s 1 t ti r, t |i m i r ar
a r a ] rar tar Ii 1 a1 1 t a] a a j t r a r i 1 a1 1 t m asa 1 t 1 t st tar It , \ | t
st ta1 t raj i 1 t , ! | t Iati | st j arati t r j t r 1 t tar Iati t r t Ii |Irati t r .
C] Agentes desecantes qumicos no reversibles:
| t s 1 t st t a r I t s r t rt t t rsi | | t s st r a | a t | | t s | a t rt a t t i t r a r
| a i m i tam t r It It rm ar 1 t a r r a t tt tt m j a t sIt | a t i r tt rj t ra t r sa
I1
t sIra tIa ra |a m t |t ta |a 1 t a] a a st r t sIa| |t s a a|Ias It m j t raIa ras. |a
j a ri Ii t a t i t r 1 t |a sa sIa r t i a t r] a r i t a st rt a |i t a ] t r t ra |m t r It j t r
1 t sIi |ati t r .
Los principales desecantes qumicos no reversibles que se utilizan son:
Anhdrido fosfrico (P
2
O
5
). | t atti t r a tt r t | a] a a It rm a ati 1 t It sIt ri tt
t r a|] a r a 1 t sa s tari t 1 a1 t s, 1 t j t r 1 i t r 1 t 1 t | tt r It r i 1 t 1 t a] a a
j rt st r It t r |a sa sIar ti a t r] ar i ta. ||i m i r a t | a] a a tt r t Ii ti t r ti a
ra j i 1 a m t r It , j t rt t s 1 i Ii t i | 1 t m a r t }a r t s 1 t t t sIt t |t t a 1 t .
| t r t ra|m t r It st t m j |t a t r |t s IraIam i t r It s st ta r 1 ari t s 1 t st ta1 t
1 t | i 1 t a sa a|It tt sIt j ara t | It r t r a r a|It ] ra1 t 1 t st ta1 t . ||
ar | i 1 ri 1 t It sIt ri tt st a Ii |i ta j ara st tar | i 1 rt tar| a rt s sa s 1 t ri ta1 t s
| a|t ] t r a1 t s si m j |t s, r i Iri |t s t It rt s, j t rt r t st 1 t | t t m j |t ar j ara
a|tt | t |t s, tt It r as, am i r as ati 1 t s.
Sodio metlico (Na): | t atti t r a tt r t | a] a a j ara It rm ar | i 1 rt ti 1 t 1 t
st 1 i t t | i 1 rt ] t r t ] ast t st . a t Ii tati a aa m t r Ia tt r si 1 t ra| |t m t r It
ta ar 1 t st a sa t r It rm a 1 t a r | i |t m a Ii r t , a | a t aa m t r Ia |a sa j t rIi ti t
1 t t t r Ia t It . t a Ii | i t a st | a m t r It j a ra st t a r t It rt s, a | t a r t s t
| i 1 rt tar| a rt s art m aIi tt s. t rt tt m i t r 1 a a Ii |i tar j ri m t rt t|t ra rt 1 t
ta|ti t , sa |IaIt 1 t m a] r t si t | | , j ara t |i m i r ar a r a j arIt i m j t rIar It 1 t
a] a a, a | a t t | st 1 i t m t Ia|i tt rt atti t r a ti t |t r Iam t r It tt r t sIa, j t r
t ||t st 1 t | t m ar t }ar tt r j rt taa ti t r . |t s rt si 1 a t s 1 t st 1 i t 1 t | t r st r
1 t sIra i 1 t s tt r j t | a t 1 as tar Ii 1 a1 t s 1 t t Iar t | t | i t r m t Iar t |.
Hidruro de calcio (CaH
2
): | t atti t r a tt r t | a] a a j ara It rm ar | i 1 rt ti 1 t
1 t ta|ti t t | i 1 rt ] t r t ] ast t st . |s a r 1 t st tar It j t 1 t rt st 1 t ] rar
taj ati 1 a1 a | a t .1 m t | \ .1 ] 1 t | i 1 ra rt 1 t ta|ti t rt atti t r a tt r I.1
m t | 1t.1 ] 1 t a] a a. |sIa t Ii ti t r ti a aa m t r Ia tt r |a It m j t raIa ra. t
a Ii |i ta j ri r ti j a|m t r It j ara t |i m i r ar Iratas 1 t a] a a 1 t s1 t sa sIar ti as
] ast t sas, 1 t t It rt s 1 t am i r as It rti ari as.
xido de calcio (CaO): | t atti t r a tt r t | a] a a j ara It rm ar a r a m t tt|a
1 t t ti 1 t -| i 1 rt ti 1 t 1 t ta|ti t . t a Ii |i ta j ara t | st ta1 t 1 t a|tt | t |t s 1 t
m asa m t |ar | a}a. |t s a|tt | t |t s st ||t tar a t | a ||i ti t r }a r It tt r t | t ti 1 t
I\
1 t ta|ti t t r a r si sIt m a 1 t rt I|a }t , |a t ] t st st j ara t | j rt 1 a tIt st tt
j t r 1 t sIi |ati t r .
|a taj ati 1 a1 1 t 1 t st tati t r 1 t |t s 1 i tt rst s a] t r It s 1 t st tar It s | a i m i tt s
r t rt tt rsi | |t s 1 t j t r 1 t r 1 t |a t sIt | a i t m t Iri a 1 t sa s rt atti t r t s tt r t |
a] a a, sa t Ii ti t r ti a 1 t j t r 1 t 1 t | j a r It 1 t t | a i |i | ri t 1 t |a rt atti t r .
|r |a Ia| |a I. st rt sa m t r |t s a] t r It s 1 t st tar It s r t -rt tt rsi | |t s m as
a Ii |i ta1 t s j ara st tar 1 i It rt r It s t|ast s 1 t tt m j a t sIt s t r] ar i tt s.
a| |a I. . k ] t r It s 1 t st tar It s r t -rt tt rsi | |t s
D]Formacin de hidratos en el proceso de secado
|t s 1 t st tar It s 1 t a st | a| i Ia a| t r |t s |a| t raIt ri t s 1 t | a i m i ta t r] ar i ta
st r a| a t ||t s | a t st tt m | i r ar tt r t | a] a a j ara It rm ar | i 1 raIt s. a
t Ii ti t r ti a t sIa t r 1 i rt tIa rt |ati t r tt r |a t sIt | a i t m t Iri a 1 t |a It rm ati t r
1 t | | i 1 raIt Iam | i t r 1 t j t r 1 t 1 t |a It r si t r 1 t taj t r t r t | t | a i |i | ri t
1 t |a rt atti t r a |a It m j t raIa ra 1 t st ta1 t . |sIt s | i 1 raIt s j a t 1 t r st r
st j ara1 t s 1 t |a sa sIar ti a st ta j t r Ii |Irati t r t | i t r j t r 1 t tar Iati t r ,
r t j t r 1 t sIi |a t i t r , 1 t | i 1 t a | a t a r a ] ra r t a r Ii 1 a 1 1 t | a ] a a 1 t
| i 1 raIati t r st 1 t sIi |ari a }a r It a |a sa sIar ti a t r] ar i ta | a t st 1 t st a st tar.
| ara tt r st ] a i r |a m ati m a t Ii ti t r ti a 1 t | a] t r It 1 t st tar It , t s a r a | a t r a
j ratIi ta rt a|i tar t | st ta1 t a | a}a It m j t raIa ra tt r a] i Iati t r tt r sIar It
tt r a r a tari ||a 1 t ti 1 ri t , j ara a|tar tar t | t | a i |i | ri t j t r t r 1 t att |t rar
|a tt |t ti 1 a1 1 t st ta1 t . am | i t r st rt tt m i t r 1 a rt a|i tar t | j rt tt st 1 t
st ta1 t tt r j t | a t 1 a tar Ii 1 a1 1 t a] t r It 1 t st tar It t r t Iaj as st j ara1 as,
1 t t sIa It rm a st tt r st ] a i ra t |i m i r ar m at r tar Ii 1 a1 1 t a] a a t |
j rt t t st 1 t st t a 1 t st ra m a s t Ii t i t r It . k 1 t m a s, rt sa |Ia tt r Ia }t st
t |i m i r ar |a m at r tar Ii 1 a1 1 t a] a a tt r a r 1 t st tar It 1 t ] rar taj ati 1 a1
Agente desecante Compuestos orgnicos
t 1 i t m t Ia|i tt K a |It rt s, | i 1 rt tar| a rt s art m aIi tt s, a|tar t s
1 i 1 ra rt 1 t ta|ti t | a1
I
|It rt s, am i r as It rti ari as
|t r It ti 1 t 1 t It sIt rt 1 i 1 rt tar| a rt s, 1 t ri ta1 t s | a|t ] t r a1 t s,
ar | i 1 rt |
I
1
!
t It rt s, r i Iri |t s
1 ti 1 t 1 t ta|ti t | a1 k |tt | t |t s 1 t | a}a m asa m t |ar
I!
1 t | a}t tt sIt tt m t t s t | sa |IaIt 1 t st 1 i t ar | i 1 rt K a
I
1
\
, |a t ] t
tt m j |t Iar t | j rt tt st tt r a r a] t r It 1 t st tar It 1 t ] rar t Ii ti t r ti a tt m t
t s t | sa |IaIt 1 t ta|ti t | a 1
\
.
k tt r Ii r a ati t r st j rt st r Iar a r a st ri t 1 t a] t r It s 1 t st tar It s | a t
It rm ar | i 1 raIt s | a t st r 1 t a st tt m a r t r |t s |a| t raIt ri t s 1 t | a i m i ta
t r] ar i ta.
Cloruro de calcio anhidro (CaCl
2
): | t st t ] rar taj ati 1 a1 t s | araIt ,
j t rt |a tt |t t i 1 a 1 1 t rt a t t i t r j a ra t t r st ] a i r t | t | a i |i | ri t t r |a
It rm ati t r 1 t | | i 1 raIt t s | asIar It |t r Ia m t 1 t ra1 am t r It t Ii tat. t
rt tt m i t r 1 a tt m t a] t r It j rt |i m i r ar t r |as t Iaj as 1 t st ta1 t j t r sa
| a}a t Ii ti t r ti a, t s j arIi ta |arm t r It a sa1 t t r t | st ta1 t 1 t | i 1 rt tar| a rt s
sa s 1 t ri ta1 t s | a|t ] t r a1 t s j ara t It rt s. K t st rt tt m i t r 1 a j ara
ati 1 t s tar| t ti |i tt s It r t |t s, a | a t st t r ta t r Irar tt r Iam i r a1 t s, j t r
|t ] t r t ra|, tt r Iratas 1 t ta| t ti 1 t 1 t ta|ti t , | a1 . am j t tt t s a sa1 t
j ara a|tt | t |t s, It r t |t s, tt It r as, am i r as, am i r t ati 1 t s, am i 1 as a|] a r t s
a|1 t | i 1 t s t sIt rt s, a | a t It rm ar sa sIar ti as tt m j |t }as tt r t sIas
Ia r ti t r t s t r] ar i tas.
Sales anhidras neutras: a |t s t t m t t | sa |Ia It 1 t st 1 i t , sa |Ia It 1 t
m a] r t si t t | sa |IaIt 1 t ta|ti t , st r i r st |a | |t s t i r t rIt s t r |as sa sIar ti as
t r] ar i tas |i | a i 1 as, j t r |t | a t st a Ii |i tar tt m t a] t r It s 1 t st tar It s
] t r t ra|t s j ara |a It rm ati t r 1 t | i 1 raIt s t r t | j rt tt st 1 t st ta1 t 1 t
ta a|| a i t r Ii j t 1 t sa sIar ti a t r] ar i ta |i | a i 1 a.
Sulfato de sodio anhidro (Na
2
SO
4
): | rt st r Ia ] ra r t a j a t i 1 a 1 1 t
| i 1 ra Ia t i t r | a sIa a r 1 t t a | i 1 ra It K a
I
1
\
t 1 1
I
1 a 1 1 . 1 | t s
rt |aIi tam t r It | araIt . i r t m | ar] t t s 1 t | a}a t Ii ti t r ti a |t r It , t r
] t r t ra| r t st rt tt m i t r 1 a j ara t | st ta1 t 1 t sa sIar ti as Ia|t s tt m t
| t r tt r t , It |a t r t t|t rt It rm t , t r |t s | a t t | a] a a st 1 i sa t |tt m a j t tt .
|r ] t r t ra| st a Ii |i ta tt m t a] t r It 1 t st tar It j ri m ari t j ara t |i m i r ar ] rar
tar Ii 1 a1 1 t a] a a, t r t sj t ti a| t r st |a ti t r t s t It rt as.
Sulfato de magnesio anhidro (MgSO
4
): |s a r a] t r It 1 t st tar It 1 t ] rar
taj ati 1 a1 t Ii ti t r ti a, a | a t tt r si ] a t t | t | a i |i | ri t 1 t It rm ati t r 1 t |
It
| i 1 raIt raj i 1 am t r It , t s rt |aIi tam t r It | araIt . |s a sa1 t tt m t a] t r It
1 t st tar It ] t r t ra| j ara It 1 as |as sa sIar ti as t r] ar i tas |i | a i 1 as.
Sulfato de calcio anhidro (CaSO
4
): |s a r a] t r It 1 t st tar It m a t Ii tat,
a | a t a|tar ta t | t | a i |i | ri t 1 t It rm ati t r 1 t | | i 1 raIt raj i 1 am t r It , j t rt
Ii t r t j t t a t a j a t i 1 a 1 1 t st t a 1 t . | t r Irt t a t r t i a st a Ii |i t a t r |t s
j rt tt st s st ta r 1 ari t s 1 t st ta1 t .
Hidrxido de sodio anhidro (NaOH) y de potasio anhidro (KOH): |r
t sj t ti a| t | 1 t j t Iasi t , st r a] t r It s 1 t st tar It s j ara am i r as 1 t | i 1 t a sa
Ia t rIt | asi ti 1 a1 , r t st a Ii |i ta j ara t | st ta1 t 1 t t Iras sa sIar ti as
t r] ar i tas |i | a i 1 as.
Carbonato de potasio anhidro (K
2
CO
3
): i t r t a r a taj ati 1 a1 t Ii ti t r ti a
m t 1 t ra 1 a , a |t a r t a t | t | a i |i | ri t |t r Ia m t r It . | s a Ii |i t a 1 t t t r
Irt ta t r ti a tt m t a] t r It 1 t st tar It j ara tt It r as, t sIt rt s, a|tt | t |t s
am i r as, t sj t ti a|m t r It tt m t a] t r It j ri m ari t 1 t st ta1 t . |s a r rt atIi tt
1 t taratIt r | asi tt t s i r tt m j aIi | |t tt r tt m j a t sIt s 1 t taratIt r ati 1 t
Ia|t s tt m t ati 1 t s tar| t ti |i tt s It r t |t s.
|r |a Ia| |a I.I st rt sa m t r |t s a] t r It s 1 t st tar It s | a t It rm ar | i 1 raIt s
rt tt rsi | |t s m as a Ii |i ta1 t s j ara st tar 1 i It rt r It s t|ast s 1 t tt m j a t sIt s
t r] ar i tt s.
a| |a I.I. k ] t r It s 1 t st tar It s rt tt rsi | |t s
K t st 1 t | t a Ii |i tar j ara ati 1 t s, a|tt | t |t s, It r t |t s, am i r as, tt It r as,
am i 1 as t sIt rt s.
Agente desecante anhidro Compuestos orgnicos
M ] 1
\
, K a
I
1
\
| r i tt rsa|
| a| |
I
1 i 1 rt tar| a rt s, 1 t ri ta1 t s | a|t ] t r a1 t s,
t It rt s
K a1 1 s , | 1 1 s k m i r as
|
I
| 1
1
, K a
I
| 1
1
| t It r as, t sIt rt s, a|tt | t |t s, am i r as
II
| t s | | a m a 1 t s gel de slice y tamices moleculares st r a ] t r I t s
a1 st r| t r It s 1 t | a m t 1 a1 a|Iam t r It t Ii ti t r It s 1 t sa sIar ti as ] ast t sas,
taj att s 1 t aIraj ar a] a a t r sa sa j t rIi ti t . t r t r ] t r t ra| 1 t ri ta1 t s 1 t
si |i tt t sj t ti a|m t r It IraIa1 t s 1 t a r a st ri t 1 t si |i taIt s 1 t ta|ti t 1 t st 1 i t ,
t ri sIa |i r t s m a j t rt st s | a t | a r si 1 t 1 t s| i 1 ra Ia 1 t s. |t s Ia m i t t s
m t |t ta |art s st r j ri r ti j a|m t r It tt t |i Ias tt r a r Iam a1 t 1 t j t rt tari a| |t
| a t st t |i ] t t r Ia r ti t r 1 t | Iam a1 t 1 t |a sa sIar ti a | a t st | a i t rt a1 st r| t r.
|r ] t r t ra| st a Ii |i tar Iam i tt s tt r a r Iam a1 t 1 t j t rt 1 t 1-\ mm .
|r t | j rt st r It t tj t ri m t r It st a Ii |i tarar j rt 1 a tIt s r aIa ra|t s Ia|t s tt m t
t|att s 1 t t |t r, | t }as 1 t It , tastaras 1 t r arar }as tar a| t ri a, 1 t |t s ta a|t s
t tIrat rt m t s t a ] t r t |, taIt i r a, |i m t r t r t tart It r t s rt sj t tIi tam t r It .
|as t sIra tIa ras st m a t sIrar t r |a Ii ] a ra I.I |as j ri r ti j a|t s j rt j i t 1 a1 t s
Ii si tas st j rt st r Iar t r |a Ia| |a I.1.
|| Ira| a}t t tj t ri m t r Ia| st | a 1 i ti 1 i 1 t t r . extraccin discontinua j ara
t tIrat r t a ] t r t | taIt i r a, extraccin continua j ara t tIrat r |i m t r t r t
tart It r t s.
| a ra | a t t Ira t t i t r 1 t t a ] t r t | | i m t r t r t | a | i It ra Ia ra | a i m i t a
rt tt m i t r 1 a 1 t sIi |ati t r j t r arrasIrt 1 t taj t r, j t rt t r t sIt t tj t ri m t r It
a Ii |i tart m t s a r t | a i j t 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r si m j |t m t 1 i Ii ta1 t Ii ] a ra I.!
j ara arrasIrar t tIrat r t a ] t r t | 1 t | j rt 1 a tIt r aIa ra| m att ra1 t t r
a| a r 1 ar It a] a a, a r t | a i j t 1 t t tIratti t r 1 t att i It s | t ar -sIar|
m t 1 i Ii t a 1 t |i ] a ra I . t j a ra |a t t Ira t t i t r 1 t | a t t i It t r] a r i t t
|i m t r t r t .
7.2.1 Objetivo
k j rt r 1 t r aj |i tar |as 1 i It rt r It s It tr i tas 1 t t tIratti t r , st j arati t r
j a ri Ii tati t r 1 t j rt 1 a tIt s r aIa ra|t s.
I
A] Separacin de eugenol por extraccin discont inua
k rm t a r t | a i j t 1 t 1 t sIi |a t i t r si m j |t a Ii |i t a r 1 t a r | a |t r 1 t
1 t sIi |ati t r 1 t I!1 m | 1 t 1 t s ta t ||t s t i r Irt 1 a tta 1.1 ] ram t s 1 t
t |a tt s 1 t t |t r, |a t ] t a ] rt ] a t sa Ii t i t r It a ] a a 1 t sIi |a 1 a | a sIa
st | rt j asar t | r i tt | 1 t |a m ar Ia ta|t IatIt ra a1 aj It a r t m | a 1 t 1 t
] t It t tt r a] a a 1 t sIi |a1 a. |r ti t r 1 a |a m ar Ia ta|t IatIt ra tt r t r t r] i a
m ati m a tt m i t r tt |a 1 t sIi |ati t r rt tt ] i t r 1 t t | 1 t sIi |a1 t t r a r
m a Ira t 1 t | r| t r m t t r, t | | a t t t r It r 1 ra a ] a a t | j ri r t i j a |
t t r sIi Ia t r It t a ] t r t | . | r t a st 1 t st r r t t t sa ri t a ] rt ] a t
|t r Ia m t r It a ] a a ] t Ia a ] t Ia a | | a |t r 1 t 1 t sIi |a t i t r 1 t s1 t t |
t m | a 1 t 1 t ] t It t j ara m ar It r t r t | tt |a m t r tt r sIar It .
|i r a|i tt |a 1 t sIi |ati t r a r a tt t | a t | aa rt tt ] i 1 t 11 m | 1 t 1 t sIi |a1 t .
rar stast t | 1 t sIi |a1 t t r a r t m | a 1 t 1 t 1 t tar Iati t r a] rt ] a t 1.1
m | 1 t t|t rt It rm t | 1 | |
1
t 1 i t|t rt m t Iar t | 1
I
| |
I
. k ] i It t |i m i r t
|a st | rt It r si t r 1 t |t s 1 i st |tt r It s, a| ri t r 1 t |a ||att 1 t | t m | a 1 t 1 t
1 t t a r Ia t i t r . |a t ] t 1 t }t | a i t Ia a m | a s Ia st s | a sIa | a t | a t 1 t r
st j ara1 as tt m j |t Iam t r It rt Ii rt |a Iast t r] ar i ta i r It ri t r .
| t j i Ia 1 t s tt tt s |a t tIratti t r tt r 1.1 m | 1 t | 1 i st |tt r It , si ] a i t r 1 t
t | j rt tt 1 i m i t r It ar It ri t r. | t a r a |a Iast t r] ar i ta t r a r m aIrat 1 t
|r|t r m t t r.
k 1 i ti t r t sa |IaIt 1 t st 1 i t ar | i 1 rt a r a j a r Ia 1 t a r a t sj aIa |a a |a
Iast t r] ar i ta | asIa | a t |a st |a ti t r | a t 1 t Irar sj art r It , a] i It tt r
a r a tari ||a 1 t ti 1 ri t | a| a t Ia . || sa |IaIt 1 t st 1 i t ar | i 1 rt K a
I
1
\
si rtt tt m t a| st r| t r It 1 t a] a a 1 t |a Iast t r] ar i ta.

|a t ] t st j art |a Iast t r] ar i ta 1 t | sa |IaIt 1 t st 1 i t j t r 1 t tar Iati t r t
| i t r j t r Ii |Irati t r si m j |t tt r tt r Irt |a Iast t r] ar i ta | a}t tam j ar a
1 t t t Ira t t i t r | a sIa a r tt |a m t r 1 t ! . 1 m | . | a t 1 t a Ii |i t a r a i rt
ta|i t r It . |a t ] t rt Ia |t t | tt r tt r Ira1 t ] a ar1 t |t j ara t | j ratIi tt 1 t
trt m aIt ] raIi a, 1 t r 1 t a sIt 1 j t 1 ra taratIt ri tar|t .
i t | tt |a m t r 1 t |a Iast t r] ar i ta t s m as 1 t !1 m | tt r tt r Irt |a j t r
1 t sIi |ati t r si m j |t .
I1
B] Separacin de cafena por extraccin discontinua
| a|i t r It !1 m | 1 t a] a a 1 t sIi |a1 a | asIa aj rt ti m a1 am t r It 11|
a] rt ] a t 1.1 ] 1 t | t }as 1 t It , a] i It tt r a r a | a| a t Ia 1 a rar It a r
m i r a It r t | i t rta |a m t tt|a j ara t ti Iar |a t tIratti t r 1 t Iar i r t s .
|a t ] t Ii |Irt |a m t tt|a t r a r t m | a 1 t 1 t Ii |Irati t r si m j |t t r Iri t t |
Ii |Ira1 t .
rastast t | Ii |Ira1 t a a r t m | a 1 t 1 t 1 t tar Iati t r a1 i ti t r t !.1 m |
1 t t|t rt It rm t | 1 | |
1
. k ] i It ti ] t rt sam t r It t |i m i r ar 1 t |a st | rt
j rt si t r . | t }t 1 t tar Iar j ara st j arar |as Iast s.
| t Ii rt |a Iast t r] ar i ta i r It ri t r t r a r tast 1 t j rt ti j i Ia1 t 1 t 11
m |.
| t j i Ia |a t tIratti t r 1 t |a Iast ata t sa 1 t s tt tt s tt r !.1 m | 1 t | 1 | |
1
.
| t a r a |as Iast s t r] ar i tas t |i m i r t |a Iast ata t sa.
Eliminacin de taninos: rar stast |a Iast t r] ar i ta a| t m | a 1 t 1 t
1 t tar Iati t r a1 i ti t r t I1.1 m | 1 t st |a ti t r ata t sa 1 t K a1 1 tM ,
a] i It , t |i m i r t |a st | rt j rt si t r 1 t }t 1 t tar Iar.
| t Ii rt |a Iast ata t sa 1 t | t m | a 1 t 1 t 1 t tar Iati t r |att r a t tam t r It
|a Iast t r] ar i ta tt r I1 m | 1 t K a1 1 tM .
|a t ] t , |att r a t tam t r It |a Iast t r] ar i ta tt r \1 m | 1 t a] a a 1 t sIi |a1 a.
| t }t rt j t sar, t |i m i r t |a Iast ata t sa.
rastast |a Iast t r] ar i ta a a r tast 1 t j rt ti j i Ia1 t 1 t 11 m |, |i m j i t
st tt . k 1 i ti t r t a r a j a r Ia 1 t t sj aIa |a 1 t K a
I
1
\
ar | i 1 rt a] i It
tt r a r a tari ||a 1 t ti 1 ri t , 1 t }t 1 t tar Iar j t r a r t s m i r a It s st j art |a
Iast t r] ar i ta j t r 1 t tar Iati t r . | t j i Ia t sIa t j t rati t r a r a tt t m as.
ra r sIi t ra t | st | rt r a 1 a r It a a r t a st 1 t j rt t i j i Ia 1 t 1 t 1 1 m |
j rt ti am t r It m asa1 t j t sa1 t , tt r tt r Irt |a Iast t r] ar i ta | a}t
tam j ar a 1 t t tIratti t r tt r ai rt ta|i t r It | asIa a r tt |a m t r 1 t .1
m |. | t It rm i r t |a tar Ii 1 a1 1 t taIt i r a t tIrai 1 a j t r 1 i It rt r ti a 1 t
m asas. t r ] a ta i 1 a1 t a| tt r tt r Irar |a Iast t r] ar i ta a | a t Ii r a|i ta1 a
|a t taj t rati t r 1 t | t|t rt It rm t , t s j t si | |t | a t |a taIt i r a sa | |i m t .
|| tt m j a t sIt t | It r i 1 t 1 t | t ra rt Ia |ar|t ] a ar1 ar|t j ara t | j ratIi tt
1 t trt m aIt ] raIi a, 1 t r 1 t a sIt 1 j t 1 ra taratIt ri tar|t .
1
C] Separacin de carotenos por extraccin cont inua
t m t a I tar a| t ri as Irt stas j i ta1 as t r Irt tt s j t | a t 1 t s t raa1 as
1 t j t si It |as t r t | i r It ri t r 1 t a r tarIa t| t t 1 t 1 a| 1 t j aj t | Ii |Irt .
| t j t si It t | tarIa t| t t r t | i r It ri t r 1 t | t | a i j t 1 t t tIratti t r tt r Ii r a a
||am a1 t t t| |t I, t | ta a| 1 t | t st r m t r Ia1 t Ia| tt m t st m a t sIra t r |a
Ii ] a ra I.I1 .
||t r t t | | a|t r 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r | asIa m as 1 t |a m i Ia1 tt r t It r 1 t
j t Irt |t t a] rt ] a t j t r|as 1 t t | a ||i ti t r 1 t \ t | i t r Irt tt s 1 t
j t rtt |ar a.
| t r t tIt t | a] a a a| rt Iri ] t rar It t r ti t r 1 a |a m ar Ia ta|t IatIt ra,
tt m i t r tt |a 1 t sIi |ati t r 1 t | 1 i st |tt r It , t | ta a| st ra tt |t tIa1 t t r |a
tam ara 1 t t tIratti t r . | a ar 1 t t | r i tt | 1 t 1 i st |tt r It 1 t r Irt 1 t |a
tam ara 1 t t tIratti t r st i ] a a|t tt r t | r i tt | sa j t ri t r 1 t | si It r , st
j rt 1 a ti ra t | Irar stast 1 t | 1 i st |tt r It | ati a t | | a|t r 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r .
|sIt j rt tt st st rt j i It aa It m aIi tam t r It t r It rm a tt r Irt |a1 a | asIa
| a t It 1 t t | m aIt ri a| t tIrai | |t j ast a| 1 i st |tt r It , t sIt t ta rrt t r
aj rt ti m a1 am t r It t1 m i r a It s.
|i r a|i ta1 a |a t tIratti t r , 1 t stt r t tIt |a m ar Ia ta|t IatIt ra 1 t }t t r Iri ar
t | si sIt m a. a| a t tt r ta i 1 a1 t t | tarIa t| t tt r |a m a t sIra 1 t }t |a
st tar t r |a tam j ar a 1 t t tIratti t r .
| ara tt r tt r Irar |a st |a ti t r t r] ar i ta | a t tt r Ii t r t |t s tart It r t s,
a Ii |i tt 1 t sIi |ati t r si m j |t , |a t ] t rt Ia |t t | tt r tt r Ira1 t tt m t tart It r t
] a a r1 t j a ra st r a r a |i t a 1 t t a ra t It ri t a 1 t t r t | j ra t Ii t t 1 t
trt m aIt ] raIi a.
D ] Separacin de limoneno por extraccin cont inua
k rm t t | t | a i j t 1 t t tIratti t r 1 t att i It | t ar - Iar| m t 1 i Ii ta1 t tt r
Ii ] a ra I.It .
k 1 i ti t r t !1] 1 t tastaras 1 t r arar }a j rt ti am t r It m att ra1 as a|
| a|t r 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r 1 t !11 m | tt m j |t It tt r a] a a 1 t sIi |a1 a | asIa
st | rt j asar t | r i tt | 1 t |a m ar Ia ta|t IatIt ra.
|r ti t r 1 a |a m ar Ia ta|t IatIt ra tt m i t r tt a 1 t sIi |ar t | a] a a | asIa
||t r ar t | Ia | t tt |t tIt r 1 t att i It t r] ar i tt .
|| j rt tt st tt r Ii r a a aa It m aIi tam t r It ||t r ar 1 t t | Ia | t tt |t tIt r t |
| a|t r 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r j t r Irastast 1 t a] a a 1 t sIi |a1 a j rt tt r i t r It 1 t |
Ia | t tt |t tIt r.
|r t | Ia | t tt |t tIt r st It rm arar 1 t s Iast s. |a sa j t ri t r tt rrt sj t r 1 t a|
|i m t r t r t |a i r It ri t r t s a] a a 1 t sIi |a1 a. |i r a|i tt t | j rt tt st a r a tt t
| a t | aa t | It r i 1 t sa Ii ti t r It t st r ti a 1 t |i m t r t r t .
|a t ] t rt Ii rt |a t st r ti a 1 t |i m t r t r t a1 i ti t r t a r a j a r Ia 1 t t sj aIa |a
1 t sa |Ia It 1 t st 1 i t a r | i 1 rt 1 t t a r It |a t st r t i a . | t j i Ia t sIa
t j t rati t r | asIa t | It r t r a r a st |a ti t r Irar sj art r It .
| t Ia |t ] a ar1 t |a t st r ti a 1 t |i m t r t r t , j ara ar a|i tar|a taratIt ri tar|a
t r t | j ratIi tt 1 t trt m aIt ] raIi a.
|i ] a ra I.I. i sIt m as 1 t t tIratti t r t s. a | ara 1 i st |tt r It s m as |i ] t rt s
| a t t | a] a a. | | ara 1 i st |tt r It s m as j t sa1 t s | a t t | a] a a. t i sIt m a

esencia orgnica
agua
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
agua
agua
cmara de
extraccin
sifn
disolvente
disolvente
cartucho de
extraccin
I
1 t t tIratti t r 1 t att i It 1 t ar -sIar| m t 1 i Ii ta1 t . 1 i sIt m a t t| |t I .
|i ] a ra I. I. |}t m j |t 1 t tt m j a t sIt s t r] ar i tt s t tIrai 1 t s 1 t Ia t r It
r aIa ra|.

OH
OCH
3
C H
2
N
N
N
N
CH
3
C H
3
CH
3
O
O
CH
3
C H
3
CH
2
OH
CH
3
CH
3
C H
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
C H
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
C H
3
C H
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
C H
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
C H
3
C H
3
CH
3
Eugenol Cafena Limoneno
Vitamina A
B - Caroteno
a - Caroteno
1
Tabla 7.3: Propiedades de los compuestos extrados desde fuentes
naturales.
Productos extr a dos de fuente natural
Eugenol Cafena Limoneno b-Caroteno
Fuente clavos de olor hojas de t limn zanahoria
Frmula C
10
H
12
O
2
C
8
H
10
N
4
O
2
C
10
H
16
C
40
H
56
M (g/mol) 164.20 194.12 136.24 536.88
P.ebull. (C) 255.0 175.5-176.5
P. fusin (C) -9.1/-9.2 238.0 183.0(t. sell)
P.sublim. (C) 178 -
d (g/mL) 1.0664
20/4
1.23
18/4
0.8402
20.85/4
1.00
20/20
Estado lquido slido lquido slido
2-metoxi-4- 3,7-dihidro- 1-metil-4-(1- b,b-caroteno
Nombre IUPAC (2-propenil)-4 1,3,7-trimetil metiletenil)
-alil-2- -1H-purina ciclohexeno
metoxifenol -2,6-diona
Alilguiacol, c. Cineno, carotabeno,
Nombre comn eugenco, c. cafena cajeputeno, provateno,
Carioflico kautschina solateno
Insoluble: H
2
O Ins.: ter de p. Insoluble:H
2
O Ins.: H
2
O, c.
Solubilidad Soluble R-OH, Sol.: Py, H
2
O y alcalis.
CHCl
3
, ter (100), CHCl
3
Soluble:R-OH Sol. CS
2
, ter,
CHCl
3
, Bz
7. 3 Cuest ionar i o
|tj |i | a t t | j rt tt st 1 t t tIratti t r |as taratIt ri sIi tas 1 t | st |tt r It
| a t st 1 t | t a Ii |i tar.
|r | a t tt r si sIt r |t s j rt tt st s 1 t t tIratti t r tt r Ii r a a 1 i stt r Ii r a a!
\
| t r | a t si t m j rt st 1 t | t rt Ii rar |a Iaj a 1 t | t m | a 1 t 1 t 1 t tar Iati t r
ta ar 1 t st t sIa st j arar 1 t a r a 1 t |as Iast s!
a t 1 t stt r Ia}as j a t 1 t j rt st r Iar a r 1 i st |tt r It ta a 1 t r si 1 a1 Ia t st
m a st m t }ar It a |a 1 t | a] a a!
| t r | a t st 1 t | t st tar |a Iast t r] ar i ta ar It s 1 t ] a ar1 ar|a!
!
8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 Anlisis cromatogrfico Anlisis cromatogrfico Anlisis cromatogrfico Anlisis cromatogrfico Anlisis cromatogrfico
| a | rt m a It ] ra Ii a 1 t | ] ri t ] t . t | rt m a ] ra j | , t t |t r t st ri Ia ra t s
t st r ti a|m t r It a r m t It 1 t Ii si tt 1 t st j arati t r | a t j t rm i It st j arar,
a i s|a r, j a ri Ii t a r t i 1 t r Ii Ii t a r |t s t t m j t r t r It s 1 t a r a m t t t |a 1 t
tt m j a t sIt s | a i m i tt s. |a m a t sIra t s 1 i sIri | a i 1 a t r Irt 1 t s Iast s, a r a
t sIati t r ari a t |t t| t t sIati t r ari t t Ira m t ti | | a t st m a t tt j t r
j t rtt |ati t r a Iratt s 1 t |a Iast t sIati t r ari a, 1 t Ia| It rm a | a t ta1 a a r t
1 t |t s tt m j t r t r It s 1 t |a m t tt|a t s st |t tIi tam t r It rt It r i 1 t j t r |a Iast
t sIati t r ari a. |sIt j rt tt st trt m aIt ] raIi tt Ii t r t |a ] ar tt m t rt sa |Ia1 t
1 t |a s a 1 st rt i t r t s 1 t st rt i t r t s 1 a ra r It t | m t t i m i t r It 1 t |t s
t t m j t r t r I t s 1 t | a m t t t | a a | t | a r] t 1 t | a Ia st t sI a t i t r a ri a ,
a|tar tar 1 t st |a st j arati t r ] rati as a |as 1 i It rt r ti as t r |t s tt t Ii ti t r It s
1 t 1 i sIri | a ti t r 1 t |t s 1 i sIi r It s tt m j t r t r It s 1 t |a m t tt|a.
8.1.1 Clasificacin de los mtodos cromatogrficos
|a t|asi Ii tati t r ] t r t ra| 1 t |t s 1 i It rt r It s m t It 1 t s trt m aIt ] raIi tt s st
m a t sIrar t r |a Ia| |a . . | a1 a a r a 1 t t sIas t|asi Ii tati t r t s st t tj |i tar .
De acuerdo a los principios fsicos involucrados en la separacin:
A] Cromatografa de adsorcin: |a Iast t sIati t r ari a t s a r a1 st r| t r It
|a st j arati t r st | asa t r rt j t Ii 1 as t Iaj as 1 t a1 st rti t r 1 t st rti t r .
t
B] Cromatografa de particin: |a st j arati t r r t st | asa t r |a a1 st rti t r ,
si r t t r a r a tt r1 a1 t ra j arIi ti t r t r Irt |a Iast m t ti | |a Iast t sIati t r ari a.
|r ta ar It a t sIt s 1 t s j ri m t rt s Ii j t s, r t si t m j rt j a t 1 t ast ] a rarst
ta a| 1 t |t s j rt tt st s i m j |i ta1 t s a1 st rti t r t j arIi ti t r 1 t st m j t 1 ar t |
j aj t | m as i m j t rIar It . | t r t sIa ratt r , t r |a j ratIi ta st 1 t Ii r t r 1 t s t
m as Ii j t s, st ] a r st a |a j t |ari 1 a1 rt |aIi ta 1 t |as 1 t s Iast s. trt m aIt ] raIi a
t r fase normal trt m aIt ] raIi a t r fase inversa.
a| |a . . | |asi Ii tati t r 1 t m t It 1 t s trt m aIt ] raIi tt s.
|r |a trt m aIt ] raIi a t r fase normal t | |t t| t t sIati t r ari t t s 1 t r aIa ra|t ta
Ia t rIt m t r It j t |ar j t r t }t m j |t si |i tt |a Iast m t ti | t s aj t |ar j t r
t }t m j |t r -| t tar t t t It r 1 t j t Irt |t t . |as m a t sIras j t |art s | a t 1 ar
rt It r i 1 as t r |a Iast t sIati t r ari a 1 a rar It Ii t m j t s m at rt s | a t |t s
m aIt ri a|t s m t r t s j t |art s t aj t |art s.
|a trt m aIt ] raIi a t r fase inversa t s t tatIam t r It a |a i r tt rsa, t | |t t| t
t sIati t r ari t t s 1 t r aIa ra|t ta aj t |ar | i 1 rt tar| a rt , m i t r Iras |a Iast
m t ti | t s a r |i | a i 1 t j t |ar, r t rm a|m t r It a] a a t a r a|tt | t |, t r t sIt tast ,
ta ar It m as aj t |ar st a |a m a t sIra, m at r st ra |a rt It r ti t r t r |a Iast
t sIati t r ari a.
k |] a r as tt tt s st j a t 1 t m t 1 i Ii tar |a Iast m t ti | j ara a}a sIar sa j t |ari 1 a1 .
|r Iast r t rm a|, j a t 1 t | att rst j t r a1 i ti t r 1 t a r a sa sIar ti a m as j t |ar,
M t It 1 t i j t |ast t sIati t r ari a |ast m t ti |
trt m aIt ] raIi tt
k 1 st rti t r , |i | a i 1 t - st |i 1 t t |i 1 t i r t rIt 1 i st |tt r It
| arIi ti t r , tt m t ] t |i ta] t | t
|tt|a si t r a|a m i r a
| r It rtam | i t | r It rtam | i t | t si r a st |a ti t r
i t r i tt i t r i tt tam | i a1 t ra ata t sa
|i | a i 1 t - |i | a i 1 t |i | a i 1 t |i | a i 1 t |i | a i 1 t a1 st r| i 1 t
t r a r st j t rIt |i | a i 1 t
st |i 1 t
| ast t sa | as |i | a i 1 t j t |i ta |a 1 t |i | a i 1 t
a1 st r| i 1 a st | rt ] as
a r st j t rIt st |i 1 t
I
t r Iar It | a t t r Iast i r tt rsa t | a1 i Ii tt st ra a r a sa sIar ti a m t r t s j t |ar.
|r |a Ii ] a ra . st rt j rt st r Iar t sIas 1 t s It tr i tas a| Ii t m j t | a t st i r 1 i ta
t | t r1 t r 1 t t |a si t r 1 t |t s 1 i sIi r It s tt m j t r t r It s 1 t a r a m a t sIra, t r
Ia r ti t r 1 t sa s 1 i It rt r It s j t |ari 1 a1 t s.
C] Cromatografa de intercambio inico: || |t t| t t sIati t r ari t Ii t r t a r a
sa j t rIi t i t t a r] a 1 a i t r i t a m t r It , t t r t a r] a t t r Ira ri a rt sj t t It a |a
m a t sIra. |sIa It tr i ta st a sa tasi t tt|a si tam t r It tt r m a t sIras i t r i tas
t i t r i ta| |t s. | a ar It m at r st a |a tar] a 1 t |a m a t sIra, m as Ia t rIt m t r It
st ra aIrai 1 a | ati a |a sa j t rIi ti t i t r i ta , j t r Iar It , m as Ii t m j t Iar1 ara
t r st r t |a i 1 a. |a Iast m t ti | t s a r Iam j t r ata t st , t r t | | a t t | j 1 |a
j t |ari 1 a1 st a Ii |i tar j ara tt r Irt |ar t | Ii t m j t 1 t t |a si t r .
|i ] a ra . . | |a sIrati t r ] raIi ta 1 t |a trt m aIt ] raIi a |i | a i 1 a t r Iast r t rm a|
t r Iast i r tt rsa. |t s ti rta |t s rt j rt st r Iar |t s Ii j t s 1 t tt m j a t sIt s
j rt st r It s t r |a m a t sIra, sa j t si ti t r rt |aIi ta t r |a 1 i rt tti t r 1 t | I|a }t
1 t |a Iast m t ti | i r 1 i ta t | t r1 t r 1 t t |a ti t r .
D]Cromatografa de exclusin: t rt ||t r a |a tt |a m r a tt r a r m aIt ri a|
| a t j t st a j t rt s 1 t 1 i m t r si t r t s tt m j rt r 1 i 1 as t r Irt ti t rIt s |i m i It s,
t t r |t | a t |a m a t sIra t s rt It r i 1 a t Ii |Ira 1 a st ] a r st a sa Ia m a 1 t
m t |t ta |ar. | t r ratt r t s Ia r 1 am t r Ia|m t r It | i sIt ri tas, t sIa It tr i ta st

s
u
p
e
r
f
i
c
i
e

p
o
l
a
r

d
e

l
a

f
a
s
e

e
s
t
a
c
i
o
n
a
r
i
a
s
u
p
e
r
f
i
c
i
e

a
p
o
l
a
r

d
e

l
a

f
a
s
e

e
s
t
a
c
i
o
n
a
r
i
a
FASE MVIL
eluyente apolar
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
muy
pol ar
semi
polar
apol ar
apolar
semi
pol ar
muy
pol ar
FASE MVIL
eluyente polar
||am a Iam | i t r Ii |Irati t r st | rt ] t |t s t trt m aIt ] raIi a st | rt ] t |t s, aa r | a t

t r |a atIa a|i 1 a1 |a Iast t sIati t r ari a r t | a t 1 a rt sIri r ] i 1 a a a r ] t | .
De acuerdo a la naturaleza de la fase estacionaria que se utiliza:
| t t sIa m ar t ra st Ii t r t . | rt m aIt ] raIi a t r | t |a m r a | | , t r | aj t | | | ,
t r | aj a |i r a | | | t || , 1 t | as | | , |i | a i 1 a 1 t k |Ia |Ii ti t r ti a | |k |
t 1 | || . |sIas 1 t s a |Ii m as It tr i tas tt rrt sj t r 1 t r a ram as t sj t ti Ii tas
1 t |a | rt m aIt ] raIi a t r | t |a m r a.
De acuerdo al tipo de fase mvil que se utiliza:
| t t sIa It rm a st Ii t r t . |a trt m aIt ] raIi a ] ast t sa, t r 1 t r 1 t |a Iast m t ti |
t s a r ] as, m i t r Iras t r |a trt m aIt ] raIi a |i | a i 1 a, | a t t s |a | a t r t s t ta j a,
t s a r |i | a i 1 t .
t ] a r |t s 1 i sIi r It s tri It ri t s 1 t t|asi Ii tati t r ar It ri t rm t r It t tj a t sIt s,
|t s j rt tt st s 1 t trt m aIt ] raIi a |t s t sIa 1 i art m t s 1 t ata t r1 t a |a Iast
t sIati t r ari a a Ii |i ta1 a. | t t sIa It rm a |t s t|asi Ii tart m t s t r trt m aIt ] raIi a
t r tt |a m r a j aj t |.
8.1.2 Cromatografa en Columna:
|| t | a i j t | asi tt tt r si sIt r t rm a|m t r It t r a r Ia | t 1 t ti 1 ri t tt r a r
t sIrt t| am i t r It t r a r t tIrt m t tt |a m r a trt m aIt ] raIi ta , t r ta t
i r It ri t r st t r ta t r Ira |a Iast t sIati t r ari a. |s i m j t rIar It | a t t sIa Iast
tt r sIt 1 t j arIi ta |as a r i It rm t s, 1 i sj a t sIas 1 t m ar t ra | t m t ] t r t a
si r | a r| a }as 1 t ai rt . || st |tt r It Iast m t ti | 1 t | t t r tt r Irarst si t m j rt
j t r t r ti m a 1 t | r i tt | 1 t |a Iast t sIati t r ari a, j ara | a t t sIa r t ||t ] a t a
st tarst . |a Ii ] a ra .I j rt st r Ia a r a tt |a m r a trt m aIt ] raIi ta. |a Iast
t sIati t r ari a st tt r st rta t r |a tt |a m r a j t r m t 1 i t 1 t a r Iaj t r 1 t |ar a
1 t ti 1 ri t ta a taratIt ri sIi ta j ri r ti j a| t s st r i r t rIt r t st r a| st r| t r It .
|a ||att 1 t sa|i 1 a 1 t |a tt |a m r a si rtt j ara tt r Irt |ar |a tt |t ti 1 a1 1 t
I|a }t 1 t | st |tt r It .
|| I|a }t 1 t | st |tt r It 1 t |a tt |a m r a 1 t | t st r | asIar It |t r It a r a ] t Ia
ta1 a I st ] a r 1 t s . i |a tt |t ti 1 a1 1 t ] t It t t s raj i 1 a, j a t 1 t tt r Irt |arst
a Ii |i tar 1 t t r t | t tIrt m t 1 t |a tt |a m r a a r a ||att t Ia | t 1 t ] t m a tt r
1
a r a j i r ta. i |a tt |t ti 1 a1 1 t ] t It t t s 1 t m asi a1 t |t r It , j a t 1 t aj |i tarst
sa t t i t r t a t i t t r t | t t Irt m t i r It ri t r 1 t |a t t |a m r a t t r It rm a
a|It rr aIi ta j a t 1 t aj |i tarst a r a j rt si t r t r |a j arIt sa j t ri t r 1 t |a
tt |a m r a t s j rt It ri | |t a Ii |i tar t sIa a |Ii m a It tr i ta a | a t r t j t rIa r| a |a
tar] a .
|i ] a ra .I. | t |a m r a trt m aIt ] raIi ta
8.1.3 Cromatografa en Papel:
| t rrt sj t r 1 t a a r a m i trt It tr i ta j arIi ta |arm t r It a Ii | a | a t j t rm i It |a
st j arati t r 1 t |a m a t sIra t r tar Ii 1 a1 t s 1 t | m i trt ] ram t a| m i |i ] ram t .
| a It rm a m a s t | t m t r Ia | 1 t | a t rt m a It ] ra Ii a st | rt j a j t | t s | a
astt r 1 t r It , t r |a ta a| st Ira| a}a tt r a r a Ii ra 1 t j aj t | Ii |Irt t sj t ti a|
j ara trt m aIt ] raIi a 1 t a r t s 1 X 1 tm . t | rt t | j aj t | st 1 i | a }a tt r
|aj i t ] raIi It a r a |i r t a | ast a It 1 t |t ar t| t aj rt ti m a1 am t r It 1 t I tm

fase estacionaria
fase mvil
11
st | rt t | t tIrt m t i r It ri t r . t | rt t sIa |i r t a st tt |t tar ] t Ias 1 t |a
m a t sIra |t m as tt r tt r Ira1 a j t si | |t . | t sIt ri t rm t r It |a Ii ra 1 t j aj t | st
tt |t ta t r t | i r It ri t r 1 t a r rt ti j i t r It 1 t ti 1 ri t ta | t Ia t tam ara 1 t
1 t sarrt ||t | a t tt r It r ] a a| st |tt r It , 1 t Ia| It rm a | a t t | t tIrt m t 1 t |a
Ii ra | a t 1 t t r tt r IatIt tt r t sIt , si r It tar |as m ar t| as 1 t |as m a t sIras.
| s i m j t rIa r It | a t |a Ia j a 1 t |a t a | t Ia t i t rrt j t rIt t Ia m t r It j a ra
ast ] a rar a r a aIm t sIt ra It Ia|m t r It saIa ra1 a tt r t | taj t r 1 t | st |tt r It
Ii ] a ra .1 .
|i ] a ra .1. i sIt m a ] t r t ra| j ara trt m aIt ] raIi a t r j aj t | taj a Ii r a.
|a tt r 1 i ti t r j t rt sa 1 t | j aj t | j t rm i It j t r taj i |ari 1 a1 t | 1 t sj |atam i t r It
1 t | st |tt r It | ati a arri | a arrasIrar 1 t |t s 1 i sIi r It s tt m j t r t r It s 1 t |a
m a t sIra 1 t ata t r1 t a sa s a1 st r| aIi ti 1 a1 t s. |r a r tt m i t r tt , t | I|a }t
1 t | st |tt r It t s ra j i 1 t j t rt j t sIt ri t rm t r It st t a t |tt m a s |t r It ,
1 t It r i t r 1 t st It Ia|m t r It ta ar 1 t |a Ia t rta 1 t | i 1 a a |a taj i |ari 1 a1 st
t | a i |i | ra tt r |a atti t r 1 t |a ] ratt 1 a1 .
| a ar 1 t t | st |tt r It | a ||t ] a1 t a a r a a|Ia ra tt r tt r i t r It , st sata t | j aj t |
1 t |a ta | t Ia, st m arta tt r a r |aj i t |a j t si ti t r 1 t | Irt r It 1 t | st |tt r It
st 1 t }a st tar. i |a m t tt|a t ri ] i r a| st | a aj |i ta1 t t r It rm a 1 t ] t Ia
tt r tt r Ira1 a, |t s tt m j t r t r It s i r 1 i ti 1 a a|t s aj art tt r tt m t a r a st ri t
1 t m ar t| as st j ara1 as, |as | a t , si st r i r tt |t ras, j a t 1 t r rt tt |arst st ] a r
It tr i tas | a t st 1 t stri | i rar m as a1 t |ar It .

1
8.1.4 Constante de corrimiento (Rf)
|a constante de corrimiento (Rf) t s |a rt |ati t r aIt 1 t | tt m j a t sIt k
1 t stri | t |a 1 i sIar ti a rt tt rri 1 a a t r rt |ati t r a| Irt r It 1 t | st |tt r It t ,
tt r Ii ] a ra .\. |s 1 t ti r.
|i ] a ra .\. | |ata trt m aIt ] raIi ta 1 t sarrt ||a1 a trt m aIt j |ata .
|| | I t s a r a tt r sIar It Ii si ta j ara a r tt m j a t sIt 1 a1 t , sa j t r i t r 1 t | a t
st t sj t ti Ii | a t r |as tt r 1 i ti t r t s trt m aIt ] raIi tas j t r t }t m j |t st |tt r It ,
It m j t raIa ra r aIa ra|t ta 1 t |a Iast t sIati t r ari a . |sIt si ] r i Ii ta | a t a r a
tt t | a t st | a ta|i | ra1 t a r m t It 1 t j ara tt m j a t sIt s tt r t ti 1 t s, ta t
| I st | a 1 t It rm i r a1 t t r |as tt r 1 i ti t r t s t sj t ti Ii ta1 as, j a t 1 t t m j |t arst
j t sIt ri t rm t r It j ara t | ar a|i si s ta a|i IaIi tt 1 t a r a m t tt|a 1 t tt m j a t sIt s.
1 asIa t | m t m t r It st | a t stri It 1 t trt m aIt ] raIi a astt r 1 t r It st | rt
j a j t |, si r t m | a r] t , r t m | ra rt m t s a |] a r a s t a ri a r It s | a t j a t 1 t
j rt st r Iar t sIt m t It 1 t .
8.1.5 Cromatografa mltiple:
i t r |a ] ar 1 t a Ii |i tar a r a Ii ra 1 t j aj t | st a Ii |i ta a r a |am i r a tt m j |t Ia,
t r It r t t s j a t 1 t r t t ri Ii t a rst t t r st t a Ii t a m t r It a r t t r }a r It 1 t
m a t sIras t r |as m i sm as tt r 1 i ti t r t s 1 t st |tt r It It m j t raIa ra.

frente de
solvente
nueva posicin
del compuesto
origen
a
v
Rf = a / v
1I
8.1.6 Cromatografa descendente:
|r t sIt Ii j t 1 t m t It 1 t , t | st |tt r It I|a t 1 t arri | a | ati a a| a}t r t
t ti sIt |i m i It It t ri tt j ara t | Ii t m j t 1 t 1 t sarrt ||t . t t m j |t a t | m i sm t
Ii j t 1 t ta | t Ia | a t t r t | m t It 1 t astt r 1 t r It tt r |a t ttt j ti t r | a t 1 t | t
i r tt rj t rarst a r rt ti j i t r It j ara t | st |tt r It t r t | | t r1 t sa j t ri t r 1 t |a
ta | t Ia.
8.1.7 Cromatografa bidimensional:
| a ar 1 t st t r ta t r Irar j rt st r It s m a t| t s tt m j a t sIt s t r a r a m a t sIra,
t s 1 i Ii ti | 1 i It rt r ti ar m ar t| as | a t j rt st r Iar | I si m i |art s. |a rt st |a ti t r
1 t t sIt Ii j t 1 t m ar t| as st j a t 1 t m t }t rar tt r si 1 t ra| |t m t r It tt |ti t r 1 t
a trt m aIt ] raIi ar |a m t tt|a st j ara1 a j t rj t r 1 i ta |arm t r It a |a j ri m t ra
1 i rt tti t r 1 t 1 t sarrt ||t , t m j |t ar 1 t a r st |tt r It 1 i sIi r It a| 1 t | j ri m t r
tast .
8.1.8 Cromatografa circular horizontal:
|sIa It tr i ta rt | a i t rt 1 t a r j aj t | Ii |Irt ti rta |ar sa }t It | t ri tt r Ia|m t r It
t r a r si sIt m a tt rra1 t tt r t | Ii r 1 t t ti Iar |a t taj t rati t r 1 t | st |tt r It .
| r a It rm a 1 t | att r ||t ] ar tt r Ii r a am t r It t | st |tt r It a| tt r Irt 1 t | j aj t |
tt r si sIt t r tt rIar a r a |t r ] i t Ia t r t | tt r Irt 1 t | j aj t | sa m t r] i r|a t r
t | st |tt r It .
8.1.9 Cromatografa en capa fina:
|r t sIt m t It 1 t , |a Iast t sIati t r ari a t sIa 1 t j t si Ia1 a st | rt a r a j |ata
st j t rIt | a t j a t 1 t st r 1 t ti 1 ri t , a|a m i r i t t j |asIi tt t r It rm a 1 t taj a
Ii r a a r i It rm t , j ratIi tar 1 t st |as t j t rati t r t s trt m aIt ] raIi tas t r It rm a
si m i |ar a |a trt m aIt ] raIi a astt r 1 t r It t r j aj t | Ii ] a ra . 1 . |a Iast
t sIati t r ari a j a t 1 t t stt ] t rst tt r a r a am j |i a ] am a 1 t j t si | i |i 1 a1 t s
t t m t t r |a t rt m a It ] ra Ii a t r t t |a m r a , si t r 1 t |a r a Ia ra |t t a 1 t |a
st j arati t r tasi |a m i sm a, j t r t sIa ratt r |a trt m aIt ] raIi a t r taj a Ii r a
st tt r si 1 t ra tt m t a r a tt |a m r a a| i t rIa.
11
| a s st j a ra t i t r t s t r t a j a Ii r a Ii t r t r t i t rIa s t t r Ia } a s st | rt | a
trt m aIt ] raIi a t r tt |a m r a j aj t |, |as ta a|t s j a t 1 t r rt sa m i rst t r .
Gran posibilidad de eleccin de la fase estacionaria: || m t It 1 t j a t 1 t
t m j |t arst t r trt m aIt ] raIi a 1 t a| st rti t r , j arIi ti t r t i r It rtam | i t
i t r i tt . | t t sIa m ar t ra t r Irt |t s m aIt ri a|t s a a Ii |i tar st t r ta t r Irar .
k |a m i r a, | t | 1 t i |i tt i |i ta] t | , | i t st |] a | r, | t |a |t sa att Ii |a1 a, t It.
Tiempo de desarrollo corto: |a Iast t sIati t r ari a st j rt j ara tt r
m aIt ri a|t s Ii r am t r It j a |tt ri ta1 t s |t s ta a|t s sa tti t r ar a| st |tt r It
a ] rar tt |t ti 1 a1 , si t r 1 t t | Ii t m j t 1 t 1 t sarrt ||t m a t| t m t r t r t r
rt |ati t r tt r |a trt m aIt ] raIi a 1 t j aj t |.
Fcil recuperacin de los componentes separados: | | m a It ri a |
j a |tt ri ta1 t | a t rt ta | rt |as j |atas st st j ara Iati |m t r It tt r a r
ta t| i ||t t t sj aIa |a, |t ta a| si ] r i Ii ta | a t a r a m ar t| a t tt r a 1 t |
trt m aIt ] ram a j a t 1 t st j ararst ta ar Ii IaIi tam t r It 1 i st |ti t r 1 t t |
t t m j a t sI t t r a r st | t t r I t a 1 t t a a 1 t j a ra a r a r a | i si s
t sj t tIrt It It m t Iri tt .
Sensibilidad. |r t sIt Ii j t 1 t trt m aIt ] raIi a st |t ] rar st j arati t r t s
t tIrt m a1 am t r It r i Ii 1 as. || aa m t r It t r st r si | i |i 1 a1 t s 1 t | t r1 t r 1 t
1 a 11 tt tt s, j a 1 i t r 1 t ar a|i tar j t r t sIt m t It 1 t Iratti t r t s 1 t |
t r1 t r 1 t | m i trt ] ram t m ] j ara m a t| t s Ii j t s 1 t tt m j a t sIt s.
Espesor variable de la capa fina. || t sj t st r a sa a| 1 t |a taj a a| st r| t r It
1 t j t si Ia1 a t s 1 t I!1 m i trt r t s j ara ar a|i si s ta a|i IaIi tt . i r t m | ar] t ,
|t s 1 i sj t si Ii tt s tt m t rti a|t s j t rm i It r |a t tIt r si t r 1 t taj as 1 t m at r
t sj t st r, | asIa ||t ] ar a a r m ati m t 1 t I m i |i m t Irt s.
Revelados de los compuestos separados. k |t r ] i Ia 1 t s 1 t t r 1 a
j rt t i m a s a I t 1 r a r t m t I rt s r m , | a t a | I ra t i t | t I a , m a t | t s
tt m j a t sIt s t r] ar i tt s a| st r| t r |a t t st ta t |tt r I|a t rt stt r It s. |a
I|a t rt st t r t i a Irt t a t r It m t r It 1 t sIa t a |a s m a r t | a s t t m t a rt a s
am ari ||t tt r1 t sas, ata |t s, m i t r Iras | a t |as t sj t ti a|t s | a t a| st r| t r
| V st 1 t It tIar tt m t m ar t| as r t ] ras st | rt a r It r 1 t I|a t rt stt r It
ata |a1 t | a t r t rm a|m t r It j rt st r Ia t | trt m aIt It |i t 1 t j aj t |. |a
1 t It tti t r 1 t tt m j a t sIt s I|a t rt stt r It s t r trt m aIt ] raIi a 1 t taj a
Ii r a | a}t |a |a t | V t s m as Iati | | a t st | rt j aj t |, a | a t t | It r 1 t
i r t r] ar i tt r t t s I|a t rt stt r It . | r m t It 1 t m as tt m a r 1 t rt tt |ar
1\
m ar t| as i r tt |t ras t s IraIar t | trt m aIt ] ram a tt r a r rt atIi tt | a t
It rm t a r tt m j a t sIt tt |t rt a1 t tt r t | ] ra j t Ia r ti t r a| i r tt sIi ] a1 t
a si | t s t t m j a t sIt s a t i 1 t t a | t a | i r t s j a t 1 t r rt t t | a rst j t r
IraIam i t r It tt r a r tt |t rar It i r 1 i ta1 t r ati 1 t | ast . || a] t r It 1 t
1 t It t t i t r j a t 1 t a Ii |i t a rst t r It rm a 1 t j a |tt ri t a t i t r Ii r a t t r
aIt m i ta1 t r t t r It rm a 1 t | a1 t , si t r 1 t 1 t m at r Irt ta t r ti a t |
j ri m t rt .
i r t m | ar] t , t | m at r m t ri It 1 t |a trt m aIt ] raIi a t r taj a Ii r a ra1 i ta
t r t | | t t| t 1 t | a t j a t 1 t r st r a Ii |i ta1 t s ti ] t rt st s m t 1 i t s 1 t 1 t It tti t r
i r t|a t r 1 t |a aj |i tati t r 1 t ta|t r t 1 t a] t r It s tt rrt si tt s , si r a|It rar
|a Iast t sIati t r ari a i r t rIt . | r t 1 t |t s m t It 1 t s m as tt m a r m t r It
a Ii |i t a 1 t s t s j a |tt ri t a r a t i 1 t sa |Ia ri t t 1 X 1 t sj a t s t a |t r Ia r t |
trt m aIt It |i t t r t sIa Ia | asIa | a t t ta rra |a tar| t r i tati t r . |sIt m t It 1 t
r t st |t Ii t r t |a tt r Ia}a 1 t st r t tIrt m a1 am t r It st r si | |t , si r t | a t t s
] t r t ra| j ara It 1 t s |t s tt m j a t sIt s t r] ar i tt s.
8. 2 Par te Exper iment al: Experimento E 6
| r t | j rt st r It Ira | a }t t t j t ri m t r Ia | a Ii |i t a rt m t s |t s j rt 1 a t It s
t | It r i 1 t s 1 t |as t tIratti t r t s 1 t tar a| t ri a tart It r t s , t|att s 1 t t |t r
t a ] t r t | , tastaras 1 t r arar }a |i m t r t r t , It t | i t r| a m aIt taIt i r a .
|as t sIra tIa ras j rt j i t 1 a1 t s Ii si tas st j rt st r Iar t r t | t tj t ri m t r It | !.
8.2.1 Objetivo
k j |i tar |as It tr i tas 1 t trt m aIt ] raIi a t r tt |a m r a | | t r taj a Ii r a
| | | t r st j t rIt 1 t si |i ta] t |, j ara st j arar t i 1 t r Ii Ii tar tt m j a t sIt s
t r] ar i tt s.
A] Separacin e ident if i cacin por cromatografa en capa f ina.
t m t a r trt m aIt It |i t j |ata j |asIi ta t | i t r 1 t a|a m i r i t 1 t si |i ta
] t | rt tt rIt Irt s Irt tt s 1 t aj rt ti m a1 am t r It I.1 t 1.1 tm j |ata
trt m aIt ] raIi ta .
1!
M ar| a t \ j a r It s X 1 i sIar It s tt r |aj i t ] raIi It j ara|t |t s a |a | ast a
a r a 1 i sIar ti a 1 t tm , j ara ta1 a j |ata trt m aIt ] raIi ta.
| t r | a a a 1 a 1 t a r t a j i | a r 1 t j t si It t r It rm a st j a ra 1 a | t s
tt m j a t sIt s. tart It r t , taIt i r a, |i m t r t r t t a ] t r t |, 1 i sa t |It s t r
t|t rt It rm t .
| ara |a aj |i tati t r tt r taj i |ar 1 t | t It r t r ta i 1 a1 t , a | a t |a m a t sIra
r t 1 t | t t tj ar 1 i rst 1 t m asi a1 t , 1 t st r r t tt sari t st j |t j ara t taj t rar
t | st |tt r It rt j i Ia |a aj |i tati t r | asIa It r t r a r a m ar t| a ti si | |t
| t m t ] t r t a.
|a t ] t tt |t | a t |as Irt s j |atas trt m aIt ] raIi tas t r t | i r It ri t r 1 t Irt s
tam aras 1 t 1 t sarrt ||t tast 1 t j rt ti j i Ia1 t j rt ti sIt 1 t a r a Iaj a,
a Ii |i tt a r ti 1 ri t rt |t } , | a t Ii t r t r st j ara1 am t r It Irt s st |tt r It s
1 i It rt r It s 1 t j t |ari 1 a1 trt ti t r It t r t | si ] a i t r It t r1 t r . r -| t tar t ,
t|t rt It rm t , m t Iar t |.
| t } t a st t r 1 t r t | I rt r I t 1 t | st | t t r I t j t r st | rt | a j | a t a
trt m aIt ] raIi ta, rt Ii rar 1 t |a ar It s | a t t | st |tt r It a|tar tt t | t tIrt m t
sa j t ri t r 1 t |a j |ata.
M ar| a t |a a|Ia ra a|tar ta1 a j t r t | Irt r It 1 t | st |tt r It tt r a r |aj i t
] ra I i I t 1 t } t st t a r t | t rt m a I t ] ra m a j | a t a t rt m a I t ] ra I i t a
1 t sarrt ||a1 a .
| t tt |t t | trt m aIt ] ram a j |ata trt m aIt ] raIi ta 1 t sarrt ||a1 a tt r |a t
| V t r 1 a tt rIa t r 1 a |ar] a tt r taj t rt s 1 t t 1 t , t r ta1 a tast
m ar| a t tt r |aj i t ] raIi It |t s tt r It rr t s 1 t |a m ar t| a t | st rta1 a.
|a t ] t sa m t r}a j t r a r st ] a r 1 t |a trt m aIt j |ata t r |a st |a ti t r 1 t
1
I
1
\
1X st | a t |a tt r j aj t | st tar It , t r It r tt s rt tt |t |a tt r ta|t r.
| a t 1 t a Ii |i tar a r a j |ata ta|t IatIt ra 1 t | i 1 am t r It j rt It ] i 1 a tt r j aj t |
1 t a|a m i r i t .
k r a|i tt |t s | I 1 t ta1 a m a t sIra, IraIt 1 t t r tt r Irar a r a m t tt|a 1 t
st |tt r It s j ara ta1 a m a t sIra | a t j t rm i Ia a r a st j arati t r aj rt ti a| |t
1 t |t s tt m j a t sIt s t r t | trt m aIt ] ram a. |sIt st tt r si ] a t t | It r i t r 1 t
a r | I aj rt ti m a1 t 1 t 1.!.
|i r a|m t r It tt r sIra a a r a Ia| |a tt r |t s | I t | It r i 1 t s |a m t tt|a 1 t
st |tt r It s | a t a Ii |i tt j ara ta1 a sa sIar ti a t a ] t r t |, |i m t r t r t , taIt i r a
tart It r t .
1t
B] Separacin e ident if i cacin por cromatografa en columna:
M todo A
| rt j art a r a st |a ti t r t r a r tast 1 t j rt ti j i Ia1 t , tt r 1 ] t Ias 1 t Ii r Ia
1 t |aj i t r t ] rt 1.! m | 1 t t Iar t |.
|r a r a taj sa |a 1 t j t rtt |ar a a1 i ti t r t 1.! ] 1 t si |i ta ] t | j ara tt |a m r a
t m | t | a|a tt r 1 ] t Ias 1 t st |a ti t r 1 t Ii r Ia 1 t |aj i t r t ] rt . | t ta t |ta
| asIa t | It r t r a r a m t tt|a a r i It rm t st ta 1 t | t It r t r |a aj ari t r ti a
1 t a r j t |tt Ii r t .
t m t a r a tt |a m r a trt m aIt ] raIi ta 1 t I! tm 1 t |ar] t I tm 1 t ar t| t
Ii }t t r sa j arIt i r It ri t r a r Ii |Irt 1 t a|] t 1 t r t 1 t |ar a 1 t ti 1 ri t ,
j ara t ti Iar | a t |a si |i ta ] t | t sta rra. |a t ] t st a| rt |a ||att 1 t |a
tt |a m r a st a1 i ti t r ar .1 ] 1 t si |i ta ] t | j ara tt |a m r a st tt m j atIa
] t |j t ar 1 t sa att m t r It |a tt |a m r a tt r a r a m ar ] a t ra 1 t ] t m a.
|r |a j arIt sa j t ri t r st a1 i ti t r a t | j rt 1 a tIt t m | t | i 1 t t r si |i ta ] t |.
t ] t |j t a |a tt |a m r a sa att m t r It j ara r i tt |ar |a si |i ta ] t | st a] rt ] ar
sa att m t r It I.1 ] 1 t si |i ta ] t | j ara tt |a m r a, 1 t Ia| m ar t ra | a t st
It rm t a r a taj a j rt It tIt ra 1 t |a m a t sIra.
|a t ] t a |a t t |a m r a t rt m a It ] ra Ii t a t m j a t a 1 t st t a , a 1 i t i t r t
| t r I a m t r I t ! 1 . 1 m | 1 t | 1 | |
1
rt t t } a a r a I ra t t i t r 1 t
aj rt ti m a1 am t r It I1.1 m |.
t m t |a Iratti t r ar It ri t r aa m t r It sa j t |ari 1 a1 t r a r I1X tt r
t Iar t | st a1 i ti t r ar t.1 m | 1 t t Iar t | 1 t j t si It |a t r |a j arIt sa j t ri t r
1 t |a tt |a m r a.
Va t |ta a rt tt ] t r I1 m |, r a t tam t r It aa m t r It |a j t |ari 1 a1 t r a r
I1X tt r t Iar t | 1 t j t si It |a t r |a j arIt sa j t ri t r 1 t |a tt |a m r a.
|i r a|i tt t | j rt tt st trt m aIt ] raIi tt a r a tt t a1 i ti t r a1 as t sIas 1 t s
a |Ii m as Iratti t r t s. | t }t st tar |a tt |a m r a tt r |a ||att a| i t rIa.
M todo B
| rt j art a r a st |a ti t r t r a r tast 1 t j rt ti j i Ia1 t , tt r 1 ] t Ias 1 t Ii r Ia
1 t |aj i t r t ] rt .1 m | 1 t t Iar t |.
| t a|i tt t r sat s t r trt m aIt ] raIi a 1 t taj a Ii r a | | | j ara t r tt r Irar
a r a m t tt|a 1 t st |tt r It s | a t j t rm i Iar a r a | a t r a st j arati t r 1 t |t s
tt m j t r t r It s 1 t |a st |a ti t r 1 t Ii r Ia, j ara t ||t a Ii |i tt m t tt|as 1 t
st |tt r It s t r j t |ari 1 a1 trt ti t r It 1 t t|t rt It rm t t Iar t |.
1I
t m t a r a tt |a m r a trt m aIt ] raIi ta 1 t I! tm 1 t |ar] t I tm 1 t ar t| t
Ii }t t r sa j arIt i r It ri t r a r Ii |Irt 1 t a|] t 1 t r t 1 t |ar a 1 t ti 1 ri t j ara
t ti Iar | a t |a si |i ta ] t | t sta rra. |a t ] t st a| rt |a ||att 1 t |a tt |a m r a
st a1 i ti t r ar .1 ] 1 t si |i ta ] t | j ara tt |a m r a st tt m j atIa ] t |j t ar 1 t
sa att m t r It |a tt |a m r a tt r a r a m ar ] a t ra 1 t ] t m a.
|m | t | t r 1 ] t Ias 1 t |a st |a ti t r Ii r Ia 1 t |aj i t r t ] rt tt r a r a j a r Ia 1 t
t sj aIa |a 1 t si |i ta ] t | 1.! ] , | asIa t | It r t r a r a m t tt|a a r i It rm t
st ta 1 t | t It r t r |a aj ari t r ti a 1 t a r j t |tt Ii r t .
|r |a j arIt sa j t ri t r st a1 i ti t r a |a m a t sIra t m | t | i 1 a t r si |i ta ] t |. t
] t |j t a |a tt |a m r a sa att m t r It j ara r i tt |ar |a si |i ta ] t | st a] rt ] ar
sa att m t r It I.1 ] 1 t si |i ta ] t | j ara tt |a m r a, 1 t Ia| m ar t ra | a t st
It rm t a r a taj a j rt It tIt ra 1 t |a m a t sIra.
| rt j art !1.1 m | 1 t |a m t tt|a 1 t st |tt r It s | a t a sIt 1 1 t It rm i r t t r
t | j a r It I, tt r a r I!X m t r t s 1 t j t |ari 1 a1 a1 i ti t r t |a |t r Iam t r It
st | rt |a tt |a m r a trt m aIt ] raIi ta | a t tt r Ii t r t sa m a t sIra t m | t | i 1 a.
|i r a|i tt t | j rt tt st trt m aIt ] raIi tt a r a tt t | a t st | ar t |a i 1 t a|
m t r t s I tt |t rt s.
8. 3 Cuest ionar i o
| t j |i | a t | rt tt m t r It t | t t r t t j It 1 t t rt m a It ] ra Ii a t t m t st
t|asi Ii ta.
| t j | i | a t | t s 1 t s I i j t s 1 t Ia st s t sI a t i t r a ri a s a I i | i t a 1 a s t r
trt m aIt ] raIi a.
|r | a t tt r si sIt t | j rt tt st Ii si tt t r trt m aIt ] raIi a t r tt |a m r a!
|r | a t tt r si sIt t | j rt tt st t r trt m aIt ] raIi a t r taj a Ii r a!
|r | a t tt r si sIt t | j rt tt st t r trt m aIt ] raIi a t r j aj t |!
a t t s a r trt m aIt ] ram a!
11
9.1.1 Alcanos y cicloalcanos: Reacciones y reactividad
t 1 t s |t s a|tar t s |
r
1
Ir I
ti t|t a|tar t s |
r
1
Ir
tt r ti r tt aIt m t s 1 t
tar| t r t t r sa ar i ||t t tt r ar i ||t s m at rt s, st r tt m j a t sIt s t sIa| |t s t
i r t rIt s t r |a m at ri a 1 t |as rt atti t r t s, t r ] t r t ra| rt ti | t r t | r t m | rt
1 t paraf inas 1 t | |aIi r parum affinitas, |t tt aIi r i 1 a1 t ti t|t j araIi r as,
st t|asi Ii tar 1 t r Irt 1 t |t s | i 1 rt tar| a rt s alift icos 1 t | ] ri t ] t aleiphar,
] rasa t att i It saIa ra1 t s.
| t s t r | a t t s t t t a | t r I t s a st t i a 1 t s a t sI t I i j t 1 t t t m j a t sI t s
j rt j t rti t r ar a r taratIt r r t j t |ar aj t |ar a |as m t |t ta |as r t Ii t r t r
j a rt s 1 t t |t t Irt r t s r t t r |a t a r It s, j t r |t | a t ] t r t ra |m t r It r t
rt atti t r ar tt r ati 1 t s | ast s tt r tt r Ira1 t s j t r t }t m j |t , r t st tt r
aIt tIa1 as j t r t | ta|t r Iam i t r It tt r ati 1 t sa |Ia ri tt tt r tt r Ira1 t 1 a rar It
j t ri t 1 t s 1 t Ii t m j t j rt |t r ] a1 t , r i tt r ati 1 t r i Iri tt t tt r | i 1 rt ti 1 t
1 t st 1 i t . k 1 t m as, r t st tt r aIt tIa1 t s j t r |t s a] t r It s t ti 1 ar It s t
rt 1 a tIt rt s m as Ia t rIt s, j t r t }t m j |t t | j t rm ar ] ar aIt 1 t j t Iasi t a] t r It
t t i 1 a r It . | t a |m t r It st r i r t rIt s t t r |a m a t ri a 1 t |t s rt a t Ii tt s
| a i m i tt s.
k tt r Ii r a ati t r , st j rt st r Iar |as rt atti t r t s Ii j i tas | a t st t sIa 1 i ar t r
t | Ira| a}t t tj t ri m t r Ia|.
9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 Reacciones de los hidrocarburos Reacciones de los hidrocarburos Reacciones de los hidrocarburos Reacciones de los hidrocarburos Reacciones de los hidrocarburos
11
Sntesis de metano (CH
4
):
| 1
1
| 1 1 K a s K a1 1 | a1 s | 1
\
] K a
I
| 1
1
s
Combustin del metano:
| 1
\
] I 1
I
] I 1
I
1 | | 1
I
]
Reaccin de sustitucin:
| t |a t
|
t
1
\
| r
I
|
t
1
1
| r 1 | r
| | |
\
|sIa a |Ii m a t s a r a Ii j i ta rt atti t r 1 t sust itucin ti a radicales libres ,
t r 1 t r 1 t st i r It rtam | i a a r aIt m t 1 t | i 1 rt ] t r t 1 t | r -| t tar t |
t
1
\
j t r a r aIt m t 1 t | rt m t 1 t |a m t |t ta |a 1 t | rt m t | r
I
, | a t st escinde
homolt icamente t | t r |att | r-| r st rt m j t homolt icamente . | t r |t
] t r t ra| t r t sIt Ii j t 1 t rt atti t r | a t a| arta a |t s | a|t ] t r t s | |
I
, | r
I
, |
I
st j rt 1 a t t a r a m t t t |a 1 t j rt 1 a t It s t t r 1 i It rt r It s ] ra 1 t s 1 t
sa sIi Ia ti t r . |t r t }t m j |t , t r t sIt tast |t s | i 1 rt ] t r t s 1 t | r -| t tar t st r
sa sIi Ia i 1 t s j t r tari t s aIt m t s 1 t | rt m t , t s 1 t ti r, j t 1 t m t s t r tt r Irar
j rt 1 a tIt s | a t Ii t r t r aIt m t 1 t | rt m t , I aIt m t s 1 t | rt m t , 1 aIt m t s
1 t | rt m t , t It. |sIt | t t| t st j a t 1 t t tj |i tar si ar a|i tam t s t | m t tar i sm t
1 t rt atti t r t r |a It rm ati t r 1 t |t s j rt 1 a tIt s, tt r t ti 1 t j t r It 1 t s tt m t
reaccin va radicales libres .
9.1.2 Mecanismo de halogenacin va radicales libres de los alcanos
t 1 a s |a s rt a t t i t r t s t r] a r i t a s st j a t 1 t r t sIa 1 i a r a Ira t t s 1 t a r
m t tar i sm t 1 t rt atti t r . | t m t i r Irt 1 a tti t r a t sIt It m a, t s j t si | |t
ar a|i tar t | m t tar i sm t 1 t |a | a|t ] t r ati t r 1 t a r a|tar t Ii j i tt tt m t t s
t | r -| t tar t |
t
1
\
tt r | rt m t , Ia| tt m t st t sIa 1 i a t r |t s Ira| a}t s
t t j t ri m t r I a | t s rt a | i t a 1 t s t r | t s | a | t ra I t ri t s j ra t I i t t s 1 t
| i 1 rt tar| a rt s 1 t |a asi ] r aIa ra 1 t | a i m i ta t r] ar i ta.
Paso 1: Etapa de iniciacin
| r | r | r | r } ra1 i ta|t s st |taIa1 t s

| t |a t
| | |
\
1
Paso 2: Etapa de propagacin
| 1
1
- | 1
I
\
-| 1
I
1 | r | 1
1
-| 1
I
-| 1
I
-| 1
I
-| 1
I
-| 1
I
1 | r
ra1 i ta| | t ti |t
1 t Ii ti t r ti a t r t |t tIrt r t s
| 1
1
-| 1
I
-| 1
I
-| 1
I
-| 1
I
-| 1
I
| r | r |
t
1
1
| r | r } ra1 i ta|
Paso 3: Etapa de terminacin
| 1
1
-| 1
I
-| 1
I
-| 1
I
-| 1
I
-| 1
I
| r | 1
1
-| 1
I
-| 1
I
-| 1
I
-| 1
I
-| 1
I
| r
| r | r | r | r
|sIt m t tar i sm t rt ti | t t | r t m | rt 1 t bromacin por radicales libres t
| i t r reaccin en cadena va radicales libres. |r t sIt t }t m j |t , st sa| t
| a t st rt | a i t rt 1 t ta|t r pi r l i si s t |a t fot l i si s j ara i r i ti ar t sIa
rt atti t r , j t rt a r a tt t i r i ti a1 a t t m j t ta1 a |a rt atti t r , t sIa tt r Ii r a a
1 a rar It a|] a r Ii t m j t tt r |i | t rati t r 1 t ta|t r, reaccin exotrmica
Ii r a|i ta ta ar 1 t st | a tt r sa m i 1 t t | rt atIi tt |i m i Iar It | t tar t t | r
I
.
i st t | st rtar tt r 1 t It r i m i t r It |t s Irt s j ast s t r |a rt atti t r | a t ||t tar
a |a | rt m ati t r 1 t | | t tar t , st t r ta t r Ira | a t rt j rt st r Ia a r a reaccin
en cadena. |a rt atti t r t m j i t ta It rm ar 1 t t | radical bromuro a|Iam t r It
rt atIi tt t r |a ra j Ia ra 1 t | t r |att si ] m a s 1 t |a m t |t ta |a 1 t | rt m t ,
taIa|i ta1 a j t r ta|t r t |a t. |t s ra1 i ta|t s 1 t | rt m t st tt r sa m t r ta ar 1 t
rt atti t r ar tt r t | r -| t tar t j ara It rm ar ra1 i ta|t s | t ti |t s j ast I . K t
t | sIar It , st rt ] t r t rar ta ar 1 t t | ra1 i ta| | t ti |t rt atti t r a tt r |t s ] ast s
1 t | rt m t | r
I
j ara It rm ar | rt m a rt 1 t | t tar t a r r a t tt ra1 i ta|
| rt m a rt , | a t j a t 1 t rt atti t r ar tt r t Ira m t |t ta |a 1 t | t tar t t i r t|a st
t | | rt m a rt 1 t | t tar t j a t 1 t It rm ar t | 1 i - t t | Iri | rt m a rt 1 t | t tar t
1 t t sIt m t 1 t t m j t tar |a st ta t r ti a 1 t rt atti t r j ast I a r a tt t m as.
|| j ast 1 t Iaj a 1 t It rm i r t , st taratIt ri ta j t r| a t t r t ||a |t s ra1 i ta|t s
| t ti |i tt s |t s ra1 i ta|t s 1 t | rt m t st tt r sa m t r a| rt atti t r ar a r t s tt r
t Irt s t t r Irt si . | r a rt atti t r t r ta1 t r a st 1 t Ii r t tt m t a| a t ||a t r |a
| a t | t s rt a t Ii t t s i r It rm t 1 i a ri t s st t t r sa m t r st rt ] t r t ra r
tt r Ii r a am t r It t r a r a st ri t 1 t j ast s 1 t j rt j a] ati t r . |sIt j rt tt st

| rt m a rt 1 t | t tar t
1I
j a t 1 t tt r Ii r a ar, j t r |t m t r t s It t ri tam t r It , | asIa | a t a r t 1 t |t s
rt atIi tt s st tt r sa m a j t r tt m j |t It rt atIi tt |i m i Iar It .
9.1.3 Alquenos: Reacciones y reactividad
|t s a|| a t r t s st t|asi Ii tar tt m t | i 1 rt tar| a rt s a|i IaIi tt s i r saIa ra1 t s.
M t r t a|| a t r t s |
r
1
Ir
m t r t ti t|t a|| a t r t s |
r
1
Ir -I
. |as rt atti t r t s
| a t t sIa 1 i art m t s st r taratIt ri sIi tas 1 t |t s 1 t | |t s t r |att s tar| t r t -
tar| t r t s ss ss p pp pp t | a t t ta rrt r 1 t | i 1 t a | a t 1 i t| t t r |att t sIa j rt st r It
t r |a m t |t ta |a.
t ||t t a r a t a | t Irt s Ii j t s 1 t rt a t t i t r t s ] t r t ra |t s. |a ad i ci n , |a
sust itucin |a ruptura. | t t sIas Irt s rt atti t r t s, |as | a t j rt 1 t m i r ar
st r |as rt atti t r t s 1 t a1 i ti t r , | a t j t r |t ] t r t ra| st r t | t | }t Ii tt 1 t
t sIa 1 i t t r |as atIi ti 1 a1 t s t tj t ri m t r Ia|t s 1 t a|| a t r t s.
Ecuacin de reaccin de preparacin de eteno (etileno):
k |
I
1
1

| 1
1
-| 1
I
-1 1 ] | 1
I
= | 1
I
] 1
I
1 |
t It r t t Ii |t r t
A] Teora general de las reacciones de adicin inicas:
|a t ta ati t r ] t r t ra| j ara |a a1 i ti t r 1 t a r rt atIi tt A-B a a r 1 t | |t t r |att
tar| t r t -tar| t r t t s.

| t r 1 t A-B rt j rt st r Iar a r a tari t 1 a1 1 t rt atIi tt s, Ia|t s tt m t H -H H
2
,
H idrgeno molecular , H -X halogenuros de cido , X-X halgenos
H -O H agua .

R'
R''
R''''
R'''
A - B
+
R' C
R''
C
R''''
B
R'''
A
}
adicin
A
11
|a m at ri a aa r | a t r t It 1 as 1 t |as rt atti t r t s 1 t a1 i ti t r j rt tt 1 t r
ti a a r m t tar i sm t i t r i tt ] ra1 a a|, j t r m t 1 i t 1 t | ta a| a r i t r tar] a1 t
j t si Ii tam t r It 1 t | rt atIi tt aIata a| t r |att p It rm a a r carbocat in (in
carbonium . | t t sIt m t 1 t , |a a1 i ti t r i t r i ta i r tt |a tra t | t sIa 1 i t 1 t |a
It t ri a 1 t | tar| t taIi t r , | a t tt r si sIt t r |a ] t r t rati t r 1 t t sj t ti t s
tar] a1 as j t si Ii tam t r It t r t | aIt m t 1 t tar| t r t | a t si rtt r tt m t
i r It rm t 1 i ari t s t r Irt |t s rt atIi tt s j rt 1 a tIt s.
| a1 t | a t | a 1 t s It rm as 1 t | a t t | rt atIi tt A-B st j a t 1 t a1 i ti t r ar a
a r 1 t | |t t r |att tar| t r t -tar| t r t , a st a tt m t st m a t sIra a| a i t
i r ti rIi t r 1 t B A, Iam | i t r st 1 t | t tt r si 1 t rar |a t ri t r Iati t r 1 t |a
a1 i ti t r .
K t t s st rj rt r 1 t r It | a t t | 1 t | |t t r |att rt atti t r t tt r a r i t r 1 t tar] a
j t si Ii ta. || t r |att p t s ri tt t r t |t tIrt r t s, |t s ta a|t s ] t r t ra|m t r It t sIar
t tj a t sIt s |i sIt s j ara aIatar. |||t s st m a t tt r rt st r ar ti a t r t | t r |att
p st r | asIar It j t |ari ta| |t s. t r Iati |m t r It aIata| |t s j t r a r i t r
1 t Ii ti t r It 1 t t |t tIrt r t s tt r tar] a j t si Ii ta ||am a1 t electrf ilo .
| a s rt a t t i t r t s | a t t t a rrt r t i a t sIt m t t a r i sm t i t r i t t rt t i | t r t |
r t m | rt 1 t reacciones de adicin electroflica, 1 a1 t | a t t | j ri m t r j ast
t s t | aIa| a t 1 t | t |t tIrt Ii |t a |a r a | t 1 t t |t tIrt r t s p, |t | a t 1 a tt m t
rt sa |Ia1 t |a a1 i ti t r 1 t | t |t tIrt Ii |t a| 1 t | |t t r |att ri tt t r t |t tIrt r t s.
t j rt 1 a tt a r tar| t taIi t r tt m t st i |a sIra t r |a si ] a i t r It Ii ] a ra.
||t tIrt Ii |t . 1 t Ii ti t r It |a r a | t p t s ri ta t r k 1 i ti t r ] t r t rati t r
t r t |t tIrt r t s, aIata t |t tIrt r t s. t s Iati |m t r It 1 t | tar| t taIi t r t sIa| |t .
a |a r a | t p j t |ari ta1 a aIata1 a st rt m j t t | t r |att p
aIa| a t t |t tIrt Ii |i tt

R''' R'
R''
R''''
E
+ R' C
E
R''
C
+
R'''
R''''
+
p
s
1\
k 1 i ti t r . |r |att p rt It
| t s Ii j t s ] t r t ra|t s 1 t rt atIi tt s st a1 i ti t r ar a |t s a|| a t r t s.
k | a t ||t s t r |t s | a t st a1 i ti t r ar 1 t s aIt m t s i 1 t r Ii tt s react i vos
simtr icos) Ia|t s tt m t |t s | a|t ] t r t s X
I
.
k | a t ||t s t r |t s | a t st a1 i ti t r ar 1 t s aIt m t s t ] ra j t s 1 t aIt m t s
1 i It rt r It s react i vos no simtr icos) , Ia|t s tt m t . H -X, H O H a] a a
H
2
SO
4
.
t t t r si 1 t ra ra r t r j ri m t r |a ] a r |t s rt a t Ii t t s r t si m t Iri t t s t
asi m t Iri tt s , a | a t r t s j t rm i It r j |ar It ar j ri r ti j i t s | a t st t m j |t arar
t r t | ar a|i si s 1 t |t s rt atIi tt s si m t Iri tt s.
B] Adicin de cido sulfr ico (react i vo no simtr ico) a los alquenos:
| a ar 1 t st j t rm i It | a t |t s a|| a t r t s rt atti t r t r tt r ati 1 t sa |Ia ri tt
t t r t t r I ra 1 t I ri t , t | 1
I
1
\
a I a t a ra a | 1 t | | t t r | a t t | = | ,
1 t st t m j t r i t r 1 t st t r t | a ] t r It t | t t Irt Ii | i t t H
+
t | a ] t r It
r a t|t t Ii |i tt -1 - 1
1
1
-
, It rm ar 1 t st sa |IaIt s ati 1 t s 1 t a|| a i |t , R-O -
SO
3
H .
|a rt atti t r ] t r t ra| j ara |a a1 i ti t r 1 t | ati 1 t sa |Ia ri tt t s.
| sIa t s a r a rt a t t i t r 1 t ad i ci n e l e ct r o f l i c a, 1 t r 1 t t | j rt It r
j rt tt r i t r It 1 t | ati 1 t sa |Ia ri tt 1
I
1
\
1
1 1
\
-
aIata j ri m t rt
a| 1 t | |t t r |att j ara j rt 1 a ti r a r tar| t taIi t r . | t r |t Iar It , t sIt i t r
rt a t t i t r a t t r t | i t r | i sa |Ia It , 1 1
\
-
t | i t r -1 - 1
1
1
-
, | a t t s t |
r a t|t t Ii |t t sj t ti t | a i m i ta ri ta t r t |t tIrt r t s .

R
R''
R'''
R''''
+
H O SO
3
H
R''
R
H O
R'''
R''''
SO
3
H
fro
alqueno
c. sulfrico
sulfato cido de alquilo
1!
|s i m j t rIar It m t r ti t r ar | a t |a j rt st r ti a 1 t a] a a ta|t r ] t r t ra a r a
rt atti t r 1 t Irar sj t si ti t r t r 1 t r 1 t t | sa |IaIt ati 1 t 1 t a|| a i |t st
Irar sj t r t t st tt r ti t rIt t r a|tt | t |.
C] Hidratacin: Adicin de agua (reactivo no simtrico) a los Alquenos:
|a a1 i ti t r 1 t |t s t |t m t r It s 1 t | a] a a a a r a|| a t r t t r j rt st r ti a 1 t a r
ati 1 t ata t st 1 i |a i 1 t Ii t r t |a ] ar ta ar 1 t t ti sIt a r tt r si 1 t ra| |t t ttt st
1 t a] a a. |a t ta ati t r ] t r t ra| st m a t sIra t r |a si ] a i t r It Ii ] a ra.
i r t m | ar] t , |a | i 1 raIati t r r t st j rt st r Ia a m t r t s | a t st a] rt ] a t r
ati 1 t s m i r t ra|t s j t r t }t m j |t ati 1 t r i Iri tt , 1 K 1
1
, t sIa rt atti t r t s
cat alizada por el cido j ara |t ] rar |a adicin elect roflica 1 t | a] a a. | r
m t tar i sm t ] t r t ra| tt r ta t r1 a tt r |a It rm ati t r 1 t a r tar| t taIi t r
| a| ri a | a t It r t r t r ta t r Ia | a t |a rt atti t r t s rt tt rsi | |t |t ta a| r t
ar a|i tart m t s t r t sIt s ar It tt 1 t r It s It t ri tt s .
D]Halogenacin: Adicin de halgenos (reactivo simtrico) a los
alquenos:
|t s a|| a t r t s rt atti t r ar Iati |m t r It tt r t | | rt m t t | t|t rt j ara 1 ar
j rt 1 a tIt s 1 t adicin, t r Iar It | a t t | t 1 t r t rt atti t r a, t | I|a t r t s

R
R
R
R
+
H
+
R C
R
C
+
H R
R
Carbocatin
sulfato cido de alquilo
-O-SO
3
H
R C
R
H
C
O SO
3
H
R
R

R
R
R
R
+
C C
H OH
R
R
R
R
O H
2
H
+
} etanol
1t
Iar rt atIi tt | a t r t st |t st a1 i ti t r a a| 1 t | |t t r |att , si r t | a t Iam | i t r
rt atti t r a tt r |t s t r |att s tar| t r t -| i 1 rt ] t r t t r |a m t |t ta |a, j ara 1 ar
|a ] ar a j rt 1 a tIt s 1 t sa sIi Ia ti t r .
Reaccin general para la halogenacin:
|r t sIa rt atti t r st sa t |t t m j |t ar a r 1 i st |tt r It t r] ar i tt i r t rIt , a
m t r a 1 t t s t | I t I ra t | t ra rt 1 t t a r| t r t | | |
\
. | a rt a t t i t r t s
r t Ia| |t m t r It raj i 1 a tasi i r sIar Iar t a a It m j t raIa ra am | i t r It st
t m j |t a tt m t j ra t | a ta a|i IaIi ta j ara |a j rt st r ti a 1 t 1 t | |t s t r |att s
t a r| t r t -t a r| t r t . | r |t s t t j t ri m t r It s 1 t |a | t ra It ri t | a t 1 a 1 t
m ar i Ii t sIt t sIa rt atti t r a| t | st rtar | a t |a tt |t rati t r taIt -rt }i ta 1 t |
| rt m t 1 t saj art tt t r tt r IatIt tt r t | t It r t .
t 1 t | t It r t r j rt st r It | a t r t It 1 t s |t s a|| a t r t s a1 i ti t r ar | rt m t
Ia t i |m t r It a | 1 t | |t t r |a t t . | a j rt st r t i a 1 t ] ra j t s | a t a Ira t r
t |t tIrt r t s, st | rt It 1 t a| a t ||t s ] ra j t s | a t st j t |ari tar j t r t It tIt 1 t
|a rt st r ar ti a efecto - R , a r i 1 t s a C | a t j arIi ti j ar 1 t | 1 t | |t t r |att ,
j rt 1 a tt r a r a 1 i sm i r a ti t r t r |a tt |t ti 1 a1 1 t a1 i ti t r 1 t | | rt m t , i r t|a st
j a t 1 t r | asIa i r | i | i r t sIa rt atti t r 1 t a1 i ti t r . t j a t 1 t r ti Iar tt m t
t }t m j |t , |as si ] a i t r It s rt atti t r t s.
raj i 1 a
|
t
1
!
| 1 = | 1
I
| r
I
|
t
1
!
| 1 | r| 1
I
| r
t sIi rt r t ti r i || t r tt r t ,I 1 i | rt m t - -It r i |t Ii |t r t
|t r Ia
|
t
1
!
| 1 = | 1 | 1 1 1 | r
I
|
t
1
!
| 1 | r| 1 | r| 1 1 1
at. 1-It r i |-I-j rt j t r t i tt at. I,1-1 i | rt m t -1-It r i |j rt j ar t i tt

R
R
R
R
+
C C
X X
R R
R R
X
2
CCl
4
} donde X
2
: Cl
2
, Br
2
halgeno
dihaluro vecinal
1I
|a tt r Ia}a 1 t | bromo | r
I
t r a] a a st | rt t | It Irat|t ra rt 1 t tar| t r t
| | |
\
st 1 t | t a | a t t | a] a a t s a r 1 i st |tt r It m as j t |ar aa m t r Ia |a
tt |t ti 1 a1 1 t | rt m ati t r 1 t | i 1 t a| m t tar i sm t i t r i tt .
E] Formacin de las halohidrinas: Adicin de los cidos hipohalosos
(reactivos no simtricos) a los alquenos:
| a ar 1 t rt atti t r ar |as st |a ti t r t s acuosas 1 t t|t rt t 1 t | rt m t tt r |t s
a|| a t r t s, r t rm a|m t r It st It rm ar 1 t s j rt 1 a tIt s 1 t a1 i ti t r . | r t t s t |
dihaluro vecinal t | t Irt j rt st r Ia a r | a|t ] t r t t r a r aIt m t 1 t tar| t r t
a r ] ra j t | i 1 rt ti -1 1 t r t | t Irt , a r Ii j t 1 t tt m j a t sIt tt r t ti 1 t
tt m a r m t r It tt m t halohidr ina.
| t atti t r ] t r t ra|.
OZONIDO
F] Reaccin de los alquenos con agentes oxidantes: Oxihidrilacin cis
y prueba de Bayer:
| a rt a t t i t r t r Irt a || a t r t t i t rIt s a ] t r It s t t i 1 a r It s, 1 a t t m t
rt sa |Ia1 t a r j rt 1 a tIt t r t | ta a| st a1 i ti t r ar 1 t s ] ra j t s t ti | i 1 ri |t -
1 1 a| 1 t | |t t r |att .
R
R
R
R
+
C C
X X
R
R
R
R
X
2
halgeno
dihaluro vecinal
+
O H
2
C C
X OH
R
R
R
R
+
halohidrina
Por ejemplo:
C H
2
CH
2 +
Br Br
C H
2
CH
2
Br
Br
+
C H
2
CH
2
Br
OH
1, 2-dibromoetano
2- bromoetanol
(bromuro de etileno)
(bromohidrina de etileno)
eteno
+
O H
2
1
|| j rt 1 a tIt rt ti | t t | r t m | rt 1 t glicol ( t diol, di-alcohol, et ilenglicol,
et anodiol-1, 2) |a rt atti t r a m t r a 1 t st tt r t tt tt m t oxihidr ilacin
1 t | i 1 t a | a t st a1 i ti t r ar ] ra j t s t ti | i 1 ri |t a| a|| a t r t . | r t 1 t |t s
rt atIi tt s tt m a r t s | a t |t ] rar t sIa Irar sIt rm ati t r t s t | j t rm ar ] ar aIt
1 t j t Iasi t ata t st | M r 1
\
, tt r Irt ta t r ti a t r st |a ti t r t s a|ta|i r as
1 i |a i 1 as.
|tj t ri m t r Ia|m t r It |a rt atti t r t r Irt a|| a t r t t | j t rm ar ] ar aIt 1 t
j t Iasi t ata t st t s m a raj i 1 a Iati | 1 t ||t tar a ta| t , a m t r a 1 t r t
si t m j rt , a | a t Ia m | i t r rt a t t i t r a t t r a || a i r t s t Irt s ] ra j t s
Ia r ti t r a|t s st t m j |t a j ara aa 1 ar a 1 t It rm i r ar |a j rt st r ti a 1 t | 1 t | |t
t r |att t r |as m t |t ta |as 1 t stt r t ti 1 as. a| rt atti t r t s |a | ast 1 t |a
p r u e b a d e Baye r , si | a t ta rri 1 t a r a rt atti t r , 1 t saj art tt t | tt |t r
j a rj a ra taratIt ri sIi tt 1 t | i t r j t rm ar ] ar aIt t s rt t m j |ata1 t j t r a r
j rt ti j i Ia1 t 1 t 1 i t ti 1 t 1 t m ar ] ar t st M r 1
I
1 t tt |t r taIt t sta rt .
G]Ozonlisis: Disociacin de los dobles enlaces carbono-carbono.
|sIa t s a r a reacci n de r upt ura o di soci aci n. |r ] t r t ra|, t s 1 i Ii ti |
rt m j t r 1 t | |t s t r |att s tar| t r t -tar| t r t si r aIt tIar t Iras j arIt s 1 t |a
m t |t ta |a, j t rt a r a It rm a 1 t | att r t sIt t s a Ii |i tar 1 t ozono (O
3
), |a
rt atti t r rt ti | t t | r t m | rt 1 t ozonlisis. |a rt atti t r ] t r t ra| | a t st
t sIa 1 i a t r |a s a t Ii t i 1 a 1 t s t t j t ri m t r Ia |t s t t a rrt t r 1 t s t Ia j a s.
|t rm ati t r 1 t t tt r t IraIam i t r It 1 t | a|| a t r t tt r t tt r t .
|as rt atti t r t s st r |as si ] a i t r It s.
R
R
R
R
C C
OH OH
R
R
R
R
KMnO
4
/ OH
-
+
MnO
2
alqueno
glicol
color caf
11
1
I
1
\
| 1
1
| 1
I
1 1 CH
2
= CH
2
1
I
1
| M r 1
\
1
I
1
\
|
I
1
\
M r 1
\
1
I
1 1 t ti ] t r t ra1 i ta|
1 1 1 O
3
CH
2
= CH
2
O
3
|r t | Ira| a}t t tj t ri m t r Ia| a m t r a 1 t r t st t It tIa a |a ra j Ia ra tt m j |t Ia
1 t |t s 1 t | |t s t r |att s, a | a t r t st a Ii |i ta ti r t l r Ia] a a , si asi st | a | i t st
rt a|i ta1 t st t | It r 1 ri ar 1 t s j rt 1 a tIt s |t s ta a|t s tt r It r 1 ri ar |t s ] ra j t s
Ia r ti t r a|t s a|1 t | i 1 t s tt It r as.
9.1.4 Alquinos: Reacciones y reactividad
|t s a|| a i r t s Ii t r t r tt m t ] ra j t Ia r ti t r a| taratIt ri sIi tt t | tr iple enlace
carbono-carbono. |t s a|| a i r t s j rt st r Iar |a It rm a |a m t |t ta |ar ] t r t ra|
|
r
1
Ir -I
. k | i ] a a| | a t |t s a|| a t r t s st tt r t tt r tt m t hi dr ocar buros
insaturados. | r a|| a i r t tt r Ii t r t ta aIrt aIt m t s 1 t | i 1 rt ] t r t m t r t s
| a t t | a|tar t tt rrt sj t r 1 i t r It .
Ecuacin de reaccin general de preparacin de acetileno.
| a
I
: | |
-I
I1
I
1 1 -| | -1 | a
I
I1 1
-
tar| a rt 1 t ta|ti t | a|
I
t Ii r t att Ii |t r t
|sIa t s a r a rt atti t r i r It rt sar It a | a t |a t sIra tIa ra t |t tIrt r i ta 1 t |
tar| a rt 1 t ta|ti t | a t st m a t sIra arri | a rt tt |a | a t t | i t r tar| a rt ,
| |
-I
t | i t r |
I
-I
, t s a r 1 i t a r| a r i t r t sj t t i t | a i m i t a t a r] a 1 a
r t ] aIi tam t r It | a t t tIrat j rt It r t s 1 t | a] a a. |r t sIt tast , |
I
-I
t s a r a
| ast Ia t rIt , t | a] a a rt atti t r a tt m t t | ati 1 t .
|t s a|| a i r t s t tj t ri m t r Iar 1 t s Ii j t s 1 t rt atti t r t s. | r a t s taratIt ri sIi ta
1 t | Iri j |t t r |att , | a t st st m t It a |a adicin t r 1 t s j ast s.

1
I
|
| 1
I
1
1 1
t tt r i 1 t

1
|a st ] a r 1 a rt atti t r t s taratIt ri sIi ta 1 t a r 1 t | |t t r |att | a t Ii t r t j t r
|t m t r t s a r aIt m t 1 t | i 1 rt ] t r t . |sIt Ii j t 1 t a|| a i r t | a t i r t|a t a|
t Ii r t 1 -| | -1 1 t It rm a |a ] t r t ra| | -| | -1 , st 1 t r t m i r a alquino
ter mi nal , a | a t t | Iri j |t t r |att 1 t | t t sIar a| Ii r a| 1 t |a ta1 t r a 1 t
tar| t r t . || | i 1 rt ] t r t It rm i r a| t r a r a|| a i r t t s m t 1 t ra1 am t r It ati 1 t
(H
+
, cido) , j t r |t Iar It , j a t 1 t st r t |i m i r a1 t j t r a r a | ast Ia t rIt .
|| ar i t r a|| a i r i |t rt sa |Iar It , st tt r t tt tt m t carbanin t tj t ri m t r Ia
a r a st ri t 1 t rt atti t r t s i r It rt sar It s.
A] Reaccin de alquinos terminales: Sales metlicas pesadas.
| a 1 a |a a t i 1 t t 1 t a r a || a i r t It rm i r a |, t sIt t t j t ri m t r Ia t i t rIa s
rt atti t r t s taratIt ri sIi tas. || ar i t r a|| a i r i |t rt atti t r a tt r 1 i tt rst s
taIi t r t s m t Ia|i tt s, k ]
| a
ta j rt st , j ara It rm ar sa|t s m t Ia|i tas

j t sa1 as, i r st |a | |t s. a|t s rt atti t r t s r t rm a|m t r It st ||t tar a ta| t t r
a m t r i a t t a t a t st st | a t i t r 1 t | i 1 rt t i 1 t 1 t a m t r i t . | r t sIa s
tt r 1 i ti t r t s |t s i t r t s 1 t j |aIa tt | rt st j rt st r Iar t r It rm a 1 t |
tt m j |t }t 1 t am t r i att 1 t j |aIa, k ] K 1
1
1 i am i r j |aIa | , t | tt m j |t }t
1 t am t r i att 1 t tt | rt , | a K 1
1
1 i am i r tt | rt | , rt sj t tIi tam t r It . |a
rt atti t r i r tt |a tra1 a t s.
1 -| | -1 Ik ] K 1
1
k ] -| | -k ] IK 1
1
IK 1
\
t Ii r t | . t ||t r s att Ii |a rt 1 t j |aIa

C H CH H C C
A B
H
}
A - B
1 mol
H C
A
A
C
B
H
B
reaccin de adicin
A - B

C H CH
+
B: R C C:
-
+
B:H }
anin alquinilo
base
eliminacin del protn

|| m t tar i sm t 1 t rt atti t r tt m j rt r 1 t |a It rm ati t r 1 t 1 i tar| ar i t r
j rt tt ta1 a j t r t | am t r i att , | a t |a t ] t rt atti t r a tt r |t s i t r t s k ]
j ara
j rt 1 a t i r t | j rt t i j i Ia 1 t i r st |a | |t 1 t |a sa | m t Ia |i t a j t sa 1 a . | sIt
j rt j t rti t r a |a Ia t rta i m j a |st ra 1 t |a rt atti t r . |a sa| 1 t j |aIa j rt st r Ia
a r taratIt r tt ta|t r It sa sIar ti a| t r t | t r |att tar| t r t -m t Ia| r t st r
sa | t s i t r i t a s t t r1 a 1 t ra s t t m t | a s sa | t s 1 t st 1 i t j t I a si t
tt rrt sj t r 1 i t r It s. |s i m j t rIar It m t r ti t r ar | a t t sIas sa|t s m t Ia|i tas
j t sa1 as st r e xp l o si vas cu an d o e st n se cas, j t r |t | a t 1 t | t r st r
1 t sIra i 1 as ta ar 1 t It 1 ati a t sIar | a m t 1 as.
B] Adicin de halgenos a los alquinos:
|a a1 i ti t r 1 t | a|t ] t r t s a a|| a i r t s si ] a t |a m i sm a Irat tIt ri a | a t |a
a1 i ti t r a |t s a|| a t r t s, t ttt j It | a t i r It rti t r t r |t s a|| a t r t s tt m t
i r It rm t 1 i ari t s. |a a1 i ti t r j art tt tt m j rt r 1 t r carbocat iones j ara |a
a1 i ti t r 1 t t|t rt i t r t s | rt m t r i t j ara |a a1 i ti t r 1 t | | rt m t , st ] a r |t
1 t m a t sIra t | j rt 1 t m i r i t 1 t | Irar s-1 i | rt m a rt t r |a t sIra tIa ra ta1 a
aIt m t st a | i ta t r |a1 t s t j a t sIt s t r t | a|| a t r t i r It rm t 1 i ari t .
C] Reacciones de ruptura del enlace triple:
|t s Iri j |t s t r |att tar| t r t -tar| t r t rt atti t r ar tt r j t rm ar ] ar aIt 1 t
j t Iasi t t r tt r 1 i ti t r t s | asi tas, |t s j rt 1 a tIt s st r sa|t s 1 t ati 1 t s
tar| t ti |i tt s.
| M r 1 \ at
1 -| | -1 ] 1 -| 1 1 | at sa| 1 t ati 1 t tar| t ti |i tt

C H CH H C C
Br
H
Br
H C
Br
Br
C H
Br
Br
+
Br
2
(CCl
4
)
Br
2
(CCl
4
)
acetileno
alqueno intermediario
2, 2, 3, 3 - tetrabromoetano
I
|a rt atti t r j rt st r Ia |t s m i sm t s rt sa |Ia1 t s | a t t ta rrt r ta ar 1 t t |
j t rm ar ] ar aIt 1 t j t Iasi t rt atti t r a tt r |t s a|| a t r t s, t | tt |t r j a rj a ra
1 t | i t r j t rm ar ] ar aIt 1 t saj art tt t s rt t m j |ata1 t j t r a r j rt ti j i Ia1 t
taIt t sta rt 1 t 1 i t ti 1 t 1 t m ar ] ar t st M r 1
I
.
9. 2 Parte experiment al: Experimento E 7
9.2.1 Objetivo
| 1 t r Ii Ii tar j t r m t 1 i t 1 t rt atti t r t s | a i m i tas |t s ] ra j t s Ia r ti t r a|t s
j ri r ti j a|t s 1 t |t s | i 1 rt tar| a rt s.
A] Sntesis de met ano (CH
4
).
| r a r Ia | t 1 t t t m | a sIi t r a 1 i t i t r t I . 1 ] 1 t a t t Ia It 1 t st 1 i t
ar | i 1 ri 1 t I.1] 1 t ta| st 1 a1 a m t tt|a 1 t K a1 1 tt r | a1 . k 1 aj It
a| Iaj t r 1 t ] t m a a r Ia | t 1 t ti 1 ri t 1 t 1 t sj rt r 1 i m i t r It 1 t ] ast s a|
Ia | t 1 t tt m | a sIi t r . a }t It t | si sIt m a a a r st j t rIt a r i tt rsa| Ia| tt m t
st m a t sIra t r |a Ii ] a ra 1. .
| a | i t r It t t r | a | | a m a t t i 1 a r It | a j a rIt i r It ri t r 1 t | Ia | t 1 t
tt m | a sIi t r t sj t rt a r t s 11 st ] a r 1 t s j ara | a t st 1 t sj |att t | ai rt
tt r It r i 1 t t r t | i r It ri t r 1 t | Ia | t 1 t 1 t sj rt r 1 i m i t r It . |a t ] t rt a|i tt
a r a t t m | a sIi t r 1 t | ] a s m t Ia r t | a t st ] t r t ra t r |a rt a t t i t r ,
t r t t r 1 i t r 1 t t | t t Irt m t 1 t | a t a ri | | a 1 t t i 1 ri t . | i r a | i t t t |
t tj t ri m t r It aj a] ar 1 t |a ||am a st j |ar 1 t |a tt r Ia t rta, rt Ii rt aj a] a t
t | m t t| t rt .
k 1 aj It a r a m ar ] a t ra a| Ia | t 1 t ti 1 ri t . | t | t It r t r ta i 1 a1 t a | a t
t | Ia | t 1 t ti 1 ri t t s Ira] i | j t 1 ri a rt m j t rst j rt tt tar 1 t |t 1 a1 t s t r
|as m ar t s. Va t |ta a ta|t r Iar t | Ia | t 1 t tt m | a sIi t r rt tt }a t | ] as
m t Iar t t r a r a j rt | t Ia i r tt rIi 1 a | a t tt r It r ] a a r a tt |a m r a 1 t a] a a
| a t t sIt i r tt rIi 1 a st | rt a r a ta | t Ia ||t r a tt r a] a a Ii ] a ra 1. .
| r a tt t | a t t | ] as m t Iar t 1 t sj |att It 1 a |a tt |a m r a 1 t a] a a, rt Ii rt
|a j rt | t Ia rt a|i tt a r a tt m | a sIi t r 1 t | ] as | a t st a|t }a t r t | i r It ri t r.
1
|as t ta ati t r t s 1 t |as rt atti t r t s | a t a sIt 1 rt a|i tt t r sa t tj t ri m t r It
st rt sa m t r tt m t .
| 1
1
| 1 1 K a s K a1 1 | a1 s CH
4
(g) K a
I
| 1
1
s
CH
4
(g) I 1
I
] I 1
I
1 | | 1
I
]
|i ] a ra 1. . i sIt m a 1 t 1 t sj rt r 1 i m i t r It 1 t ] ast s
B] React i vidad de los alcanos:
| rt j art a r a st ri t 1 t ! Ia | t s 1 t t r sat a1 i ti t r t t r ta1 a a r t 1 t
t ||t s !.1 m | 1 t |t s rt atIi tt s | a t st j rt st r Iar t r |a j ri m t ra Ii |a 1 t |a
Ia| |a 1. .
k 1 i t i t r t a t a 1 a Ia | t 1 t t r sa t . 1 m | 1 t r -| t t a r t . k ] i It
t i ] t rt sa m t r I t t | st rt t . | t | t I t r t r j rt st r I t | a t t sI a
t t j t ri m t r Ia r 1 t t t r rt a t Ii tt s t r st |a t i t r a t a t sa rt a t Ii t t s
t r] ar i tt s r -| t tar t , j t r |t | a t st It rm arar 1 t s Iast s i r m i sti | |t s
| a t r t i r 1 i tar rt atti t r j t si Ii ta. t r ] a j rt st r It | a t t sIt t r sat |t

50
40
30
20
10
0
tubo de combustin
tapn de goma
varilla de vidrio
manguera
probeta invertida

\
j t rm i Ii ra tt ri Ii tar |a rt atIi ti 1 a1 1 t |t s a|tar t s, t r t sIt tast t r
j arIi ta |ar t s t | r -| t tar t .
| ara t | t tj t ri m t r It 1 t r -| t tar t tt r | rt m t t r It Irat|t ra rt 1 t
tar| t r t | r
I
I | | |
\
t r t sta ri 1 a1 , m ar It r ] a t | Ia | t ta | i t rIt tt r
j aj t | 1 t a|a m i r i t 1 t Ia| m ar t ra | a t |t s rt atti t r ar It s r t st ar
t tj a t sIt s a |a ra1 i ati t r t |t tIrt m a] r t Ii ta |a t . | t ta t r1 t | a t |a |a t
hn t s t | taIa|i ta1 t r 1 t |a rt atti t r ti a ra1 i ta|t s |i | rt s 1 t |t s a|tar t s.
C] Sntesis de et ileno (eteno):
k 1 i ti t r t t r a r Ia | t 1 t tt m | a sIi t r \ m | 1 t t Iar t | | 1
1
| 1
I
1 1
a] rt ] a t sa Ii ti t r It art r a 1 t ta artt | asIa ta | ri r tt m j |t Iam t r It t |
t Iar t | st | rt j asar|t t r tm .
a }t It t | Ia | t a a r st j t rIt a r i tt rsa| 1 t Ia| m ar t ra | a t t | Ia | t t sIt
|t tt m t r It i r t|i r a1 t ar ] a |t 1 t \! . |a t ] t a1 i ti t r t .1] 1 t t ti 1 t
1 t a|a m i r i t k |
I
1
1
st | rt |as j art 1 t s 1 t | Ia | t 1 t tt m | a sIi t r si r
| a t t sIt t r Irt t r tt r IatIt tt r |a sa j t rIi ti t 1 t |a art r a 1 t ta artt .
k 1 aj It t | Iaj t r 1 t ] t m a tt r t | Ia | t 1 t ti 1 ri t 1 t 1 t sj rt r 1 i m i t r It
1 t ] ast s a| Ia | t 1 t tt m | a sIi t r .
| rt j art 1 t s st ri t s 1 t I Ia | t s 1 t t r sat a1 i ti t r t t r ta1 a a r t 1 t
Ia| |a 1. . K t t |ti 1 t a] rt ] ar a r a j t | a t 1 a tar Ii 1 a1 1 t tar| t r aIt 1 t
st 1 i t K a
I
| 1
1
a| Ia | t | a t tt r Ii t r t |a st |a ti t r 1 t | M r 1
\
.
|a t ] t , ta|i t r It sa att m t r It |a j arIt i r It ri t r 1 t | Ia | t 1 t tt m | a sIi t r
t sj t rt a r t s t1 st ] a r 1 t s | a t st 1 t sj |att t | ai rt tt r It r i 1 t t r t |
i r It ri t r 1 t | Ia | t 1 t 1 t sj rt r 1 i m i t r It . |sIt j t rm i Ii ra | a t |t s taj t rt s
1 t t Iar t | t r Irt r t r tt r IatIt tt r |a sa j t rIi ti t 1 t | t ti 1 t 1 t a|a m i r i t
st ] t r t rt t Ii |t r t .
| a r| a }t t t | ] as t Ii |t r t t r |a j ri m t ra st ri t 1 t ta1 a a r t 1 t |t s I Ia | t s
1 t t r sat | asIa t | It r t r t | j rt 1 a tIt 1 t |a rt atti t r . | t | t It r t r |a
j rt taa ti t r 1 t |atar tt r a r t| t rrt 1 t a] a a 1 t sIi |a1 a |a j a r Ia 1 t |a
tari ||a 1 t 1 t sj rt r 1 i m i t r It , t sIt j t rm i Ii ra rt Ii rar Iratas 1 t rt atIi tt
| a t j a t 1 t r tt r Iam i r ar t r si ] a i t r It t r sat .
t m t |a st ] a r 1 a st ri t 1 t Ia | t s 1 t t r sat a1 i ti t r t a ta1 a a r t 1 t
t ||t s m | 1 t ti t|t | t tt r t . |sIt t r sat |t j t rm i Ii ra tt ri Ii tar |a
rt atIi ti 1 a1 1 t |t s a|| a t r t s.
!
D ] Sntesis de acet ileno (et ino):
| rt j art a r a st ri t 1 t ! Ia | t s 1 t t r sat a1 i ti t r t t r ta1 a a r t 1 t
Ia| |a 1.
k 1 i ti t r t 1 t s j a r Ias 1 t t sj aIa |a t | i t r a r Irt tt 1 t tar| a rt 1 t ta|ti t
| a |
I
a a r Ia | t 1 t t r sa t j rt t i sIt 1 t a r Ia | t 1 t t i 1 ri t 1 t
1 t sj rt r 1 i m i t r It 1 t ] ast s. t ||t t | Ia | t m t }ar 1 t |a sa j t rIi ti t 1 t |a
] t m a.
Importante: En este experimento no se utiliza mechero.
k ] rt ] a t a| Ia | t | a t tt r Ii t r t t | tar| a rt 1 t ta|ti t a r a j t | a t 1 a
tar Ii 1 a1 1 t a] a a ti t rrt raj i 1 am t r It , a | a t st ] t r t ra att Ii |t r t
] ast t st .
| a r| a }t t t | ] as t r ta1 a a r t 1 t |t s ! Ia | t s 1 t t r sat , | asIa t | It r t r
t | j rt 1 a tIt 1 t |a rt atti t r . | t | t It r t r |a j rt taa ti t r 1 t |atar tt r
a r t| t rrt 1 t a] a a 1 t sIi |a1 a |a j a r Ia 1 t | Ia | t 1 t 1 t sj rt r 1 i m i t r It ,
t sIt j t rm i Ii ra rt Ii rar Iratas 1 t rt atIi tt | a t j a t 1 t r tt r Iam i r ar t r
si ] a i t r It t r sat .
t r ] a t sj t ti a| ta i 1 a1 t tt r t | Ia | t K ! | a t tt r Ii t r t t | rt atIi tt 1 t
t ||t r k ] K 1
1
, a | a t st It rm ara t | att Ii |a rt 1 t j |aIa k ] | | k ]

| a t t s a r Ia |m i r ar It a r a tt t st tt 1 t It r a.
|| att Ii |a rt 1 t j |aIa 1 t | t ra t |i m i r ar|t j t r 1 t It r ati t r . | ara t ||t ,
a1 i ti t r t t | j rt 1 a tIt | a m t 1 t st | rt |a sa j t rIi ti t 1 t |a rt }i ||a 1 t
as| t sIt a | i ta1 a t r a r Iri j t 1 t ta|i t r It |a j arIt i r It ri t r 1 t |a rt }i ||a
tt r |a ||am a 1 t | m t t| t rt . k |t }t st a I m t Irt s a | a t st j rt 1 a ti ra
a r a j t | a t 1 a t tj |t si t r .
k 1 t m as, 1 t | t t |i m i r ar |as Iratas 1 t t sIt j rt 1 a tIt | a t | a t 1 arar
a1 | t ri 1 as t r |a sa j t rIi ti t 1 t | Ia | t 1 t 1 t sj rt r 1 i m i t r It ta|t r Iar 1 t |a
1 i rt tIam t r It st | rt |a ||am a 1 t | m t t| t rt . |i r a|m t r It |i m j i t tt r
ta i 1 a1 t |a sa j t rIi ti t 1 t | m t st r 1 t Ira| a}t ast ] a rt st | a t r t | a||a
Iratas 1 t att Ii |a rt 1 t j |aIa.
E] Sntesis de O zonido:
k 1 i ti t r t .1 m | 1 t t Iar t | t r a r Ia | t 1 t t r sat , |a t ] t i r t|i r t t |
Ia | t a1 a1 a |t r Iam t r It I.1 m | 1 t ati 1 t sa |Ia ri tt 1 t Ia| m ar t ra | a t
t
st It rm t r 1 t s taj as.
|a t ] t j t r ] a t | Ia | t 1 t t r sat t r a r a ] ra1 i ||a a] rt ] a t tt r ta i 1 a1 t
\ tri sIa|t s ] rar 1 t s 1 t | M r 1
\
.
t r ] a ta i 1 a1 t , |a rt atti t r t s t tt It rm i ta ] t r t ra ta|t r t s ti t |t r Ia,
] t r t rar 1 t 1 t sIt ||t s |a t. K t m ar i j a |t t | Ia | t 1 t t r sat | asIa | a t
|a rt atti t r Ii r a|i tt .
a| |a 1. . | t atIi ti 1 a1 1 t a|tar t s, a|| a t r t s a|| a i r t s tt r rt atIi tt s
1 i a] r t sIi tt s.
9. 3 Cuestionario:
k| j rt j arar m t Iar t j t r j irt |isis 1 t | att IaIt 1 t st 1 it , st It rm a a| a t |
j rt 1 a tIt m as tar| t r aIt 1 t st 1 i t . |stri | a |a t ta ati t r 1 t rt atti t r
tt rrt sj t r 1 it r It .
t 1 a|t t Irt m t It 1 t 1 t ] t r t ratit r 1 t m t Iar t , t tj |i| a t | rt tt m t r It .
a t t s t | | as | risa ! | r 1 i| a t sa s atim it r It s rt sIrittit r t s.
| r a tt t t | It r i1 t t | m t Iar t , | a t t tj t rit r tias t t r sat s st j a t 1 t r
t It tIa ar j ara sa i1 t r IiIitatit r ta a|iIaIita!
React i vos diagnst icos
| t atIi tt s K a1 1 1
I
1
\
| M r 1
\
| r
I
| | |
\
| r
I
| | |
\
| r
I
k ] K 1
1
1 t t r sat tt r t. tt r t. 1X |a t | t t sta ri 1 a1 1
I
1
r -1 t tar t
|It r t
t Ii |t r t K a
I
| 1
1
| i t|t -
| t tt r t K a
2
| 1
3
|Ii r t
att Ii |t r t Ii |Irar
I
k | j rt j arar t It r t j t r 1 t s| i 1 raIati t r 1 t a|tt | t |t s, | a t Ii j t s 1 t
j rt 1 a tIt s st t | Ii t r t r ! |stri | a |a t ta ati t r tt rrt sj t r 1 i t r It .
| r 1 i | a t t Ira s rt a t t i t r t s 1 t j rt j a ra t i t r 1 t t It r t . | st ri | a |a s
t ta ati t r t s tt rrt sj t r 1 i t r It s.
a t sa tt 1 t a| a] rt ] ar a] a a 1 t | rt m t a] a a 1 t t|t rt a| t It r t !
|stri | a |as t ta ati t r t s tt rrt sj t r 1 i t r It s.
| a a| m t tt|a t s m as t tj |t si ta, a r a m t tt|a 1 t t It r t ai rt t a r a
m t tt|a 1 t att Ii |t r t ai rt ! |tj |i | a t .
a t rt atti t r st ||t ta a ta| t ta ar 1 t a a r a st |a ti t r 1 t t It r t t r
ati 1 t sa |Ia ri tt tt r tt r Ira1 t st |t a] rt ] a a r ] rar tt |a m t r 1 t a] a a!
a t sa tt 1 t ta ar 1 t a r a st |a ti t r 1 t att Ii |t r t t r ati 1 t sa |Ia ri tt
tt r tt r Ira1 t st IraIa 1 t i ] a a| It rm a!
1
10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Interconversin de Ismeros Interconversin de Ismeros Interconversin de Ismeros Interconversin de Ismeros Interconversin de Ismeros
Geomtricos Geomtricos Geomtricos Geomtricos Geomtricos
10. 1 Antecedentes Ter icos
|a | i | ri 1 ati t r sj
I
1 t |t s tar| t r t s | a t It rm ar j arIt 1 t | 1 t | |t t r |att
t t r Ii t rt a r a t t r It rm a t i t r j |a r a r a |a m t |t t a |a , |a 1 i sIri | a t i t r
t sj ati a| 1 t |t s sa sIi Ia t r It s a r i 1 t s a| 1 t | |t t r |att j a t 1 t st r ti s t
Irar s, It rm i r t s a Ii |i ta1 t s Irt ta t r It m t r It j ara 1 t si ] r ar |t s i st m t rt s
] t t m t Iri tt s. | t r t ra|m t r It , aa r | a t r t si t m j rt , t | i st m t rt Irar s t s
m as t sIa| |t | a t t | i st m t rt ti s.
|a rt sIri tti t r rt Iati t r a| 1 t a r 1 t | |t t r |att rt sj t tIt 1 t a r t r |att
si m j |t tt r Ii t rt a |as m t |t ta |as |a j t si | i |i 1 a1 1 t It rm ar i st m t rt s
] t t m t Iri tt s sa Ii ti t r It m t r It t sIa| |t s, | a t t r m a t| t s tast s j rt st r Iar
j rt j i t 1 a1 t s Ii si tas | a i m i tas 1 i It rt r It s.
| r t r |att st r ti ||t tar| t r t -tar| t r t Ii j i tt Ii t r t a r a t r t r] i a 1 t t r |att
m t 1 i a 1 t 1 | ta| m t |
-
1\I | ! m t |
-
, m i t r Iras | a t |a t r t r] i a 1 t a r 1 t | |t
t r |att t s a|rt 1 t 1 t r 1 t \t | ta| m t |
-
t 1 | ! m t |
-
. |a 1 i It rt r ti a 1 t t1
| ta| m t |
-
t s a r a m t 1 i 1 a aj rt ti m a1 a 1 t |a t r t r] i a rt | a t ri 1 a j ara
i r It rtt r tt rIi r |t s i st m t rt s ] t t m t Iri tt s 1 t |t s a|| a t r t s st r ti ||t s.
|a rt Iati t r rt sIri r ] i 1 a t r t | 1 t | |t t r |att tar| t r t -tar| t r t 1 t | ati 1 t
| a It r t 1 i t i tt 1 1
I
| | 1 = | 1 | 1
I
1 , ] t r t ra 1 t s It rm as ] t t m t Iri tas, t |
i st m t rt ti s | a t st 1 t r t m i r a ati 1 t m a|t i tt , t | i st m t rt Irar s, ||am a1 t
a t i 1 t Ia m a ri t t , |t s t a a |t s j rt st r Ia r j rt j i t 1 a 1 t s Ii si t t -| a i m i t a s
I1
1 i It rt r It s tt r rt sa m t r Ia| |a 1. . |sIt s i st m t rt s j a t 1 t r st r It rm a1 t s
t r 1 t s t Iaj as. |a j ri m t ra t s |a | i 1 rt |i si s a It m j t raIa ra am | i t r It 1 t |
ar | i 1 ri 1 t m a|t i tt , |t ta a| tt r 1 a tt j ri m t rt a ati 1 t m a|t i tt , |a t ] t
j t r IraIam i t r It It rm i tt taIa|i ta1 t j t r ati 1 t 1 t t sIt a |Ii m t , st j rt 1 a tt
t | ati 1 t Ia m ari tt tt r Ii ] a ra 1. .
|i ] a ra 1. . |t rm ati t r t i r It rtt r tt rsi t r 1 t i st m t rt s ] t t m t Iri tt s.
|sIt j rt tt st j a t 1 t st r rt tt rsi | |t j ara t | It r t r r a t tam t r It ar | i 1 ri 1 t
m a|t i tt , st rt a|i ta t r tt r 1 i ti t r t s ti ] t rt sas. | t r t }t m j |t , ta ar 1 t st
ta|i t r Ia ati 1 t m a|t i tt a \1
|

j i t r1 t a] a a st It rm a t | tt rrt sj t r 1 i t r It
ar | i 1 ri 1 t ar | i 1 ri 1 t m a|t i tt tt r Ii ] a ra 1.I . | t r t | tt r Irari t , ta ar 1 t
st ta|i t r Ia t | ati 1 t Ia m ari tt a \1
| , r t Ii t r t |a ] ar r i r ] a r a rt atti t r .
i r t m | ar] t , t | ati 1 t Ia m ari tt j a t 1 t Irar sIt rm arst t r ar | i 1 ri 1 t
m a |t i t t a a r t s I 1 1
| . | a m a t r It m j t ra Ia ra rt | a t ri 1 a j a ra t sIa
rt atti t r , sa m i r i sIra |a t r t r] i a sa Ii ti t r It j ara st | rt j asar |a | arrt ra 1 t
rt Iati t r st | rt t | 1 t | |t t r |att tar| t r t -tar| t r t , asi j a t 1 a a|tar tar
|a tt r Ii ] a rati t r ti s rt | a t ri 1 a j ara |a It rm ati t r 1 t ar | i 1 ri 1 t m a|t i tt .

O
O
O
H
H
+
O H
2
O
O
OH
OH
H
H
HCl
O
O
OH
O H
H
H
Anhdrido maleico
Acido maleico
Acido fumrico
I
|i ] a ra 1.I. |t rm ati t r 1 t ar | i 1 ri 1 t m a|t i tt .
a| |a 1. . | t sa m t r 1 t |as j rt j i t 1 a1 t s Ii si tas 1 t | ar | i 1 ri 1 t m a|t i tt
|t s i st m t rt s 1 t | ati 1 t | a It r t 1 i t i tt .
Anh dr i do mal ei co Aci do mal ei co Aci do f umr i co
|t rm a |a |
\
1
I
1
1
|
\
1
\
1
\
|
\
1
\
1
\
M ] Im t | 1.1t t.1I t.1I
K t m | rt s. k r | i 1 ri 1 t ti s- k ti 1 t l - k ti 1 t | -I-
| | |k | | a It r t 1 i t i tt | a It r t 1 i t i tt . | a It r t 1 i t i tt
r t m | rt s I,!-|a rar 1 i t r a k ti 1 t ti s- ,I- k ti 1 t Irar s- ,I-
tt m a r t s t Ii |t r 1 i tar| t ti |i tt t Ii |t r 1 i tar| t ti |i tt
k ti 1 t It ti |i tt k ti 1 t a||t m a|t i tt
k ti 1 t | t |t Ii tt
|. I | !I. 1- 11 rt tri sIa| II taj i |ar st ||a1 t
t r a] a a I11 tar| t r i tati t r
11- 1 , rt tri sI. j arti a| It rm ati t r
t r a|tt | t | t r | t 1 t ar | i 1 ri 1 t m a|t i tt
si sIt m a a| i t rIt .
|. t | a ||. | I1I.1
|. sa | |. | II1
t |a | i |i 1 a1 t | i 1 rt |i ta I1] I! t r a] a a. 1.t1] I! t r a] a a
] I 11] \11] 11 t r a] a a 1.] 11 t r a] a a
|sIra tIa ra k ] a }as t rIt rt m | . | ri sIa|t s | |ar tt s r t M t r t t|i r i tt , a] a }as
tri sIa|i r a | 1 | |
1
1 t Ii r i 1 t t r a] a a j ri sm aIi tas t r a] a a

O
O
OH
OH
H
H
O
O
O
+
O H
2
140
O
O
OH
O H
H
H
O
O
O
+
O H
2
290
140
N.H.R.
II
10. 2 Par te Exper iment al
10.2.1 Objetivo
i r It Ii tar taratIt ri tar j t r m t It 1 t s Ii si tt s |t s i st m t rt s ] t t m t Iri tt s
1 t | ati 1 t | a It r t 1 i t i tt .
|r a r m aIrat 1 t |r |t rm t t r 1 t I! m |, ta|i t r It 1
I
1 1 t sIi |a1 a !.1
m | | asIa t1| t | i t r | asIa ar It s 1 t |a t | a ||i ti t r , aj a] a t t | m t t| t rt .
|a t ] t a] rt ] a t 1.1 ] 1I.1 m m t | 1 t ar | i 1 ri 1 t m a|t i tt a] i It tt r
a r a tari ||a 1 t ti 1 ri t . || ar | i 1 ri 1 t rt atti t r a tt r t | a] a a | i 1 rt |i si s
j ara It rm ar t | ati 1 t m a|t i tt . | a ar 1 t |a st |a ti t r t sIt Irar sj art r It ,
t r Iri t |a st |a ti t r t r a r | a1 t 1 t | i t |t | asIa | a t t | m ati m t 1 t ati 1 t
m a|t i tt | aa j rt ti j i Ia1 t .
|a t ] t 1 t tar It |as a] a as m a1 rt s t | i t r Ii |Irt a| tati t , ] a ar1 t t |
Ii |Ira1 t . K t |att |t s tri sIa|t s st | a t |t s tt r j aj t | Ii |Irt . | t It rm i r t
sa j a r It 1 t Ia si t r rt r 1 i m i t r It .
rar sIi t ra t | Ii |Ira1 t tt r Ii t r t a r a | a t r a tar Ii 1 a1 1 t ati 1 t m a|t i tt
1 i sa t |It a a r | a|t r 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r 1 t 11 m | a] rt ] a t !.1 m | 1 t
1 | | 1t-1IX .
k 1 aj It a| | a|t r 1 t 1 t sIi |ati t r a r rt Iri ] t rar It 1 t | t |as rt I|a a |a
st |a ti t r sa att m t r It j t r 1 m i r a It s. |t s tri sIa|t s 1 t ati 1 t Ia m ari tt
j rt r It tt m t r tarar a It rm arst 1 t s1 t |a st |a ti t r ta|i t r It .
|r Iri ar t | si sIt m a | asIa It m j t raIa ra am | i t r It . t j art |t s tri sIa|t s
j t r 1 t tar Iati t r t | i t r Ii |Irt a| tati t .
|atar tt r j t | a t 1 as j t rti t r t s 1 t a] a a Iri a. i t s r t tt sari t rt tri sIa|i tt
1 t s1 t a r a st |a ti t r M 1 t 1 | |.
| t It rm i r t sa rt r 1 i m i t r It .
I1
11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 Bibliografa Bibliografa Bibliografa Bibliografa Bibliografa
. w i | | i a m st r | t r r t I I , Macroscale and microscale organic
experiments. |1 . 1 t aI| ar 1 | t m j ar , t rt r It , 11.
I. t |t m t r | ra| am , Qumica Orgnica. |1 . |i m a sa, t |1 ., M t ti tt ,
111.
1. wa1 t |.| ., !| ., Qumica Orgnica. |1 . | t rst r |1 a tati t r , I t 1 . 111.
\. | t | t rI | ., | i || t rI !. & M arIi r ., Experimental organic chemistry.
|1 . 1 artt a rI | ratt | t ||t ] t | a | |i s| t rs, ||t ri 1 a, | k , 11\.
!. Vt ] t | s, Textbook of practical organic chemistry. |1 . |t r ] m ar , !
t 1 i ti t r , K a t ta Yt r| , 11.
t. k a |I k 1 1 i st r , Techniques and Experiments for Organic Chemistry.
|1 . | r i tt rsi I ti t r tt | t t | s aa sa|i It | a|i It rr i a, t t 1 . 11.
I. | art |rar ti s, Qumica Orgnica. |1 . M t| ra -1 i ||, 1 t 1 ., M a1 ri 1 ,
111.
. M tM a rr !t | r , Qumica Orgnica. | r It rr aIi t r a| | t m st r |1 i It rt s,
t t 1 ., M t ti tt , I11\.
I\
1. | rt sIt r | . ., Var 1 t r wt rI | .k., M t |t r w.|. Curso Prctico de
Qumica Orgnica. |1 . k|am | ra, 1I!.
1. 1 ar 1 | t t | t I | | t m isIr ar 1 | | sits. | | | | rt ss, I1 t 1 . 11I- 111.
. | t ar s 1 ar 1 | t t | t I 1 r] ar it | | t m isIr. M t| ra-1 i||, I |1 . I11\.
I. Organikum 1 r] a r i st | -t | t m i st | t s | ra r 1 j ra | Ii | a m . | a rI|
Vt r|a] s] t st ||st| aII m | 1 , 111.
1. wir ] rt tt k. . | art I | .|., Qumica Orgnica. |1 . 1 ar|a 1 arj t r ar 1
|aIir t am t rita, 1\.

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rt atti t r j t si Ii ta. tt |t r ti t |t Ia, |

| ara a r a m t tt|a 1 t 1 t s |i | a i 1 t s j a rt s k | , |a j rt si t r It Ia| st ra.

| t |a |t 1 t | at a |I st j a t 1 t r t sIa| |t tt r |as si ] a i t r It s tt r t|a si t r t s.

, 1 t t sIa It rm a st j a t 1 t r st j arar 1 t t Iras sa sIar ti as

si rtt tt m t a| st r| t r It 1 t a] a a 1 t |a Iast t r] ar i ta.

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, a | a t st It rm ara t | att Ii |a rt 1 t j |aIa k ] | | k ]

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